Test Bank For Worlds Together Worlds Apart 5th by Adelman

Test Bank for Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 5th by Adelman
Test Bank for Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 5th by

Adelman
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CHAP TER 6
Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 BCE–

250 CE
GLOBAL STORYLINES
1. Conquests by Alexander the Great and the influence of his successor states spread Hellenism across Southwest Asia
and into South Asia.
2. The Mauryan Empire accelerates the integration of South Asia and helps Buddhism spread throughout that region
and beyond.
3. “Silk Roads,” both over land and sea, facilitate the movement of commodities (spices, metals, and silks) and ideas
(especially Buddhism and Hellenism) across Afro-Eurasia.
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What was Hellenism, and in what ways did it have an impact across Afro-Eurasia?
2. How did Alexander’s incursion in central and South Asia promote political changes in those areas, and what were
those changes?
3. In what areas did Buddhism spread during this period, and what forces influenced its spread?
4. Where did the early “Silk Road” develop, and how important were these trade routes in connecting Afro-Eurasia?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements about Alexander the Great’s conquests is correct?
a. They led to the creation of a unified bureaucracy across the conquered territories.
b. They resulted in the establishment of a long-lasting empire.
c. They destabilized and isolated the conquered regions.
d. They exposed Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia to a money-based economy and the
cultural ideas associated with the Greek city-states.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 201 OBJ: 2
TOP: 1 MSC: Applying
2. What was one of the ways that Alexander the Great introduced institutional stability to Afro-Eurasian trading systems?
a. Alexander created a large empire with uniform laws and institutions that lasted for hundreds of
years.
b. Governments under Alexander’s control did not plunder cities but instead actively promoted trade.
c. Alexander required all merchants and caravans to agree to a trade contract forbidding unlawful
competition.
d. Alexander’s army defeated the major central Asian nomadic groups such as the Xiongnu, creating a
new stability along the trade routes.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 200 OBJ: 2
3. Which statement about Philip II of Macedonia is correct?

a. He inherited a unified kingdom and neighboring states that had been conquered by his father.
b. He allied with the Greek city-states so that he could draw upon their resources without having to
defeat them militarily.
c. He used income from gold mines to finance new military technology and a full-time army.
d. He was killed in battle when his Greek allies betrayed him.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 201 OBJ: 1
TOP: 1 MSC: Understanding
4. What was one of the major results of Alexander the Great’s military campaigns?
a. establishing an empire supported by political and military institutions
b. smashing the barriers that had separated peoples on the eastern and western ends of Southwest Asia
c. preventing Syria and Mesopotamia from trading in commodities from the Mediterranean basin
d. preventing a massive redistribution of wealth
5. What happened after Alexander the Great’s death?

a. His wife, Roxana, ruled for the next decade but could not hold the empire together.
b. Alexander’s generals modeled the kingdoms they established on the regional rulers they had
defeated.
c. The established kingdoms relied upon councils working with local elites to manage the many
modest-sized territories.
d. The opportunities for women to exercise power diminished as the new kingdoms adopted the male
warrior ethos of Macedonia.
6. What was the Egyptian Queen Berenice an example of?

a. the potential for expanded political roles of women in the kingdoms Alexander’s conquests had
created
b. the dangers of opposing Alexander’s armies, as evidenced by her public execution
c. the powerlessness of women in the political world of the Greek polis
d. the increasing importance of women as merchants on the Silk Road
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 204 OBJ: 2
7. What did the political states that emerged following Alexander the Great do?
a. They sought to establish their neighboring societies as tribute states.
b. They became fiercely independent from one another.
c. They formed modest-sized states that could be better regulated.
d. They coalesced into larger units that displayed a uniformity unknown to the city-states.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 205 OBJ: 2
8. Which of the following about Hellenistic culture is correct?

a. It did not spread outside of the Mediterranean basin.
b. It was attractive to ruling elites for its powerful modes of thinking and behaving.
c. It was broadly embraced by Jewish populations, who merged it with a monotheistic religion.
d. It was rejected by the inhabitants of Rome, for it conflicted with their militaristic culture.
9. What was Koine Greek?

a. the common Greek language that became the international language of the Hellenistic world
b. the Greek silver coin that became the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin
c. the model of the Greek marketplace that served as the center of civic life
d. the Greek catapult that was central to the military success of the growing territorial states
TOP: 1 MSC: Remembering
10. Which of the following was a model “cosmopolitan” city?

