Physics For Scientists and Engineers 3Rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
3rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual

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DYNAMICS II: MOTION IN A PLANE
8
Conceptual Questions
8.1. For an object in uniform circular motion the speed is constant (that’s what uniform means), the angular velocity
is constant, and the magnitude of the net force is constant. The velocity and centripetal acceleration are both vectors
whose magnitude is constant but whose direction changes.
8.2. The free-body diagram (a) is correct. The forces acting on the car at the bottom of the hill are the downward
gravitational force and an upward normal force. The car can be considered to be in circular motion about a point
above the bottom center of the valley, which requires a net force toward the center of the circle. In this case, the
circle center is above the car, so the normal force is greater than the gravitational force.
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2 1 (2m)v 2
8.3. Tc > Ta = Td > Tb . Use T = . For (a), Ta = . For (b), Tb = = Ta . For (c), Tc = = 2Ta .
r r 2r 2 r
(2m)v 2
For (d), Td = = Ta .
2r
8.4. The tension in the vine at the lowest part of Tarzan’s swing is greater than the gravitational force on Tarzan. If
Tarzan is at rest on the vine, just hanging, the tension in the vine is equal to the gravitational force on Tarzan. But
when Tarzan is swinging he is in circular motion, with the center of the circle at the top end of the vine, and the vine
must provide the additional centripetal force necessary to move him in a circle.
mv 2
8.5. (a) The difference in the tension between A and B is due to the centripetal force ( Fr )net = . Since the
r
velocity v is the same for both, the greater radius for B means that the tension in case A is greater than for case B.
(b) In this case, we use ( Fr ) net = mω 2r . The angular velocity ω is the same for both A and B, so the larger radius for
B means that the tension is case A is less than the tension for case B.
8.6. Neither Sally nor Raymond is completely correct. Both have partially correct descriptions, but are missing key
points. In order to speed up, there must be a nonzero acceleration parallel to the track. In order to move in a circle,
there must be a nonzero centripetal acceleration. Since both of these are required, the net force points somewhere
between the forward direction (parallel to the track) and the center of the circle.
8.7. (a) The plane is in dynamic equilibrium, so the net force on the plane is zero.
(b) The vertical forces cancel, and so do the horizontal forces, so the net force is zero. The plane is traveling in the
positive x direction.
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8-1
8-2 Chapter 8
(c) As seen from behind, with the velocity and positive x direction into the page.
(d) The net force must be toward the center of the circle during a turn at constant speed and altitude. Note that
the radial component of the lift force provides the centripetal force while the vertical component balances the
gravitational force. The velocity is into the page.
8.8. Yes, the bug is weightless because it, like the projectile it is riding in, is in free fall around the planet.
mv 2
8.9. When the gravitational force on the ball is greater than the required centripetal force , the ball is no longer
r
mv 2
in circular motion. As the figure shows, at the top of the circle the net force on the ball is ( Fr ) net = FG + T = .
r
mv 2
When the string goes slack, T = 0, leaving FG = . If the velocity is not high enough to make this equality true,
r
mv 2
the equation above becomes an inequality, FG > , and the ball begins to fall downward since the net force
r
downward is greater than the centripetal force required for circular motion.
8.10.
The golfer is swinging the club in circular motion. The club is speeding up as it swings. This motion requires a linear
acceleration in the direction of motion of the club to speed it up and a centripetal acceleration to maintain circular motion.
The vector sum yields a total acceleration pointing approximately toward the golfer’s feet (c), as shown in the figure.
Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-3
Exercises and Problems
Section 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions
8.1. Model: The model rocket and the target will be treated as particles. The kinematics equations in two
dimensions apply.
Visualize:
Solve: For the rocket, Newton’s second law along the y-direction is
( Fnet ) y = FR − mg = maR
1 1
⇒ aR = ( FR − mg ) = [15 N − (0.8 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )] = 8.95 m/s 2
m 0.8 kg
Using the kinematic equation y1R = y0R + (v0R ) y (t1R − t0R ) + 12 aR (t1R − t0R ) 2 ,
30 m = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (8.95 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s)2 ⇒ t1R = 2.589 s
For the target (noting t1T = t1R ),
x1T = x0T + (v0T ) x (t1T − t0T ) + 12 aT (t1T − t0T ) 2 = 0 m + (15 m/s)(2.589 s − 0 s) + 0 m = 39 m
You should launch when the target is 39 m away.

Assess: The rocket is to be fired when the target is at x0T . For a net acceleration of approximately 9 m/s 2 in the
vertical direction and a time of 2.6 s to cover a vertical distance of 30 m, a horizontal distance of 39 m is reasonable.
8.2. Model: The model rocket will be treated as a particle. Kinematic equations in two dimensions apply.
Air resistance is neglected.
8-4 Chapter 8
Visualize:
The horizontal velocity of the rocket is equal to the speed of the car, which is 3.0 m/s.
Solve: For the rocket, Newton’s second law along the y-direction is:
1
( Fnet ) y = FR − mg = maR ⇒ a y = [(8.0 N) − (0.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )] = 6.2 m/s 2
0.5 kg
Thus using y1 = y0 + (v0 ) y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 ) 2 ,
(20 m) = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (6.2 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s) 2 ⇒ (20 m) = (3.1 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.54 s

Since t1 is also the time for the rocket to move horizontally up to the hoop,
x1 = x0 + (v0 ) x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + (3.0 m/s)(2.54 s − 0 s) + 0 m = 7.6 m
Assess: In view of the rocket’s horizontal speed of 3.0 m/s and its vertical thrust of 8.0 N, the above-obtained value
for the horizontal distance is reasonable.
8.3. Model: The asteroid and the giant rocket will be treated as particles undergoing motion according to the
constant-acceleration equations of kinematics.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The time it will take the asteroid to reach the earth is
displacement 4.0 × 106 km
= = 2.0 × 105 s = 56 h
velocity 20 km/s
(b) The angle of a line that just misses the earth is
R ⎛R⎞ ⎛ 6400 km ⎞
tanθ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ 6 ⎟⎟ = 0.092°
y0 ⎝ y0 ⎠ ⎝ 4.0 × 10 km ⎠
(c) When the rocket is fired, the horizontal acceleration of the asteroid is
5.0 × 109 N
ax = 10
= 0.125 m/s 2
4.0 × 10 kg
(Note that the mass of the rocket is much smaller than the mass of the asteroid and can therefore be ignored
completely.) The velocity of the asteroid after the rocket has been fired for 300 s is
vx = v0 x + a x (t − t0 ) = 0 m/s + (0.125 m/s 2 )(300 s − 0 s) = 37.5 m/s
After 300 s, the vertical velocity is v y = 2 × 104 m/s and the horizontal velocity is vx = 37.5 m/s. The deflection due
to this horizontal velocity is
vx ⎛ 37.5 m/s ⎞
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan21 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.107°
vy ⎝ 2 × 104 m/s ⎠
That is, the earth is saved.
Section 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion
8.4. Model: We are using the particle model for the car in uniform circular motion on a flat circular track. There
must be friction between the tires and the road for the car to move in a circle.
Visualize:
Solve: The centripetal acceleration is

v 2 (25 m/s) 2
ar =
= = 6.25 m/s 2
r 100 m
The acceleration points to the center of the circle, so the net force is
G G
Fr = ma = (1500 kg)(6.25 m/s 2, toward center)
= (9380 N, toward center) ≈ (9400 N, toward center)
This force is provided by static friction
fs = Fr = 9.4 kN
8-6 Chapter 8
8.5. Model: We will use the particle model for the car which is in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

v 2 (15 m/s)2
ar = = = 4.5 m/s 2
r 50 m
The acceleration is due to the force of static friction. The force of friction is fs = mar = (1500 kg)(4.5 m/s 2 ) =
6750 N = 6.8 kN.
Assess: The model of static friction is ( fs ) max = nμs = mg μs ≈ mg ≈ 15,000 N since μs ≈ 1 for a dry road surface.
We see that fs < ( fs ) max , which is reasonable.
8.6. Model: Treat the block as a particle attached to a massless string that is swinging in a circle on a frictionless
table.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The angular velocity and speed are

rev 2π rad 1min
ω = 75 × = 471.2 rad/min vt = rω = (0.50 m)(471.2 rad/min) × = 3.93 m/s
min 1 rev 60 s
The tangential velocity is 3.9 m/s.
(b) The radial component of Newton’s second law is
mv 2
∑ Fr = T =
r
Thus
(3.93 m/s) 2
T = (0.20 kg) = 6.2 N
0.50 m
8.7. Solve: Newton’s second law is Fr = mar = mrω 2 . Substituting into this equation yields:
Fr 8.2 × 1028 N
ω= =
mr (9.1 × 10 31 kg)(5.3 × 10211 m)
2
rad 1 rev
= 4.37 × 1016 rad/s = 4.37 × 1016
× = 6.6 × 1015 rev/s
s 2π rad
Assess: This is a very high number of revolutions per second.
8.8. Model: The vehicle is to be treated as a particle in uniform circular motion.

