Test Bank for Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data, 4th Edition, Allan J.

Rossman Beth L

Test Bank for Workshop Statistics: Discovery with

Data, 4th Edition, Allan J. Rossman Beth L. Chance

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Sample Quiz 16A

Students enrolled in an introductory statistics course at a university were asked to take a survey that
indicated whether the student has a visual or verbal learning style. Of the 39 students who took the survey,
25 were judged to have a visual learning style and 14 were considered verbal learners.
1. Determine a 90% confidence interval for the population proportion who are visual learners at this
university.
2. Write a sentence interpreting what this interval says.
3. How would a 99% confidence interval compare to this one in terms of its midpoint and half-width? (Do
not bother to determine this interval.)
4. Check whether the technical condition concerning sample size is satisfied here.
5. Explain why you might feel wary about applying this confidence interval to the population of all
students at this university.

Solution to Sample Quiz 16A

1. A 90% confidence interval for the population proportion who are visual learners
at this university is

2. You are 90% confident the population proportion of visual learners at this university is between 51.5%
and 76.7%.
3. A 99% confidence interval would have the same midpoint (.641) as the 90% confidence interval, but it
would have a larger half-width because the z* value used to create the 99% interval would be greater than
1.645.
4. Technical condition for sample size: You calculate n _ pˆ _ 39 _ .641 _ 25 10 and n _ (1 _ pˆ) _ 39
_ .359 _ 14 10. So this condition is met.
5. The sample was not randomly selected—all the students were enrolled in one introductory statistics
class. Perhaps statistics students are more likely than other students to be visual learners.

Sample Quiz 16B

𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)
You have learned that a confidence interval for π is given by: 𝑝̂ ± 𝑧 ∗ √ 𝑛
.
1. What does the symbol π stand for?
2. What does the symbol 𝑝̂ stand for?
3. What does the symbol n stand for?
4. Does increasing the confidence level lead to a larger value of z*, a smaller value of z*, or no change in
the value of z*?
5. Does increasing the sample size lead to a larger value of z*, a smaller value of z*, or no change in the
value of z*?

Solution to Sample Quiz 16B

1. The symbol π stands for the population proportion of successes that are being estimated by this
confidence interval.
2. The symbol 𝑝̂ stands for the proportion of successes that occurred in this particular sample.
3. The symbol n stands for the size of the sample.
4. Increasing the confidence level leads to a larger value of z*.
5. Increasing the sample size has no effect on the value of z*. It will decrease the margin-of-error.

Sample Quiz 17A

Students enrolled in an introductory statistics course at a university were asked to take a survey that
indicated whether the student has a visual or verbal learning style. Of the 39 students who took the survey,
25 were judged to have a visual learning style, and 14 were considered verbal learners. Consider these 39
students to be a random sample of students at this university. Conduct a test of significance of whether
these sample data provide strong evidence that more than half of all students at the university have a
visual learning style. Be sure to report the hypotheses, test statistic, and p-value. Also check the technical
conditions of the procedure, and write a conclusion in context.

Solution to Sample Quiz 17A

The null hypothesis is that half the population of all students at this university are visual learners. In
symbols, the null hypothesis is H0 : 𝜋 = .5.
The alternative hypothesis is that more than half of the population of all students at this university
are visual learners. In symbols, the alternative hypothesis is Ha : 𝜋 > .5.
Check technical conditions: n × 𝜋0 = 39(.5) = 19.5 and n × (1-𝜋0 ) = 39(.5) = 19.5. Both exceed 10.
By considering these 39 students to be a random sample, the technical conditions are satisfied and
the CLT applies.
The sample proportion who are visual learners is 25/39 = .641.
Test statistic:

Using Table II, p-value = Pr(Z > 1.76) = .0392.

Test decision: At the .05 significance level, reject H0 .
Conclusion in context: You have moderately strong statistical evidence that more than half the
population of students at this university are visual learners.