a. Athens c. Persepolis
b. Alexandria d. Sparta
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 206 OBJ: 1
11. Under Hellenism, ways of thinking changed in response to a more culturally unified world. This was seen especially in what way?
a. a growing concern for the individual, who was now seen as a citizen belonging to the whole world,
rather than to a particular city
b. a complete abandonment of local cultures in favor of Greek culture
c. a devotion to the state that superseded all other concerns
d. the development of a political structure that focused on individual cities and the civic identity they
promoted
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 207 OBJ: 1
TOP: 1 MSC: Analyzing
12. Which Hellenistic philosopher taught that peace of mind could only be obtained by “not caring”?
a. Diogenes c. Stoicho
b. Zeno d. Epicurus
13. Who taught that living a good life required understanding the rules of the natural order and being able to control one’s passions?
a. Diogenes c. Zeno
b. Plato d. Epicurus
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 207–08 OBJ: 1
14. What did the circulation of money in the Mediterranean basin and Europe do?
a. It permitted societies to import cultural items from elsewhere in the Mediterranean region.
b. It caused gold to become scarce, raising prices significantly.
c. It became a specialized occupation of the Greeks, as other societies did not develop their own
process of coinage.
d. It led borderland people to outlaw the use of coins to try to maintain control over their barter
economies.
15. What happened in Judea after Alexander the Great’s conquests?

a. The ruling elite fiercely rejected Hellenism and any effort to weaken Jewish identity.
b. The Maccabees led a revolt against Hellenistic culture in Judea.
c. The failure of the Maccabee revolt resulted in Judea being declared a province of the Persian
Empire and subject to harsh punishments.
d. The Jews in Alexandria were outcasts for their rejection of Hellenistic ideas and practices.
16. What was the reason for the reaction of most of the Jewish people to Hellenism?
a. Hellenism had little lasting impact because of the difference in languages.
b. Many Jews looked to Hellenism as a way to throw off the harsh rule of the Persians.
c. The Jewish people readily embraced Hellenism, as it was their first exposure to a foreign culture.
d. Many Jews rejected Hellenistic culture as immoral and threatening to their monotheistic beliefs.
17. Which of the following best describes the way that Carthage responded to Hellenistic culture?
a. Carthaginians rejected Hellenistic culture as a rival to their expanded trade system.
b. Carthaginians welcomed Hellenistic culture because it facilitated communication and exchange.
c. Carthaginians adopted Hellenistic culture as part of their rivalry with Rome.
d. Carthaginians adopted Hellenism only after they became convinced that they must do so in order to
expand their trade routes into the western Mediterranean.
18. When Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indus Valley, which empire established itself in the political vacuum?
a. the Seleucid Empire c. the Mauryan Empire
b. the Bactrian Empire d. the Parthian Empire
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 212 OBJ: 2
19. The Kalinga edict asserted which of the following?

a. A oka was destined to rule all of South Asia.
b. A oka intended to rule according to dhamma, respect for all living things.
c. A oka expressed pride in the victory over Kalinga.
d. The Kalinga campaign strengthened A oka’s devotion to Jainism.
20. Which of the following statements about the Seleucid Empire is correct?
a. The Hellenic population was confined to the capital city of Kandahar.
b. Greek invaders maintained a separate residence and identity from the local population.
c. The Greek population established institutions familiar to them from the polis.
d. The Greek populations quickly adopted the local languages and abandoned the use of the Greek
language.
21. Which of the following shows the extent to which King Menander mingled Greek and Indian influences?
a. Greeks planted crops that were familiar to them, such as vineyards and olive orchards, while
Indians planted lentils and rice.
b. Indians rejected Indian patron deities and began to sacrifice to Greek gods.
c. Menander’s policies forbade any but Greek or Indian merchants to trade in the Indian Ocean region.
d. One of Menander’s coins showed an inscription in Greek on one side and in the local Prakrit
language on the other.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 218 OBJ: 3
22. Which statement about the spread of Hellenism in South Asia is correct?
a. It resulted in Buddhism adopting some aspects of Hellenistic thought.
b. It was fiercely resisted by Buddhist monks, who saw Hellenism as militaristic and immoral.
c. It was resisted by political leaders, who based their claims to legitimacy on religious principles.
d. It was promoted by political leaders, who saw it as a way to undermine the power of religious
leaders.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 218–20 OBJ: 3
23. Which statement about the Mahayana School of Buddhism is correct?

