Basics of Social Research Canadian 4th Edition Neuman Test Bank

Basics of Social Research Canadian 4th
Edition Neuman Test Bank

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1) When is it appropriate to use a snowball sampling technique?
Answer:
When sampling a network where individuals in the network are connected with one
another through direct or indirect linkages
Often used in combination with purposive sampling
Often used when a sample’s representativeness is not an issue, as is often the case
with qualitative research
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Page Reference: 135–136
Skill: 26. Able to identify types, and knows proper use of nonprobability samples
Objective: 2. Explain the various types of nonprobability sampling.
2) Why is it important to have an accurate sampling frame?
Answer:
Mismatch between the sampling frame and the conceptually defined population can be a
major source of error.
An accurate sampling frame allows target population can be precisely measured and, by
extension, permits the researcher to make a valid prediction about a specific population
Literary Digests’ inaccurate prediction that Landon would win over Roosevelt in
the 1936 US Presidential Election might be sighted as an example of the dangers of
working with an inaccurate sample frame
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Skill: 06. Explains reasons for using a specific research process/procedure
Objective: 4. Explain the different terminologies associated with probability sampling.
3) What is the main difference between simple random sampling and systematic
sampling?
Answer:
Simple random sampling involves identifying a full set of elements (e.g., a list of all
adults in Canada) and then using a random procedure such as a table of random numbers
for selecting the sample where any number has an equal probability of appearing in any
position.
Like simple random sampling, systematic sampling also designates a number for each
element in the sampling frame (e.g., each adult in Canada), but instead of using a list of
random numbers, the researcher calculates a sampling interval, which then becomes the
random selection method.
Diff: 6
Type: ES
Skill: 07. Makes distinctions among related scientific ideas/processes
Objective: 6. Describe the various types of probability sampling.
4) Using an example, how can you get a sampling interval from a sampling ratio? What
type of sampling is the sampling interval used with?
Answer:
Say you want to sample 300 names from a list of 900 names: the procedure would be to
elect a random starting point, such as the tenth name.
Following that, you would then select every third name of the 900 until a sample of 300
names is reached. Here, the sampling interval is 3.
To compute the sampling ratio, simply divide 300 by 900.
This produces an answer of 0.333, which is converted as 33.3 percent, which is the
sampling ratio.
The sampling interval is most often used in systematic sampling procedures.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 147
Skill: 27. Properly uses random sampling terms and can compute relevant sample
statistics
5) What is the population in random-digit dialing (RDD)? Does it avoid sampling frame
problems?
Answer:
The population is telephone numbers. RDD does not avoid sampling frame problems.
For example, the RDD sampling technique misses three kinds of people: those without
landline phones, those who have recently moved, and people with unlisted numbers.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
statistics
6) How do researchers decide on the size of a sample to use in quantitative research?
Answer:
The decision about the best sample size depends on three things: 1) the degree of
accuracy required, 2) how variable or diverse the population is, and 3) the number of
variables being simultaneously examined during data analysis.
Larger samples are required if one requires a high degree of accuracy, if the population is
very mixed or contains lots of different elements (e.g., lots of different ethnic groups in
the case that ethnicity is a variable), and if the research is interested in examining many
variables in the data analysis at the same time.
A smaller sample size is good enough when the population is similar (e.g., in age,
religious affiliation, etc.), and when only a few variables are examined at the same time
during data analysis.
Diff: 5
Type: ES
Page Reference: 156
Skill: 28. Recognizes situations when various types of random samples should be used
7) In what situations is it appropriate to use a purposive sampling technique?
Answer:
In purposive sampling, researchers select the best people or groups to be studied, using
their own judgment or intuition.
Participants are selected deliberately based on whether or not they meet the interests of
the research topic.
Three situations that are relevant to purposive sampling are as follows: 1) when selecting
unique cases that are especially informative (e.g., a specific magazine geared to a specific
audience), 2) when selecting members that are “hidden” or difficult to
reach (e.g., prostitutes), and 3) when researching special types of cases for more in-depth
investigation.
Diff: 6
Type: ES
Skill: 06. Explains reasons for using a specific research process/procedure
8) What is the basic difference between random and nonrandom sampling procedures?
Answer:
Random sampling procedures generally guarantee that those selected are a representative
sample of the larger group.
Nonrandom procedures do not assume that those selected for study are representative of
the larger group, only that that they, hopefully, bear some likeness to the larger group.
Nonrandom sampling procedures are more suitable to qualitative research studies,
whereas random sampling is more suitable for quantitative research.
Diff: 7
Type: ES
Page Reference: 133 & 140
Skill: 07. Makes distinctions among related scientific ideas/processes
Objective: 1. Define nonprobability sampling.
9) What three basic steps need to be taken when drawing a systematic sample?
Answer:
First, number each case in the sampling frame in sequence or in order (e.g., from lowest
to highest).
Second, decide on a sample size.
Third, begin with a random start, using a random number table.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 147
10) What steps are involved when drawing a cluster sample? Illustrate your answer with
an example and also a summary of how you obtained the sample of 240 respondents.
Answer:
A researcher wants to draw a random sample of 240 people from a mid-sized city. The
city has 55 districts, and each district has 20 blocks.
Step 1: Randomly select six districts.
Step 2: Divide the selected districts into blocks—if each district contains 20 blocks, then
randomly select 4 blocks from each one.
Step 3: Divide the blocks into households and randomly select 10 households in each
block.
Step 4: Randomly select a person from each household to interview.
Summary: 1 person per household x 10 households per block x 4 blocks per district x 6
districts = 240 respondents.
Diff: 8
Type: ES
Page Reference: 151
11) An example of a sampling technique where everyone in the target population is

