Developing Person Through The Life

Span 9th Edition Berger Test Bank

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1. Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____.
A) sensorimotor intelligence
B) adaptation
C) object awareness
D) imitative learning

2. During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to _____.

A) learn to use language to express sensations
B) think of past and future events
C) use senses and motor skills to understand the world
D) think logically and critically

3. Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____.

A) birth
B) 3 months
C) 1 year
D) 18 months

4. In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) making interesting sights last
C) first acquired adaptations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

5. When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget,
Justine is in stage _____ of the sensorimotor period.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

6. In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) first acquired adaptations
C) making interesting sights last
D) new adaptation and anticipation

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 7. Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to
use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his
thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor
development.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

8. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants respond to people and objects and
seek to make interesting events last?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

9. “Do you want to play patty-cake?” Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by
clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

10. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more
deliberate in responding to people and objects?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

11. Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to
engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs
mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage
of sensorimotor development?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

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12. The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with
something else is _____.
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage five

13. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) deliberate
B) experimental
C) creative
D) anxious

14. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) goal-oriented
B) redundant
C) stubborn
D) unintentional

15. An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.

A) thumb-sucking and self-soothing
B) looking for a smile and smiling back
C) searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket
D) trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy

16. Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____.

A) making interesting sights last
B) new means through active experimentation
C) new means through mental combinations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

17. Stage _____ of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an

experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.
A) one; two
B) two; three
C) three; four
D) four; five

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18. Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh
does not search for them. Piaget would say that is because Hugh does not understand
_____.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) egocentrism
D) affordances

19. _____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
A) Object permanence
B) Acquired adaptation
C) Mental representation
D) Object continuity

20. Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.

A) laughs when a sibling makes faces
B) grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor
C) willing lets go of an object
D) searches for a toy that has fallen from sight

21. Piaget would place an interesting toy under a cloth, in full view of the baby, to test
_____.
A) primary circular reactions
B) the stage of making interesting events last
C) object permanence
D) reflexes

22. Mary hides Ramy's favorite toy under a blanket while Ramy watches. Ramy removes
the blanket and squeals when he sees the toy. Mary again hides the toy, but this time
under a different blanket. Even though Ramy saw where Mary hid his toy, he still looks
under the first blanket before removing the second blanket and retrieving the toy. Ramy
has displayed _____.
A) lack of centration
B) lack of object permanence
C) habituation
D) the A-not-B error

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23. Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as _____.
A) little heathens
B) tertiary infants
C) little scientists
D) blank slates

24. According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a _____.

A) child in the “terrible twos”
B) neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer
C) mime who imitates behavior of all kinds
D) scientist who experiments to see what will happen

25. Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a
stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage
is Tia MOST likely in?
A) stage 3
B) stage 4
C) stage 5
D) stage 6

26. Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of _____.
A) mental combinations
B) interesting observations
C) primary reactions
D) new adaptation and anticipation

27. Dashiel is 20 months old. His mother tells him that he must not touch the candle that she
just lit, and then she turns her back to continue tidying the room. When she turns back
around, she sees Dashiel trying to dip his finger in the melted wax under the flame.
What best explains Dashiel's behavior?
A) Dashiel is demonstrating early evidence of a deviant personality.
B) Dashiel's actions were driven by curiosity.
C) Dashiel may have a hearing problem.
D) Stubbornness is part of Dashiel's personality.

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28. Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence
_____ Piaget originally predicted.
A) earlier than
B) later than
C) at the same time as
D) in a different sequence than

29. Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect the
difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no
dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away
while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows her the circle with two dots in it,
and records how long Mariska stares at it. What research method is being used?
A) observation
B) habituation
C) implementation
D) visualization

30. In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a
banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular
region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called _____
neurons.
A) information-processing
B) mirror
C) axon
D) dendrite

31. Which of the following is one implication of mirror neurons for infant cognition?
A) Infants can demonstrate self-awareness by recognizing their own image in the
mirror.
B) Mirror neurons facilitate the development of object permanence.
C) Mirror neurons facilitate the understanding of objects earlier than Piaget asserted.
D) Visual stimuli reflected in a mirror may facilitate understanding of objects.

