DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211 DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga E-
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph
Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
PSD 323: Principles of Steel Design
Module 5: Combined Axial and Flexure (Beam-Column) (ASD and LRFD)
Part 2

5.5 MOMENT AMPLIFICATION (Braced Versus Unbraced Frames)

The specification sites moment amplification covering two factors: one to account amplification
resulting from the member deflection and the other is for the effect of sway when member is part of
an unbraced frame.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.4.1 (a) deflection (b) sidesway Figure 5.4.2 Unbraced Frame with deflection and sidesway

Figure 5.4.3 Braced Frame Vs Unbraced Frame

To approximate these effects, two amplification factors B1 and B2 are used for the two types of
moments. The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the loads and moments as
follows
𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡
Where:
Mr = required moment strength
= Mu for LRFD
= Ma for ASD
Mnt = maximum moment assuming that no sidesway occurs, whether the frame is actually braced or
not (the subscript nt is for “no translation”). Mnt will be factored load moment for LRFD and a service
load moment for ASD
Mlt = maximum moment caused by sidesway (the subscript lt is for “lateral translation”). This
moment can be caused by lateral loads or by unbalanced gravity loads. Gravity load can produce
sidesway if the frame is unsymmetrical or if the gravity loads are unsymmetrically placed. Mlt will be
zero if the frame is actually braced. Mlt will be factored load moment for LRFD and a service load
moment for ASD.
B1 = amplification factor for the moments occurring in the member when it is braced against sway
B2 = amplification factor for the moments resulting from sidesway
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211 DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga E-
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph
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𝑪𝒎
𝑩𝟏 = ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎 − 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟓. 𝟑)
𝑷𝒓
𝟏 − (𝜶 )
𝑷𝒆𝟏
𝟏
𝑩𝟐 = − −𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟓. 𝟒)
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚
𝟏 − (𝑷 )
𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚

Where: Pr = required axial compressive strength

α = 1.00 LRFD
α = 1.60 ASD
π2 EI
Pe1 = (K 2 -Euler’s Critical Load
1 L)
𝑀
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 (𝑀1 ) – factor for braced condition only
2
𝑀1
𝑀2
is a ratio of bending moments at the ends of the member. M1 is the end moment that is smaller in
absolute value, M2 is the larger, and the ratio is taken as positive for members bent in reverse
curvature (double curvature) and taken as negative for single curvature bending.

5.6 SAMPLE PROBLEM

3.A 4m W12x96 Grade 50 steel is used as a beam-column in a braced frame. It is bent in a single
curvature with equal and opposite end moments and is not subjected with intermediate transverse
loads. Determine if the section is adequate to carry the given loads PDL = 780 kN, PLL = 1335 kN,
moment at strong axis MDL = 80 kN-m and MLL = 80 kN-m, Cb = 1.0 and also assuming that Pc = ∅c Pn =
∅c FcrAg(derived from compression members) = 4800 kN. Use Lp = 3326.502mm and Lr = 14200mm
(derived from flexural members). Use LRFD Method

PROPERTIES of W 12 x 96
Ag = 18, 200mm2
Ix = 347 x 106 mm4
Sx = 2150 x 103 mm3
Zx = 2410 x 103 mm3

Solution:
Pr
Check the ratio, Pc
≥ 0.2 to determine the suitable interaction equation

(a) Using LRFD, ∅𝐜,𝐛 = 0.9

Pr = 1.2𝑃𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑃𝐿𝐿 (whichever is higher)

= 1.4𝑃𝐷𝐿

Pr = 1.2(780) + 1.6(1335) = 3072 𝑘𝑁

= 1.4(780) = 1092 𝑘𝑁
𝐏𝐫 = 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍 (required axial strength)

Since we have a compression member, the available axial strength (Pc ) will come from axial
compression force ∅c Pn = ∅c FcrAg.
𝐏𝐜 = ∅𝐜 𝐏𝐧 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍 (𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡)

Pr 3072
= = 0.64 > 0.2
Pc 4800
𝑷 𝟖 𝑴 𝑴
Use 𝑷𝒓 + 𝟗 (𝑴𝒓𝒙 + 𝑴𝒓𝒚) ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 ----Equation (508.1-1a)
𝒄 𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒚

Solving for Mrx

𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡
We will be cancelling out the value of 𝑀𝑙𝑡 since the given beam-column is a braced frame. This
means that the beam-column will not exhibit lateral translation.
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211 DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga E-
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph
Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
𝑴𝒓 = 𝑩𝟏 𝑴𝒏𝒕
Mntx = 1.2MDLx + 1.6MLLx (whichever is higher)
= 1.4MDLx
Mntx = 1.2(80) + 1.6(80) = 224 kN-m
= 1.4(80) = 112 kN-m
Mntx = 224 kN-m

Cm
B1 = ≥ 1.0
Pr
1 − (α )
Pe1

𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( )
𝑀2
M1 = 80kN − m
M2 = 80 kN − m
M1 80
(taken as negative when we have a single − curvature bending) = − = −1
M2 80
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4(−1) = 𝟏. 𝟎

π2 EI
Pe1 = (K 2 , K = 1.0 (braced frame)
1 L)

π2 (200000)(347x 106 )
Pe1 = = 𝟒𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟗, 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗 𝐍
((1.0)(4000))2

α = 𝟏. 𝟎 (𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃)
1.0
B1 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖
3072 x 103
1 − ((1.0) 42809.409 )

Mrx = B1 Mntx
𝐌𝐫𝐱 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟐𝟐𝟒) = 𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡)

For Mcx,
Lp = 3326.502mm
Lr = 14200mm
Lb = 4,000mm (unsupported length)

If Lp<Lb<Lr
𝑳 −𝑳
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒃 [𝑴𝒑 − (𝑴𝒑 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 ) (𝑳𝒃−𝑳𝒑 )] ≤ 𝑴𝒑
𝒓 𝒑

Mp = Fy Zx
Mp = (345MPa)( 2410 x 103 mm3)
Mp = 831. 45 kN-m

L −L
Mn = Cb [Mp − (Mp − 0.7Fy Sx ) ( Lb−L p)]
r p
4000−3326.502
Mn = (1.0) [831.45x10 − (831.45x106 − 0.7(345)( 2150 x 103 mm3)) (14200−3326.502)]
6

𝐌𝐧 = 𝟖𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

Since;
Mn < Mp
Therefore Mn = 𝟖𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

Mcx = ∅b Mn = 0.9(812.11) = 730.90 kN − m

𝐌𝐜𝐱 = 𝟕𝟑𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 (𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡)
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines AND ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211 DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga E-
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph
Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
𝑷𝒓 𝟖 𝑴𝒓𝒙 𝑴𝒓𝒚
+ ( + ) ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑷𝒄 𝟗 𝑴𝒄𝒙 𝑴𝒄𝒚

Cancelling the moment about weaker axis (y) since there are no specified loads, we will have;
𝑷𝒓 𝟖 𝑴𝒓𝒙
+ ( ) ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑷𝒄 𝟗 𝑴𝒄𝒙
3072 8 241.92
+ ( )
4800 9 730.90
0.934 < 1.0 (W12x96 is ADEQUATE to carry the given loads)

IV. REFERENCES
1. Steel Structures Design and Behaviour by Charles G. Salmon & John E. Johnson
2. Structural Steel Design 5th Ed. By Jack C. McCormac & Stephen F. Csernak
3. National Structural Code of the Philippines (Chapter 5: Steel Structures) 2015 (Buildings, Towers
& other Vertical Structures).
4. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) specifications.