Physics for the Life Sciences 2nd

Edition Zinke Solutions Manual

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 CHAPTER SEVEN
Energy and its Conservation
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice 7.1
Correct Answer (c). Note that since we have
defined the joule so that 1 J = 1 Nm, another
valid answer to this question would be J.
Multiple Choice 7.2
Correct Answer (b). Looking at Eq. [7.1] we
can identify the dimensions of work as being
the same as the dimensions of force multiplied
by the dimensions of distance. In terms of
units, this translates into Nm or J, which are
the units for energy.
Multiple Choice 7.3
Correct Answer (b).
Multiple Choice 7.4
Correct Answer (c).
Multiple Choice 7.5
Correct Answer (f). The work done by the
force is positive because the force is increasing
the energy of the object.
Multiple Choice 7.6
Correct Answer (e).
Multiple Choice 7.7
Correct Answer (d). The work done by the
system on the environment can be positive if
for example the force and the displacement are
in the same direction. It can be negative if for
example the force and the displacement are in
opposite directions. And it can be zero if for
example the force and the displacement are
perpendicular to each other.
Multiple Choice 7.8
Correct Answer (d). The work done by the
person on the object is exactly W = 0 J. Since
the force is perpendicular to the inclined
surface, the force will also be perpendicular to
the displacement. Looking at Eq. [7.2] and
angle of  = 90 yields zero work.
Multiple Choice 7.9
Correct Answer (c).
Multiple Choice 7.10
Correct Answer (d).
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Multiple Choice 7.11
Correct Answer (e). Increasing the speed will
increase the object’s kinetic energy, but we do
not know that the increase in kinetic energy is
related to a decrease in potential energy. Even
if the sum of kinetic and potential energy of
the system were conserved answer (E) remains
correct because we can only quantify changes
in potential energy but the absolute value is
arbitrary.
Multiple Choice 7.12
Correct Answer (e). If the speed is doubled the
kinetic energy will increase by a factor of four.
Given that the total mechanical energy is
conserved, an increase in kinetic energy will
result in a reduction in the potential energy.
However, the actual final value of the potential
energy will depend on information not given.
In this particular case you can show that:
Epot; f  Epot; i  3Ekin; i ,
a result that highlights the dependence on
missing information from the value of the
initial kinetic energy.
Multiple Choice 7.13
Correct Answer (d).
Multiple Choice 7.14
Correct Answer (d). Like in Multiple Choice
Question 7.11, the absolute value of the
potential energy depends on the choice of
origin along the y–axis. It can therefore have
any possible value initially.
Multiple Choice 7.15
Correct Answer (b). At the peak of its surge,
the whale’s centre of mass is ½ · 18 m = 9 m
above the surface of the water. If that height is
achieved by its speed at the instant it breaks
the water surface, the speed can be calculated
as follows.
v  2 gh  2  9.8 m / s 2   9m   13.3 m / s
The closest answer to this result is 15 m/s.
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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
Multiple Choice 7.16
Correct Answer (b). Using conservation of
energy, we find the maximum increase in
height:
2
 m
2  11 
 