32. Johanna watches while her mother hides a toy under a blanket. Her mom asks, “Where
is it?” Then Johanna jerks away the blanket to reveal the toy. Which of the following
structures best explains Johanna's sense of object permanence?
A) mature frontal lobes
B) well-developed hippocampus
C) mirror neurons
D) efferent neurons

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33. Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?
A) behavioral theory
B) information-processing theory
C) adaptive theory
D) Piaget's theory of cognitive development

34. Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, “Mama!”
Information-processing theorists would call this an example of _____.
A) a linguistic supplier
B) habituation
C) an output
D) a calculation

35. Information-processing theory asserts that development _____, and Piaget's theory
asserts that development _____.
A) occurs in stages; occurs in stages
B) occurs in stages; occurs daily
C) occurs daily; occurs in stages
D) occurs daily; occurs daily

36. Timo can detect the difference between displays of 8 and 16 dots, as revealed by a
habituation test. Timo is at least how old?
A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 10 months
D) 12 months

37. Justin is a 6-month-old infant. He focuses intently on new stimuli, and quickly becomes
habituated. What can we infer about Justin's cognitive abilities?
A) He habituates quickly because he doesn't understand the stimulus.
B) His tendency to focus intently indicates he might develop attention-deficit disorder.
C) He habituates quickly because he has trouble paying attention.
D) His behaviors might indicate greater intelligence.

38. The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived.
These opportunities are known as _____.
A) affordances
B) cognitions
C) habituations
D) clarifications

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39. Geraldo loves to climb, and there are many opportunities for him to do so around his
home: on the bookshelf in the living room, the decorative rocks in the front yard, and
the ladder for the slide at the park. Each of these opportunities is _____ for climbing.
A) suitable
B) habituating
C) an affordance
D) a motivator

40. A visual cliff is used to assess infants' _____.

A) visual acuity
B) perception of depth
C) kinesthetic awareness
D) ability to crawl

41. To test an infants' depth perception, mothers attempt to lure their infants to cross a(n)
_____,
A) bridge
B) visual cliff
C) elevated platform
D) crowded room

42. Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his
mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it
without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?
A) He has matured into understanding that crawling over an edge affords falling.
B) His visual system has matured sufficiently to detect depth.
C) He has developed an insecure attachment with his mother.
D) He must have fallen from an elevated height since his last test on the visual cliff.

43. Infants develop concepts of _____ before they develop concepts of _____.
A) animals; vehicles
B) motion; static objects
C) vehicles; animals
D) static objects; motion

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44. Infants prefer to stare at _____.
A) stuffed animals
B) their pet dog while it sleeps
C) their pet dog while it scampers around the house
D) photographs

45. While playing a game, a 9-month-old infant tries to grab slow-moving balls, but doesn't
try for fast-moving balls. Research by van Hof suggests that 9-month-olds _____.
A) can catch, and so have experience with which balls are catchable
B) understand inertia intuitively, and realize that it is easier to stop a slower ball
C) cannot see the faster moving balls clearly, so they don't try for them
D) understand that slower moving balls afford catching more than faster moving balls
do

46. Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with
one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her
crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking.
One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile
above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this
experiment demonstrate?
A) Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.
B) Three-month-olds can relearn the kicking strategy very quickly at the second test.
C) Kicking behavior is very easy to learn.
D) Mobiles are very interesting to 3-month-olds.

47. Research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the
researchers _____.
A) use situations that are different from real life
B) do not let the baby move during the memory event
C) use highly emotional events
D) use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders

48. The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they
learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.
A) infant amnesia is a valid term
B) infants cannot remember anything for very long
C) infant memory is fragile
D) mobiles do not induce very durable memories

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49. By what age will infants imitate a behavior that they watched a day before?
A) 3 months
B) 5 months
C) 7 months
D) 9 months

50. Infant memory is characterized by _____ memory; _____ memory begins to appear
between 6 and 12 months.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) implicit; recall
D) recall; implicit

51. Jeremy spoke Ukrainian in early childhood, but stopped speaking it when he was about
4 years old. He no longer explicitly recalls any Ukrainian words and says he can't speak
the language. Which of the following situations might reveal his implicit knowledge of
Ukrainian?
A) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to
others who have never spoken Ukrainian. Jeremy will score higher than life-long
non-speakers.
B) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to
others who have spoken Ukrainian all of their lives. Jeremy will score just as well
as life-long speakers.
C) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will pick up the language more
quickly than life-long non-speakers.
D) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will quickly realize that he does not
need lessons.