counted is
a. a quota sample.
b. a census.
c. a haphazard sample.
d. a nonrandom sample.
e. a sequential sample.
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 132
Skill: 28. Recognizes situations when various types of random samples should be used.
12) Lucy Lively, a coffee aficionado, wanted to draw a sample of people in Ontario who
own an authentic, imported Italian espresso coffee maker. There is no list of such people,
and there is no reason to believe that they know each other. What type of sampling
should Lucy use?
a. Selective case sampling
b. Snowball sampling
c. Simple random sampling
d. Purposive sampling
e. Quota case sampling
Answer: d
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 134-135
Skill: 01. Applies abstract learning to realistic situations
13) The Young Children’s Charity of Eastern Canada would like an accurate estimate of
how much it costs to raise a child between the ages of 2 and 12 each year for its
fundraising campaign. The organization hired you to find out how much households
spent on raising a child in 2011. The charity gave you a list of four million residential
telephone customers in the area. You sampled every four-thousandth address on the list.
You survey each sampled household by telephone.
In this study, each residential telephone customer is youra. sampling frame.
b. observation unit.
c. sampling element.
d. sampling unit.
e. sampling interval.
Answer: c
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 137
14) The Toronto Fire Department has hired you to generate an accurate estimate of how
many homes have operational fire prevention systems. The Chief Fire Inspector gave you
a list of two million residential telephone customers in the city. You sampled every two-
thousandth address on the list. You survey each sampled household by telephone.
How large is your sample?a. 500
b. 1000
c. 1500
d. 2000
e. 2500
Answer: b
Diff: 5
Type: MC
statistics
15) Sampling error is based on which of the following?

a. Sample size
b. Amount of diversity in sample
c. Sampling ratio
d. A & C
e. A & B
Answer: e
Diff: 7
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
statistics
Objective: 5. Explain why randomness is important in sampling and how randomness is
related to the margin of error.
16) According to the central limit theorem used in inferential statistics,

