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Bereska, Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control, Fourth Canadian Edition

Test Item File

Chapter 8: Mental Disorders


1) In Canada, approximately 80% of the adult population knows someone with a mental
disorder.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

2) Rates of mental disorder are higher in women than in men.


a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

3) Mental disorders are more prevalent among adolescents and young adults than among
adults over the age of 25.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 224
Skill: F

4) Half of the ten leading causes of disability in Canada are mental disorders.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Challenging
Type: TF
Page Reference: 225
Skill: F

5) According to some researchers, cost-of-illness estimates regarding mental illness


actually reflect negative attitudes toward people with mental disorders.

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a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 226
Skill: C

6) Policies and programs within the discrimination paradigm focus on the symptoms of
mental illness that hinder the individual’s effective functioning in daily life
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 236
Skill: C

7) The majority of countries in the world allocate 1%, or even less, of their annual
budgets to mental health.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 229
Skill: F

8) Physical illnesses are more likely to remain undiagnosed in people with mental
disorders, in part because their doctors attribute the physical symptoms being experienced
to the mental disorder itself.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 228
Skill: F

9) “Madhouses” were developed in the 18th century, after some doctors proposed that
treatment could enable people with mental disorders to conform to society’s norms.
a. True

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b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: TF
Page Reference: 231
Skill: C

10) Although new forms of treatment are continually being developed, effective
treatments for mental illness are still only able to help less than half of people with
depression or schizophrenia.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 231-232
Skill: F

11) Although treatment within the community is generally more effective for people with
mental disorders, the stigmatization faced within the community leads most people with
mental illnesses to prefer treatment within psychiatric institutions.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: TF
Page Reference: 226-228
Skill: F

12) People with mental illnesses who live in rural areas have an easier time with recovery
than those who live in urban areas, due to the stronger social support networks in rural
communities.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 233
Skill: F

13) Popular television series contributed to the concept of deinstitutionalization by


creating an assumption that the mentally ill have families that are caring and supportive.

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a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 232
Skill: C

14) The hydraulic relationship that exists between the mental health care system and the
criminal justice system means that increases in the prison population result in more
people receiving treatment for mental disorders.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 235
Skill: C

15) In Canada, people with mental illnesses are protected from discrimination under
human rights legislation.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 237
Skill: F

16) The World Health Organization’s Mental Health Global Action Programme
(mhGAP) acts to resist inadequate and insufficient care for people with mental disorders,
rather than to resist the stigmatization of mental illness.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 237-238
Skill: C

17) Self-help groups for people with mental disorders act to resist the stigmatization of
mental illness as well as inadequate and insufficient care for people with mental illnesses.

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a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 238
Skill: C

18) As of 2006, Canada was the only G8 nation to lack a national mental health policy.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 238
Skill: F

19) Despite the criticisms launched against the DSM, it does have considerable overlap
with the diagnostic categories contained in the ICD used by the World Health
Organization.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 241
Skill: F

20) Support for the biological basis of ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
arises from the fact that a similar proportion of children are diagnosed with ADHD in
both Britain and North America.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 241
Skill: C

21) In Rosenhan’s study (“Being sane in insane places”), 75% of his “pseudo-patients”
were released from psychiatric care with a diagnosis of “no detectable mental illness”.
a. True

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b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 243-244
Skill: F

22) In Rosenhan’s study (“Being sane in insane places”), other patients were more
accurate than the medical staff in detecting the “sanity” of the pseudo-patients.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 242
Skill: F

23) Rosenhan’s research (“Being sane in insane places”) described the dehumanizing
treatment that patients in psychiatric institutions frequently faced, an empirical reflection
of Goffman’s concept of the total institution.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 244
Skill: F

24) Research has found that both sex and race influence psychiatric diagnosis and/or
treatment.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 245
Skill: F

25) CMD stands for Chronic Medical Disease.


a. True
b. False

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Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: TF
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

26) Elaine is struggling to pay her rent. She has had to call in sick to her job because of
depression and she does not get paid sick time. Each time she falls further behind on her
financial payments, she becomes increasingly stressed and thereby more depressed. This
socioeconomic experience would be explained using the social selection hypothesis.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: TF
Page Reference: 224
Skill: C

27) Advocacy groups that promote information and attempt to re-educate the public about
their view of mental illness would be seen as engaging in tertiary deviance.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 236-237
Skill: A/C

28) The World Health Organization recognized that the social determinants of health
such as income, gender, human rights conditions are important factors when studying
mental health.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: TF
Page Reference: 224
Skill: A

29) According to the World Health Organization, what proportion of the world’s
population is affected by a mental disorder at some point in their lives?
a. 10%
b. 25%