Sample Quiz 17B

1. Do hypotheses involve parameters or statistics?

Suppose that you and a friend analyze the same sample data and conduct a test of significance about the
same conjectured value, but you use a two-sided alternative and your friend uses a one-sided alternative.
2. Will you and your friend obtain different values of the test statistic? Explain briefly.
3. Will you and your friend obtain different values of the p-value? Explain briefly. Suppose that a random
sample of students at a university takes a survey that indicates whether the student has a visual or verbal
learning style.
4. If the instructor suspects that most students at the university are visual learners, state the null and
alternative hypotheses (in symbols and in words) to be tested.
5. If the instructor has read about national results indicating that two-thirds of all students are visual
learners, state the null and alternative hypotheses (in symbols and in words) to be tested in order to assess
whether the same proportion holds for that university.

Solution to Sample Quiz 17B

1. Hypotheses involve parameters.

2. My friend and I will obtain exactly the same value of the test statistic because it is computed from the
sample data (we are both using the same sample data) and it is unaffected by the alternative hypothesis
used.
3. My p-value will be twice as large as my friend’s because our test statistics will be identical, but I am
using a two-sided alternative, so I will find the probability in both tails of the distribution. (This assumes
that the sample data are in the direction specified by my friend’s alternative hypothesis.)
4. The null hypothesis is that half the population of all students at this university are visual learners. In
symbols, the null hypothesis is H0 : 𝜋 = .5. The alternative hypothesis is that more than half the population
of all students at this university are visual learners. In symbols, the alternative hypothesis is Ha : 𝜋 > .5.
5. The null hypothesis is that the proportion of all students at this university who are visual learners is
two-thirds. In symbols, the null hypothesis is H0 : 𝜋 = 2/3. The alternative hypothesis is the proportion of
all the students at this university who are visual learners is not two-thirds. In symbols, the alternative
hypothesis is Ha : 𝜋 ≠ 2/3.

Sample Quiz 18A

In the August 12, 2007, issue of Parade magazine (which comes with the Sunday newspaper for millions
of Americans), readers were asked to go online and vote on this question: Should the drinking age be
lowered? The results were published in the October 7 issue; more than 14,000 readers voted, and 48%
said “yes.”
1. Use these sample data to determine a 99% confidence interval for the population proportion who favor
lowering the drinking age.
2. Report the margin-of-error for this confidence interval.
3. Explain why this interval is so narrow.
4. Without conducting a test of significance, what can you say about the p-value if you were to test
whether the population proportion differs from one-half? Explain.
5. Does Parade’s sampling method give you any reason to doubt that the confidence interval in question
1 is valid? Explain.

Solution to Sample Quiz 18A

1. A 99% confidence interval for the population proportion who favor lowering the drinking age is

2. The margin-of-error is .010877.

3. This interval is so narrow because the sample size used is so very large (14,000).
4. Because .5 is not one of the values contained in this confidence interval, it is not a plausible value for
the population proportion of readers who favor lowering the drinking age. Thus, you would reject the null
hypothesis that this population proportion is 1/2 in a two-sided test of significance, and you would find
that the p-value is less than .01.
5. Yes, Parade’s sampling method gives reason to doubt that the confidence interval in question 1 is valid
because the sample was definitely not a randomly selected sample. Because the responders were
essentially self-selected, this sampling method is likely to be highly biased and not representative of the
American population in general.

Sample Quiz 18B

Students enrolled in an introductory statistics course at a university were asked to take a survey that
indicated whether the student had a visual or verbal learning style. Of the 39 students who took the survey,
25 were judged to have a visual learning style, and 14 were considered verbal learners. Treat these
students as a random sample of students at this university.
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the data provide strong evidence against
the hypothesis that two-thirds of all students at the university are visual learners. The p-value for this test
turns out to be .734.
2. Describe the conclusion that you would reach at the α = .10 significance level.
3. If the sample size had been ten times larger and the results had turned out proportionally identical,
would the p-value have been larger, smaller, or the same?
4. Describe what a Type I error means in this situation.
5. Describe what a Type II error means in this situation.