v s
h  6.3m
2g  m
2  9.8 2 
 s 
This is the increase in the height of the centre
of mass. This means that the bar can be at a
maximum height of 6.2 m + 1.1 m = 7.3 m.
Multiple Choice 7.17
Correct Answer (d). The value of the
gravitational potential energy (see Eq. [7.11])
depends on the choice of zero for the
measurement of the height. If I chose the zero
at ground level, my gravitational potential
energy will be positive since I am sitting on a
chair a bit higher than the ground, and y > 0. If
I chose the zero at the chair level, my
gravitational potential energy will be zero, and
y = 0. If I chose the zero at the level of the
ceiling, my gravitational potential energy will
be negative, and y < 0.
Multiple Choice 7.18
Correct Answer (d). A system that includes a
living organism can still obey the law of
conservation of mechanical energy. In (A) if
the system cannot be identified, its energy
cannot be accounted for and thus it would not
be possible to calculate its mechanical energy.
For (B) a system that is not isolated would
exchange energy and this exchange does not
need to follow conservation of energy. Finally,
for (C) a system that is able to exchange matter
could in the process exchange energy and
therefore conservation of energy would not
apply.
86
Multiple Choice 7.19
Correct Answer (d). The maximum height is
attained when all the kinetic energy is
converted into gravitational potential energy.
That is, if the zero for potential energy is
chosen at the initial point, the initial potential
energy is zero. Since the final kinetic energy is
zero as the object reaches the maximum point
then conservation of mechanical energy
implies for this case:
Ekin; i  Epot; f
Using the kinetic energy given by Eq. [7.7]
and Eq. [7.11] for the gravitational potential
energy, we find that:
vi2
hf 
2g
Note that this result is independent on the mass
of the object. With the information given, we
can calculate hf = 11.5 m.
Multiple Choice 7.20
Correct Answer (b). An increase by 85%
represents an increase by a factor of 1.85. That
is, Ekin;f = 1.85 Ekin;i. Since kinetic energy
depends on the square of the speed (see Eq.
[7.7]), the speed will increase according to:
v f  1.85 vi
This means vf ~ 14 m/s ~ 50 km/h.
Multiple Choice 7.21
Correct Answer (d). Since the objects start
from rest, the increase in kinetic energy is
equal to the final kinetic energy. Given the
connection through the ideal string the final
speeds of both objects will be identical. This
means that the object with the larger mass will
have a larger final kinetic energy and thus will
have experienced a larger increase in kinetic
energy (see Eq. [7.7]). However, in Chapter 4
we found that for a frictionless table, the
objects in Figure 4.4 will move regardless of
whether m1 < m2, m1 = m2, or m1 > m2.
Therefore, more information is needed to be
able to determine which object experiences a
larger increase in kinetic energy.
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Multiple Choice 7.22
Correct Answer (b). Since the height of the
object on the table does not change, its
gravitational potential energy does not change;
its potential energy has decreased by 0 J. In
contrast, the hanging object moving down
experiences a decrease in potential energy
given by Eq. [7.11] as:
m2 gy ,
which will be larger than zero.
Multiple Choice 7.23
Correct Answer (c). The total energy of the
system composed of both objects is conserved.
This means that the energy gained by the
object on the table is exactly equal to the
energy lost by the hanging object. Therefore
both objects changed their total energy by the
same amount. You can show that this amount
is exactly equal to:
 m1 
  m2 gy ,
 1
m  m2 
positive for the object on the table and
negative for the hanging object.
Multiple Choice 7.24
Correct Answer (c). The ball starts above the
ground and as it approaches the ground
potential energy is converted into kinetic
energy thus increasing the total kinetic energy
of the ball. After the ball hits the ground and
starts moving up, kinetic energy is being
converted into potential energy and the total
kinetic energy of the ball decreases. Note that
depending on the height at which the second
player catches the ball, the final kinetic energy
might be smaller than, equal to, or larger than
the initial kinetic energy.
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Chapter 7
Multiple Choice 7.25
Correct Answer (c). Since the object starts
from rest its initial kinetic energy is zero. We
can choose the zero-point for gravitational
potential energy at the lowest point in the
swing so that the final potential energy of the
object is zero. Using Eq. [7.12] for the
conservation of energy we find:
Epot; i  Ekin; f
Using the kinetic energy given by Eq. [7.7]
and Eq. [7.11] for the gravitational potential
energy, we find that:
v f  2hi g (1)
Given the geometry of the problem, you can
show that:
hi  L  L sin  , (2)
where L is the length of the string and  is the
initial angle in the figure. Replacing the result
from Eq. [2] into Eq. [1] we find:
v f  2 L 1  sin   g
Note that this result is independent on the mass
of the object. With the information given, we
can calculate vf = 7.6 m/s.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Conceptual Question 7.1
You need less force but for a longer distance.
In the end, you end up doing the same amount
of work. Note that, if there is also friction
acting on the object, you will end up doing
extra work by increasing the distance over
which that force acts.
Conceptual Question 7.2
No. We can easily see this in Eq. [7.7], as
neither the mass nor the square of the speed
can ever be negative quantities.
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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
Conceptual Question 7.3
Yes. We can see this in Eq. [7.11]. Since y is a
vertical coordinate measured with respect to a
chosen reference point it would be negative for
any point below the reference. It is very
important to note that in Eq. [7.11] the value of
g does not have a sign.
Conceptual Question 7.4
Since Ekin  v², the kinetic energy must
increase by a factor of 4.
Conceptual Question 7.5
To hold the object as depicted in the figure
your muscles must remain in a non-relaxed
state of contraction or extension. However, to
maintain this state, at the microscopic level the
muscles are contracting/expanding and
relaxing by small amounts as the electrical
excitation signals are received. The small
contractions and expansions of the muscles
then do work on the tendons and bones to
which they are attached.
Conceptual Question 7.6
Since the piston exerts a force to the right on
the object, Newton’s Third Law tells us that
the object exerts a force of the same magnitude
and opposite direction on the piston. That is,
the force on the piston is to the left directed
along the negative x-axis.
For part (a), since the displacement is to the
right along the positive x-axis and opposite of
the force, the force does negative work.
Therefore the piston releases work, the energy
of the piston decreases, and work is done by
the piston.
For part (b), since the displacement is to the
left along the negative x-axis and in the same
direction of the force, the force does positive
work. Therefore the piston receives work, the
energy of the piston increases, and work is
done on the piston.
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ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS
Problem 7.1
(a) The man is doing work against the
gravitational force, therefore the work he does
has the same magnitude and opposite sign of
the work done by the gravitational force. Since
the normal force is always perpendicular to the
road, it does zero work. Using Eq. [7.1] the
work done by the gravitational force is:
Wg  m g r . (1)
Given the dot product in Eq. [1] only the
displacement collinear with the gravitational
force ends up being relevant. That is, only the
vertical displacement or height above the point
of departure. Furthermore, since the
gravitational force is directed down and the
vertical displacement is directed up, the work
done by gravity will be negative. The result is
that Eq. [1] becomes:
Wg   mgh , (2)
where h = 250 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 and m = ms + mb
is the mass of the standard man and the bicycle
combined, so that m = 100 kg is the mass of
the standard man and the bicycle combined.
Since the work done by the standard man Ws is
of the same magnitude and opposite sign of the
work done by the gravitational force, we find:
Ws  Wg  mgh
(3)
 250 kJ
(b) Recall that power is the rate at which
energy is absorbed or released. In this problem,
the energy is released in the form of work done
by the standard man. Therefore:
Ws 250 kJ
 
t 1800s
 140 W
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Problem 7.2
Recall that power is the rate at which energy is
absorbed or released. In this problem, the
energy is release in the form of work done by
the standard men. We are told that both men
use the same power so that the power used by
the man on the bicycle is equal to the power
used by the climber:
b  c (1)
Both the climber and the cyclist are doing
work against the gravitational force, therefore
the work they do has the same magnitude and
opposite sign of the work done by the
gravitational force. Using Eq. [7.1] the work
done by the gravitational force is:
Wg  m g r . (2)
Given the dot product in Eq. [2] only the
displacement collinear with the gravitational
force ends up being relevant. That is, only the
vertical displacement or height above the point
of departure. Furthermore, since the
gravitational force is directed down and the
vertical displacement is directed up, the work
done by gravity will be negative. The result is
that Eq. [2] becomes:
Wg   mgh , (3)
where h = 250 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 and m = mb for
the man riding the bicycle, and m = mc for the
climber. Furthermore, since the work done by
each man is of the same magnitude and
opposite sign of the work done by the
gravitational force Eq. [3] gives:
W  Wg  mgh , (4)
Given that mc < mb Eq. [4] implies:
Wc  Wb (5)
Furthermore, since:
W Power is the rate at which energy is absorbed
 , (6)
t
we can combine Eq. [1], Eq. [5], and Eq. [6] to
solve for t and find that:
tc  tb
Therefore, the climber arrives before the
cyclist. If you have the data from the previous
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Chapter 7
problem for the power used by the cyclist
(which is equal to the power used by the
climber), you can find the exact time taken by
the climber. Use Eq. [4] to find the work done
by the climber, and solve Eq. [6] for the time.
Alternatively, if you know the work done by
the cyclist Wb and the work done by the
climber from Eq. 4, you can show that:
tc Wc
 ,
tc Wb
and solve for the time taken by the climber (the
time taken by the cyclist is 30 min).
Problem 7.3
As the man climbs the stairs he is doing work
against the gravitational force. This means that
the work he does has the same magnitude and
opposite sign of the work done by the
gravitational force. From Eq. [7.1] the work
done by the gravitational force is:
Wg  m g r . (1)
Given the dot product in Eq. [1] only the
displacement collinear with the gravitational
force ends up being relevant. That is, only the
vertical displacement from the ground floor to
the fourth floor. Furthermore, since the
gravitational force is directed down and the
vertical displacement is directed up, the work
done by gravity will be negative. The result is
that Eq. [1] becomes:
Wg  mgh , (2)
where h = 16 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 and m = 70 kg is
the mass of the standard man. Since the work
done by the man W is of the same magnitude
and opposite sign of the work done by the
gravitational force, we find:
W  Wg  mgh
(3)
 11kJ
or released, and in this problem, the energy is
released in the form of work done by the
standard man. Therefore:
W 11kJ
 