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c. 50%
d. 66%
e. 80%

Answer: b
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

30) Which of the following is one of the Common Mental Disorders (CMDs)?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. anxiety disorder
c. substance abuse personality disorder
d. conduct disorder
e. schizophrenia

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

31) Barbara is a 35 year old woman. Which of the following mental disorders is she more
likely to have, when compared to her 35 year old male neighbour?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. conduct disorder
c. depression
d. substance abuse dependency disorder
e. either depression or substance abuse personality disorder

Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223-224
Skill: A

32) Which of the following factors contributes to the mental disorders that are more
common in women?
a. income inequality
b. subordinate social status
c. extensive responsibility for the daily care of others
d. victimization by violence
e. the mental disorders that are more common in women are, in part, the result of all of
the factors listed above

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Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223-224
Skill: C

33) Which of the following mental disorders are men more likely than women to
experience?
a. Major depression
b. minor depression
c. anxiety disorders
d. panic disorder
e. antisocial personality disorder

Answer: e
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F

34) Which of the following statements about patterns of mental illness based on gender
and socioeconomic status is true?
a. women of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression and
anxiety, compared to women of high socioeconomic status
b. men of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression and anxiety,
compared to men of high socioeconomic status
c. women and men of low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression
and anxiety, compared to women and men of high socioeconomic status
d. men of low socioeconomic status experience similar rates of depression and anxiety as
men of high socioeconomic status
e. women of low socioeconomic status experience similar rates of depression and anxiety
as women of high socioeconomic status

Answer: c
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223-224
Skill: F

35) According to the hypothesis, members of the lower class experience


more life stressors, and are therefore more vulnerable to mental illness.
a. social selection
b. social contract
c. social subordination
d. social causation
e. social stigmatization

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Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 224
Skill: C

36) According to the hypothesis, people with mental disorders are more
likely to fall into the lower classes because of their difficulties in daily functioning.
a. social selection
b. social contract
c. social subordination
d. social causation
e. social stigmatization

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 224
Skill: C

37) Ramon is born into an upper-middle class family. At the age of 18, he develops
schizophrenia. Because of difficulties with controlling his disorder, he is unable to keep a
job, and eventually ends up living in an inner city rooming house. Which of the following
hypotheses best explains Ramon’s economic experiences?
a. social selection hypothesis
b. social contract hypothesis
c. social subordination hypothesis
d. social causation hypothesis
e. social stigmatization hypothesis

Answer: a
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 224
Skill: A

38) What proportion of Canadian university students report significant levels of


“psychological distress”?
a. 5%
b. 14%
c. 30%
d. 47%
e. 68%

Answer: c

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Test Item File
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 225
Skill: F

39) Why are mental disorders more prevalent among adolescents and young adults?
a. biological factors
b. psychological factors
c. the stresses associated with developing an “adult” role
d. struggles in identity formation during this period in the life cycle
e. biological factors, psychological factors, stress, and struggles in identity formation all
contribute to the greater prevalence of mental disorders in this age group

Answer: e
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 224-225
Skill: C

40) What are the consequences of mental illness?


a. lower incomes
b. higher rates of early marriage
c. higher rates of teen pregnancy
d. greater risk of other physical diseases (e.g. heart disease)
e. mental illness is associated with all of the above consequences

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 225
Skill: F

41) According to Wolff (2007), what are the problems with cost-of-illness estimates in
relation to mental illness?
a. rather than being purely the result of biochemistry, they interact with economic factors
b. rather than being purely the result of biochemistry, they interact with social norms
c. they fail to consider the ways in which people with mental disorders contribute to their
families, communities, and society
d. they reflect the negative attitudes about mental illness that pervade society
e. cost-of-illness estimates suffer from all of the above problems

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 226-227
Skill: C

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42) People with mental disorders are perceived as being unpredictable, violent and
dangerous. As a resulta. they have difficulty dating.
b. they are unwelcome in neighbourhoods.
c. they are fired or forced to resign.
d. they are abused or harassed by strangers.
e. they may experience any of the above.

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 227-228
Skill: F

43) Policies and programs embedded within the attempt to reduce the
extent to which people with mental disorders are treated as outsiders in society.
a. disease paradigm
b. stigmatization paradigm
c. discrimination paradigm
d. inclusion paradigm
e. integration paradigm

Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 236
Skill: C

44) Policies and programs embedded within the emphasize the


medicalization of mental illness.
a. disease paradigm
b. stigmatization paradigm
c. discrimination paradigm
d. inclusion paradigm
e. scientific paradigm

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 236
Skill: C

45) How is mental illness portrayed in the media?


a. most TV characters with mental disorders are associated with violence or evil
b. most TV characters with mental disorders are associated with passivity and lack of
action