Solution to Sample Quiz 18B

1. The null hypothesis is that the proportion of students at this university who are visual learners is two-
thirds. In symbols, the null hypothesis is H0 : 𝜋 = 2/3. The alternative hypothesis is the proportion of the
students at this university who are visual learners is not two-thirds. In symbols, the alternative hypothesis
is Ha : 𝜋 ≠ 2/3.
2. Because the p-value (.734) is quite large, you would not reject the null hypothesis at the α = .10
significance level. This result means you have no evidence to conclude that the proportion of students at
this university who are visual learners differs from two-thirds.
3. If the sample size had been ten times larger and the results had turned out proportionally identical, the
p-value would have been smaller.
4. A Type I error would be deciding that the proportion of visual learners at this university is not two-
thirds when it actually is two-thirds.
5. A Type II error would be failing to realize that the proportion of visual learners at this university is not
two-thirds.

Sample Quiz 19A

The following data are monthly rents (in dollars) of studio and one-bedroom apartments in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, in 2007, obtained from a random sample of such apartments advertised at rent.com in July
2007: 500, 549, 569, 575, 585, 600, 630, 680, 705, 790

The mean of these ten rent prices is $618.3, and the standard deviation is $85.3.
1. Determine the standard error of the sample mean.
2. Describe what the population mean µ means in this context.
3. Determine a 95% confidence interval for µ.
4. Write a sentence interpreting what this interval means.
5. Would you expect about 95% of the studio and one-bedroom apartments in Harrisburg in July 2007 to
have a rent price within this interval? Explain.
Solution to Sample Quiz 19A

1. The standard error of the sample mean is

$85.3
= $26.97
√10
2. The population mean µ refers to the average monthly rent of all studio and one bedroom apartments in
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in July 2007. (It would be risky to extend the population too far beyond this
time frame or location.)
3. A 95% confidence interval for µ, based on 9 degrees of freedom, is: $618.3 ± (2.262) × ($26.97),
which is the interval ($557.29, $679.31).
4. You can be 95% confident the mean monthly rent of all studio and one-bedroom apartments in
Harrisburg in July 2007 is between $552.29 and $679.31.
Note: If you repeated the procedure for creating this interval (taking random samples of ten apartments’
rents) many times, you expect that 95% of the resulting intervals would be successful in capturing the true
monthly rental price.
5. No, you would not expect about 95% of the studio and one-bedroom apartments in Harrisburg in July
2007 to have a rent price within this interval. This interval estimates the population mean, not prices of
individual apartments.

Sample Quiz 19B

𝑠
You have learned that a confidence interval for 𝜇 is given by: 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡 ∗ ..
√𝑛

1. What does the symbol µ stand for?

2. What does the symbol 𝑥̅ stand for?
3. What does the symbol s stand for?
4. Does increasing the confidence level lead to a larger value of t*, a smaller value of t*, or no change in
the value of t*?
5. Does increasing the sample size lead to a larger value of t*, a smaller value of t*, or no change in the
value of t*?

Solution to Sample Quiz 19B

1. The symbol µ stands for the population mean that you are attempting to estimate.
2. The symbol 𝑥̅ stands for the mean of your sample.
3. The symbol s stands for the standard deviation of your sample.
4. Increasing the confidence level leads to a larger value of t*.
5. Increasing the sample size can change the value of t* because the degrees of freedom will be larger, so
the t* value will decrease.

Sample Quiz 20A

Students enrolled in an introductory statistics course at a university were asked to take a survey that
indicated whether the student’s learning style was more visual or verbal. Each student received a
numerical score ranging from -11 to +11. Negative scores indicated a visual learner, and positive scores
indicated a verbal learner. The closer the score was to -11 or +11, the stronger the student’s inclination
toward that learning style. A score of 0 would indicate neutrality between visual or verbal learning. For
the 39 students who took the survey, the mean score was -2.744, and the standard deviation was 4.988.

