Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 9th

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Chapter 8—Bonding and Molecular Structure

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following groups contains no ionic compounds?

a. HCN, NO2, Ca(NO3)2
b. PCl5, LiBr, Zn(OH)2
c. KOH, CCl4, SF4
d. NaH, CaF2, NaNH2
e. CH2O, H2S, NH3
ANS: E

2. Which combination of atoms is most likely to produce a compound with ionic bonds?
a. B and C
b. S and O
c. N and F
d. Si and Cl
e. Mg and O
ANS: E

3. Which combination of atoms is most likely to produce a compound with covalent bonds?
a. K and Br
b. Al and S
c. S and Cl
d. Sn and F
e. Li and I
ANS: C

4. In which pair do both compounds exhibit predominantly ionic bonding?

a. KI and O3
b. NaF and H2O
c. PCl3 and HF
d. Na2SO3 and CH4
e. RbBr and CaO
ANS: E

5. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

1. Ionic bonds form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom
to another.
2. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms.
3. In most covalently bonded compounds, electrons are NOT shared equally between
the atoms.

a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. 1, 2, and 3

ANS: E
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

6. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

1. Chemical reactions result in the gain, loss, or rearrangement of valence electrons.
2. For main group elements, the number of valence electrons equals eight minus the
element’s group number.
3. Core electrons are not involved in bonding or in chemical reactions.

a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 3 e. 1, 2, and 3

ANS: D

7. An atom of Se has ____ valence electrons.

a. 2 b. 6 c. 4 d. 3 e. 8
ANS: B

8. The following representation of an atom is called

a. a Lewis dot structure.

b. an ion.
c. a structural formula.
d. an electrostatic potential map.
e. an ionic bond.
ANS: A

9. In the Lewis formula for sulfur dioxide, SO2, the number of lone pairs of electrons around the sulfur
atom is
a. 0. b. 1. c. 2. d. 3. e. 4.
ANS: B

10. How many lone pairs of electrons are assigned to the iodine atom in ICl?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4
ANS: D

11. What is the total number of electrons (both lone and bond pairs) in the Lewis structure of C2O4−?
a. 30 b. 34 c. 32 d. 46 e. 44
ANS: B

12. How many valence electrons are present in the Lewis formula for the hypochlorite ion, ?
a. 20 b. 12 c. 18 d. 14 e. 16
ANS: D
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

13. Which of the following molecules or ions are isoelectronic: SO3, NF3, NO3–, CO32–?
a. SO3 and NF3
b. NF3 and CO32–
c. SO3, NF3 and CO32–
d. SO3, NO3– and CO32–
e. SO3, NF3, NO3–, and CO32–
ANS: D

14. If two or more species have the same number of electrons, resulting in similar Lewis structures, they
are said to be ____.
a. isoelectronic
b. resonant structures
c. ionic
d. neutral
e. covalent
ANS: A

15. Which of the following has a Lewis structure similar to CS2?

a. NH2− b. O3 c. NO2+ d. SO2 e. ClO2−
ANS: C

16. Which of the following molecules or ions will have a Lewis structure most like that of phosphorus
trichloride, PCl3?
a. ClO3– b. SO3 c. CO32– d. BF3 e. Cl2CO
ANS: A

17. The correct Lewis structure for Cl2CO is (the 2 Cl's and the O are bound to the C and not to each
other):
a. c. e. none of these

b. d.

ANS: A

18. Which of the following is a correct Lewis electron-dot formula for CO?
a. b. c. d. e.

ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

19. Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for H2SO4?

a. c. e.

b. d.

ANS: A

20. Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for sulfate ion?
a. c. e.

b. d.

ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

21. Which is the best Lewis structure of CH2FCO2H (connectivity correct as given)?
a. d.

b. e. none of these is acceptable

c.

ANS: D

22. How many hydrogen atoms are needed to complete the following hydrocarbon structure?

a. 4 b. 6 c. 2 d. 8 e. 3
ANS: B

23. Which of the following is the correct Lewis dash formula for carbon diselenide?
a. c. e.

b. d.