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c. most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as victims of violence
d. most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as incompetent in the
workplace
e. most TV characters with mental disorders are portrayed as sexually provocative

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 227
Skill: F

46) John lives in England during the 15th century. He tells people that there are voices
inside his head, telling him to hurt his children. How is John likely to be treated?
a. he is likely to be placed in a “madhouse”
b. he is likely to be placed in an “asylum”
c. he is likely to be taken care of by various members of the community
d. he is likely to be placed in prison
e. he is likely to be tortured in order to drive out the demons possessing him

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 230
Skill: A

47) When did the deinstitutionalization movement develop?


a. 17th century
b. 18th century
c. 19th century
d. 1930s
e. 1960s

Answer: e
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 232
Skill: F

48) In contemporary Canada, involuntary admissions to psychiatric institutions are


governed by the principle of
a. “protection of society”
b. “least restrictive alternative”
c. “most effective treatment”
d. “cost/benefit analysis”
e. “harm reduction”

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Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 232
Skill: C

49) What have been the consequences of the deinstitutionalization movement?


a. a reduction in the number of beds available to the mentally ill
b. higher suicide rates among the mentally ill
c. homelessness or the availability of affordable housing
d. criminal activity among the mentally ill
e. deinstitutionalization has benefitted many people, but others have fallen through the
cracks, resulting in fewer mental health beds, higher suicide rates, homelessness, and
criminal activity

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 236
Skill: C

50) Which of the following is an example of resistance to the stigmatization of mental


illness?
a. the World Health Organization’s efforts to increase government funding for mental
health research
b. research into new psychopharmaceutical treatments
c. self-help groups providing information about new and effective treatments
d. the World Psychiatric Association’s international “Open the Doors” program
e. self-help groups providing information about the negative side effects of certain
psychopharmaceutical treatments

Answer: d
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 237-238
Skill: A

51) What proportion of homeless people in North America is estimated to have mental
disorders?
a. 25-50%
b. 20-30%
c. 80-90%
d. 10-20%
e. 1-8%

Answer: a

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Test Item File
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 233
Skill: F

52) For what has the DSM been criticized?


a. the inclusion of particular disorders, such as ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder)
b. methodological shortcomings in its creation
c. the role of power in deciding what is included
d. the fact that the inclusion/elimination of particular disorders in the DSM sometimes
comes down to a “majority rules” vote
e. the DSM has faced all of the criticisms listed above

Answer: e
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 240-241
Skill: C

53) The Mental Health Global Action Programme has developed four core strategies to
reduce the stigma of mental disorders and to promote the mental health of the population.
The strategy of information includes
a. creating an internet-based database.
b. provide guidance on policy development.
c. provide training to mental health researchers.
d. coordinate efforts to educate the public.
e. provide a forum for networking.

Answer: a
Diff: Easy
Type: MC
Page Reference: 238-239
Skill: F

54) Which of the following statements accurately describes Rosenhan’s research on


psychiatric diagnosis and treatment (“Being sane in insane places”)?
a. when the pseudo-patients intercepted staff members to ask them simple questions,
more than 70% of the psychiatrists and nursing staff averted their eyes and walked away
b. the fact that the psychiatrists were unable to detect the “sanity” of the pseudo-patients
was primarily because the pseudo-patients were not acting “sane” enough
c. other mental patients were even less accurate than the medical staff in detecting the
“sanity” of the pseudo-patients
d. most of the pseudo-patients were released with a diagnosis of “no detectable mental
illness”
e. all of the statements listed above describe Rosenhan’s research

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Answer: a
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 243
Skill: F

55) In Rosenhan’s follow-up study on psychiatric diagnosis (“Being sane in insane


places”), he told the administrators of a prestigious teaching hospital that within the next
three months at least one “pseudo-patient” would attempt to be admitted as a psychiatric
patient. During that period of time, hospital staff estimated that out of 191 psychiatric
admissions, patients were likely “pseudo-patients”; Rosenhan had actually sent
in “pseudo-patients”.
a. 2; 8
b. 41; 0
c. 0; 17
d. 11; 11
e. 17; 0

Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 243-244
Skill: F

56) In part, because of Rosenhan’s research on psychiatric diagnosis (“Being sane in


insane places”),
a. legislation governing involuntary psychiatric admissions became more lenient.
b. the number of mental health advocacy groups declined.
c. important aspects of Lemert’s labelling theory were illustrated.
d. the lack of influence of social factors on psychiatric diagnosis was illustrated.
e. new research ethics guidelines were developed to prevent similar research from being
done in the future.