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the mean score (among all students at this
university) differs from 0.
2. Calculate the value of the t-test statistic for the hypotheses stated in question 1.
3. Determine the p-value of the test as accurately as possible.
4. Summarize the conclusion that you would draw from this test.
5. Comment on whether the technical conditions of this t-test are satisfied.

Solution to Sample Quiz 20A

1. The null hypothesis is that the population mean score is 0. In symbols, H0 : 𝜇 = 0.

The alternative hypothesis is that the population mean score is not 0. In symbols, Ha : 𝜇 ≠ 0.
−2.744 − 0
2. The test statistic is t= 4.988/ 39 = −3.44
√
3. Using Table III with 38 degrees of freedom, 2 × .0005 ≤ p-value ≤ 2 × .001, so .001 ≤ p-value ≤ .002.
Using Minitab, p-value = 2 × Pr(T38 ≥ 3.44) = .0014272.
4. With such a small p-value, reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the population mean score is not
zero. From the negative value of the sample mean, there appears to be an inclination toward visual
learning by these students. (You could create a confidence interval to find out how much of an
inclination.)
5. The sample size is large (n = 39 ≥ 30), but the sample was not randomly selected, so the technical
conditions are not satisfied. You should be careful about generalizing these results to the entire population
of students at this university. The results may apply only to statistics students like those in the class.

Sample Quiz 20B

Suppose you measure the heights of a random sample of chief executive officers (CEOs) in order to study
whether CEOs tend to be taller than the national average height of 69 inches.
1 and 2. State the relevant null and alternative hypotheses.
3. If all else (sample size and standard deviation) were the same, which would give stronger evidence that
CEOs do tend to be taller than an average height of
69 inches: a sample mean of 70 inches or a sample mean of 71 inches? Explain.
4. If the sample mean turned out to be 70 inches, which would give a smaller p-value: a sample standard
deviation of 3 inches or a sample standard deviation of 5 inches? Explain.
5. If the sample mean turned out to be 70 inches, which would give a smaller p-value: a sample size of 50
CEOs or a sample size of 200 CEOs?

Solution to Sample Quiz 20B

1 and 2. The null hypothesis is that the mean height of all CEOs is 69 inches. In symbols, H0 : 𝜇 = 69.
The alternative hypothesis is that the mean height of all CEOs is greater than 69 inches. In symbols, Ha : 𝜇
> 69.
3. If all else (sample size and standard deviation) were the same, a sample mean of
71 inches would give stronger evidence that CEOs do tend to be taller than
69 inches (on average) than a sample mean of 70 inches would. Because 71 is farther above the assumed
mean of 69 inches than 70 is, a sample mean of
71 would have a greater z-score than would a sample mean of 70. Because it would have a greater z-score,
it would also have a smaller p-value and thus provide stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.
4. If the sample mean turned out to be 70 inches, a sample standard deviation of 3 inches would give a
smaller p-value than a sample standard deviation of 5 inches. A small standard deviation indicates little
variation from the mean value. A sample mean greater than 69 inches would provide stronger evidence
against the null hypothesis if there were little variation from the mean (more consistency in the values
lying above 69 inches) than if there were large variation from the mean.
5. If the sample mean turned out to be 70 inches, a sample of 200 CEOs would give a smaller p-value
than a sample of 50 CEOs. A larger sample provides stronger evidence that the larger sample mean
observed did not occur by random chance alone.

Sample Exam 4A

1. The National Institutes of Health funded a study of a random sample of 856 people age 71 and older in
the United States. They found that 9.7% of these people suffer from Alzheimer’s Disease.
a. Identify the population of interest in this study.
b. Is .097 (the decimal version of 9.7%) a parameter or a statistic? What symbol do you use to represent it?
c. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of elderly Americans who have Alzheimer’s
disease.
d. Check and comment on whether the technical conditions required for this confidence interval are
satisfied.
e. If you were to determine instead a 90% CI, how would it differ and how would it be similar to the
result in part c? (Do not bother to do the calculations.)
f. Determine how many people would have to be studied in a new sample if you want to estimate the
population proportion to within ± .02 with 99% confidence. (Use the result of the current sample in your
determination of the new sample size.)