a. the bigger your sample, the better your results.
b. when drawing many random samples, the samples form a normal curve with the
highest point of the distribution equal to the population parameter.
c. the best estimate of population parameters comes when one uses the inverse square of
the z-probability distribution.
d. 90 percent of all samples drawn in a simple random manner will contain some error.
e. in order to infer from a sample to a population, the sampling error must equal zero.
Answer: b
Diff: 8
Type: MC
Page Reference: 146
statistics
17) Sam Smith, the CEO of a local TV station, recently conducted a study of TV
watchers in his area. He obtained a list of all residential customers from the cable TV
company’s billing list. He selected customers from the 20 000 households on the billing
list by taking every fortieth household. A trained interviewer then visited each household
and asked detailed questions about the viewing habits of various family members.
What is the sampling frame in Sam Smith’s study?a. Cable television viewers
b. All voters in the community
c. The list of customers from the cable television company
d. All households in the community
e. Adults who own televisions
Answer: c
Diff: 5
Type: MC
How large is Sam Smith’s sample?a. 500
b. 1000
c. 1500
d. 2000
e. 20 000
Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: MC
statistics
What is Sam Smith’s sampling ratio?a. 0.002 or 0.2%
b. 0.005 or 0.5%
c. 0.025 or 2.5%
d. 0.050 or 5%
e. 0.0002 or 0.02%
Answer: c
Diff: 7
Type: MC
Page Reference: 137 &147
statistics
20) Adam Andrews of the Quit Today Institute wants to know how many students at the
local university smoke cigarettes. Adam obtains a list of phone numbers for every student
enrolled at the college from the Dean. He selects students from the 24 000 on the list by
taking every fiftieth student, giving him a sample of 480 students.
What sampling method is Adam Smith using?a. Simple random
b. Systematic
c. Disproportionate
d. Cluster
e. Stratified
Answer: b
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 137 &147
21) Professor Johnny Jones draws a systematic sample of 350 churches from all churches
and religious institutions in the three Pacific coast states of the continental U.S. and
British Columbia. His sampling frame has 35 000 institutions.
What is the sampling interval?a. 0.001
b. 0.01
c. 0.10
d. 10
e. 100
Answer: e
Diff: 7
Type: MC
statistics
22) Professor Johnny Jones draws a systematic sample of 350 churches from all churches
and religious institutions in the three Pacific coast states of the continental U.S. and
British Columbia. His sampling frame has 35 000 institutions.
What is the sampling ratio?a. 0.001
b. 0.01
c. 0.10
d. 10
e. 100
Answer: b
Diff: 7
Type: MC
statistics
23) Professor Mary Mancini studied class level and drinking behaviour at Rocky
Mountain University in Red Deer, Alberta. At Rocky Mountain, every student is required
to live in one of six 20-story dormitories, and every student has a single room. All
dormitory room phone numbers begin with the prefix 747 or 757 (e.g., phone numbers
are 747-0001 to 757-9999). She used the student telephone directory and, after a random
start, selected every fifteenth student. She then mailed a questionnaire to the 1000
students selected and had two follow-up postcard reminders. A total of 900 students
returned questionnaires. Later, Professor Mancini asked the university registrar’s office
whether any students were omitted from the directory.
What is Mary Mancini’s sampling frame?a. The drinking behaviour of students
b. Students both in the directory and not in the directory
c. The student telephone directory
d. Rocky Mountain University
e. The class levels
Answer: c
Diff: 5
Type: MC
What is Professor Mancini’s target population?a. All students living in Red Deer, Alberta
b. All students enrolled in Rocky Mountain University
c. Students who drink alcohol
d. All residents of Red Deer, Alberta
e. Students who have roommates
Answer: b
Diff: 4
Type: MC
About how many students are listed in the Rocky Mountain University student telephone
directory?a. 2000
b. 10 000
c. 15 000
d. 20 000
e. 35 000
Answer: c
Diff: 7
Type: MC
statistics
What type of sampling did Professor Mancini use?a. Stratified
b. Quota
c. Cluster
d. Systematic
e. Simple random
Answer: d
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 147
27) Janet Jones wants to know how many of her classmates completed professional
degrees after graduating in 2008. Janet obtains contact information for the graduating
class of 2008 from the registrar. The list has 4000 names. After a random start, Janet
contacts every eightieth graduate. What is her sampling ratio?
a. 0.5 percent
b. 1.25 percent
c. 2.0 percent
d. 4.0 percent
e. 50 percent
Answer: b
Diff: 8
Type: MC
statistics.
28) Marcus McDonald is a qualitative researcher who studies people with agoraphobia.
Rather than generating a purposive sample, Marcus decides to interview persons with
agoraphobia until his interviews no longer yield new information. What point will
Marcus have to reach before he can stop conducting interviews?
a. Confidence point
b. Theoretical saturation
c. Tipping point
d. Redundancy
e. Qualitative completion
Answer: b
Diff: 6
Type: MC
Page Reference: 136
29) Which of the following is NOT something a researcher’s decision about the best
sample size depends on?
a. The degree of variability or diversity in the population
b. The magnitude of the population
c. The number of different variables studied simultaneously in data analysis
d. The degree of accuracy required
e. None of the above
Answer: b
Diff: 5
Type: MC
Page Reference: 156
30) What is the type of sampling that seeks a representative sample using theories from
mathematics called?
a. Nonrandom sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Probability sampling
d. Deviant case sampling
e. Theoretical sampling
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Objective: 3. Define probability sampling.
31) Postdoctoral fellow Walter Waters used nonrandom sampling in his study of
successful scientists. He knew most got excellent grades in high school and university,
excelled in mathematics, and had a strong interest in science from a very young age. For
his study, he was interested in sampling those who were successful as adult scientists but
did poorly in high school, did average or worse in math classes, and showed little interest
and aptitude in science until they reached university. What type of sampling was he
using?
a. Snowball
b. Theoretical
c. Sequential
d. Deviant case
e. Quota
Answer: d
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 135
32) Market researcher Tanya Tanika wants to test whether men like a new flavour of
yogurt, which tastes like cigar smoke and beer, more than women do. She distributes
samples at a grocery store, including 50 samples in blue cups to adult males and 50
samples in pink cups to adult females shopping alone. Afterward, she checks shelves and
garbage cans to locate the used blue and pink cups and measures whether more waste
(i.e., uneaten yogurt) was left in blue or pink cups. What type of sampling was used in the
study?
a. Random
b. Quota
c. Stratified
d. Snowball
e. Cluster
Answer: b
Diff: 3
Type: MC
33) Professor Bobby Birdfeather wants to study how people join a small extremist
political organization dedicated to right-wing causes. He first interviews recent recruits
and asks who introduced him/her to the organization. He next interviews the named
person and asks who introduced him/her to the organization, and so on. What kind of
sampling is this?
a. Snowball
b. Systematic
c. Deviant case
d. Accidental
e. Cluster
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
34) Which of the following terms best describes people who engage in illegal or
concealed activities such that very often a researcher must use purposive sampling in
order to find them?
a. Hidden population
b. Target population
c. Moving target
d. Cluster
e. Sociogram
Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: MC
35) _____ combines characteristics of the sample, such as the sample’s size, with the
central limit theorem for the purpose of accurately predicting specific ranges around a
population parameter.
a. A confidence interval
b. Deviant case sampling
c. A sampling distribution
d. The sampling ratio
e. Probability proportionate to size (PPS)
Answer: a
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 146
statistics
36) Which of the following terms denotes the practice of adjusting the sampling ratio at
various stages in the process of cluster sampling?
a. probability proportionate to size
b. cluster ratio adjustment
c. sampling stratification
d. proportional systematic sampling
e. sampling distribution
Answer: a
Diff: 5
Type: MC
Page Reference: 152
statistics
37) If a confidence interval ranges from 72 to 76 per cent, what is the implicit margin of
error?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 19/20
e. 74
Answer: a
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 140
statistics
38) Karen Simmons was curious to know whether her fellow Torontonians were more
likely to shop at small, locally-owned store, or big-box stores like Walmart. To satisfy
her curiosity, Karen stood on the sidewalk in front of her condo building and asked
passers by about their consumer practices. What kind of sampling technique did Karen
use?
a. Random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Haphazard sampling
e. Simple random sampling
Answer: d
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 133
39) A __________ is to a sample what a ___________ is to a population.
a. parameter; statistic
b. statistic; parameter
c. frame; census
d. census; frame
e. cluster; quota
Answer: b
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 138
statistics
40) What are sociograms used to depict?