t 15s
 730 W
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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
Problem 7.4
(a) As the man lifts his body for one knee-bend
he is doing work against the gravitational
force. This means that the work he does has
the same magnitude and opposite sign of the
work done by the gravitational force. The work
done by the gravitational force (see Eq. [7.1]),
is given by:
Wg  m g r . (1)
Given the dot product in Eq. [1] only the
displacement of 60 cm collinear with the
gravitational force ends up being relevant.
Furthermore, since the gravitational force is
directed down and the vertical displacement is
directed up, the work done by gravity will be
negative. The result is that Eq. [1] becomes:
Wg   mgh , (2)
where h = 60 cm, g = 9.8 m/s2 and m = 70 kg is
the mass of the standard man. Then the work
done by the man W for one knee-bend is:
W  Wg  mgh
(3)
 410 J
We ignore the work done in the motion
downwards as suggested by the hint. The total
work done for the 60 knee-bends is thus Wtot =
25 kJ. Using Eq. [3] to find the power as the
rate at which the man does work, we find:
Wtot 25kJ
  (3)
t 10s (4)
 2.5kW
(b) Since 1 hp = 746 W we can convert the
result from Eq. [4] into:
 1hp 
  2500 W  
 t
 746 W 
 3.3hp
This does not necessarily mean that a standard
man can outperform a horse. The unit
horsepower was defined to measure sustained
and prolonged activity, such as a horse riding
for an extended period of time or working on a
90
farming field. Although the man spends 3.3 hp
this cannot be sustained for more than a few
minutes at most. In contrast, over shorter
periods of time, a horse is able to deliver
greater power in excess of 10 hp.
Problem 7.5
A chin-up lifts the man a distance close the
length of his arm. This distance is roughly the
same as the distance for the knee-bend in
problem P-7.4, that is, 60 cm. As the man lifts
his body for one chin-up he is doing work
against the gravitational force. This means that
the work he does has the same magnitude and
opposite sign of the work done by the
gravitational force. The work done by the
gravitational force (see Eq. [7.1]), is given by:
Wg  m g r . (1)
Given the dot product in Eq. [1] only the
displacement of 60 cm collinear with the
gravitational force ends up being relevant.
Furthermore, since the gravitational force is
directed down and the vertical displacement is
directed up, the work done by gravity will be
negative. The result is that Eq. [1] becomes:
Wg   mgh , (2)
where h = 60 cm, g = 9.8 m/s2 and m = 70 kg is
the mass of the standard man. Then the work
done by the man W for one knee-bend is:
W  Wg  mgh
 410 J
The total work done for the 12 knee-bends is
thus Wtot = 4.9 kJ. Using Eq. [3] to find the
power as the rate at which the man does work,
we find:
Wtot 4.9 kJ
 