2. Students in an introductory statistics class were asked how many states they have visited. The
following output pertains to the sample results:

a. Determine a 90% confidence interval for the population mean number of states visited among all
students at this university.
b. Check and comment on whether the technical conditions of this confidence interval are satisfied.
c. For what proportion of students in the sample is the number of states visited within the interval
calculated in part a?
d. Should you expect your answer to part c to be close to 90%? Explain why or why not.
e. Based on your interval, what can you say about the p-value if you were to conduct a two-sided
significance test of whether the population mean differs from 15? Explain briefly, without conducting a
test or doing new calculations.

3. It has been conjectured that two-thirds of all students have an active, as opposed to reflective, learning
style. Data are available from a large sample of introductory statistics students at a public university in the
eastern United States, who took a survey that assessed their learning style as active or reflective. Of the
962 students who participated, 596 were diagnosed as active learners and 366 as reflective learners.
Use these sample data to conduct a significance test of the conjecture that two-thirds of all students have
an active learning style. Report the hypotheses, test statistic, and p-value. Include a check of technical
conditions. Also indicate your test decision at the 𝛼 = .05 significance level, and summarize your
conclusion in context.

4. a. Suppose you conduct a significance test and decide to reject the null hypothesis (H0 ) at the 𝛼 = .05
level. If you conduct the same test on the same data but instead use the 𝛼 = .01 level, what decision
would you make? (Circle your answer. Do not bother to explain.)
Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Cannot say without more information
b. Suppose you conduct a significance test and decide to fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0 ) at the
𝛼 = .05 level. If you conduct the same test on the same data but instead use the 𝛼 = .01 level, what
decision would you make? (Circle your answer. Do not bother to explain.)
Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Cannot say without more information
c. Suppose that we tell you that we flipped a coin multiple times and it landed heads 75% of the time.
Would you be reasonably convinced that this was not a fair coin (where “fair” means that the coin has a .5
probability of landing “heads”)? If so, explain why. If not, describe what additional information you
would ask for and explain why it is necessary.

5. Explain (briefly) what is wrong with each of the following sets of hypotheses:
a. H0 : 𝜋 = 1.2 Ha : 𝜋 >1.2
b. H0 : ˆ p = .5 Ha : p̂ > .5
c. H0 : 𝜇 = 69 Ha : 𝜇 ≥ 69
d. H0 : 𝜋 ≠ .5 Ha : 𝜋 = .5

6. Suppose you analyze data to assess whether the proportion of heart transplant deaths at St. George’s
Hospital in London significantly exceeded the national benchmark rate of 15%.
a. Write a sentence describing what committing a Type I error would mean in this study.
b. Write a sentence describing what committing a Type II error would mean in this study.

Sample Exam 4A Solutions

1. a. The population of interest is all elderly Americans (age 71 and older).

b. The value .097 is a statistic because it refers to the sample of people studied.
The symbol used to represent it is pˆ.
c. A 95% confidence interval for the population proportion 𝜋 is given by

which is

which is .097 ± .020, which is the interval (.077, .117). You are 95% confident that between 7.7% and
11.7% of elderly Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease.
d. Technical conditions: You are told that this is a random sample, so that condition is satisfied. You also
need to check that n p̂ ≥ 10 and n(1 – p̂ ) ≥ 10.
The first of these is satisfied because 856(.097) = 83.03 is much greater than
10 and so is 856(.903) ≈ 772.97.
e. A 90% CI would be narrower (because the confidence level is smaller) but have the same midpoint
(namely, .097).
f. You want to solve

for n. You know that z* = 2.576 for 99% confidence, and you’ll use .097 as your estimate for p̂ . So, you
need to solve

which gives

Therefore, 1454 people would be needed for the study.

