Start of Lecture: 3:10pm

Call time: 10 mins

STEEL DESIGN OF
TENSION MEMBERS
USING LRFD METHOD
PREPARED BY: ENGR. HIPOLITO M. REVADULLA JR, CE, MP
WHAT ARE TENSION MEMBERS?

 Tension Members are

structural elements that
are subjected to axial
tensile forces.
LIMITS OF FAILURE
OF A TENSION MEMBER
A Tension member can fail by reaching one of two limits states:
 Excessive deformation
• Considerations for the design:
1. Yield Strength, 𝐹

2. Gross Area of the section

 Rupture
• Considerations for the design:
1. Ultimate Strength, 𝐹
2. Net Area of the section
EQUATION FOR ACTUAL TENSILE
STRESS

Where:
F = Actual tensile stress
P = Force applied to the member
A = cross – sectional area (normal to the load)
EQUATION FOR THE DESIGN

𝑷 ≤ 𝑭𝑨

Where:
F = limiting stress (NSCP)
P = Force applied
A = Area of section
SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS:

There is no maximum slenderness limit for the design of members in tension

For members designed on the basis of tension, the slenderness ratio

preferably should not exceed 300.

Where:
L = unsupported length
r = radius of gyration of the section
 Nominal Strength in Yielding:
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
Effective Net Area (NSCP)
𝐴 =𝐴 𝑈
Where:
𝑃 = Nominal strength
Where:
𝐹 = Yield Strength (NSCP) U = Shear Lag Factor
𝐴 = Gross Area (analysis) = 1.0 (normal conditions)

 Nominal Strength in Rupture: Note: 𝐴 ≤ 0.85𝐴

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆

Where:
𝑃 = Nominal strength
𝐹 = Ultimate Strength (NSCP)
𝐴 = Effective Net Area (analysis)
TRANSFER OF LOADS FROM
MEMBER TO MEMBER
LOAD & RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
(LRFD METHOD)
General Equation:
𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝚽𝑹𝒏 (Stress)

𝑷𝒖 ≤ 𝚽𝑷𝒏 (Force)
For Yielding:
𝜱 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
LOAD & RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
(LRFD METHOD)
General Equation:
𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝚽𝑹𝒏 (Stress)

𝑷𝒖 ≤ 𝚽𝑷𝒏 (Force)
For Rupture:
𝜱 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
A 125mm x 13mm plate of A36 steel is used as a tension member. It is
connected to a gusset plate with three 22mm ∅ bolts. Bolt hole diameter
allowance is 3mm. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 Mpa. Assume 𝑼 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎

1. What is the Design Tensile Strength for LRFD?

1. What is the Design Tensile Strength for LRFD?
Equation for yielding:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈

𝐴 = 125𝑚𝑚 𝑥 13𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 1625mm

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

𝑃 = 0.9 (248 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1625mm)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟑𝟔𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵
1. What is the Design Tensile Strength for LRFD?
Equation for rupture:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆

From the given; 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏

𝐴 = (125mm - 22mm – 3mm) x 13mm

𝐴 = 1300mm

Check Max Net Area (NSCP); 𝐴 ≤ 0.85𝐴

𝐴 = 125𝑚𝑚 𝑥 13𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 1625mm
0.85𝐴 = 0.85 1625 = 1381.25

Since 1300𝑚𝑚 < 1381.25𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐴 = 1300mm

1. What is the Design Tensile Strength for LRFD?
Equation for rupture:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆

𝐴 = 𝐴 = 1300mm

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

𝑃 = 0.75 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1300mm )
𝑃 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 (yielding)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (rupture) Use smaller value; 𝑷𝒖 = 362.7 kN
A L 3 ½ x 3 ½ x tension member is connected to a gusset plate with 3-22mm
diameter bolts. A36 steel is used. Investigate the member compliance with
the NSCP Specifications. Use LRFD Method.

Given:
DL = 150 kN
LL = 60 kN
A = 1600 mm
x = 25.65 mm
t = 9.53mm
Spacing of bolts = 75mm
Bolt hole diameter allowance is 3mm
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
LRFD BASIC LOAD COMBINATION

 Combination 1: 1.4D
 Combination 2: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
 Combination 3: 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (0.5L or 0.5W)
 Combination 4: 1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5(Lr or R)
 Combination 5: 0.9D + 1.0W

Where:
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
Lr = Roof Live Load
R = Rain Load
W = Wind Load
Equation for yielding:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈

Given:
𝐴 = 1600 mm DL = 150 kN
F𝒚 = 248 MPa LL = 60 kN

Substitute the given values to the equation:

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.9 (248 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1600mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Load Combinations:
C1: 1.4(150 kN) = 210 𝑘𝑁
C2: 1.2(150 kN) + 1.6(60 kN) = 276𝑘𝑁

Combination 2 governs! 𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (yielding)

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Since 𝚽𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖 ; OK!

Equation for rupture:
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆

Given:
𝐴 = 1600 mm DL = 150 kN
F𝒚 = 248 MPa LL = 60 kN
t = 9.53mm

Solve for 𝑨𝒆 :
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏 𝑼

𝑨𝒏 = 1600 mm − 22𝑚𝑚 + 3𝑚𝑚 9.53𝑚𝑚 = 1361.75 mm

0.85𝐴 = 0.85 1600 = 1360 mm

Use 𝑨𝒏 = 0.85𝐴 = 1360 mm

𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏 𝑼 Given:
x = 25.65 mm
𝐴 = 0.85𝐴 = 1360 mm Spacing of bolts = 75mm

Solve for U:

Condition 2:
𝑈=1 −
.
𝑈=1 − = 0.829

Condition 8:
U = 0.60

Either U value is acceptable but

Specification permits the larger value to be used.
𝑨𝒏 = 1360 mm ; 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟗 Given:
Fu = 400 MPa

𝐴 =𝐴 𝑈
𝐴 = (1360 mm )(0.829)
𝑨𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 mm𝟐

Equation for rupture:

𝑷𝒖 = 𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.75 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1127.44 mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Check the Load Combination

Use Combination 2 : 1.2D + 1.6L

C2: 1.2(150 kN) + 1.6(60 kN) = 276𝑘𝑁
C2: 1.2(150 kN) + 1.6(60 kN) = 276𝑘𝑁

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵
Since 𝚽𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖 ; OK!

The Section is in compliance with the NSCP Specifications using LRFD Method
 Yielding – OK
 Rupture - OK