Visualize:
On a banked road, the normal force on a vehicle has a horizontal component that provides the necessary centripetal
acceleration. The vertical component of the normal force balances the gravitational force.
Solve: From the physical representation of the forces in the r-z plane, Newton’s second law can be written
mv 2
∑ Fr = n sin θ = ∑ Fz = n cosθ − mg = 0 ⇒ n cosθ = mg
r
Dividing the two equations and making the conversion 90 km/h = 25 m/s yields:
v2 (25 m/s) 2
tan θ =
= = 0.128 ⇒ θ = 7.3°
rg (9.8 m/s 2 )500 m
Assess: Such a banking angle for a speed of approximately 55 mph is clearly reasonable and within our experience as well.
8.9. Model: The motion of the moon around the earth will be treated through the particle model. The circular
motion is uniform.
Visualize:
8-8 Chapter 8
Solve: The tension in the cable provides the centripetal acceleration. Newton’s second law is
2
2 ⎛ 2π ⎞
∑ Fr = T = mrω = mr ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Tmoon ⎠
2
⎡ 2π 1 day 1h ⎤
= (7.36 × 1022 kg)(3.84 × 108 m) ⎢ × × 20
⎥ = 2.01 × 10 N
⎣ 27.3 days 24 h 3600 s ⎦
Assess: This is a tremendous tension, but clearly understandable in view of the moon’s large mass and the large
radius of circular motion around the earth. This is the same answer we’ll get later with Newton’s law of universal
gravitation.
8.10. Model: Model the person as a particle in uniform circular motion.

Visualize:
Solve: The only force acting on the passengers is the normal force of the wall. Newton’s second law along the
r-axis is:
∑ Fr = n = mrω 2
To create “normal” gravity, the normal force by the inside surface of the space station equals mg. Therefore,
2π g r 500 m
mg = mrω 2 ⇒ ω = = ⇒ T = 2π = 2π = 45 s
T r g 9.8 m/s 2
Assess: This is a fast rotation. The tangential speed is
2π r 2π (500 m)
v= = = 70 m/s ≈ 140 mph
T 45 s
Section 8.3 Circular Orbits
8.11. Model: The satellite is considered to be a particle in uniform circular motion around the moon.
Visualize:
Solve: The radius of the moon is 1.738 × 106 m and the satellite’s distance from the center of the moon is the same
quantity. The angular velocity of the satellite is
2π 2π rad 1min
ω= = × = 9.52 × 10−4 rad/s
T 110 min 60 s
and the centripetal acceleration is

ar = rω 2 = (1.738 × 106 m)(9.52 × 10−4 rad/s)2 = 1.58 m/s 2
The acceleration of a body in orbit is the local “g” experienced by that body.
8.12. Model: The earth is considered to be a particle in uniform circular motion around the sun.
Solve: The earth orbits the sun in 365 days and is 1.5 × 1011 m from the sun. The angular velocity and centripetal
acceleration are
2π rad 1 day 1h
ω= × × = 2.0 × 10−7 rad/s
365 days 24 h 3600 s
ar = g = rω 2 = (1.5 × 1011 m)(2.0 × 10−7 rad/s) 2 = 6.0 × 10−3 m/s 2
Assess: The smallness of this acceleration due to gravity is essentially due to the large earth-sun distance.
Section 8.4 Fictitious Forces
8.13. Model: Use the particle model for the car which is undergoing circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: The car is in circular motion with the center of the circle below the car. Newton’s second law at the top of the
hill is
mv 2 ⎛ n⎞
∑ Fr = ( FG ) r − nr = mg − n = mar = ⇒ v2 = r ⎜ g − ⎟
r ⎝ m⎠
Maximum speed is reached when n = 0 and the car is beginning to lose contact with the road.
vmax = rg = (50 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 22 m/s
Assess: A speed of 22 m/s is equivalent to 49 mph, which seems like a reasonable value.
8.14. Model: The passengers are particles in circular motion.

Visualize:
Solve: The center of the circle of motion of the passengers is directly above them. There must be a net force pointing up
that provides the needed centripetal acceleration. The normal force on the passengers is their weight. Ordinarily their
weight is FG , so if their weight increases by 50%, n = 1.5 FG . Newton’s second law at the bottom of the dip is
mv 2
∑ Fr = n − FG = (1.5 − 1) FG = 0.5mg =
r
⇒ v = 0.5 gr = 0.5(9.8 m/s 2 )(30 m) = 12 m/s
Assess: A speed of 12.1 m/s is 27 mph, which seems very reasonable.
8-10 Chapter 8
8.15. Model: Model the roller coaster car as a particle at the top of a circular loop-the-loop undergoing uniform
circular motion.
Visualize:
Notice that the r-axis points downward, toward the center of the circle.
K G
Solve: The critical speed occurs when n goes to zero and FG provides all the centripetal force pulling the car in the
vertical circle. At the critical speed mg = mvc2 /r , therefore vc = rg . Since the car’s speed is twice the critical speed,
vt = 2vc and the centripetal force is
mv 2 m(4vc2 ) m(4rg )
∑ Fr = n + FG = = = = 4mg
r r r
Thus the normal force is n = 3 mg . Consequently, n/FG = 3.
8.16. Model: Model the roller coaster car as a particle undergoing uniform circular motion along a loop.
Visualize:
Notice that the r-axis points downward, toward the center of the circle.
Solve: In this problem the normal force is equal to the gravitational force: n = FG = mg . We have
mv 2
∑ Fr = n + FG = = mg + mg ⇒ v = 2rg = 2(20 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 19.8 m/s ≈ 20 m/s
r
8.17. Model: Model the bucket of water as a particle in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: Let us say the distance from the bucket handle to the top of the water in the bucket is 35 cm. This makes the
shoulder to water distance 65 cm + 35 cm = 1.00 m. The minimum angular velocity for swinging a bucket of water in
a vertical circle without spilling any water corresponds to the case when the speed of the bucket is critical. In this
case, n = 0 N when the bucket is in the top position of the circular motion. We get
mvc 2
∑ Fr = n + FG = 0 N + mg = = mrωc2
r
9.8 m/s 2 1 rev 60 s
⇒ ωc = g/r = = 3.13 rad/s = 3.13 rad/s × × = 30 rpm
1.00 m 2π rad 1 min
8.18. Model: Use the particle model for yourself while in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

2π r 2π (15 m) v 2 (3.77 m/s) 2
v= = = 3.77 m/s ar = = = 0.95 m/s 2
T 25 s r 15 m
So the speed is 3.8 m/s and the centripetal acceleration is 0.95 m/s 2 .
(b) The weight w = m, the normal force. On the ground, your weight is the same as the gravitational force FG .
Newton’s second law at the top is
mv 2
∑ Fr = FG − n = mar =
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s)2 ⎞
⇒ n = w = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 − 2
⎟⎟ = m(8.85 m/s )
⎜ r ⎟⎠ ⎜ 15 m
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
w 8.85 m/s 2
⇒ = = 0.90
FG 9.8 m/s 2
8-12 Chapter 8
(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

mv 2
∑ Fr = n − FG = mar =
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s 2 ) ⎞
⇒ n = w = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 + 2
⎟⎟ = (10.75 m/s ) m
⎜ r ⎟ ⎜ 15 m
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
w 10.75 m/s 2
⇒ = = 1.1
FG 9.8 m/s 2
Section 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
8.19. Model: Use the particle model for the car, which is undergoing nonuniform circular motion.
Visualize:
d
Solve: The car is in circular motion with radius r = = 100 m. We require
2
1.5 m/s 2 1.5 m/s 2
ar = ω 2r = 1.5 m/s 2 ⇒ ω = = = 0.122 s −1
r 100 m
The definition of the angular velocity can be used to determine the time Δt using the angular acceleration
at 1.5 m/s 2
α= = = 1.5 × 10−2 s −2 .
r 100 m
ω = ω i + αΔt
ω − ωi 0.122 s −1 − 0 s −1
⇒ Δt = = = 8.2 s
α 0.015 s −2
8.20. Model: The train is a particle undergoing nonuniform circular motion.

Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law in the vertical direction is

( Fnet ) y = n − FG = 0
from which n = mg . The rolling friction is f R = μ R n = μ R mg . This force provides the tangential acceleration
fR
at = − = − μR g
m
The angular acceleration is
at − μ R g −(0.10)(9.8 m/s 2 )
α= = = = −1.96 rad/s 2
r r 0.50 m
The magnitude is 2.0 rad/s 2 .
⎛ rev ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞⎛ 2π rad ⎞
(b) The initial angular velocity is 30 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.14 rad/s. The time to come to a stop due to the
⎝ min ⎠⎝ 60 sec ⎠⎝ rev ⎠
rolling friction is
ω − ωi 0 − 3.14 rad/s
Δt = f = = 1.6 s
α −1.96 rad/s 2
Assess: The original angular speed of π rad/s means the train goes around the track one time every 2 seconds, so a
stopping time of less than 2 s is reasonable.
Problems
8.21. Model: The object is treated as a particle in the model of kinetic friction with its motion governed by
constant-acceleration kinematics.
Visualize:
Solve: The velocity v1x as the object sails off the edge is related to the initial velocity v0 x by v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ).
Using Newton’s second law to determine a x while sliding gives
∑ Fx = − f k = ma x ⇒ ∑ Fy = n − mg = 0 N ⇒ n = mg
Using this result and the model of kinetic friction ( f k = μk n), the x-component equation can be written as
− μ k mg = ma x . This implies
a x = − μ k g = −(0.50)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = −4.9 m/s 2
Kinematic equations for the object’s free fall can be used to determine v1x :
g
y2 = y1 + v1 y (t2 − t1) + 12 ( − g )(t2 − t1 )2 ⇒ 0 m = 1.0 m + 0 m −(t2 − t1) 2 ⇒ (t2 − t1 ) = 0.4518 s
2
x2 = x1 + v1x (t2 − t1 ) = 2.30 m = 2.0 m + v1x (0.4518 s) ⇒ v1x = 0.664 m/s
Having determined v1x and a x , we can go back to the velocity equation v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ):
(0.664 m/s)2 = v02x + 2( −4.9 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) ⇒ v0 x = 4.5 m/s
Assess: v0 x = 4.5 m/s is about 10 mph and is a reasonable speed.
8-14 Chapter 8
8.22. Model: Treat the motorcycle and rider as a particle.

Visualize: This is a two-part problem. Use an s-axis parallel to the slope for the first part, regular xy-coordinates for
the second. The motorcycle’s final velocity at the top of the ramp is its initial velocity as it becomes airborne.
Solve: The motorcycle’s acceleration on the ramp is given by Newton’s second law:
(Fnet ) s = − f r − mgsin20° = − μ r n − mgsin20° = − μ r mgcos20° − mgsin20° = ma0
a0 = − g (μ r cos20° + sin20°) = −(9.8 m/s 2 )((0.02)cos20° + sin20°) = −3.536 m/s 2
The length of the ramp is s1 = (2.0 m)/sin 20° = 5.85 m. We can use kinematics to find its speed at the top of the
ramp:
v12 = v02 + 2a0 (s1 − s0 ) = v02 + 2a0 s1
⇒ v1 = (11.0 m/s) 2 + 2( − 3.536 m/s 2 )(5.85 m) = 8.92 m/s

This is the motorcycle’s initial speed into the air, with velocity components v1x = v1cos20° = 8.38 m/s and
v1y = v1sin20° = 3.05 m/s. We can use the y-equation of projectile motion to find the time in the air:
y2 = 0 m = y1 + v1 yt2 + 12 a1 yt22 = 2.0 m + (3.05 m/s)t2 − (4.90 m/s 2 )t22
This quadratic equation has roots t2 = −0.399 s (unphysical) and t2 = 1.021 s. The x-equation of motion is thus
x2 = x1 + v1xt2 = 0 m + (8.38 m/s)t2 = 8.56 m
8.56 m < 10.0 m, so it looks like crocodile food.
8.23. Model: Treat Sam as a particle.

Visualize: This is a two-part problem. Use an s-axis parallel to the slope for the first part, regular xy-coordinates for
the second. Sam’s final velocity at the top of the slope is his initial velocity as he becomes airborne.
Solve: Sam’s acceleration up the slope is given by Newton’s second law:

( Fnet ) s = F − mg sin10° = ma0
F 200 N
a0 = − g sin10° = − (9.8 m/s 2 )sin10° = 0.965 m/s 2
m 75 kg
The length of the slope is s1 = (50 m)/ sin10° = 288 m. His velocity at the top of the slope is
v12 = v02 + 2a0 ( s1 − s0 ) = 2a0 s1 ⇒ v1 = 2(0.965 m/s 2 )(288 m) = 23.6 m/s

This is Sam’s initial speed into the air, giving him velocity components v1x = v1 cos10° = 23.2 m/s and
v1 y = v1 sin10° = 410 m/s. This is not projectile motion because Sam experiences both the force of gravity and the
thrust of his skis. Newton’s second law for Sam’s acceleration is
(F ) (200 N)cos10°
a1x = net x = = 2.63 m/s 2
m 75 kg
( Fnet ) y (200 N)sin10° − (75 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
a1 y = = = −9.34 m/s 2
m 75 kg
The y-equation of motion allows us to find out how long it takes Sam to reach the ground:
y2 = 0 m = y1 + v1 yt2 + 12 a1 yt22 = 50 m + (4.10 m/s)t2 − (4.67 m/s 2 )t22
This quadratic equation has roots t2 = −2.86 s (unphysical) and t2 = 3.74 s. The x-equation of motion—this time
with an acceleration—is
x2 = x1 + v1xt2 + 12 a1xt22 = 0 m + (23.2 m/s)t2 − 12 (2.63 m/s 2 )t22 = 105 m
Sam lands 105 m from the base of the cliff.
8.24. Visualize:
8-16 Chapter 8
G ⎛1 ⎞
Solve: From Chapter 6 the drag on a projectile is D = ⎜ Av 2 , direction opposite to motion ⎟ , where A is the cross-
⎝ 4 ⎠
sectional area. Using the free-body diagram above, apply Newton’s second law to each direction.
In the x-direction,
1 Av 2 cosθ
( Fnet ) x D cosθ
ax = =2 =2 4
m n m
1 Av 2 sin θ
( Fnet ) y D sin θ − FG
ay = =2 =2 4 −g
m m m
Since v = vx2 + v 2y , vx = v cosθ , and v y = v sin θ , we can rewrite these as
A(v cosθ )v Avx vx2 + v 2y

ax = 2 =2
4m 4m
A(v sin θ )v Av y vx2 + v 2y
ay = 2 − g = −g −
4m 4m
8.25. Model: Use the particle model and the constant-acceleration equations of kinematics for the rocket.
G G
Solve: (a) The acceleration of the rocket in the launch direction is obtained from Newton’s second law F = ma:
140,700 N = (5000 kg) a ⇒ a = 28.14 m/s 2
Therefore, a x = a cos 44.7° = 20.0 m/s 2 and a y = a sin 44.7° = 19.8 m/s 2 . The net acceleration in the y-direction is thus
(anet ) y = a y − g = (19.8 − 9.8) m/s 2 = 10.0 m/s 2
With this acceleration, we can write the equations for the x- and y-motions of the rocket.
y = y0 + v0 y (t − t0 ) + 12 (anet ) y (t − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2 = (5.00 m/s 2 )t 2
x = x0 + v0 x (t − t0 ) + 12 ( anet ) x (t − t0 )2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (20.0 m/s 2 )t 2 = (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2

From these two equations,
x (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2
= =2
y (5.00 m/s 2 )t 2
The equation that describes the rocket’s trajectory is y = 12 x.
(b) It is a straight line with a slope of 1.
2
(c) In general,
v y = v0y + (anet ) y (t1 − t0 ) = 0 + (10.0 m/s 2 )t1
vx = v0x + (anet ) x (t1 − t0 ) = 0 + (20.0 m/s 2 )t1
v = (10.0 m/s 2 ) 2 t12 + (20.0 m/s 2 ) 2 t12 = (22.36 m/s 2 )t1
The time required to reach the speed of sound is calculated as follows:
330 m/s = (22.36 m/s 2 )t1 ⇒ t1 = 14.76 s
We can now obtain the elevation of the rocket. From the y-equation,
y = (5.00 m/s 2 )t12 = (5.00 m/s 2 )(14.76 s)2 = 1090 m
8.26. Model: The hockey puck will be treated as a particle whose motion is determined by constant-acceleration
kinematic equations. We break this problem in two parts, the first pertaining to motion on the table and the second to
free fall.
Visualize:
Solve: Newton’s second law is:

Fx 2.0 N
Fx = ma x ⇒ a x = = = 2.0 m/s 2
m 1.0 kg
The kinematic equation v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ) yields:
v12x = 0 m 2 /s 2 + 2(2.0 m/s 2 )(4.0 m) ⇒ v1x = 4.0 m/s
Let us now find the time of free fall (t2 − t1):
y2 = y1 + v1 y (t2 − t1) + 12 a1 y (t2 − t1 )2
⇒ 0 m = 2.0 m + 0 m + 12 (−9.8 m/s 2 )(t2 − t1 ) 2 ⇒ (t2 − t1 ) = 0.639 s
Having obtained v1x and (t2 − t1 ), we can now find ( x2 − x1 ) as follows:
x2 = x1 + v1x (t2 − t1 ) + 12 ax (t2 − t1 )2
⇒ x2 − x1 = (4.0 m/s)(0.639 s) + 12 (2.0 m/s 2 )(0.639 s) 2 = 3.0 m
Assess: For a modest horizontal thrust of 2.0 N, a landing distance of 3.0 m is reasonable.
8.27. Model: The model rocket is treated as a particle and its motion is determined by constant-acceleration
kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: As the rocket is accidentally bumped v0 x = 0.5 m/s and v0 y = 0 m/s. On the other hand, when the engine is fired
Fx 20 N
Fx = ma x ⇒ a x = = = 40 m/s 2
m 0.500 kg
8-18 Chapter 8
(a) Using y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 )2 ,
0 m = 40 m + 0 m + 12 ( −9.8 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.857 s

The distance from the base of the wall is
x1 = x0 + v0 x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + (0.5 m/s)(2.857s) + 12 (40 m/s 2 )(2.857 s)2 = 165 m
(b) The x- and y-equations are
y = y0 + v0 y (t − t0 ) + 12 a y (t − t0 ) 2 = 40 − 4.9t 2
x = x0 + v0 x (t − t0 ) + 12 a x (t − t0 ) 2 = 0.5t + 20t 2
Except for a brief interval near t = 0, 20t 2 0.5t . Thus x ≈ 20t 2 , or t 2 = x/20. Substituting this into the y-equation gives
y = 40 − 0.245 x
This is the equation of a straight line, so the rocket follows a linear trajectory to the ground.
8.28. Model: Model the plane as a particle with constant ax and constant a y .
Visualize: The plane is taking off toward the northwest as we can see by plotting the x - y data.
G
But we analyze the data in each direction separately and then apply a = a = a x2 + a 2y .
Solve: In each direction we apply the kinematic equation s (t ) = s0 + (v0 ) s t + 12 ast 2 . With v0 = 0 we can graph s vs.
t 2 and expect to get a straight line whose slope is 1a
2 s
and whose intercept is s0 .
From the x vs. t 2 graph we see that 1a

2 x
= −2.90 m/s 2 ⇒ ax = −5.8 m/s 2 .
From the y vs. t 2 graph we see that 1a
2 y
= 4.00 m/s 2 ⇒ a y = 8.0 m/s 2 .
G
a = a = ax2 + a 2y = (−5.8 m/s 2 ) 2 + (8.0 m/s 2 ) 2 = 9.9 m/s 2
Assess: The intercepts of the best-fit lines are close to what the data table has.
8.29. Model: Assume the particle model for the satellite in circular motion.
Visualize:
To be in a geosynchronous orbit means rotating at the same rate as the earth, which is 24 hours for one complete rotation.
Because the altitude of the satellite is 3.58 × 107 m, r = 3.58 × 107 m, re = 3.58 × 107 m + 6.37 × 106 m = 4.22 × 107 m.
Solve: (a) The period (T) of the satellite is 24.0 hours.
(b) The acceleration due to gravity is
2 2
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π 1 hr ⎞
g = ar = rω 2 = r ⎜ 7
⎟ = (4.22 × 10 m) ⎜ × ⎟ = 0.223 m/s
2
⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ 24.0 hr 3600 s ⎠
(c) There is no normal force on a satellite, so the weight is zero. It is in free fall.
8.30. Model: Treat the man as a particle. The man at the equator undergoes uniform circular motion as the earth
rotates.
Visualize:
Solve: The scale reads the man’s weight FG = n, the force of the scale pushing up against his feet. At the north pole,
where the man is in static equilibrium,
nP = FG = mg = 735 N
At the equator, there must be a net force toward the center of the earth to keep the man moving in a circle. The r-axis
points toward the center, so
∑ Fr = FG − nE = mω 2r ⇒ nE = mg − mω 2r = nP − mω 2r
The equator scale reads less than the north pole scale by the amount mω 2r . The man’s angular velocity is that of the
equator, or
2π 2π rad
ω= = = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
T 24 hours × (3600 s/1 h)
8-20 Chapter 8
Thus the north pole scale reads more than the equator scale by
Δw = (75 kg)(7.27 × 10−5 rad/s) 2 (6.37 × 106 m) = 2.5 N
Assess: The man at the equator appears to have lost Δm = Δw/g ≈ 0.25 kg, or the equivalent of ≈ 12 lb.
8.31. Model: Model the ball as a particle which is in a vertical circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

mv 2 (0.500 kg)v 2
∑ Fr = T − FG = ⇒ (15 N) − (0.500 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = ⇒ v = 5.5 m/s
r (1.5 m)
8.32. Model: We will use the particle model for the car, which is undergoing uniform circular motion on a banked
highway, and the model of static friction.
Visualize:
Note that we need to use the coefficient of static friction μs , which is 1.0 for rubber on concrete.
Solve: Newton’s second law for the car is
mv 2
∑ Fr = fs cosθ + n sin θ =∑ Fz = n cosθ − fs sin θ − FG = 0 N
r
Maximum speed is when the static friction force reaches its maximum value ( fs ) max = μs n. Then
mv 2
n( μs cos15° + sin15°) = n(cos15° − μs sin15°) = mg
r
Dividing these two equations and simplifying, we get

μs + tan15° v 2 μ + tan15°
= ⇒ v = gr s
1 − μs tan15° gr 1 − μs tan15°
(1.0 + 0.268)
= (9.80 m/s 2 )(70 m) = 34 m/s
(1 − 0.268)
Assess: The above value of 34 m/s ≈ 70 mph is reasonable.
8.33. Model: Use the particle model for the rock, which is undergoing uniform circular motion.
Visualize: L is the hypotenuse of the right triangle. The radius of the circular motion is r = Lcosθ .
Solve:
(a) Apply Newton’s second law in the z - and r -directions.
mg
∑ Fz = T sinθ − mg = 0 ⇒ T =
sinθ
∑ Fr = T cosθ = mω 2 r = mω 2 ( L cosθ ) ⇒ T = mω 2 L
Set the two expressions for T equal to each other and solve for ω.
mg g
= mω 2 L ⇒ ω =
sinθ L sinθ
(b) Insert L = 1.0 m and θ = 10°.
g 9.8 m/s 2 ⎛ 1 rev ⎞⎛ 60 s ⎞
ω= = = 7.51 rad/s ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 72 rpm
L sinθ (1.0 m)sin10° ⎝ 2π rad ⎠⎝ 1 min ⎠
Assess: Notice that the mass canceled out of the equation so the 500 g was unnecessary information. In other words,
the answer, 72 rpm, would be the same regardless of the mass.
The dependencies of ω on g, L, and θ seem to be in the right directions.
8.34. Model: Use the particle model and static friction model for the coin, which is undergoing circular motion.
Visualize:
8-22 Chapter 8
Solve: The force of static friction is fs = μs n = μs mg . This force is equivalent to the maximum centripetal force that
can be applied without sliding. That is,
vt 2 2 μs g (0.80)(9.8 m/s 2 )
μs mg = m = m(rωmax ) ⇒ ωmax = = = 7.23 rad/s
r r 0.15 m
rad 1 rev 60 s
= 7.23 × × = 69 rpm
s 2π rad 1 min
So, the coin will stay still on the turntable.
Assess: A rotational speed of approximately 1 rev per second for the coin to stay stationary seems reasonable.
8.35. Model: Use the particle model for the car, which is in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: Newton’s second law is

mv 2
∑ Fr = T sin 20° = mar = ∑ Fz = T cos 20° − FG = 0 N
r
These equations can be written as
mv 2
T sin 20° = T cos 20° = mg
r
Dividing these two equations gives
tan 20° = v 2 /rg ⇒ v = rg tan 20° = (4.55 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) tan 20° = 4.03 m/s ≈ 4 m/s
8.36. Use the particle model for the ball, which is undergoing uniform circular motion.
Visualize: We are given L, r, and m, so our answers must be in terms of those variables. L is the hypotenuse of the
right triangle. The ball moves in a horizontal circle of radius r = L cosθ . The acceleration and net force point toward
the center of the circle, not along the string.
Solve:
(a) Apply Newton’s second law in the z -direction.
mg
∑ Fz = T cosθ − mg = 0 ⇒ T =
cosθ
From the right triangle cosθ = L2 − r 2 /L.
mg mgL
T= =
cosθ L2 − r 2
(b) Apply Newton’s second law in the r -direction.
∑ Fr = T sinθ = mω 2r = mω 2 ( L sinθ ) ⇒ T = mω 2 L.
Set the two expressions for T equal to each other, cancel m and one L, and solve for ω.
mgL g
= mω 2 L ⇒ ω =
L2 − r 2 L2 − r 2
(c) Insert L = 1.0 m, r = 0.20 m and m = 0.50 kg.
mgL (0.50 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )(1.0 m)
T= = = 5.0 N
L2 − r 2 (1.0 m) 2 − (0.20 m) 2
g 9.8 m/s 2 ⎛ 1 rev ⎞⎛ 60 s ⎞