a. It rejected the divinity of the Buddha.
b. It was primarily adopted by a sect of Buddhist monks in the mountains of Nepal.
c. It was worldly and accommodating.
d. It emphasized that life was filled with suffering.
24. In Mahayana Buddhism, what were the enlightened demigods who helped individuals obtain nirvana called?
a. asvaghosas c. amithabas
b. kushans d. bodhisattvas
25. Which of the following was one of the effects of the Hellenistic influence on Buddhist art?
a. the recurring use of militaristic imagery
b. the exclusive use of Greek-style clothing on figures
c. the presentation of the Buddha and bodhisattvas in realistic human form
d. the depiction of the Buddha as an ornately dressed prince
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 221–22 OBJ: 3
26. Which of the following is correct about Buddhist art?

a. It imposed South Asian artistic norms on diverse populations.
b. It adopted styles from the diverse populations that produced it.
c. It focused on severe images of the suffering of life.
d. It emphasized closed monasteries, where monks lived in seclusion.
27. What two areas did the Silk Road connect?

a. China to the Mediterranean
b. South Asia to China
c. Central Asia to the Mediterranean
d. South Asia to Central Asia
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 222 OBJ: 4
28. What happened as trade expanded following Alexander the Great’s conquests?
a. Traders traveled across the entire Silk Road to sell their products in distant lands.
b. The effectiveness of new land routes inhibited the development of maritime commerce.
c. The early culture/societies of Egypt and Mesopotamia lost their preeminence as sources of
innovation and knowledge.
d. Southeast Asia, especially the islands of Indonesia, remained disconnected from the trade networks
linking Afro-Eurasia.
29. The nomadic horsemen of central Asia had what crucial advantage when interacting with other peoples?
a. They developed superior bridles and yokes to aid horses in transporting goods.
b. They had unique knowledge of the mountain passes through which trade goods flowed.
c. They developed political ties with dozens of local kings who allowed them to carry trade goods.
d. Because of their mobility, they had acquired resistance to many diseases.
30. In what way does the “Parthian shot” epitomize the military of pastoral nomads?
a. It showed the effectiveness of the Chinese rockets borrowed by the Parthians.
b. It showed the highly mobile horseback fighting style that was so effective on arid plains and
deserts.
c. It showed the advantages of Parthian siege engines in capturing caravan cities on the Silk Road.
d. It showed that the Parthians had assimilated the style of warfare common to Greek and Persian
armies.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226 OBJ: 4
31. Who were the most powerful of the nomadic people from the Asian steppe?
a. Yuezhi c. Xiongnu
b. Xinjiang d. Kushans
32. What did the Kushan dynasty do?

a. It undermined the Hellenistic influences in central Asia.
b. It undermined the local cultural traditions in central Asia.
c. It stabilized the trading routes through central Asia.
d. It adopted urban life and abandoned nomadic symbols such as equestrian culture.
33. Which of the following about the city of Petra, carved out of rock cliffs by the Nabateans, is correct?
a. It lasted only a few decades because of the lack of water.
b. It reflected the influence of Nubian architecture.
c. It was not accessible by camel caravan.
d. It was a caravan center for the incense trade.
34. What was the most desired commodity in long-distance trade?

a. spices c. silk
b. ivory d. gold
35. Which of the following about Chinese silk is correct?

a. It served mainly as a cloth for summer due to its light nature.
b. It was a luxury commodity because its poor durability made it too fragile for use by those who
undertook physical labor.
c. It was made from the fibers of hemp plants.
d. It was used as currency in China’s diplomatic and military activities.
36. Which of the following reflects Chinese society around 300 BCE?
a. Independent farmers increasingly submitted to serfdom for protection against invading armies.
b. Merchants lost power to the military.
c. Trade was closely regulated by the emperor, who exercised a monopoly on the taxation of
commerce.
d. Power shifted away from the agrarian elite and into the hands of traders and financiers.
37. Which of the following characterized Buddhism in its spread to the west along the Silk Road?
a. Buddhism made little gain in the Iranian plateau, largely because of the influence of Hellenism.
b. Buddhist monks began to translate Buddhist texts into Greek.
c. Buddhism spread rapidly in China, gaining large numbers of adherents.
d. Buddhism was unable to dislodge Zoroastrianism from its dominance on the Iranian plateau.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 232 OBJ: 3
38. Which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade is correct?
a. It involved longer stays at sea than voyages in the Mediterranean Sea.
b. It provided an ideal body of water in which to develop maritime trade due to its calm waters.
c. It included the main Mediterranean exports of slaves, porcelain, and spices.
d. It had the city of Athens as its key transit point between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian
Ocean.
39. In the first few centuries BCE, Arab sailors took advantage of which new maritime technology?
a. New weapons such as catapults were used to protect merchant ships from pirates.
b. Stern–post rudders were used to guide ships.
c. Knowledge of monsoon winds facilitated trade in the Mediterranean Sea.
d. large ships called dhows that were rigged with triangular sails to capture the wind
40. What was a similarity of Hellenism and Buddhism?