2. a. A 90% confidence interval for this population mean is given by

From the output, you see that n = 50, 𝑥̅ = 13.36, and s = 7.27. With 90% confidence and 49 degrees of
freedom, you see from the t-table (using 40 for the degrees of freedom) that t* = 1.684. The confidence
interval is therefore

which is 13.36 ± 1.73, which is the interval (11.63, 15.09). You are 90% confident that the students at
this school have visited an average of 11.63 to 15.09 states.
With technology, the interval is (11.29, 15.43).
b. Because the sample came from one class, it is not technically a random sample of students at the
university. This could be problematic if statistics students are more or less well-traveled than the student
body in general. The distribution of states visited appears to be skewed to the right, but the second
condition is nevertheless satisfied because the sample size (n = 50 here) is fairly large.
c. Values of 12, 13, 14, and 15 fall within the interval. The dotplot reveals that 8 of the 50 students have a
value (for number of states visited) within this interval, which is a proportion of .16.
d. No, there’s no reason to expect the answer to part c to be close to 90%. The interval estimates the
population mean, not individual values.
e. Because the 90% CI includes the value 15, you would not reject the hypothesis that 𝜇 = 15 at the 𝛼
= .10 level. Therefore, the p-value must be greater than .10.
3. Let 𝜋 denote the population proportion of students at this university who are active learners. Then the
hypotheses are H0 : 𝜋 = 2/3 and Ha : 𝜋 ≠ 2/3.
To calculate the test statistic, first find that the sample proportion of active learners is

The test statistic is

From Table II, the (two-sided) p-value is then 2 × Pr(Z > 3.09) = 2 × .0010 =.0020.
Such a small p-value provides quite strong evidence that the proportion of students in the population who
are active learners is not 2/3.
1:15:28 PM
To check the sample size condition, notice that 962 x .620 and 962 x (1 - .620) are both much greater than
10. The random sample condition is problematic, though, because the sample consists only of
introductory statistics students at one university.

4. a. By rejecting H0 at the 𝛼 = .05 level, you know that the p-value is less than (or equal to) .05. But you
do not know if the p-value is also less than (or equal to) .01. So, you do not have enough information to
answer the question.
b. By failing to reject H0 at the 𝛼 = .05 level, you know that the p-value is greater than .05. The p-value
must then also be greater than .01. So, you would also fail to reject H0 at the 𝛼 = .01 level.
c. You would need to know the sample size (number of flips). If this result were based on only a small
number of flips (perhaps four), then you would have no evidence to suspect the coin was not fair. It would
not be surprising for a fair coin to produce 75% heads in four flips. But if this result were based on a
fairly large number of flips, then you would have strong evidence that the coin was not fair.

5. a. A proportion cannot be greater than 1, so it makes no sense to test whether 𝜋 = 1.2 or 𝜋 > 1.2.
b. Hypotheses must be about population parameters, not sample statistics.
c. The alternative hypothesis does not include the value hypothesized in the null hypothesis. In other
words, the inequality in the alternative hypothesis needs to be >, not ≥.
d. The null and alternative hypotheses should be switched.

6. a. A Type I error would have occurred if this hospital’s death rate were actually no greater than the
national benchmark of 15%, but you mistakenly concluded that the death rate was higher in this hospital.
b. A Type II error would have occurred if this hospital’s death rate were actually greater than the national
benchmark of 15%, but you mistakenly concluded that the death rate was equal to the benchmark rate in
this hospital.

Sample Exam 4B

1. A student wants to assess whether her dog Muffin tends to chase her blue ball more often than she
chases her red ball. The student rolls both a blue ball and a red ball at the same time and observes which
ball Muffin chooses to chase. Repeating this process a total of 96 times, the student finds that Muffin
chased the blue ball 52 times and the red ball 44 times.
a. What are the observational units in this study?
b. What is the variable in this study?
c. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, in words and in symbols.
d. Calculate the test statistic and p-value.
e. Would you reject the null hypothesis at the 𝛼 =.10 significance level? Explain.
f. Write a one-sentence conclusion to the student, summarizing what the data reveal about whether her
dog Muffin tends to chase her blue ball more often than her red ball. Include an explanation of what the p-
value means in the context of this study.