52. Which of the following is the best explanation for déjà vu experiences?
A) There is a metaphysical continuum, through which one is viewing his or her own
past directly.
B) An implicit memory of a similar situation from infancy is evoking a spooky feeling
of familiarity.
C) There was a precognitive dream that predicted the experience.
D) They are a view into one's past life.

53. Newborns prefer _____.

A) their mother's language more than any other language
B) animal sounds more than speech
C) normal speech more than baby talk
D) traffic noises more than music

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54. Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to
his mother's language over any other language. What is the best explanation for this?
Harris _____.
A) understands the words in his mother's language
B) comprehends his mother's language
C) recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language
D) is designed to specifically learn his mother's language

55. What role does an infant's attention to facial expressions play in his or her
understanding of language?
A) Facial expressions are irrelevant to understanding spoken language.
B) Babies do not pay attention to facial expressions of speakers.
C) When there is a mismatch between facial expression and word meaning, babies
will rely on the word meaning.
D) A baby can tell whether a speaker is using the baby's native language by looking at
the speaker's mouth movements without any sound.

56. During the newborn period, the primary means of communication is _____.
A) meaningful
B) reflexive
C) babbling
D) cooing

57. The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.
A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words
B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes
D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words

58. Peyton is a deaf baby whose parents have been communicating with him in American
Sign Language. At about what age will Peyton express his first signs?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

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59. Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

60. Amy spontaneously says things such as “mamamamamama” and “dadadadadadada.”

About how old is Amy likely to be?
A) 2 months
B) 3-6 months
C) 6-10 months
D) 10-12 months

61. Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events every day. This rapid
increase in vocabulary is referred to as the _____ explosion.
A) naming
B) vocabulary
C) object
D) cognitive

62. Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or
phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of
_____.
A) long, grammatically correct sentences
B) a variety of high and low tones
C) child-directed speech
D) babbling

63. Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also
referred to as _____.
A) motherese
B) echolalia
C) holophrastic speech
D) telegraphic speech

64. The distinct language form known as “baby talk” is a _____.

A) verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies
B) teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition
C) simplified language that adults use when talking to babies
D) preverbal sound (like “gaga” and “goo goo”) that mothers often make

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65. Research has found that child-directed speech is _____.
A) confined to females; males do not use it
B) spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences
C) unique to English-speaking parents
D) spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words

66. Tony is 8 months old, and he settles down quickly and listens raptly while his mom
sings “The Itsy Bitsy Spider.” What factor best account for Tony's interest in this
nursery rhyme?
A) He remembers the story and loves how it ends.
B) He doesn't remember the story, so the end is always exciting.
C) He loves the rhymes and repetition.
D) He loves the simple plot line.

67. Which of the following is a language development that requires understanding another
person's perspective?
A) babbling
B) cooing
C) naming
D) pointing

68. Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called _____.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling

69. Britta has begun repeating syllables such as “da-da-da-da” and “me-me-me-me-me.”
Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling

70. On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

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71. Brodie just started saying single words such as “mama” and “doggie.” About how old is
Brodie likely to be?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

72. Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g. “Dada!”). About how old is Geoff
likely to be?
A) 3 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 2 years old

73. The term holophrase is used to denote _____,

A) a word that is empty of meaning
B) the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought
C) the relationship of object permanence to language development
D) the use of two words to take the place of one

74. James uses the word “more” to mean “I want another cookie.” In this case, “more” is
a(n) _____.
A) holophrase
B) preverbal communication
C) overextension
D) reflexive communication

75. After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will
increase by approximately _____ words per month.
A) 25 to 50
B) 50 to 100
C) 100 to 125
D) 125 to 150

76. As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.
A) nouns
B) verbs
C) pronouns
D) adjectives

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77. Bae is a Korean toddler; his cousin Troy is a Korean-American toddler. Bae is learning
to speak Korean, while Troy is learning to speak English. What will be the most
noticeable difference in Bae's and Troy's use of language?
A) Bae will use more verbs than Troy does.
B) Troy will use more verbs than Bae does.
C) Bae will use adverbs at a younger age.
D) Troy will use adverbs at a younger age.