a. They were spread by conquering armies.
b. They were distinct and isolated cultures.
c. They spread into Europe and sub-Saharan Africa.
d. They radiated out from their origins along trade routes.
TRUE/FALSE
1. One of the most significant acts of Alexander the Great was to confiscate the wealth of Persian kings and release it into the money
economies of the Mediterranean city-states.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 201 OBJ: 2

2. Hellenistic Greek culture was universally accepted throughout the Mediterranean world and Southwest Asia.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 205 OBJ: 1
3. The Mauryan Empire established the tradition in South Asia of small kingdoms with strong administrative organization.
ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 212–13 OBJ: 3

4. Gandharan and Mahayana Buddhist art are known for their differing applications of Hellenistic influences on religious traditions.
ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 221 OBJ: 3

5. The revolution in navigational techniques and knowledge dramatically reduced the cost of long-distance shipping and multiplied the
number of ports around large bodies of water.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 233 OBJ: 4

SHORT ANSWER
1. How did Alexander the Great’s conquests alter the political landscape of the Afro-Eurasian world? What types of political regimes
emerged in the wake of Alexander?
ANS:
Alexander the Great and his army cut a swath across Afro-Eurasia that broke down boundaries between regions and peoples to a
greater extent than ever before. In so doing, he also began the spread of Hellenism, a process by which individual cultures of the
Greek city-states gave way to a uniform culture that stressed the common identity of all who embraced Greek ways. Thus,
Alexander’s military campaigns began a process that established Greek-oriented communities across Afro-Eurasia and North Africa.
They shared common features of language, art, architecture, drama, politics, philosophy, and much more. After Alexander’s early
death, his empire splintered into smaller successor kingdoms and territories ruled by his former generals. The Seleucids, Antigonids,
and Ptolemies all competed with each other for dominance, sometimes through diplomacy and sometimes through war. The influence
of Hellenism was not merely restricted to these successor kingdoms. Other regions adopted elements of Greek culture and
incorporated it into their own regional political and cultural pathways. Hellenism had influence in Carthage, Rome, South Asia, and
central Asia.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2 TOP: 1 MSC: Evaluating
2. Analyze the economic changes that were set in motion by Alexander the Great’s conquests.
ANS:
The two major economic changes were the introduction of large-scale plantation slavery and a money-based economy. Alexander’s
war unleashed large amounts of new wealth as the treasures of Persia were released into the market system. A small elite among the
Hellenistic kingdoms and Rome became fabulously wealthy and bought large tracts of land and slaves (often captives taken from
conquered peoples) to work the land. The slave plantations produced crops to sell, rather than food to eat. While the owners grew rich,
the free peasants who had previously worked the land moved to overcrowded cities, where employment was difficult to find. The
increasing use of coinage instead of barter promoted the importation of commodities, leading to increased commercial exchanges.
Leaders on the borderlands, such as the Celts, even sold their own people as slaves to acquire money to satisfy their taste for luxury
goods. By definition, then, money broadened trading networks.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1 TOP: 1 MSC: Analyzing
3. Compare and contrast the influence of Hellenism in Carthage, Judea, and Bactria. What aspects of Hellenistic culture had broad appeal
to each of these cultures/societies?
ANS:
Test Bank for Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 5th by Adelman
Carthage, a city that was already well established and prosperous, adopted Hellenistic culture because it facilitated communication and
exchange. Carthaginian culture took on elements of Hellenistic culture, with some Carthaginians going to Athens to become
philosophers. They adopted Greek elements in their public architecture and Greek design in jewelry and decoration. By contrast, the
acceptance of Hellenistic culture in Judea was met with more resistance. The Jews had much experience in resisting foreign rule. So,
while some members of the Jewish elite began to adopt elements of Hellenistic culture, many Jews rejected the language, music,
gymnasia, nudity, public art, and secularism as deeply immoral and threatening to their beliefs. Eventually, this resistance led to full-
scale revolt, when the Maccabees led a revolution against their Seleucid rulers. They established an independent Jewish state, but
eventually their descendants began to adopt elements of Hellenistic culture such as calling themselves kings, minting coins with Greek
legends, and presiding over a largely secular state. In central Asia, the Hellenistic state of Bactria broke away from the Seleucids to
establish its own independent state. It expanded into regions formerly controlled by the Mauryan Empire and established Indo-Greek
cities that combined both Indian and Greek influences. It served as a bridge that connected the Indian and Mediterranean worlds.
There is evidence of the performance of Greek dramas and gymnasia. Greek temples were sites of assimilation in which local deities