2. A statistics professor has asked his students to flip coins over the years. He has kept track of how many
flips land heads and how many land tails. Combining the results of his students over many years, he has
formed a 95% confidence interval for the long-run population proportion of heads to be (.501, .513).
a. Why is this interval so narrow?
b. Suppose he were to conduct a hypothesis test of whether the long-run population proportion of heads
differs from one-half. Based on this interval (do not conduct the test), would he reject the null hypothesis
at the 𝛼 = .05 significance level? Explain briefly (no more than one sentence).
c. Does the interval provide strong evidence that the long-run population proportion of heads is much
different from one-half? Explain briefly.
3 a. Suppose Alejandro studies a random sample of data on a categorical variable and calculates a 95%
confidence interval for the population proportion to be (.546,.674). Determine what the sample proportion
must have been, and explain why.
b. Suppose Brad and Carly plan to collect separate random samples, with Brad using a sample size of 500
and Carly using a sample size of 1500. If Brad plans to construct a 99% confidence interval for the
population proportion and Carly plans to construct a 90% confidence interval, who is more likely to
obtain an interval that succeeds in capturing the population proportion? Explain.
c. Suppose three students conduct a group project to estimate the proportion of students at their university
who are from a different state. They take a random sample of students and find that 20% of their sample
of students are from a different state. They then determine the following confidence intervals for the
population proportion who are from a different state. One of these is a 90% confidence interval, one is a
99% confidence interval, and one is incorrect. Identify which is which. (In other words, write “90%”
below the appropriate interval, “99%” below another, and “incorrect” below the third.)
(.116, .284) (.176, .344) (.146, .254)

4. Suppose you want to estimate the proportion of people in your community who would choose Thin
Mints as their favorite Girl Scout cookie. Also suppose previous studies have shown this proportion to be
around .3.
a. Determine how many people you would have to sample in order to estimate this proportion to within
±.025 with 90% confidence. If your boss says that this number (your answer to part a) is too large to be
practical, you might respond that a smaller sample size would suffice if either the margin-of-error (.025)
or the confidence level (90%) were changed.
b. In which direction would the margin-of-error need to change in order for a smaller sample size to
suffice?
c. In which direction would the confidence level need to change in order for a smaller sample size to
suffice?

5. Students in an introductory statistics class were asked to report the age of their mothers when they were
born. Summary statistics include
Sample size: 28 students Sample mean: 29.643 years
Sample standard deviation: 4.564 years
a. Calculate the standard error of this sample mean.
b. Determine and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the mother’s mean age (at student’s birth) in the
population of all students at this university.
c. How would a 99% confidence interval compare to the 90% interval in terms of its midpoint and half-
width?
d. Would you expect 90% of the ages in the sample to be within the 90% confidence interval? Explain
why or why not.
e. Even if the distribution of mothers’ ages were somewhat skewed, would this confidence interval
procedure still be valid with these data? Explain why or why not.

6. Reconsider the previous problem about the age of a college student’s mother when the student was
born. Now suppose you want to conduct a significance test of whether the sample data provide strong
evidence that the population mean mother’s age is less than 30 years.
a. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
b. Calculate the test statistic.
c. Determine (as accurately as possible) the p-value of the test.
d. State your test decision at the 𝛼 = .10 significance level.
e. Summarize your conclusion in context, and explain the reasoning process by which you reach this
conclusion.
f. Would the p-value have been larger, smaller, or the same if a larger sample size had been used and all
else had turned out the same? (Do not bother to explain.)
g. Would the p-value have been larger, smaller, or the same if the sample standard deviation had been
smaller and all else had turned out the same? (Do not bother to explain.)
h. Would the p-value have been larger, smaller, or the same if the sample mean had been smaller, and all
else had turned out the same? (Do not bother to explain.)