a. Sampling sequences
b. Deviant cases and hidden populations
c. Networks of relationships
d. Sample statistics
e. Population parameters
Answer: c
Diff: 4
Type: MC
Page Reference: 135
41) Define the following:
census
Answer:
An attempt to count everyone in a target population.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 132
Skill: 50. Able to define key terms
central limit theorem

Answer:
A law-like mathematical relationship that states the following: Whenever many random
samples are drawn from a population and plotted, a normal distribution is formed, and the
centre of such a distribution for a variable is equal to its population parameter.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 146
cluster sampling
Answer:
A type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide
geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected, then samples are draw
from the sampled aggregated units, or clusters.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 150
confidence intervals
Answer:
A range of values, usually a little higher and a little lower than a specific value found in a
sample. One can specify with a probability level the degree of confidence that the
population parameter lies within the range.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 146
deviant case sampling

Answer:
A type of nonrandom sampling, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a
researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater
insight into social processes or a setting.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 135

haphazard sampling
Answer:
A type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to
come across.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 133
hidden populations
Answer:
People or units that engage in clandestine, deviant, or concealed activities and are
therefore difficult for social researchers to locate and study.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 154
inferential statistics
Answer:
A branch of applied mathematics or statistics based on a random sample; it allows a
researcher to precisely state the level of confidence he or she has that the results from a
sample are equal to the population parameter.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 156
Objective: 7. Explain the relationship between samples and drawing inferences.
margin of error
Answer:
An estimate about the amount of sampling error that exists in a survey’s results.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 140
nonrandom sample
Answer:
A type of sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than
a mathematically random process.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 133
parameter
Answer:
A characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 138
population
Answer:
The name for the large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and
which is usually described in broad, theoretical terms.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 137
probability proportionate to size (PPS)