ANS: B
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

24. Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for oxygen?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.
ANS: A

25. All of the following Lewis structures of nitrogen oxides are possible EXCEPT

a. N2O.
b. N2O4.
c. N2O3.
d. N2O5.
e. All of the above are correct structures.
ANS: C

26. Which of the following are possible Lewis structures for C2H6O?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 2 and 3 e. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D

27. The molecule H2S has

a. 2 bonding pairs and 3 lone pairs
b. 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs
c. 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair
d. 3 bonding pairs and 3 lone pairs
e. none of these
ANS: B
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

28. The nitrogen atom in cyanide ion, CN–, is surrounded by

a. one single bond and three lone pairs of electrons.
b. one double bond and one lone pair of electrons.
c. one double bond and two lone pairs of electrons.
d. one triple bond and one lone pair of electrons.
e. one triple bond and no lone pairs of electrons.
ANS: D

29. The central atom in N2O is a nitrogen atom. This nitrogen atom is surrounded by
a. two single bonds and two lone pairs of electrons.
b. two single bonds and one lone pair of electrons.
c. one single bond, one double bond, and one lone pairs of electrons.
d. one single bond, one double bond, and one lone pair of electrons.
e. two double bonds and no lone pairs of electrons.
ANS: E

30. How many different molecules have the molecular formula C6H14?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
ANS: E

31. Which of the following is/are true concerning formal charge?

1. The formal charge of each individual atom in a molecule or ion is an actual atomic
charge that can be experimentally determined.
2. The formal charge of each individual atom is always the same for each possible
resonance form.
3. The sum of the formal charges of each atom in a molecule or ion equal the overall
charge of the molecule or ion.

a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. 1 and 3

ANS: C

32. What is the formal charge on carbon in CH2Cl2?

a. +2 b. +1 c. 0 d. -1 e. -2
ANS: C

33. What is the formal charge on each atom in dichloromethane, CH2Cl2?

a. C atom = 0, each H atom = 0, and each Cl atom = 0
b. C atom = –2, each H atom = +1, and two Cl atoms = 0
c. C atom = +4, each H = –1, and each Cl atom = –1
d. C atom = +4, each H = +1, and each Cl atom = –1
e. C atom = –4, each H = +1, and each Cl atom = +1
ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

34. What is the formal charge on atom N in the following Lewis structure?

a. 2 b. 1 c. 0 d. -1 e. -2
ANS: B

35. What is the formal charge of the carbon atom in the Lewis structure for isocyanate shown below?

a. 0 b. −2 c. +1 d. −1 e. -3
ANS: E

36. One resonance structure for OCN– ion is drawn below. What is the formal charge on each atom?

a. O atom = 0, C atom = 0, and N atom = 0

b. O atom = 0, C atom = 0, and N atom = –1
c. O atom = –1, C atom = 0, and N atom = 0
d. O atom = –1, C atom = –1, and N atom = +1
e. O atom = +1, C atom = 0, and N atom = –2
ANS: C

37. Which of the following is not a valid resonance structure for N3–?
a.

b.

c.

d.

e. all are correct

ANS: A TOP: 8.4 Resonance
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

38. Which of the following are resonance structures for formate ion, HCO2–?

a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. 1, 3, and 4 e. 2, 3, and 4

ANS: C

39. Which of the following exhibits resonance?

a. SCl6 b. H2O c. SO2 d. NH3 e. none
ANS: C TOP: 8.4 Resonance

40. Which of the following molecules or ions does not have one or more resonance structures?
a. O3 b. OCN– c. SO2 d. H2CO e. NO3–
ANS: D

41. The Lewis structure of which of the following formula violates the octet rule?
a. SF6 b. NF3 c. OF2 d. HF e. SiF4
ANS: A

42. Which of the following elements is able to form a molecular structure that exceeds the octet rule?
a. F b. N c. C d. B e. Sb
ANS: E

43. Which of the following elements is most likely to form a molecular structure that disobeys the octet
rule?
a. B b. C c. N d. O e. F
ANS: A

44. When both of the electrons in a molecular bond originate from the same atom, the bond is called a(n)
a. sigma bond.
b. coordinate covalent bond.
c. pi bond.
d. metallic bond.
e. ionic bond.
ANS: B

45. In the Lewis structure of SF6, how many lone pairs are around the central atom?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4
ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

46. Which of the following has an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure?
a. SO2 b. F2 c. NO2 d. ICl e. CO2
ANS: C

47. What is the correct Lewis structure for SF4?

a. c. e.

b. d.