were depicted in Greek garb. Most men and women spoke Greek, often as a second language. Hellenistic culture offered an attractive
package of language, art, architecture, drama, politics, philosophy, and more. It was especially attractive to ruling elites who used its
status as “high culture” to cement their positions in the social hierarchy. Further, a shared language and culture opened connections
between disparate regions and allowed for expanded and easy economic exchange.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1 TOP: 1 MSC: Analyzing
4. “The horse-riding nomads of Inner Afro-Eurasia made long-distance trade possible.” Construct an argument in support of this
statement, addressing the role of these nomads and their effects on populations in South Asia, China, and central Asia.
ANS:
Nomadic populations were vital to the development of trade during this period. They had long been accustomed to carrying their own
vital supplies over long distances. This was a skill that transferred easily to carrying trade goods from one region to another. These
nomadic groups were the pioneers of the slow but painful development of overland trade. One advantage that nomadic peoples had
developed during their long years of contact with others was an exposure (and therefore acquired resistance) to certain diseases. They
also found their environment changed and challenged so that they soon engaged in wars of conquest against settled peoples. The
Xiongnu was a tribal confederation originally from the Mongolian steppes. They soon developed bronze technology that allowed them
to control a vast region, pushing out other nomadic groups such as the Yuezhi who later established the Kushan dynasty. The Xiongnu
harried the northern regions of China, but were also the conduit for trade for Chinese silk. Other nomadic groups pushed into areas
destabilized by the collapse of previous regimes and installed their own rulers, such as the Kushans in Bactria, who were instrumental
in keeping the Silk Road open to merchants. The Parthians’ social order was founded on nomadic pastoralism. Originally from central
Asia, they moved into the region vacated by the defeated Persian Empire and fought the Seleucids, and later the Romans, for the area
in what is now Iraq and Iran. Their highly mobile mounted archers became the epitome of nomadic warfare.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4 TOP: 3 MSC: Evaluating
5. In what ways did Buddhist beliefs and practices change during the first few centuries BCE? What were the factors that shaped these
changes?
ANS:
Influenced by the successful spread of Hellenism, Buddhism became the chief expansionist faith during this period. Monks traveled
the same paths as merchants and spread the word of new religions. They built monasteries in remote areas that soon became sites of
pilgrimage and stops along the Silk Road. The sangha became wealthier than ever before. Buddhism responded to Hellenistic,
nomadic, Persian, and Mesopotamian influences by developing a new school of theology. Mahayana Buddhism believed that the
Buddha was a god, not simply an ethical teacher. This was a worldly and accommodating theology that embraced a spiritual pluralism
in step with the new cosmopolitan culture. Mahayana Buddhism believed in bodhisattvas, or enlightened gods who were ready to
reach nirvana but stayed behind in order to help others attain it. In this cosmology, nirvana became a heaven of sorts, instead of the
more abstract version in the Buddha’s original teachings. Buddhist art took on elements of Greek and Roman aesthetics and depicted
the Buddha and bodhisattvas in human form. This was a more attractive and accessible form of Buddhism that outlined a clearer path
for all peoples to achieve nirvana. It spread quickly along the pathways of the Silk Road. Monks translated Buddhist texts into
Chinese. In China, waves of migration slowly helped the faith take root. In the west, the faith spread but made little headway because
of the influence of Zoroastrianism.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3 TOP: 2 MSC: Analyzing
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Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 BCE–

3. Which statement about Philip II of Macedonia is correct?

5. What happened after Alexander the Great’s death?

6. What was the Egyptian Queen Berenice an example of?

8. Which of the following about Hellenistic culture is correct?

9. What was Koine Greek?

10. Which of the following was a model “cosmopolitan” city?

15. What happened in Judea after Alexander the Great’s conquests?

19. The Kalinga edict asserted which of the following?

23. Which statement about the Mahayana School of Buddhism is correct?

26. Which of the following is correct about Buddhist art?

27. What two areas did the Silk Road connect?

32. What did the Kushan dynasty do?

34. What was the most desired commodity in long-distance trade?

35. Which of the following about Chinese silk is correct?

40. What was a similarity of Hellenism and Buddhism?

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 201 OBJ: 2

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 212–13 OBJ: 3

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 221 OBJ: 3

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 233 OBJ: 4

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2 TOP: 1 MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1 TOP: 1 MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1 TOP: 1 MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4 TOP: 3 MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3 TOP: 2 MSC: Analyzing

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