Answer:
An adjustment made in cluster sampling when each cluster does not have the same
number of sampling elements.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 152
probability sampling
Answer:
Sampling strategies that give every subject in the population the same likelihood of being
selected.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 137
Objective: 3. Define probability sampling.
purposive sampling
Answer:
A type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to
locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult to reach population.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 134
quota sampling
Answer:
A type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories
into which cases or people will be selected, then he or she selects a predetermined
number of cases in each category.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 133
random-digit dialing (RDD)

Answer:
A method of randomly selecting cases for telephone interviews that uses all possible
telephone numbers as a sampling frame.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 153
random number table

Answer:
A list of numbers that has no pattern, such that each has an equal chance of occurring.
Researchers use it to randomly select cases and for other randomization purposes.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 141
random sample
Answer:
A type of sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar
mathematical random process so that each sampling element will have an equal
probability of being selected.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 140
sample
Answer:
A smaller set of cases selected by a researcher from a population, and from which the
researcher generalizes to the population.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 131
sampling distribution
Answer:
A distribution of values created by drawing many random samples from the same
population.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 142
sampling distribution of sample means

Answer:
A distribution of sample means created by drawing many random samples from the same
population.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 145

sampling element
Answer:
The name for a case or single unit to be selected into a sample.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 137
sampling error
Answer:
How much a random sample deviates from being representative of the entire population
from which it was drawn.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 140
sampling frame
Answer:
A list of cases in a population, or the best approximation of it. It is an important part of
most random sampling.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 138
sampling interval
Answer:
The inverse of the sampling ratio. It is used in systematic sampling to select cases into the
sample.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 147
sampling ratio
Answer:
The proportion of a population in a sample. It is based on the number of cases in the
sample divided by the number of cases in the population or sampling frame.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 137

sequential sampling
Answer:
A type of nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as
possible, until time, financial resources, or his/her energy is exhausted, or until no new
information or diversity is appearing as new cases are added.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 136
simple random sampling

Answer:
A type of random sampling in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a
pure random process to select cases. Each sampling element in the population will have
an equal probability of being selected.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 141
snowball sampling
Answer:
A type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, then, based
on information about relationships from that case, identifies other connected cases and
continues the process again and again to capture a network of linked cases.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 135
sociogram
Answer:
A diagram or “map” that shows the network of social relationships,
influence, patterns, or communication paths among groups of people or units.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 135
statistic
Answer:
A numerical estimate of a population parameter computed from a sample.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 138
stratified sampling
Answer:
A type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually
exclusive and exhaustive categories, then uses a random selection method to select cases
for each category.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 149
systematic sampling
Answer:
A type of random sample in which a researcher selects every kth (e.g., 12th) case from
the sampling frame by using a sampling interval.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 147

target population
Answer:
The name for the large group of many cases from which a sample is drawn and which is
specified in very specific, concrete terms.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 137
theoretical sampling
Answer:
An iterative sampling technique associated with grounded theory in which the sample
size is determined when the data reach theoretical saturation.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 136
theoretical saturation
Answer:
A term associated with grounded theory that refers to the point at which no new themes
emerge from the data and sampling is considered complete.
Diff: 4
Type: ES
Page Reference: 136

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Basics of Social Research Canadian 4th

Edition Neuman Test Bank

2) Why is it important to have an accurate sampling frame?

6) How do researchers decide on the size of a sample to use in quantitative research?

7) In what situations is it appropriate to use a purposive sampling technique?

11) An example of a sampling technique where everyone in the target population is

15) Sampling error is based on which of the following?

16) According to the central limit theorem used in inferential statistics,

40) What are sociograms used to depict?

41) Define the following:

42) Define the following:

central limit theorem

43) Define the following:

44) Define the following:

45) Define the following:

deviant case sampling

46) Define the following:

47) Define the following:

48) Define the following:

49) Define the following:

50) Define the following:

52) Define the following:

53) Define the following:

probability proportionate to size (PPS)

54) Define the following:

55) Define the following:

57) Define the following:

random-digit dialing (RDD)

58) Define the following:

random number table

59) Define the following:

60) Define the following:

61) Define the following:

62) Define the following:

sampling distribution of sample means

63) Define the following:

64) Define the following:

65) Define the following:

66) Define the following:

67) Define the following:

68) Define the following:

69) Define the following:

simple random sampling

70) Define the following:

71) Define the following:

72) Define the following:

73) Define the following:

74) Define the following:

75) Define the following:

76) Define the following:

77) Define the following:

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