ANS: C

48. What is the correct Lewis structure for IF3?

a. c. e.

b. d.

ANS: E

49. When you draw the Lewis structure for PF2Cl3, how many single bonds, double bonds, and lone pair
electrons reside on the central phosphorus atom?
a. 5 single bonds, 0 double bonds, 0 lone pairs
b. 4 single bonds, 1 double bond, 0 lone pairs
c. 5 single bonds, 0 double bonds, 1 lone pair
d. 4 single bonds, 1 double bond, 1 lone pair
e. 3 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 0 lone pairs
ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

50. The central atom in SF6 is surrounded by

a. six single bonds and no lone pairs of electrons.
b. six single bonds and one lone pair of electrons.
c. six single bonds and two lone pairs of electrons.
d. five single bonds, one double bond, and one lone pair of electrons.
e. four single bonds, two double bonds, and no lone pairs of electrons.
ANS: A

51. Which of the following species will have a Lewis structure most like that of IF4–?
a. XeF4 b. SO42– c. PF4+ d. SF4 e. IO4–
ANS: A

52. Which of the following molecules or ions are likely to be free radicals: N2O, NO, and NO2?
a. N2O only
b. NO only
c. NO2 only
d. N2O and NO
e. NO and NO2
ANS: E

53. What is the molecular geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion which is surrounded by zero lone
pairs of electrons and four single bonds.
a. tetrahedral
b. linear
c. bent
d. trigonal pyramidal
e. trigonal planar
ANS: A

54. What is the electron-pair geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion which is surrounded by zero
lone pairs of electrons and five single bonds.
a. trigonal bipyramidal
b. see-saw or distorted tetrahedron
c. T-shaped
d. linear
e. trigonal planar
ANS: A

55. What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar molecule or ion?

a. 109° b. 180° c. 90° d. 72° e. 120°
ANS: E
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

56. What is the molecular geometry around oxygen atom O2?

a. linear
b. trigonal pyramidal
c. trigonal planar
d. T-shaped
e. tetrahedral
ANS: A

57. What is the molecular geometry around carbon atom C3?

a. linear
b. tetrahedral
c. trigonal planar
d. trigonal pyramidal
e. square planar
ANS: B

58. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron-pair geometry and the molecular geometry of nitrogen
trichloride, NCl3.
a. The electron-pair geometry is linear, the molecular geometry is linear.
b. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is trigonal-planar.
c. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is bent.
d. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is tetrahedral.
e. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is trigonal-pyramidal.
ANS: E
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

59. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron-pair geometry and the molecular geometry of boron
tribromide, BBr3.
a. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-pyramidal, the molecular geometry is trigonal-
pyramidal.
b. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is trigonal-planar.
c. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is bent.
d. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is trigonal-pyramidal.
e. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-pyramidal, the molecular geometry is t-shaped.
ANS: B

60. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron-pair geometry and the molecular geometry of sulfur dioxide,
SO2.
a. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is trigonal-planar.
b. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-planar, the molecular geometry is bent.
c. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is bent.
d. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is linear.
e. The electron-pair geometry is trigonal-bipyramidal, the molecular geometry is linear.
ANS: B

61. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron-pair geometry and the molecular geometry of sulfur dioxide,
XeF4.
a. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is tetrahedral.
b. The electron-pair geometry is octahedral, the molecular geometry is tetrahedral.
c. The electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral, the molecular geometry is octahedral.
d. The electron-pair geometry is octahedral, the molecular geometry is square-planar.
e. The electron-pair geometry is square-planar, the molecular geometry is tetrahedral.
ANS: D

62. Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry of BrO3–.

a. trigonal-pyramidal
b. trigonal-planar
c. bent
d. T-shaped
e. linear
ANS: A

63. Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry around either carbon atom in acetylene, C2H2.
a. linear
b. bent
c. trigonal-planar
d. tetrahedral
e. octahedral
ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

64. Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry around the carbon atom in formaldehyde, H2CO.
a. linear
b. bent
c. trigonal-planar
d. tetrahedral
e. octahedral
ANS: C

65. Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry of BrF5.

a. tetrahedral
b. see-saw
c. trigonal-bipyramidal
d. square-pyramidal
e. octahedral
ANS: D

66. Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry around the nitrogen atom in nitrite ion, NO2–.
a. trigonal-planar
b. tetrahedral
c. trigonal-pyramidal
d. T-shaped
e. bent
ANS: E

67. Based on electron geometries, which of the following molecules has the smallest bond angle between
any two adjacent hydrogen atoms?
a. CH4 b. H2O c. BH3 d. PH3 e. SF6
ANS: E

68. What are the approximate H−N−H bond angles in NH4+?

a. 109.5
b. 120
c. 109.5 and 120
d. 90
e. 90 and 120
ANS: A

69. What is the O−C−N bond angle in OCN–?

a. 90 b. 107 c. 109.5 d. 120 e. 180
ANS: E
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

70. What are the approximate O−S−O bond angles in SO32–?

a. 90
b. 109.5
c. 120
d. 180
e. 90 and 180
ANS: B

71. What are the approximate F−Br−F bond angles in BrF5?

a. 90 and 180
b. 109.5
c. 90 and 120
d. 120
e. 180
ANS: A

72. Place the following molecules in order from smallest to largest H−N−H bond angles: NH4+, NH3, and
NH2–.
a. NH4+ < NH3 < NH2–
b. NH4+ < NH2– < NH3
c. NH2– < NH3 < NH4+
d. NH2– < NH4+ < NH3
e. NH3 < NH2– < NH4+
ANS: C

73. Which of the following bonds would be the most polar?

a. N—N b. N—P c. N—C d. N—As e. N—Ge
ANS: E

74. Which of the following compounds has polar covalent bonds: CCl4, Cl2, HCl, and KCl?
a. CCl4 only
b. Cl2 only
c. HCl and KCl
d. Cl2 and KCl
e. CCl4 and HCl
ANS: E

75. Electronegativity is a measure of

a. the ability of a substance to conduct electricity.
b. the charge on a polyatomic cation.
c. the charge on a polyatomic anion.
d. the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.
e. the oxidation number of an atom in a molecule or polyatomic anion.
ANS: D
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

76. Three non-equivalent Lewis structures for carbonyl sulfide, SCO, are given below. Use the concepts
of formal charge and electronegativity to choose the structure that is the best representation.

A B C

a. Structure A, because all the formal charges equal 0.

b. Structure B, because all the formal charges equal 0.
c. Structure C, because all the formal charges equal 0.
d. Structure A, because the negative formal charge resides on the most electronegative atom.
e. Structure C, because the negative formal charge resides on the most electronegative atom.
ANS: B

77. Choose which central atom in the following molecules is most electronegative.
a. PH3 b. CH4 c. H2S d. H2O e. NH3
ANS: D

78. Rank the following covalent bonds in order of decreasing polarity: C-H, N-H, O-H, F-H.
a. F-H, O-H, N-H, C-H
b. O-H, F-H, N-H, C-H
c. N-H, F-H, O-H, C-H
d. C-H, N-H, O-H, F-H
e. C-H, F-H, O-H, N-H
ANS: A

79. Atoms having equal or nearly equal electronegativities are expected to form
a. no bonds
b. polar covalent bonds
c. nonpolar covalent bonds
d. ionic bonds
e. covalent bonds
ANS: C

80. Which of the following molecules is nonpolar?

a. sulfur dioxide, SO2
b. phosphorus trifluoride, PF3
c. hydrogen fluoride, HF
d. phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5
e. nitrogen trifluoride, NF3
ANS: D

81. Which one of the following molecules is polar?

a. CS2 b. SO2 c. XeF2 d. XeF4 e. SO3
ANS: B
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