Answer: c
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 244-245
Skill: C

57) Rosenhan’s suggestion that the ‘tag’ of “mentally ill” determined how psychiatric
staff interacted with the pseudo-patients in his study, illustrates theory.
a. labelling
b. general strain
c. social bonds
d. pluralist conflict

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e. power-reflexive

Answer: a
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 244-245
Skill: C

58) What consequences does the stigmatization of mental illness have?


a. negative consequences, because it closes the doors of acceptance within the “normal”
world
b. negative consequences, because it contributes to self-stigma, which results in a lower
likelihood of conforming to treatment regimens
c. positive consequences, because it can improve an individual’s self-concept
d. positive consequences, because a label is necessary for effective treatment to be
received
e. empirical research has found support for both positive and negative consequences,
including all of those listed above

Answer: e
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 244-245
Skill: F

59) Which of the following statements about the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
is true?
a. compared to women, men are more likely to be prescribed psychotropic drug
b. compared to White persons, Black persons are more likely to be described by
psychiatrists as “dangerous”, even when their case summaries are identical
c. compared to Black persons, White persons are more likely to be described by
psychiatrists as “dangerous”, even when their case summaries are identical
d. race does not influence psychiatric diagnosis
e. sex does not influence psychiatric diagnosis or treatment

Answer: b
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 245
Skill: F

60) Mental disorders are defined as deviant on two dimensions. These are:
a. The illness and the social
b. The social and the institutional
c. The illness and the person
d. The institutional and the individual

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e. The social and the individual

Answer: a
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC
Page Reference: 222
Objective: A

61) Which of the following aspects of mental illness are not included in deviance
research?
a. Prevalence and disease patterns
b. Costs for society of inadequate treatment
c. Stigmatization
d. Mortality rates due to illness
e. Medicalization

Answer: d
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 222
Skill: A

62) Mental disorders make up what percent of disabilities in the world?


a. 15 %
b. 33 %
c. 50 %
d. 75 %
e. 0 % - not considered a disability

Answer: b
Diff: Moderate
Type: MC
Page Reference: 223
Skill: F/A

63) The World Health Organization identified a number of social conditions that are
associated with mental health status, which if the following was not mentioned?
a. Socio-economic status
b. Education level
c. Existing medical diagnostic tools (i.e. the DSM)
d. Human rights standards
e. Gender

Answer: c
Diff: Challenging
Type: MC

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Page Reference: 224
Skill: A

64) Apply the three components of the social typing process to the medicalization of
mental illness.

Answer:

Diff: Easy
Type: ES
Page Reference: 233-234
Skill: A

65) Differentiate between the two explanations offered for the greater prevalence of
mental illness among the lower classes.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 224
Skill: C

66) Describe the hydraulic relationship that Penrose (1939) proposed existed between the
mental health care system and the criminal justice system, and discuss the extent to which
you believe this relationship still exists in the 21st century.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 235
Skill: C/A

67) Describe the process of reinstitutionalization, and explain why it is occurring.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 235-236
Skill: C

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68) List and describe four different ways that mental illness is socially controlled, and
indicate whether each of those forms of social control is formal or informal.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 227-232
Skill: A

69) Early research on mental illness indicated that more women than men experience a
mental illness. Explain the flaws of this research and provide examples.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 223
Skill: A/C

70) Apply two of Goffman's identity management techniques from his work on Stigma to
the experience of having a mental illness. Provide examples.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 236-238
Skill:

71) Briefly discuss 3 social factors that are known to impact mental health status.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 223-225
Skill:

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72) Describe who has been helped by deinstitutionalization, and who has been harmed by
it. Explain what the consequences are for those people who are harmed by
deinstitutionalization.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 231-233
Skill: C/F

73) Describe the deviance dance surrounding mental illness, by discussing how the
stigmatization of mental illness is resisted by (a) governments, (b) the medical
community, and (c) social organizations.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 236-239
Skill: C/F

74) Discuss Rosenhan’s (1973) explanation of how social factors and psychiatric biases
affect the diagnosis of the mentally ill.

Answer:

Diff: Moderate
Type: ES
Page Reference: 241-245
Skill: C/F

75) Explain the relationship between gender and mental disorders. Highlight the types of
illness and suggest deviance theories that might explain why (or if) these differences
occur.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 223-225
Skill: A/C

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76) Describe the evolution of mental illness and the handing of mental illness in society,
past and present. Discuss the role that various moral entrepreneurs play to contribute to
the deviance of mental illness. Now predict where deviance and mental health might be
going in the future.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 230-247

77) While there is a biological component to mental illness, it is a social phenomenon as


well. Existing social factors of a society impact who experiences mental illness and
society also determines how it is socially constructed. Discuss both the objective and
subjective aspects of mental illness and how they are interrelated.

Answer:

Diff: Challenging
Type: ES
Page Reference: 222-246
Skill: C

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