78. At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word
sentences?
A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 16 months
D) 21 months

79. Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as “Dada home” and “Doggie go.”
About how old is Eric likely to be?
A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 16 months
D) 21 months

80. Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword
sentence around _____.
A) 12 months
B) 16 months
C) 21 months
D) 27 months

81. The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech
is known as _____.
A) grammar
B) sentence structure
C) speech patterns
D) syntax

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82. Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker.
He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in
English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be
affected by this early experience?
A) He will be able to understand one language but not the other.
B) He will often mix the two languages together and be unable to differentiate them.
C) He will be able to differentiate between both languages.
D) His cognitive skills will lag behind those of similar-aged monolingual children.

83. _____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
A) Jean Piaget
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Leo Vygotsky

84. By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would
have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to _____,
A) his unusually high I.Q.
B) an unusual language-acquisition talent
C) the amount his parents talk to him
D) rapid physical development

85. Andrew uses incorrect word forms such as “ain't” and incorrect grammar such as “I
don't got none.” What would Skinner say was the source of Andrew's poor language
development?
A) lack of intelligence
B) lack of innate language ability
C) parents rewarded incorrect language use
D) parents role modeled incorrect language use

86. Which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by
parents and caregivers?
A) Vygotsky
B) Chomsky
C) Skinner
D) Erikson

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87. According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because _____.
A) humans are social beings
B) babies want tangible rewards
C) babies are hard-wired to acquire language
D) all primates are driven to master words and grammar

88. According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for
infants younger than 12 months?
A) context
B) content
C) emotion
D) sound

89. When Shuar-speakers heard English-speaking mothers talking to their babies, they were
able to discern the _____ content of what was said.
A) semantic
B) contextual
C) social
D) cultural

90. Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning?

A) Toddlers learn new words best by hearing an adult say a new word as they play
with an unrelated object.
B) Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person.
C) Toddlers learn new words best in a group setting.
D) Toddlers learn new words best by watching others talk.

91. Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby sit in front of the television, watching
episodes of Sesame Street. What is Janice likely learning from the episodes she
watches?
A) how to count
B) how to read
C) new vocabulary words
D) very little

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92. When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her
native language?
A) when the person learns a second language
B) when the person is able to read and write
C) when the person starts using two-word sentences
D) once the person's sentences contain a subject, verb, and object

93. According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, _____.

A) children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement
B) children have an inborn ability to learn language
C) the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions
D) language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain

94. Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _____.
A) all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
B) all grammar rules are the same across all languages
C) some rules of grammar are present in all languages
D) all parents reinforce correct use of grammar

95. The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain _____.
A) children's vocabulary spurts
B) the difference between surface structure and deep structure
C) the systematic differences among languages
D) children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively

96. Susan is a 21-month-old who has just begun to make two-word sentences. Her sentences
already reveal the grammar of her native language, as she orders her nouns and verbs in
the order that mature speakers of her language use. Chomsky would attribute Susan's
quick acquisition of grammatical rules to her _____.
A) intelligence
B) parents' correct use of grammar
C) language acquisition device
D) receiving reinforcement for proper language use

97. The statement “Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early
language learning” supports the _____ theory of language learning.
A) behavioral
B) epigenetic
C) hybrid
D) social impulse

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Answer Key
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. A
20. D
21. C
22. D
23. C
24. D
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. A
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. C
33. B
34. C
35. C
36. A
37. D
38. A
39. C
40. B
41. B
42. A
43. B
44. C

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45. D
46. A
47. D
48. C
49. D
50. A
51. C
52. B
53. A
54. C
55. D
56. B
57. B
58. B
59. B
60. C
61. A
62. C
63. A
64. C
65. B
66. C
67. D
68. D
69. D
70. C
71. C
72. C
73. B
74. A
75. B
76. A
77. A
78. D
79. D
80. C
81. A
82. C
83. B
84. C
85. C
86. C
87. A
88. C
89. C
90. B

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91. D
92. C
93. B
94. A
95. D
96. C
97. C

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