82. Three possible structures of C2H2Cl2 are shown below. Which of these molecules are polar?

a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 3 e. 2 and 3

ANS: D

83. Linus Pauling noticed that the energy of a polar bond is often greater than expected. He attributed the
greater bond energy to
a. a coulombic attraction between atoms with partially positive and negative charges.
b. the greater bond lengths of the heteronuclear bonds.
c. one of the many unexplainable phenomena that scientists encounter.
d. the ability of heteronuclear species to form double and triple bonds.
e. the greater number of valence electrons found in heteronuclear molecules.
ANS: A

84. In molecules, as bond order increases,

a. both bond length and bond energy increase.
b. both bond length and bond energy decrease.
c. bond length increases and bond energy is unchanged.
d. bond length is unchanged and bond energy increases.
e. bond length decreases and bond energy increases.
ANS: E

85. What is the bond order of O2+?

a. 1 b. 1.5 c. 2 d. 2.5 e. 3
ANS: E

86. Use Lewis structures to predict the bond order for a carbon-oxygen bond in CO2?
a. 1 b. 3/2 c. 4/3 d. 2 e. 5/2
ANS: D

87. Use Lewis structures to predict the bond order for a carbon-oxygen bond in the carbonate ion?
a. 1 b. 3/2 c. 4/3 d. 2 e. 5/2
ANS: C
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

88. Based on the following data, what is the Cl-Cl bond energy?

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → HCl(g); rH = –92.31 kJ/mol-rxn

Bond Bond Energy (kJ/mol)

H-H 435
H-Cl 428

a. 432 kJ/mol b. 236 kJ/mol c. –236 kJ/mol d. –421 kJ/mol e. 421 kJ/mol
ANS: B

89. Using bond-energy data, what is rH for the following reaction?
CH4(g) + 2I2(g) → CI4(g) + 2H2(g)
Bond Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
C-H 413
H-H 432
I-I 151
C-I 240

a. 130 kJ/mol-rxn
b. –411 kJ/mol-rxn
c. –130 kJ/mol-rxn
d. 1236 kJ/mol-rxn
e. 411 kJ/mol-rxn
ANS: A

90. Using the following data reactions:

H° (kJ/mol-rxn)
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) –184
H2(g) → 2H(g) 432
Cl2(g) → 2Cl(g) 239
calculate the energy of an H-Cl bond.
a. 92 kJ/mol b. 855 kJ/mol c. 487 kJ/mol d. 428 kJ/mol e. 244 kJ/mol
ANS: D

91. Which of the following species has the shortest carbon-nitrogen bond?
a. CH3CN b. CH3N2 c. CH2NH d. CH3CONH2 e. NO3-
ANS: A
Kotz 9e Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure

92. Use the bond energies provided to complete the following statement.

________ when all of the bonds in acetic acid (CH3COOH) are formed.

Bond Bond Energy (kJ/mol)

C-H 413
C-O 358
O-H 463
C=O 745
C-C 348
C=C 614

a. 3153 kJ/mol of energy is released

b. 3153 kJ/mol of energy is consumed
c. 2805 kJ/mol of energy is released
d. 2805 kJ/mol of energy is consumed
e. 2766 kJ/mol of energy is consumed
ANS: A

SHORT ANSWER

93. The molecular geometry of a molecule whose central atom has four single bonds and one lone pair of
electrons is ________.

ANS: trigonal-bipyramidal

94. If a molecule has a positive and negative end, the molecule is said to have a(n) ________ moment.

ANS: dipole

95. In PCl5, the Cl−P−Cl bond angle between an axial and an equatorial chlorine atom is ________
degrees.

ANS: 90

96. In benzene, C6H6, the six carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. Two equivalent Lewis structures can be
drawn for benzene. In both structures, the carbon atoms have a trigonal planar geometry. These two
equivalent structures are referred to as ________ structures.

ANS: resonance

97. One might expect PCl3 to have a trigonal planar molecular geometry since its central atom is
surrounded by three outer atoms. However, PCl3 has a trigonal pyramidal geometry. Explain.

ANS: The shape of a molecule is dependent upon the number of electron-pairs surrounding the
central atom. The phosphorus atom in PCl3 has four electron-pairs which are distributed around the
phosphorus atom in a tetrahedral geometry. Thus, the bond angles are approximately 109, not 120.