ω= = = 3.163 rad/s ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 30 rpm
2
L −r 2 2
(1.0 m) − (0.20 m) 2 ⎝ 2π rad ⎠⎝ 1 min ⎠
Assess: Notice that the mass canceled out of the equation for ω , but not for T, so the 500 g was necessary information.
8.37. Model: Assume the particle model for a sphere in circular motion at constant speed.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the r and z axes is:
mv 2
∑ Fr = T1 sin 30° + T2 sin 60° = t ∑ Fz = T1 cos30° + T2 cos 60° − FG = 0 N
r
Since we want T1 = T2 = T , these two equations become
mvt2
T (sin 30° + sin 60°) = T (cos30° + cos60°) = mg
r
8-24 Chapter 8
Since sin 30° + sin 60° = cos30° + cos 60°,

mvt2
mg = ⇒ vt = rg
r
The triangle with sides L1, L2 , and 1.0 m is isosceles, so L2 = 1.0 m and r = L2 cos30°. Thus
L2 cos 30° g = (1.0 m)cos 30° g = (0.866 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.9 m/s
(b) The tension is
mg (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
T= = = 14.3 N ≈ 14 N
cos30° + cos60° 0.866 + 0.5
8.38. Model: Consider the passenger to be a particle and use the model of static friction.
Visualize:
Solve: The passengers stick to the wall if the static friction force is sufficient to support the gravitational force on
them: fs = FG . The minimum angular velocity occurs when static friction reaches its maximum possible value
( fs ) max = μs n. Although clothing has a range of coefficients of friction, it is the clothing with the smallest coefficient
( μs = 0.60) that will slip first, so this is the case we need to examine. Assuming that the person is stuck to the wall,
Newton’s second law is
∑ Fr = n = mω 2r ∑ Fz = fs − w = 0 ⇒ fs = mg
The minimum frequency occurs when
2
fs = ( fs ) max = μs n = μs mrωmin
Using this expression for fs in the z-equation gives
2
fs = μs mrωmin = mg
g 9.80 m/s 2 1 rev 60 s
⇒ ωmin = = = 2.56 rad/s = 2.56 rad/s × × = 24 rpm
μs r 0.60(2.5 m) 2π rad 1 min
Assess: Note the velocity does not depend on the mass of the individual. Therefore, the minimum mass sign is not
necessary.
8.39. Model: Use the particle model for the marble in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: The marble will roll in a horizontal circle if the static friction force is sufficient to support the gravitational on
it: fs = FG . If mg > ( fs ) max then static friction is not sufficient and the marble will slip down the side as it rolls
around the circumference. The r-equation of Newton’s second law is
2
⎛ 2π rad 1 min ⎞
∑ Fr = n = mrω 2 = (0.010 kg)(0.060 m) ⎜150 rpm × × ⎟ = 0.148 N
⎝ 1 rev 60 s ⎠
Thus the maximum possible static friction is ( fs ) max = μs n = (0.80)(0.148 N) = 0.118 N. The friction force needed to
support a 10 g marble is fs = mg = 0.098 N. We see that fs < ( fs ) max , therefore friction is sufficient and the marble
spins in a horizontal circle.
Assess: In reality, rolling friction will cause the marble to gradually slow down until ( fs ) max < mg . At that point, it
will begin to slip down the inside wall.
8.40. Model: Assume uniform circular motion.

Visualize: We expect the centripetal acceleration to be very large because ω is large. This will produce a significant
force even though the mass difference of 10 mg is so small.
A preliminary calculation will convert the mass difference to kg: 10 mg = 1.0 × 10−5 kg. If the two samples are
equally balanced then the shaft doesn’t feel a net force in the horizontal plane. However, the mass difference of
10 mg is what causes the force.
We’ll do another preliminary calculation to convert ω = 70,000 rpm into rad/s.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω = 70,000 rpm = 70,000 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 7330 rad/s
min ⎝ 1 rev ⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The centripetal acceleration is given by Equation 6.9 and the net force by Newton’s second law.
Fnet = (Δm)(a ) = ( Δm)(ω 2 r ) = (1.0 × 10−5 kg)(7330 rad/s) 2 (0.12 m) = 64 N
Assess: As we expected, the centripetal acceleration is large. The force is not huge (because of the small mass
difference) but still enough to worry about. The net force scales with this mass difference, so if the mistake were
bigger it could be enough to shear off the shaft.
8.41. Model: Use the particle model for the car and the model of kinetic friction.
Visualize:
8-26 Chapter 8
Solve: We will apply Newton’s second law to all three cars.

Car A:
∑ Fx = nx + ( f k ) x + ( FG ) x = 0 N − f k + 0 N = ma x
∑ Fy = n y + ( f k ) y + y y = n + 0 N − mg = 0 N
The y-component equation means n = mg . Since f k = μ k n, we have f k = μ k mg . From the x-component equation,
− f k − μ k mg
ax =
= = − μ k g = −9.8 m/s 2
m m
Car B: Car B is in circular motion with the center of the circle above the car.
mv 2
∑ Fr = nr + ( f k ) r + ( FG )r = n + 0 N − mg = mar =
r
∑ Ft = nt + ( f k )t + ( FG )t = 0 N − f k + 0 N = + mat
From the r-equation
mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
n = mg + ⇒ f k = μk n = μk m ⎜ g + ⎟
r ⎜ r ⎟⎠
⎝
Substituting back into the t-equation,
fk μ m⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (25 m/s) 2 ⎞
at = − = − k ⎜ g + ⎟ = − μ k ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 + ⎟⎟ = −12.9 m/s
2
m m ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 200 m ⎠
Car C: Car C is in circular motion with the center of the circle below the car.
mv 2
∑ Fr = nr + ( f k ) r + ( FG )r = − n + 0 N + mg = mar =
r
∑ Ft = nt + ( f k )t + ( FG )t = 0 N − f k + 0 N = mat
2
From the r-equation n = m( g − v /r ). Substituting this into the t-equation yields
− f k − μk n
at = = = − μ k ( g − v 2 /r ) = −6.7 m/s 2
m m
8.42. Model: Model the ball as a particle that is moving in a vertical circle.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The ball’s gravitational force FG = mg = (0.500 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 4.9 N.
(b) Newton’s second law at the top is
v2
∑ Fr = T1 + FG = mar = m
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎡ ( 4.0 m/s )2 ⎤
⇒ T1 = m ⎜ − g ⎟ = (0.500 kg) ⎢ − 9.8 m/s 2 ⎥ = 2.9 N
⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎣ 1.02 m ⎥⎦
⎝ r ⎠
(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

mv 2
∑ Fr = T2 − FG =
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎡ (7.5 m/s)2 ⎤
⇒ T2 = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = (0.500 kg) ⎢9.8 m/s 2 + ⎥ = 32 N
⎜ r ⎠⎟ 1.02 m ⎦⎥
⎝ ⎣⎢
8.43. Model: Model a passenger as a particle rotating in a vertical circle.

Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law at the top is

mv 2 mv 2
∑ Fr = nT + FG = mar = ⇒ nT + mg =
r r
The speed is
2π r 2π (8.0 m)
v= = = 11.17 m/s
T 4.5 s
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎡ (11.17 m/s) 2 ⎤
⇒ nT = m ⎜ − g ⎟ = (55 kg) ⎢ − 9.8 m/s2 ⎥ = 319 N
⎜ r ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎢ 8.0 m ⎦⎥
That is, the ring pushes on the passenger with a force of 3.2 × 102 N at the top of the ride. Newton’s second law at
the bottom:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑ Fr = nB − FG = mar = ⇒ nB = + mg = m ⎜ + g ⎟
r r ⎜ r ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ (11.17 m/s) 2 ⎤
= (55 kg) ⎢ + 9.8 m/s 2 ⎥ = 1397 N
⎣⎢ 8.0 m ⎦⎥
Thus the force with which the ring pushes on the rider when she is at the bottom of the ring is 1.4 kN.
(b) To just stay on at the top, nT = 0 N in the r-equation at the top in part (a). Thus,
2
mv 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ r 8.0 m
mg = = mrω 2 = mr ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ Tmax = 2π = 2π = 5.7 s
r T
⎝ max ⎠ g 9. 8 m/s 2
8.44. Model: Model the chair and the rider as a particle in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
8-28 Chapter 8
Solve: Newton’s second law along the r-axis is

∑ Fr = Tr + ( FG ) r = mar ⇒ T sin θ + 0 N = mrω 2
Since r = L sin θ , this equation becomes
2
⎡ 2π rad ⎤
T = mLω 2 = (150 kg)(9.0 m) ⎢ ⎥ = 3330 N
⎣ 4.0 s ⎦
Thus, the 3000 N chain is not strong enough for the ride.
8.45. Model: Model the ball as a particle in motion in a vertical circle.

Visualize:
G
Solve: (a) If the ball moves in a complete circle, then there is a tension force T when the ball is at the top of the
circle. The tension force adds to the gravitational force to cause the centripetal acceleration. The forces are along the
r-axis, and the center of the circle is below the ball. Newton’s second law at the top is
mv 2
( Fnet )r = T + FG = T + mg =
L
LT
⇒ vtop = Lg +
m
The tension T can’t become negative, so T = 0 N gives the minimum speed vmin at which the ball moves in a circle.
If the speed is less than vmin , then the string will go slack and the ball will fall out of the circle before it reaches the
top. Thus,
v Lg g
vmin = Lg ⇒ ωmin = min = =
L L L
(b) Insert L = 1.0 m.

g (9.8 m/s 2 )
ωmin = = = 3.13 rad/s = 30 rpm
r (1.0 m)
Assess: Notice that the mass doesn’t appear in the answer, so ωmin is independent of the mass.
8.46. Model: The ball is a particle on a massless rope in circular motion about the point where the rope is attached
to the ceiling.
Visualize:
Solve: Newton’s second law in the radial direction is

mv 2
(∑ Fr ) = T − FG = T − mg =
r
Solving for the tension in the rope and evaluating,
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ ( 5.5 m/s )2 ⎞⎟ = 168 N
T = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = (10.2 kg) ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 +
⎜ r ⎟⎠ ⎜ 4.5 m ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
Assess: The tension in the rope is greater than the gravitational force on the ball in order to keep the ball moving
in a circle.
8.47. Model: Model the ball as a particle in uniform circular motion. Rolling friction is ignored.
Visualize:
Solve: The track exerts both an upward normal force and an inward normal force. From Newton’s second law,
n1 = mg = (0.030 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.294 N, up
2
⎡ 60 rev 2π rad 1 min ⎤
n2 = mrω 2 = (0.030 kg)(0.20 m) ⎢ × × = 0.2369 N, in
⎣ min 1 rev 60 s ⎥⎦
Fnet = n12 + n22 = (0.294 N)2 + (0.2369 N) 2 = 0.38 N
8.48. Model: Masses m1 and m2 are considered particles. The string is assumed to be massless.
Visualize:
8-30 Chapter 8
Solve: The tension in the string causes the centripetal acceleration of the circular motion. If the hole is smooth, it
G G
acts like a pulley. Thus tension forces T1 and T2 act as if they were an action/reaction pair. Mass m1 is in circular
motion of radius r, so Newton’s second law for m1 is
m1v 2
∑ Fr = T1 =
r
Mass m2 is at rest, so the y-equation of Newton’s second law is
∑ Fy = T2 − m2 g = 0 N ⇒ T2 = m2 g
Newton’s third law tells us that T1 = T2 . Equating the two expressions for these quantities:
m1v 2 m2 rg
= m2 g ⇒ v =
r m1
8.49. Model: Model yourself as a particle in circular motion atop a leg of length L.
Visualize: Set up the coordinate system so that the r -direction is down, toward the center of the circle.
Solve:
(a) Apply Newton’s second law in the downward vertical direction, which is the + r -direction.
mv 2
∑ Fr = mg − n =
L
Notice that n < mg. Your body tries to “lift off” as it pivots over your foot, decreasing the normal force exerted on
you by the ground. The normal force becomes smaller as you walk faster, but n cannot be less than zero. Thus the
maximum possible walking speed vmax occurs when n = 0. Setting n = 0,
2
mvmax
mg = ⇒ vmax = gL
L
(b) Insert L = 0.70 m.
vmax = gL = (9.8 m/s 2 )(0.70 m) = 2.6 m/s = 5.9 mph

Assess: The answer of 5.9 mph is faster than the “normal” walking speed of 3 mph, but we expect vmax to be greater
than the normal speed. This seems reasonable. The units check out.
The maximum walking speed depends on L, so taller people can walk faster than shorter people.
8.50. Model: Model the ball as a particle swinging in a vertical circle, then as a projectile.
Visualize:
Solve: Initially, the ball is moving in a circle. Once the string is cut, it becomes a projectile. The final circular-
motion velocity is the initial velocity for the projectile. The free-body diagram for circular motion is shown at the
bottom of the circle. Since T > FG , there is a net force toward the center of the circle that causes the centripetal
acceleration. The r-equation of Newton’s second law is
mv 2
( Fnet )r = T − FG = T − mg =
r
r 0.60 m
⇒ vbottom = (T − mg ) = [5.0 N − (0.10 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )] = 4.91 m/s
m 0.100 kg
G
As a projectile the ball starts at y0 = 1.4 m with v0 = 4.91iˆ m/s. The equation for the y-motion is
y1 = 0 m = y0 + v0 y Δt − 12 g ( Δt ) 2 = y0 − 12 gt12
This is easily solved to find that the ball hits the ground at time
2 y0
t1 = = 0.535 s
g
During this time interval it travels a horizontal distance
x1 = x0 + v0 xt1 = (4.91 m/s)(0.535 s) = 2.63 m
So the ball hits the floor 2.6 m to the right of the point where the string was cut.
8-32 Chapter 8
8.51. Model: Use the particle model for a ball in motion in a vertical circle and then as a projectile.
Visualize:
Solve: For the circular motion, Newton’s second law along the r-direction is
mv 2
∑ Fr = T + FG = t
r
Since the string goes slack as the particle makes it over the top, T = 0 N. That is,
mvt2
FG = mg = ⇒ vt = gr = (9.8 m/s 2 )(0.5 m) = 2.21 m/s
r
The ball begins projectile motion as the string is released. The time it takes for the ball to hit the floor can be found as follows:
y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 ) 2 ⇒ 0 m = 2.0 m + 0 m + 12 ( −9.8 m/s 2 )(t1 − 0 s) 2 ⇒ t1 = 0.639 s
The place where the ball hits the ground is
x1 = x0 + v0 x (t1 − t0 ) = 0 m + (+2.21 m/s)(0.639 s − 0 s) = + 1.41 m
The ball hits the ground 1.4 m to the right of the point beneath the center of the circle.
8.52. Model: Model yourself as a particle in circular motion.
Visualize: Apply Newton’s second law for circular motion in the vertical direction. The upward normal force is the
scale reading. We are given mg = 588 N. This means m = 60 kg. We seek r.
Solve:
mv 2
∑ F = n − mg =
r
We can easily get the spreadsheet to subtract mg = 588 N from each of the scale readings on the left side of the
equation. Then if we graph n − mg vs. v 2 we should get a straight line whose slope is m/r.
We see from the spreadsheet that the fit is very good and that the slope is m/r = 0.3999 kg/m.
With m = 60 kg,
m 60 kg
= 0.3999 kg/m ⇒ r = = 150 m
r 0.3999 kg/m
Assess: This radius of curvature does not seem extreme.
8.53. Model: Model the ball as a particle undergoing circular motion in a vertical circle.
Visualize:
Solve: Initially, the ball is moving in circular motion. Once the string breaks, it becomes a projectile. The final
circular-motion velocity is the initial velocity for the projectile, which we can find by using the kinematic equation
v12 = v02 + 2a y ( y1 − y0 ) ⇒ 0 m 2 /s 2 = (v0 ) 2 + 2( −9.8 m/s 2 )(4.0 m − 0 m) ⇒ v0 = 8.85 m/s
This is the speed of the ball as the string broke. The tension in the string at that instant can be found by using the
r-component of the net force on the ball:
⎛ v02 y ⎞ (8.85 m/s) 2
∑ Fr = T = m ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ T = (0.100 kg) = 13 N
⎜ r ⎟ 0.60 m
⎝ ⎠
8.54. Model: Model the car as a particle on a circular track.