60s (4)
 82 W
In contrast, the power from P-7.4 was 2500 W,
thirty times larger. We can conclude that, at
least for short periods of time, human legs
offer better performance than human arms.
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Problem 7.6
Similar to previous problems, the work done
by the man is of the same magnitude but
opposite sign of the work done by gravity. To
find the work done by gravity we need to first
find the mass m of the removed dirt:
m  V ,
where  = 2.0 g/cm3 is the density of soil and
V is the excavated volume. Since V = A  d,
the mass of the removed dirt is:
m   Ad (1)
where A = 1.0 m2 and d = 1.0 m. Given that the
gravitational force is collinear with the
displacement but opposite in direction, the
work done Wg is:
Wg  mgh (2)
As an approximation to our estimate, we can
assume that the dirt is removed and placed
aside in a pile of the same configuration. This
means that the centre of mass of the removed
dirt will have moved up a distance h exactly
equal to the depth d of the hole. Furthermore,
since the work done by the man is W = Wg,
using Eq. [1] and Eq. [2] we obtain:
W  Wg   g Ad 2
(3)
 19.6 kJ
That is, the man does about 20 kJ to dig the
hole. Since power is the rate at which work is
being done, using Eq. [3] we find:
W 19.6 kJ
  (2)
t 3600 s
 5.4 kW
The power delivered by the man during the
excavation is 5.4 joules per second, or 5.4 W.
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Chapter 7
Problem 7.7
The work done by the man is of the same
magnitude but opposite sign of the work done
by gravity. This is made even clearer in this
problem by stating that the weight is lifted at
constant speed so that the net force is zero.
Therefore the lifting force balances the
gravitational force. Since the gravitational
force is collinear with the displacement but
opposite in direction, the work done Wg is:
Wg   mgh , (1)
2
where m = 40 kg, g = 9.8 m/s and h = 1.9 m.
Since the work done by the man is W = Wg,
from Eq. [1] we obtain:
W  Wg  mgh
 740 J
Problem 7.8
The work done by the person is of the same
magnitude but opposite sign of the work done
by gravity. This is emphasized in the problem
by stating that the bucket is lifted at constant
speed. Since the gravitational force is collinear
with the displacement but opposite in
direction, the work done Wg is:
Wg  mgd , (1)
where m = 18.0 kg, g = 9.80 m/s2 and d is the
depth of the well (equal to the height to which
that the bucket is raised). Since the work done
by the person is W = Wg = 5.50 kJ, we find
from Eq. [1]:
W  Wg  mgd
Solving for d in Eq. [2]:
W
d
mg
 31.2 m
So the well is 31.2 m deep.
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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
Problem 7.9
The work done by the pushing force on the
shopping cart can be calculated according to
Eq. [7.2]:
W  F  r  cos  , (1)
where the magnitude of the force is 40 N, the
displacement of the cart is 10 m in magnitude,
and the angle between the force and the
displacement is 30. Note that the work will be
positive, as the force and the displacement are
on the same direction. Substituting the given
values into Eq. [1] we find the work to be:
W   40 N   10 m   cos 30
 350 J
Problem 7.10
(a) We use Eq. [7.2] for the work done:
W  F  r  cos  , (1)
Where F = 18 N and r = 1.90 m is the
displacement of the object under the influence
of the force. Given that the force acts in the
same direction as the displacement, the work
will be positive, and  = 30 is the angle
between the force vector and the displacement
vector. Replacing the given values in Eq. [1]:
W  30 J
It is worth noting that this work does not
depend on the mass of the object.
(b) Since the normal force is perpendicular to
the surface and the displacement happens
along the table, the normal force is
perpendicular to the displacement. Given that
the angle between the normal force and the
displacement is 90, the work done by the
normal force will be zero. See Eq. [7.2], and
recall that cos 90 = 0.
92
Problem 7.11
(a) We neglect air resistance. The diver is not
in mechanical equilibrium as a continuous
acceleration occurs. We use the conservation
of energy with the initial state of the system
when the diver leaves the platform and the
final state when the diver reaches the water
surface. The initial state is chosen because we
know all required parameters at that point: the
diver starts from rest and is 35 m above the
water surface. The final state is chosen at the
water surface because the unknown parameter,
the final speed vfinal, applies at that point. We
write:
Ekin , initial  E pot , initial  Ekin , final  E pot , final (1)
The individual terms for the diver are:
(2)
Ekin , initial  0
E pot , initial  m  g  h
1
Ekin , final  m  v 2final
2
E pot , final
The initial kinetic energy is zero because the
diver starts from rest. The final potential
energy is zero since we choose y = 0 at the
surface of the water. Therefore, the initial
height is y = h = 35 m. We substitute the four
formulas from Eq. [2] in Eq. [1]:
1
m g h  m  v 2final
2
which yields:
v final  2  g  h (3)
Note that Eq. [18] does not contain the mass of
the system, i.e., it applies to all divers, whether
they confirm to standard man data or not.
Substituting the values given in the problem
text we find:
 m
v final  2  9.8 2  35m
 s 
m km
 26  94
s h
This result indicates why these dives are only
done by professional athletes: you don’t want
to hit the water surface with that speed unless
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your body is perfectly aligned for the dive.
Compounding the risk in Mexico is the fact
that the water at the bottom of the cliff is rather
shallow and the divers have to ensure that a
wave has rolled in when they enter the water.
(b) Figure 1 shows a sketch of the diver and
the corresponding energy plots (centre) and
plots of speed versus height (left). The total
mechanical energy is constant and the potential
energy increases linearly with height. Due to
energy conservation, the kinetic energy
decreases linearly with height, Ekin = ½ m  v²
 const – y. The square–root of this relation
describes the speed as a function of height, i.e.,
v  (const – y)1/2. Note that the graph of
velocity versus time for an object in free–fall is
a parabola, whereas this curve is a square root.
This is because we are plotting versus distance
in this problem.
Figure 1
Problem 7.12
We use the conservation of energy concept,
written as:
Ekin ,initial  E pot ,initial  Ekin , final  E pot , final
for which we first identify the initial and final
instants. Choose them such that the
information available at one instant is
complete, and that the unknown parameter
occurs at the other instant. It doesn't matter,
however, on which side of Eq. [11] the
unknown parameter occurs.
We choose as the initial instant the moment of
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Chapter 7
release when both objects are at rest. For the
final instant we choose the instant at which the
object of mass M has fallen 30 cm since we are
asked about the total kinetic energy (unknown
variable) at that point. Now we evaluate each
term in Eq. [1]:
 The initial kinetic energy is zero since both
objects start from rest.
 The initial potential energy can be chosen
arbitrarily since there is no predetermined
origin along the vertical axis which defines y =
0 in Epot = m · g · y for either object. For
convenience, we choose y = 0 at the initial
height for each of the two objects and get Epot,
init = 0 J. We also define the y–axis as directed
upward.
 The final kinetic energy of the two objects is
sought. We write this energy as Ekin, final = ½(m
+ M) v²final.
1
 m  M  v 2final
Ekin , final 
2
 The final potential energy has two
contributions. The object of mass M is at this
time at y = – 0.3 m, i.e., the contribution of this
object to the final potential energy is:
E pot , final , M  M  g  y
 m
 (2.5 kg )  9.8 2  ( 0.3 m )  7.35 J
 s 
This value is negative since the object is closer
to Earth, which is associated with a decrease in
the potential energy. At the same time, the
object of mass m has moved 30 cm up the
inclined plane. We know this because the
massless string is taut, and therefore, does not
change its length during the process. Since the
object of mass m moves along the inclined
plane and not vertically up, its position relative
to the surface of Earth has not changed by a
length of 0.3 m but by a distance d:
(1)
d = (0.3 m) sinθ = (0.3 m) sin350 = 0.17 m
which is the y–component of the total
displacement. Remember, the potential energy
is a function of the position relative to the
surface of Earth; thus, only the change in the
vertical position matters. From this we now
calculate the final potential energy of the
object of mass m:
93
Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition

 m E pot , final  m1 gy1, final  m3 gy3, final

E pot , final ,m  1.2 kg   9.8 2   0.17 m 
 s   m
 (5kg (0.4m )  15kg ( 0.4m ))  9.8 2 
 2.0 J  s 
Next we enter all four terms found into Eq. [1]: where a downward displacement of y3 = – 0.4
 0 J    0 J   Ekin , final   7.35 J    2.0 J  m for the object of mass m3 means an upward
displacement of the object of mass m1 because
which yields: the connecting strings are taut: y1 = + 0.4 m.
Ekin , final  5.35 J (2) This yields:

The final kinetic energy is larger than zero E pot , final  39.2 J
since both objects are in motion when the Next we enter all energy contributions at the
object of mass M passes the 30 cm marker. initial and final states into Eq. [1]:
The result in Eq. [2] allows us to calculate the
final speed: 1
0  39.2 J  ( m1  m2  m3 )v 2final
2
2 Ekin m
v final   1.7 There is only one speed, vfinal, associated with
mM s the total final kinetic energy because all three
The sum (m + M) occurs in the denominator objects move at the same speed at all times.
because the objects are linked by the string, The final speed is:
and therefore move with the same speed at
every instant. 2(39.2 J ) m
v final   1.62
(5  10  15)kg s
Problem 7.13
We apply the conservation of energy. The Problem 7.14
initial instant is chosen at the release of the (a) The total mechanical energy is conserved.
objects from rest, and the final instant when Thus, we can choose any instant to evaluate it.
mass m3 has moved 0.4 m downward: The best choice is the instant the object
Ekin ,initial  E pot ,initial  Ekin , final  E pot , final (1) reaches the lowest point of the path, since the
potential energy at that point is zero and we
For each of the three objects, we identify all know its speed:
the terms in Eq. [1] separately:
1
▪ The initial kinetic energy of all three Etotal  Ekin ,initial  m  v02
objects is zero since they are connected by 2
2
taut strings. When one of the objects is at 1  m
rest, the other two must be at rest, too.  1.5 kg   2.0   3.0 J
2  s
▪ The initial potential energy we choose to
be zero by defining the initial position of (b) We start with the energy conservation in
each object as the respective origin along the form of:
the vertical axis. Ekin ,initial  E pot ,initial  Ekin , final  E pot , final (1)
▪ The final kinetic energy contains the
unknown variable. Thus, we leave that At the initial instant the object passes through
term unchanged in Eq. [1] for now. the lowest point since we know everything
▪ The final potential energy has three about it. At the final instant the string is at 750
contributions, one due to each of the three because we are asked about the system at that
objects. Since the object of mass m2 moves time.
across a horizontal surface only, its
potential energy does not change; the other
two objects, however, contribute:

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 Chapter 7

 The sum of initial kinetic and initial potential (c) We continue to use the same initial instant
energies has been calculated in part (a). (the object is at its lowest point) but change the
final instant such that the object reached its
highest point. This leads to two new terms for
the right hand side of Eq. [1]:
 The final kinetic energy is zero at the highest
point as the object comes momentarily to rest
while reversing its direction of motion.
 The final potential energy contains the final
height above the lowest point as the unknown
variable. Because we are asked for the angle of
the string with the vertical at that instant, we
use Eq. [2] but exchange the given angle with
the unknown angle max. Substituting all terms
in Eq. [1] then leads to:
Figure 2
1
m  v02  m  g  l (1  cos max )
 The final potential energy is determined from 2
Figure 2. The figure shows the position of the Solving for cosmax yields:
object when the string forms an angle of 750
with the horizontal, i.e., when the string is at v 02
cos max  1   0.932
an angle of 150 with the vertical. At that 2 g l
instant, the object is raised to the height y = h15 Thus, the maximum angle is max = 21.30.
above its lowest position at y = 0. Its potential
energy is: Problem 7.15
At the highest point, the baseball will have a
E pot , final  m  g  h15 velocity equal to its initial velocity in the
 m  g  (l  l  cos150 )  m  g  l (1  cos150 ) horizontal direction. Thus Ekin = ½ m (v
cos(300))2 = 90 J.
 The formula for the final kinetic energy
contains the final speed, and therefore contains Problem 7.16
the unknown variable. The change in kinetic energy of the vaulter is
Substituting these results into Eq. [1] leads to: given by Ekin = ½ m (v²final – v²initial) < 0.
Equate –Ekin to the potential energy at the
1 1 maximum height to find the relation ½ m
m  v02  m  v152  m  g  l (1  cos150 ) (2)
2 2 (v²initial – v²final) = m  g  h. Solve to find h.
We isolate the final kinetic energy term on the Notice that the answer will be independent of
left side of the equation and then multiply by the mass of the vaulter:
2/m: 2
( vinitial  v 2final )
h  5.1m
v15  v02  2  g  l (1  cos150 ) 2 g
Substituting the given data we find: Problem 7.17
2
This problem is solved in the same fashion as
 m  m Problem 7.17:
v15   2   2   9.8 2   3 m  0.034
 s  s 
 1.41 m h
v 2
final  vinitial
2
  46 cm
2 g

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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition

Problem 7.18 Problem 7.20

From Eq. [7.7] we can see that kinetic energy Since each arm exerts a force of 350 N, the
is proportional to mass and proportional to the total force on the torso is 700 N. We can find
square of the speed. For the two balls to have the work done by the arms on the torso using
the same kinetic energy Ekin;B = Ekin;P and: Eq. [7.2]:
1 1 W  F  r  cos 
mB vB2  mP vP2
2 2  700 N  0.25m  175J , (1)
We can solve for vP to obtain:
where we have used the fact that the force and
mB the displacement are in the same direction so
vP  vB the work is positive, and the angle is 0 as they
mP are collinear. We will now use Eq. [7.8] to find
Using the values of mB = 7.0 kg, vB = 2.0 m/s, the speed of the athlete. Since the mass of each
and mP = 2.5 g, we find vP = 110 m/s. This is a arm is 6.5% of the total body mass then the
very large speed of almost 400 km/h. mass of the torso m is:
Problem 7.19 m  70 kg 1  0.13
(2)
We use Eq. [7.7] for the kinetic energy of an  60.9 kg
object of mass m travelling at speed v.
(a) Since m = 0.5 kg and v1 = 2.5 m/s, at The initial kinetic energy is Ekin;1 = 0 J because
position 1 the kinetic energy is: the man starts from rest, and the final kinetic
energy is given by Eq. [7.7] as:
1 2
Ekin;1  mv1 1
2 Ekin;2  mv2 2 (3)
2
 1.6 J
Using Eq. [3] into Eq. [7.8] we find:
(b) Since m = 0.5 kg and Ekin;2 = 10.0 J at
position 2, we can solve Eq. [7.7] for the speed W  Ekin;2  Ekin;1
to obtain: 1 (4)
2 Ekin;2  m v2 2
v2  2
m Solving for v2 in Eq. [4]:
 6.3 s
m
2W
(c) Using Eq. [7.8] also know as the Work – v2  (5)
Kinetic Energy Theorem, the total work W m
done as the object moves from position 1 to We substitute the values found in Eq. [1] and
position 2 is: Eq. [2] into Eq. [5] to find the speed of the
W  Ekin;2  Ekin;1 athlete as v2 = 2.4 m/s

 10.0 J  1.56 J  8.44 J ,

where we used the result from part (a). Note
that the work done is positive, in agreement
with the fact that the speed of the object
increased.

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 Chapter 7

Problem 7.21 relationships). This means that yb can be

The gravitational potential energy of an object
is given by Eq. [7.11]:
Epot  mgy , (1)
where m = 1.8 kg is the mass of the object, the
gravitational acceleration is g = 9.8 m/s2, and y
is the height of the object with respect to the
reference point.
(a) The height of the object with respect to the
ceiling is ya = 1.2 m. Therefore, replacing in
Eq. [1] we find:
Epot; a  mgya
 21J
(b) The height of the object with respect to the
floor is yb = 2.8 m – 1.2 m = 1.6 m. Therefore,
replacing in Eq. [1] we find:
Epot; b  mgyb
 28J
(c) The height of the object with respect to its
equilibrium position is yc = 0 m. Therefore,
replacing in Eq. [1] we find:
Epot; c  mgyc
written as:
yb  L 1  cos  
Therefore, replacing in Eq. [1] we find:
Epot; b  mgyb
 mgL 1  cos    200 J
(c) At the lowest point in the motion the child
will be at a height yc = 0 m with respect to the
lowest point. Therefore, replacing in Eq. [1]
we find:
Epot; c  mgyc
 0J
Problem 7.23
We assume that an object moves with speed
vobject through a medium of density . To
achieve this motion, fluid in front of the object
must be pushed aside, which is only possible if
this fluid is accelerated to a speed vfluid. For
simplicity we assume that vobject = vfluid = v. The
mass of fluid, mfluid, accelerated during time
interval t is:

 0J m fluid    A  v  t

Problem 7.22 in which v · t is the length of the column of

We use Eq. [7.11] for the gravitational the fluid affected by the moving object and A
potential energy of an object: is the cross–sectional area of the moving
object.
Epot  mgy , (1) The acceleration of the fluid to velocity v
means that energy has been transferred to the
where m = 35 kg is the combined mass of the
fluid equal to its final kinetic energy:
child and the seat, the gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.8 m/s2, and y is the height Etransfer  Ekin , fluid
of the child with respect to the lowest point in
1  (1)
the swinging motion.  m fluid  v 2fluid    A  v 3  t
(a) When the ropes are horizontal, with respect 2 
to the lowest point in the motion, the child is at Dividing Eq. [1] by t gives us the rate at
a height equal to the length of the ropes. That which energy is transferred, which is a power
is, ya = 2.5 m. Replacing in Eq. [1] we find: term:
Epot; a  mgya Ekin , fluid

P    A  v3 (2)
 860 J t 
(b) When the ropes make an angle of 40 with In general, power is defined as:
the vertical, the height of the child above the
lowest point in the motion is yb = L – d, where P=Fv
L is the length of the ropes, and d = L cos (do
a drawing to convince yourself of these

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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
i.e., the power is the applied force multiplied
with the velocity. In the current case the force
is the drag force, F thus Eq. [2] yields:
1
F =   A  v2
2 Substituting the given data, this gives us vfinal
which is equal to the drag force in Chapter 3
except for a missing drag coefficient D.
Problem 7.24
The mechanical energy lost to friction is
precisely the work done by friction slowing
down the athlete. Since the only force slowing
the athlete down is the frictional force, then the
mechanical energy lost to friction is the total
mechanical work done on the man. Given the
information on the speeds, we can use the
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem (Eq. [7.8]):
W  Ekin;2  Ekin;1
Since the athlete stops at the end of the slide,
v2 = 0 m/s and Ekin;2 = 0. Using the mass of the
standard man m = 70 kg, and the initial speed
v1 = 5.0 m/s the initial kinetic energy can be
calculated using Eq. [7.7]:
1 2
Ekin;1  mv1
2 (2)
 875J
Replacing the result from Eq. [1] into Eq. [1]
we find the work done by friction:
W   Ekin;1
 875J
The work is negative as expected because the
speed is decreasing and the system (man) is
losing energy. In other words, 875 joules of
mechanical energy were lost due to friction
acting on the sliding runner.
Problem 7.25
Write the conservation of momentum
equations for the system that is the ball and the
club. For illustration, we further use a slightly
different notation with capital and small letters
for the different velocities instead of indices 1
and 2:
MVinitial  mvinitial  MV final  mv final
The capital letters refer to the club, the
lowercase letters refer to the ball. Rearrange
98
and solve for the speed of the golf ball just
after impact:
MVinitial  mvinitial  MVinitial
v final 
m
= 65 m/s. Given the ratio of the masses, this
seems like a reasonable value.
Problem 7.26
We will use conservation of momentum and
conservation of mechanical energy. To set up
the problem, call m the mass of the object
moving initially with velocity v in the positive
direction. The object initially at rest has mass
2m and zero initial velocity. Also, v1 represents
the velocity of the less massive object after the
collision, while v2 represents the velocity of the
more massive object after the collision. Eq.
(1)
[7.15] for conservation of momentum yields:
m  v  2m  0  m  v1  2m  v2
v  v1  2v2 , (1)
where we simplified the mass in the last step.
Similarly, Eq. [7.16] for conservation of
mechanical energy yields:
1 1 1
m v 2  0  m v12  2m v2 2
2 2 2
v  v1  2v2
2 2 2
, (2)
where we simplified terms of m/2 in the last
step. To solve for v1 and v2 from Eq. [1] and
Eq. [2] simultaneously there are several ways,
but no matter how you do it, be very careful
with the algebra. If we take the square on both
sides of Eq. [1] and equate it to Eq. [2]:
v12  4v1v2  4v22  v12  2v22
v22  2v1v2  0
v2  v2  2v1   0
(3)
Eq. [3] has v2 = 0 as a solution. This solution is
unphysical since it means that the small mass
passes through the larger object unaffected,
while the larger object remains stationary.
Therefore, the physically meaningful solution
of Eq. [3] is:
v2  2v1 (4)
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 Chapter 7

Substituting Eq. [4] back into Eq. [1]: 1 1 1 1

m v 2  m v 2  m v12  m v2 2
v 2 2 2 2
v1   , (5)
3 2v  v1  v2
2 2 2
, (2)
so that the smaller mass reverses direction with where we simplified terms of m/2 in the last
a velocity one-third of the initial velocity. step. We substitute Eq. [1] into Eq. [2] to
Substituting Eq. [5] back into Eq. [4]: obtain:
2 v12  v 2 (3)
v2  v, (6)
3 Eq. [3] has v1 = v as a possible solution. This
so that the larger mass will move in the solution is unphysical since it means that the
direction that the smaller mass was moving first mass passes through the second mass
initially and at two-thirds of its initial speed. continuing to move unaffected in the positive
(b) Using Eq. [7.7], the initial kinetic energy of direction, while the second mass passes
the smaller mass is: through the first mass continuing to movee
1 2 unaffected in the negative direction. The
Ekin;i  mv (7) physically meaningful solution of Eq. [3] is:
2
The kinetic energy transferred is the final v1   v (4)
kinetic energy of the larger mass, and can be Substituting Eq. [4] back into Eq. [1]:
found from Eq. [7.7] and Eq. [6]:
v2  v (5)
1
Ekin;2  2mv22 Eq. [4] and Eq. [5] mean that each mass
2 reverses direction with the same exact speed as
2
2  4 it had before the collision.
 m  v   mv 2 (8) (b) Using Eq. [7.7], the initial kinetic energy of
3  9
the first mass is:
The fraction of kinetic energy transferred can
be found as the ratio of Eq. [8] to Eq. [7]: 1 2
Ekin;i  mv (6)
2 2
Ekin;2 mv 4
8
 9
2
 , Using Eq. [7.7] and Eq. [4], the final kinetic
Ekin;i mv 1
2 9 energy of the first mass is:
that is, eight-ninths of the initial kinetic energy 1 2 1 2
is transferred between the smaller mass and the Ekin;1  mv1  mv (7)
larger mass. 2 2
Given that Ekin;1 = Ekin;i no kinetic energy is
Problem 7.27
transferred.
To set up the problem, let m represent the mass
(c) When an object collides elastically with an
of each object moving initially with speed v; in
stationary wall its kinetic energy is unchanged
the positive direction for the first object, in the
as found in Eq. [8], while its velocity changes
negative direction for the second object.
direction keeping the same magnitude as found
Furthermore, let v1 represent the final velocity
in Eq. [4]. The two situations described are
of the first object and v2 the final velocity of
identical in the end result from the perspective
the second object after the collision. Eq. [7.15]
of one of the objects.
for conservation of momentum yields:
m  v  m  v  m  v1  m  v2
v2  v1 , (1)
where we simplified the equation in the last
step. Similarly, Eq. [7.16] for conservation of
mechanical energy yields:

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Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition
Problem 7.28
Using the sub-indices i for initial f for final,
Eq. [15] for conservation of momentum is:
m1v1;i  m2v2;i  m1v1; f  m2v2; f (1)
and Eq. [16] for conservation of mechanical
energy is:
1 1 1 1
m1v 21;i  m2 v 2 2;i  m1v 21; f  m2 v 2 2; f
2 2 2 2
(2)
Taking in Eq. [1] the terms that depend on m1
to the left and the terms that depend on m2 to
the right:
m1  v1;i  v1; f   m2  v2; f  v2;i  (3)
Multiplying Eq. [2] by 2 and taking the terms
that depend on m1 to the left and the terms that
depend on m2 to the right:
m1  v 21;i  v 21; f   m2  v 2 2; f  v 2 2;i  (4)
Since in general:
a  b   a  b  a  b 
2 2
We can rewrite Eq. [4] as:
m1  v1;i  v1; f  v1;i  v1; f  
(5)
 m2  v2; f  v2;i  v2; f  v2;i 
Use Eq. [3] on the top term of Eq. [5]:
m2  v2; f  v2;i  v1;i  v1; f  
(6)
 m2  v2; f  v2;i  v2; f  v2;i 
Cancelling equal terms on the right-hand side
and left-hand side of Eq. [6] we obtain:
v1;i  v1; f  v2;i  v2; f , (7)
as required by the problem.
(b) The formula in Eq. [7] is often far simpler
that trying to use both of Eq. [1] and Eq. [2],
particularly when none of the objects starts or
ends at rest. This simplifies the algebra used to
solve the problems. However, if one or more
of the objects starts or ends at rest, it is often
quicker and simpler to use Eq. [1] and Eq. [2]
directly.
100
Problem 7.29
We solve this problem in two parts. In part (a)
object 1 swings down from rest to a final speed
at the lowest point in the swing. In part (b)
object 1 moving at the speed found in part (a)
collides elastically with object 2.
(a) There are only two forces acting on the
object: gravity and the tension from the string.
Since the tension from the string is
perpendicular to the displacement it does zero
work and thus does not affect the total
mechanical energy. Since the other force is
gravity we can use conservation of mechanical
energy. Since the object starts from rest vi = 0
and Ekin,i = 0. Furthermore, if we set the lowest
point in the swing as the reference zero for
potential energy, yf = 0 and Epot,f = 0. Using
Eq. [7.12] we obtain:
Ekin,i  Epot,i  Ekin,f  Epot,f
0  m1 gyi 
1
m1vf2  0 (1)
2
From Figure 7.19 yi = h so that:
yi  L  L cos 
 L 1  cos   (2)
Substituting Eq. [2] into Eq. [1] and solving
for vf yields:
vf  2 gL 1  cos  
 2.65 m s
(3)
(b) Right before the elastic collision object 1
starts with a velocity v1;i = 2.65 m/s as found in
Eq. [3] of part (a), and collides with object 2
found at rest so v2;i = 0. Let v1;f and v2;f
represent the final velocities of objects 1 and 2
respectively. The gravitational force, being a
conservative force, allows us that the lowest
point in the swing. We can use the result from
P-7.30 for the elastic collision:
v1;i  v1; f  v2;i  v2; f , (4)
which can be reorganized into:
v1; f  v2; f  v1;i (5)
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 Chapter 7

From Eq. [15] for conservation and momentum Taking Eq. [5] into Eq. [2] will yield v1;f as:
we can write:
 m  m2 
m1v1;i  m2v2;i  m1v1; f  m2v2; f (6) v1; f   1  v1;i (6)
 m1  m2 
Substituting Eq. [5] into Eq. [6] we find: The given values of m1 = 7.5 g, m2 = 12.5 g,
m1v1;i  m1  v2; f  v1;i   m2 v2; f
and v1;i = 25 cm/s when substituted into Eq. [5]
and Eq. [6] yield:
2m1v1;i   m1  m2  v2; f (7) v1; f  6.25 cm s and v2; f  18.75 cm s
We can simplify Eq. [7] to find the final speed Note that the first object recoils moving back
of object 2: in the negative direction after the collision.
2m1v1;i (b) Using Eq. [7.7], the total initial kinetic
v2; f  (8) energy is the initial kinetic energy of the first
m1  m2 object:
Since the result for vf from Eq. [3] in part (a) is 1
precisely v1;i from part (b) we can write: Ekin;i  m1v1;i 2 (7)
2
 2m1 
 2 gL 1  cos  
v2; f   The final kinetic energy of the second object
 m1  m2  from Eq. [7.7] and the value found for v2;f in
Eq. [5] is:
 3.5 m s ,
1
using the values of m1 = 0.1 kg, m2 = 0.05 kg, Ekin;2  m2v2; f 2
L = 1.0 m,  = 50, and g = 9.8 m/s2. 2
2m12 m2
Problem 7.30  v1;2i (8)
 m1  m2 
2
For this problem, we will take velocities
directed to the right to be positive and
velocities to the left to be negative. Doing the ratio of Eq. [8] to Eq. [7] and
(a) We use the result from problem P-7.30 for simplifying the expression:
elastic collisions: Ekin;2 4m1m2
  0.94 (9)
v1;i  v1; f  v2;i  v2; f , (1) Ekin;i  m1  m2  2
where v1;i = 25 cm/s, v2;i = 0, and we are trying This means that about 94% of the kinetic
to find v1;f and v2;f. We can simplify and energy is transferred to the second object. It is
reorganize Eq. [1] into: worth noting that regardless of the values of m1
and m2, the ratio found in Eq. [9] will never be
v1; f  v2; f  v1;i (2)
greater than 1 and thus the fraction of the
From Eq. [15] for conservation of momentum energy transferred will never be greater than
with v2;i = 0, we can write: 100%. The energy transferred will be 100% of
the initial energy, if and only if m1 = m2.
m1v1;i  m1v1; f  m2v2; f (3)
Substituting Eq. [2] into Eq. [3] we find:

m1v1;i  m1  v2; f  v1;i   m2 v2; f

2m1v1;i   m1  m2  v2; f (4)
We can simplify Eq. [4] to find v2;f as:

 2m1 
v2; f    v1;i (5)
 m1  m2 
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited 101
Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition

Problem 7.31 where we simplified terms of mn/2 in the last

With the convention of positive to the right step after using mC = 12mn. To solve for v1 and
and negative to the left, the initial velocities v2, we take the square on both sides of Eq. [1]
are given by v1;i = 25 cm/s and v2;i = 45 cm/s. and equate it to Eq. [2]:
We can use the result from problem P-7.30 for v12  24v1v2  144v22  v12  12v22
elastic collisions:
132v22  24v1v2  0
v1;i  v1; f  v2;i  v2; f , (1)
v2 11v2  2v1   0 (3)
where we are trying to find v1;f and v2;f. We can Eq. [3] has v2 = 0 as a solution. This solution is
reorganize Eq. [1] into: unphysical since it means that the neutron
v1; f  v2;i  v2; f  v1;i (2) passes through the carbon atom unaffected,
while the carbon atom remains stationary.
Reorganizing Eq. [15] for conservation of Therefore, the physically meaningful solution
momentum, we can write: of Eq. [3] is:
m2 v2; f  m1v1;i  m2v2;i  m1v1; f (3) 2
v2   v1 (4)
Substituting v1;f from Eq. [2] into Eq. [3] and 11
reorganizing similar terms we find: Substituting Eq. [4] back into Eq. [1]:
11
 m1  m2  v2; f   m2  m1  v2;i  2m1v1;i (4) v1   v, (5)
13
Solving for v2;f: Substituting Eq. [5] back into Eq. [4]:
 2m1   m2  m1  2
v2; f   v2  v, (6)
 v1;i    v2;i (5) 13
 m1  m2   m1  m2  Using Eq. [7.7], the initial kinetic energy of the
Taking Eq. [5] into Eq. [2] will yield v1;f as: neutron is:
1
 m  m2   2m2  Ekin;i  mn v 2 (7)
v1; f  1  v1;i    v2;i (6) 2
 m1  m2   m1  m2  The kinetic energy transferred is the final
The given values of m1 = 7.5 g, m2 = 12.5 g, kinetic energy of the carbon atom, and can be
v1;i = 25 cm/s, and v2;i = 45 cm/s when found from Eq. [7.7] and Eq. [6]:
substituted into Eq. [5] and Eq. [6] yield: 1
Ekin;2  12mn v22
v1; f  62.5 cm
s and v2; f  7.5 cm
s 2
2
2  24
Problem 7.32  6mn  v   mn v 2 (8)
(a) Call v the initial velocity of the neutron, v1  13  169
the final velocity of the neutron and v2 the final
The fraction of kinetic energy transferred can
velocity of the carbon atom. Eq. [7.15] for
be found as the ratio of Eq. [8] to Eq. [7]:
conservation of momentum yields:
mn  v  mC  0  mn  v1  mC  v2 Ekin;2 mn v 2 48
24
 169
  0.284 , (9)
Ekin;i 1
mn v 2 169
v  v1  12v2 , (1) 2

that is, only about 28% of the initial kinetic

where we used mC = 12mn and simplified the
energy is transferred from the neutron to the
mass mn in the last step. Similarly, Eq. [7.16]
carbon atom.
for conservation of mechanical energy yields:
1 1 1
mn v 2  0  mn v12  mC v2 2
2 2 2
v  v1  12v2
2 2 2
, (2)
102 Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited

(b) We are given Ekin;i = 2.1  10-13 J so we can
use Eq. [9] to find the final kinetic energy of
the carbon atom Ekin;2 as:
48
Ekin;2  Ekin;i
169
 6.0  1014 J (10)
Given that the collision is elastic, energy must
be conserved, so using Ekin;i = 2.1  10-13 J and
Ekin;2 from Eq. [10], the kinetic energy of the
recoiling neutron Ekin;1 is:
Ekin;1  Ekin;i  Ekin;2
 1.5  1013 J
Problem 7.33
We split the problem in two parts. In part (a)
the bird flies off horizontally making the base
of the swing recoil backwards with a speed
that can be found using conservation of
momentum. This is a process similar to an
inelastic collision in reverse, much like the
ejection process in P-5.19. Then, in part (b) the
base of the swing moves up until it reaches its
maximum height after converting all of its
kinetic energy into potential energy. Energy is
conserved in part (b) because the only other
force besides gravity is the tension in the string
of the swing. Since the tension is perpendicular
to the displacement it does no work and thus
does not affect conservation of energy.
(a) We call mb the mass of the bird and ms the
bass of the base of the swing. From Chapter 3
we know that:
w  mg ,
so that:
(1)
w w
mb  b and ms  s
g g
We can use the values wb = 0.6 N, ws = 1.6 N,
and g = 9.8 m/s2 in Eq. [1] to find mb and ms.
From Eq. [15] for conservation of momentum:
0  mbvb  ms vs , (2)
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited
Chapter 7
where the initial momentum is zero because
both the bird and the base of the swing are at
rest. We can solve Eq. [2] for the velocity of
the base of the swing vs:
m 
vs    b  vb
 ms 
w 
   b  vb , (3)
 ws 
where in the last step we also used Eq. [1] to
write the result in terms of the weights. It is
worth noting that as expected the velocity of
the base of the swing is opposite in direction to
the velocity of the bird.
(b) We now use conservation of mechanical
energy in the form of Eq. [7.12]. Note that
since we are trying to find the highest point
that the base of the swing reaches, its speed at
that point will be zero and thus the final kinetic
energy is also zero. Furthermore, if we set the
zero for potential energy at the lowest point in
the swing, the initial potential energy is also
zero. With these considerations in mind,
conservation of energy from Eq. [7.12] gives:
Ekin,i  0  0  Epot,f
1
ms vs2  ms gh , (4)
2
where vs is the initial speed of the base at the
start of the swing, and h is the maximum
height the base of the swing reaches.
Substituting Eq. [3] into Eq. [4] and
simplifying:
2
v2  w  v2
h s  b b (5)
2 g  ws  2 g
Using the values given by the problem, we find
that h = 4.5 cm, is the maximum height that the
base of the swing reaches with respect to its
original position.
103
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