Sample Exam 4B Solutions

1. a. The observational units are rolls of the balls.

b. The variable is the color of the ball that Muffin chases.
c. Let 𝜋 represent the long-run probability that Muffin chases the blue ball.
The null hypothesis is H 0 : 𝜋 = .5 and the alternative hypothesis is H a : 𝜋 > .5 (indicating that Muffin
chases the blue ball more often).
d. The sample proportion (of rolls for which Muffin chased the blue ball) is

The test statistic is

The p-value is the area to the right of 0.82 under the standard normal curve, which, from Table II, is 1 -
.7939 or .2061.
e. Because the p-value is greater than .10, you would fail to reject the null hypothesis at the 𝛼 = .10
significance level.
f. The sample data do not provide much evidence that Muffin prefers to chase the blue ball more often
than the red ball. The p-value is not small, which indicates that the sample results would not be surprising
if Muffin preferred the two colors equally, so the data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject that the
hypothesis that Muffin prefers the two colors equally.

2. a. Such a narrow interval could only result from a very large sample size.
b. Yes, the null hypothesis (that the long-run proportion of heads equals .5) would be rejected at the .05
level, because the 95% CI does not contain the value .5.
c. No, the long-run proportion of heads is not much different from .5. The 95% CI reveals that this
proportion is between .501 and .513, which is quite close to .5 in practical terms.

3. a. The sample proportion must be the midpoint of the interval: (.546 + .674)/2 = .61.
b. Brad is more likely to obtain an interval that succeeds in capturing the population proportion. Brad has
99% confidence in his interval method, but Carly only has 90% confidence in her interval method. The
sample size is not relevant here.
c. The incorrect interval is (.176, .344) because it is not centered at the sample proportion value of .20.
Among the two correct intervals, the one with higher confidence is the wider interval, so (.116, .284) is
the 99% CI and (.146, .254) is the 90% CI.

4. a. You need to set

For 90% confidence, z* = 1.645, and it is suggested that you use pˆ = .3. This gives you
Test Bank for Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data, 4th Edition, Allan J. Rossman Beth L

Solving for n gives

Therefore, 910 people would have to be interviewed.

b. Increasing the margin-of-error would allow a smaller sample to suffice.
c. Decreasing the confidence level would allow a smaller sample size to suffice.

5. a. The standard error of the sample mean is

𝑠 4.564
= ≈ 0.8625 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
√𝑛 √28

b. The critical value for 90% confidence with 27 degrees of freedom is t* =1.703. Using

gives

which is 29.643 ± 1.469, which is the interval from (28.174, 31.112) years. You are 90% confident that in
the population of all students at this university, the mean age of the students’ mothers when the students
were born is somewhere between 28.174 years and 31.112 years.
c. A 99% CI for 𝜇 would have the same midpoint (namely, the sample mean 29.643 years) but a larger
half-width due to the larger confidence level.
d. No. The 90% CI estimates the population mean age, not individual age values in the sample or
population. It would not be surprising if only a small percentage of the sample ages fall within this
interval.
e. Because the sample size (28) is moderately large (very close to 30), some skewness in the distribution
of ages would not invalidate the use of this procedure. You would feel more comfortable about this if the
sample size were a bit larger, though.

6. a. The hypotheses are H0 : 𝜇 = 30 and Ha : 𝜇 < 30, where 𝜇 represents the population mean age (of the
students’ mothers when the students were born) among all students at the university.
29.643−30
b. The test statistic is t= 4.564/ 28 ≈ −0.41
√
c. The p-value is Pr( T 27 ≤ −0.41), which the t-table (Table III, df = 7) reveals to be greater than .2.
d. The p-value is greater than .10, so you would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
e. The sample data do not provide convincing evidence to suggest that the population mean mother’s age
is less than 30.
f. The p-value would be smaller if a larger sample size had been used and all else had turned out the same.
g. The p-value would be smaller if the sample standard deviation had been smaller and all else had turned
out the same.
h. The p-value would be smaller if the sample mean had been smaller and all else had turned out the same.
1:15:31 PM

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