Visualize:
8-34 Chapter 8
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the t-axis is

∑ Ft = Ft = mat ⇒ 1000 N = (1500 kg)at ⇒ at = 2/3 m/s 2
With this tangential acceleration, the car’s tangential velocity after 10 s will be
v1t = v0t + at (t1 − t0 ) = 0 m/s + (2/3 m/s 2 )(10 s − 0 s) = 20/3 m/s
The radial acceleration at this instant is
v12t (20/3 m/s) 2 16
ar = = = m/s 2
r 25 m 9
The car’s acceleration at 10 s has magnitude
at ⎛ 2/3 ⎞
a1 = at2 + ar2 = (2/3 m/s 2 ) 2 + (16/9 m/s 2 ) 2 = 1.90 m/s 2 θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 21°
ar ⎝ 16/9 ⎠
where the angle is measured from the r-axis.
(b) The car will begin to slide out of the circle when the static friction reaches its maximum possible value
( fs ) max = μs n. That is,
mv22t
⇒ v2t = rg = (25 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 15.7 m/s
∑ Fr = ( fs ) max = μs n = μs mg =
r
In the above equation, n = mg follows from Newton’s second law along the z-axis. The time when the car begins to
slide can now be obtained as follows:
v2t = v0t + at (t2 − t0 ) ⇒ 15.7 m/s = 0 m/s + (2/3 m/s 2 )(t2 − 0) ⇒ t2 = 24 s
8.55. Model: Model the steel block as a particle and use the model of kinetic friction.
Visualize:
G
Solve: (a) The components of thrust ( F ) along the r-, t-, and z-directions are
Fr = Fsin20° = (3.5 N)sin20° = 1.20 N Ft = Fcos20° = (3.5 N)cos20° = 3.29 N Fz = 0 N
Newton’s second law is
( Fnet ) r = T + Fr = mrω 2 ( Fnet )t = Ft − f k = mat
( Fnet ) z = n − mg = 0 N
The z-component equation means n = mg . The force of friction is
f k = μ k n = μ k mg = (0.60)(0.500 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.94 N
Substituting into the t-component of Newton’s second law
(3.29 N) − (2.94 N) = (0.500 kg)at ⇒ at = 0.70 m/s 2
Having found at , we can now find the tangential velocity after 10 revolutions = 20π rad as follows:
1⎛ a ⎞ 2rθ1
θ1 = ⎜ t ⎟ t12 ⇒ t1 = = 18.95 s
2⎝ r ⎠ at
⎛ at ⎞
ω1 = ω0 + ⎜
⎟ t1 = 6.63 rad/s
⎝ r ⎠
The block’s angular velocity after 10 rev is 6.6 rad/s.
(b) Substituting ω1 into the r-component of Newton’s second law yields:
T1 + Fr = mrω12 ⇒ T1 + (1.20 N) = (0.500 kg)(2.0 m)(6.63 rad/s)2 ⇒ T1 = 44 N
8.56. Model: Assume the particle model for a ball in vertical circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law in the r- and t-directions is

mv 2
( Fnet )r = T + mg cosθ = mar = t ( Fnet )t = −mg sin θ = mat
r
Substituting into the r-component,
vt2
(20 N) + (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )cos30° = (2.0 kg) ⇒ vt = 3.85 m/s
(0.80 m)
The tangential velocity is 3.8 m/s.
(b) Substituting into the t-component,
−(9.8 m/s 2 )sin 30° = at ⇒ at = −4.9 m/s 2
The radial acceleration is
vt2 (3.85 m/s)2
ar = = = 18.5 m/s 2
r 0.80 m
Thus, the magnitude of the acceleration is
a = ar2 + at2 = (18.5 m/s 2 ) 2 + (−4.9 m/s 2 )2 = 19.1 m/s 2 ≈ 19 m/s 2
The angle of the acceleration vector from the r-axis is
a 4.9
o = tan21 t = tan21 = 14.8° ≈ 15°
ar 18.5
The angle is below the r-axis.
8.57. Solve: (a) You are spinning a lead fishing weight in a horizontal 1.0 m diameter circle on the ice of a pond
when the string breaks. You know that the test weight (breaking force) of the line is 60 N and that the lead weight has
a mass of 0.30 kg. What was the weight’s angular velocity in rad/s and in rpm?
60 N rev 60 s
(b) ω2 = ⇒ ω = 20 rad/s × × = 191 rpm
(0.3 kg)(0.5 m) 2π rad min
8-36 Chapter 8
8.58. Solve: (a) At what speed does a 1500 kg car going over a hill with a radius of 200 m have a weight of 11,760 N?
(b) The weight is the normal force.
1500 kg v 2
2940 N = ⇒ v = 19.8 m/s
200 m
8.59. Model: Assume the particle model and apply the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for the projectile is

G −F
( )
Fnet = − Fwind = ma x ⇒ a x =
x m
where Fwind is shortened to F. For the y-motion:
2v0 sin θ
y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 ) 2 ⇒ 0 m = 0 m + (v0 sin θ )t1 − 12 gt12 ⇒ t1 = 0 s and t1 =
g
Using the above expression for t1 and defining the range as R we get from the x motion:
x1 = x0 + v0 x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2
2
⎛ F⎞ ⎛ 2v sin θ ⎞ F ⎛ 2v0 sin θ ⎞
⇒ x1 − x0 = R = v0 xt1 + 12 ⎜ − ⎟ t12 = (v0 cosθ ) ⎜ 0 ⎟− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ 2m ⎝ g ⎠
2v02 2v 2 F
cosθ sin θ − 0 2 sin 2 θ
=
g mg
We will now maximize R as a function of θ by setting the derivative equal to 0:
dR 2v02 2 Fv02
= (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) − 2sin θ cosθ = 0
dθ g mg 2
⎛ 2 Fv02 ⎞⎛ g ⎞ mg
⇒ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = cos 2θ = ⎜ sin 2θ ⇒ tan 2θ =
⎜ mg 2 ⎟⎜⎟⎜ 2v 2 ⎟⎟ F
⎝ ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠
Thus the angle for maximum range is θ = 12 tan −1 (mg/F ).
(b) We have
mg (0.50 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
= = 8.167 ⇒ θ = 12 tan −1 (8.167) = 41.51°
F 0.60 N
The maximum range without air resistance is
2v 2 sin 45° cos 45° v02
R′ = 0 =
g g
Therefore, we can write the equation for the range R as
2F
R = 2 R′ sin 41.51° cos 41.51° − R′ sin 2 41.51° = R′(0.9926 − 0.1076) = 0.885 R′
mg
R R′ − R
⇒ = 0.8850 ⇒ = 1 − 0.8850 = 0.115
R′ R′
Thus R is reduced from R′ by 11.5%.
Assess: The condition for maximum range (tan 2θ = mg/F ) means 2θ → 90° as F → 0. That is, θ = 45° when
F = 0, as is to be expected.
8.60. Model: Use the particle model for the (cart + child) system which is in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
Solve: Newton’s second law along r and z directions can be written:

∑ Fr = T cos 20° − n sin 20° = mar ∑ Fz = T sin 20° − n cos 20° − mg = 0
The cart’s centripetal acceleration is
2
⎛ rev 1 min 2π rad ⎞
ar = rω 2 = (2.0cos20° m) ⎜14 × × ⎟ = 4.04 m/s
2
⎝ min 60 s 1 rev ⎠
The above force equations can be rewritten as
0.94T − 0.342n = (25 kg)(4.04 m/s 2 ) = 101 N
0.342T + 0.94n = (25 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 245 N
Solving these two equations yields T = 179 N ≈ 180 N for the tension in the rope.
Assess: In view of the (child + cart) weight of 245 N, a tension of 179 N is reasonable.
8.61. Model: Use the particle model for the ball, which is in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:
8-38 Chapter 8
Solve: From Newton’s second law along r and z directions,

mv 2
∑ Fr = n cosθ = ∑ Fz = n sin θ − mg = 0 ⇒ n sin θ = mg
r
Dividing the two force equations gives
gr
tan θ = 2
v
From the geometry of the cone, tan θ = r/y. Thus
r gr
= ⇒ v = gy
y v2
8.62. Model: Model the block as a particle and use the model of kinetic friction.
Visualize:
Solve: The only radial force is tension, so we can use Newton’s second law to find the angular velocity ωmax at
which the tube breaks:
Tmax 50 N
∑ Fr = T = mω 2 r ⇒ ωmax = = = 9.12 rad/s
mr (0.50 kg)(1.2 m)
The compressed air and friction exert tangential forces, and the second law along the tangential direction is
∑ Ft = Ft − f k = Ft − μ k n = Ft − μk mg = mat
Ft 4.0 N
at = − μk g = − (0.60)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 2.12 m/s 2
m 0.50 kg
The time needed to accelerate to 9.12 rad/s is given by
⎛a ⎞ rω (1.2)(9.12 rad/s)
ω1 = ωmax = 0 + ⎜ t ⎟ t1 ⇒ t1 = max = = 5.16 s
⎝ r ⎠ at 2.12 m/s 2
During this interval, the block turns through angle
⎛a ⎞ ⎛ 2.12 m/s 2 ⎞ 1 rev
Δθ = θ1 − θ0 = ω0t1 + 12 ⎜ t ⎟ t12 = 0 + 12 ⎜ 2
⎟⎟ (5.16 s) = 23.52 rad × = 3.7 rev
⎝ r ⎠ ⎜ 2π rad
⎝ 1.2 m ⎠
8.63. Model: Use the particle model for a sphere revolving in a horizontal circle.
Visualize:
Solve: Newton’s second law in the r- and z-directions is

mv 2
∑( F ) r = T1 cos30° + T2 cos30° = t ∑( F ) z = T1 sin 30° − T2 sin 30° − FG = 0 N
r
Using r = (1.0 m)cos30° = 0.886 m, these equations become
mvt2 (0.300 kg)(7.5 m/s) 2
T1 + T2 = = = 22.5 N
r cos30° (0.866 m)(0.866)
mg (0.300 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
T1 − T2 = = = 5.88 N
sin 30° (0.5)
Solving for T1 and T2 yields T1 = 14.2 N ≈ 14 N and T2 = 8.3 N.
8.64. Model: Use the particle model for the ball.

Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the r- and z-directions is

∑ Fr = n cosθ = mrω 2 ∑ Fz = n sin θ − FG = 0 N
Using FG = mg and dividing these equations yields:
g R− y
tan θ = 2
=
rω r
g
where you can see from the figure that tan θ = ( R − y )/r. Thus ω = .
R− y
(b) ω will be minimum when ( R − y ) is maximum or when y = 0 m. Then ωmin = g/R .
(c) Substituting into the above expression,
g 9.8 m/s 2 rad 60 s 1 rev
ω= = = 9.9 × × = 95 rpm
R− y 0.20 m − 0.10 m s 1 min 2π rad
8.65. Model: Use the particle model for the airplane.

Visualize:
8-40 Chapter 8
G
Solve: In level flight, the lift force L balances the gravitational force. When turning, the plane banks so that the
radial component of the lift force can create a centripetal acceleration. Newton’s second law along the r- and
z-directions is
mvt2
∑ Fr = L sin θ = ∑ Fz = L cosθ − mg = 0 N
r
These can be written:
mv 2 mg
sin θ = cosθ =
rL L
Dividing the two equations gives:
2
⎡ miles 1 hr 1610 m ⎤
v2 v2 ⎢⎣ 400 hour × 3600 s × 1 mile ⎥⎦
tan θ = ⇒r= = = 18.5 km
gr g tan θ ⎡9.8 m/s 2 ⎤ tan10°
⎣ ⎦
The diameter of the airplane’s path around the airport is 2 × 18.5 km = 37 km.
8.66. Model: Use the particle model for a small volume of water on the surface.
Visualize:
Solve: Consider a particle of water of mass m at point C on the surface. Newton’s second law along the r- and
z-directions is
mrω 2
( Fnet )r = n cosθ = mrω 2 ⇒ cosθ =
n
mg
( Fnet ) z = n sin θ − mg = 0 N ⇒ sin θ =
n
Dividing both equations gives tanθ = g/rω 2 . For a parabola z = ar 2 . This means
dz 1 1
= 2ar = slope of the curve at C = tan φ = tan(90° − θ ) = ⇒ tan θ =
dr tan θ 2ar
Equating the two equations for tan θ , we get
1 g ω2
= 2 ⇒a=
2ar rω 2g
Thus the surface is described by the equation
ω2
z= r2
2g
which is the equation of a parabola.
8.67. Model: Model the block as a particle in circular motion.

Visualize: Apply Newton’s second law in the r- and t-directions. We seek v(t ) where v is the tangential speed.
Solve:
mv 2
∑ Fr = n = mar = ∑ Ft = − f k = mat
r
Use n = mv 2 /r in f k = μ k n .
mv 2
− f k = − μk n = − μk = mat
r
dv
Cancel m and use at = .
dt
μk dv
− v2 =
r dt
Separate variables and integrate.
μk t v dv
−
r Ñ0dt = Ñv 0 v2
v
μk ⎡ −1 ⎤
− [t ]t0 = ⎢ ⎥
r ⎣ v ⎦ v0
μk 1 1
− t= −
r v0 v
Solve for v which is a function of t .
−1
1 1 μk ⎛1 μ ⎞ rv0
= + t ⇒ v =⎜ + k t⎟ =
v v0 r v
⎝ 0 r ⎠ r + v0 μ kt
Assess: The dependencies seem to go in the right direction: as t increases v(t ) decreases; as μk increases v(t )
decreases. The m canceled out, so the result does not depend on the mass.
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3rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual

Exercises and Problems

Section 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions

30 m = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (8.95 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s)2 ⇒ t1R = 2.589 s

For the target (noting t1T = t1R ),

x1T = x0T + (v0T ) x (t1T − t0T ) + 12 aT (t1T − t0T ) 2 = 0 m + (15 m/s)(2.589 s − 0 s) + 0 m = 39 m

You should launch when the target is 39 m away.

(20 m) = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (6.2 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s) 2 ⇒ (20 m) = (3.1 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.54 s

Section 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion

Solve: The centripetal acceleration is

Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

Solve: (a) The angular velocity and speed are

8.8. Model: The vehicle is to be treated as a particle in uniform circular motion.

8.10. Model: Model the person as a particle in uniform circular motion.

Section 8.3 Circular Orbits

and the centripetal acceleration is

Section 8.4 Fictitious Forces

8.14. Model: The passengers are particles in circular motion.

Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

Section 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion

8.20. Model: The train is a particle undergoing nonuniform circular motion.

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law in the vertical direction is

8.22. Model: Treat the motorcycle and rider as a particle.

⇒ v1 = (11.0 m/s) 2 + 2( − 3.536 m/s 2 )(5.85 m) = 8.92 m/s

8.23. Model: Treat Sam as a particle.

Solve: Sam’s acceleration up the slope is given by Newton’s second law:

v12 = v02 + 2a0 ( s1 − s0 ) = 2a0 s1 ⇒ v1 = 2(0.965 m/s 2 )(288 m) = 23.6 m/s

A(v cosθ )v Avx vx2 + v 2y

x = x0 + v0 x (t − t0 ) + 12 ( anet ) x (t − t0 )2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (20.0 m/s 2 )t 2 = (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2

Solve: Newton’s second law is:

(a) Using y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 )2 ,

0 m = 40 m + 0 m + 12 ( −9.8 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.857 s

From the x vs. t 2 graph we see that 1a

Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

Dividing these two equations and simplifying, we get

Solve: Newton’s second law is

g 9.8 m/s 2 ⎛ 1 rev ⎞⎛ 60 s ⎞

Since sin 30° + sin 60° = cos30° + cos 60°,

8.40. Model: Assume uniform circular motion.

Solve: We will apply Newton’s second law to all three cars.

(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

8.43. Model: Model a passenger as a particle rotating in a vertical circle.

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law at the top is

Solve: Newton’s second law along the r-axis is

8.45. Model: Model the ball as a particle in motion in a vertical circle.

(b) Insert L = 1.0 m.

Solve: Newton’s second law in the radial direction is

vmax = gL = (9.8 m/s 2 )(0.70 m) = 2.6 m/s = 5.9 mph

8.54. Model: Model the car as a particle on a circular track.

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the t-axis is

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law in the r- and t-directions is

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for the projectile is

Solve: Newton’s second law along r and z directions can be written:

Solve: From Newton’s second law along r and z directions,

Solve: Newton’s second law in the r- and z-directions is

8.64. Model: Use the particle model for the ball.

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the r- and z-directions is

8.65. Model: Use the particle model for the airplane.

8.67. Model: Model the block as a particle in circular motion.

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