Module 2 Part 2

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
PSD 323: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Module 2 – (Part 2): Design of Flexural Members (LRFD)
I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles and concepts used
in the analysis and design of steel beams for flexure.
2. The students are expected to have knowledge in the difference between different
design methods.
II. Course Outline:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Compactness of Steel Sections
1.3 Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major
Axis
1.4 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or
Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis
1.5 Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent about their
Major Axis
1.6 Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs
Bent about their Major Axis
1.7 Sample Problems
III. Learning Content:
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Plastic design - based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than working load
conditions. A member is selected base on the criterion that the structure will fail at a load
substantially higher than the working or service load.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) – Similar to plastic design where factored loads
are applied. In addition, the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the
application of a resistance factor
For all sections covered in this chapter, the highest possible nominal flexural
strength is the plastic moment, Mn = Mp. Being able to use this value in design represents
the optimum use of the steel. In order to attain Mp, the beam cross section must be compact
and the member must be laterally braced.
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Section 506.1 General Provisions

𝑀𝑛
The design flexural strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛 , and the allowable flexural strength, , shall be
Ω
determined as follows;
1. For all provisions in this section

𝜙 = 0.90 (LRFD)
Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
Mn = Nominal Flexural Strength
(NSCP 2001 – ASD) (NSCP 2015 – LRFD and ASD)
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝐹𝑏 𝑆𝑥 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 (LRFD)

𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑎 = = (ASD)
Ω 1.67
2. Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor, 𝑪𝒃
𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑪𝒃 = (𝑹𝒎 ) ≤ 3.0
𝟐.𝟓 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙+𝟑 𝑴𝑨 +𝟒 𝑴𝑩+𝟑 𝑴𝑪
where:
Mmax = Absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced
segment, N-mm
MA = Absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced
segment, N-mm
MB = Absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced
segment, N-mm
MC = Absolute value of moment at three quarter point of the
unbraced segment, N-mm
Rm = Cross section monosymmetric parameter
= 1.0 for doubly symmetric members
= 1.0 for singly symmetric members subjected to single
curvature bending
𝑪𝒃 is permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0 for all cases.
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1.2 COMPACTNESS OF STEEL SECTIONS

Compactness depends on the flange and web width-to thickness ratios. For laterally
braced beams, the plastic moment region extends over the range of width-to-thickness
rations, 𝝀, terminating at 𝝀𝑝 . This is the compact condition. Beyond these limits the
nominal strength reduces linearly until 𝝀 reaches 𝝀𝑟 . This is the range where the section is
non-compact. Beyond 𝝀𝑟 , the section is a slender-element section
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Recall:
NSCP 2001
Compact Flange and
Section 506.2.1 Members with compact sections
Compact Web
Non-compact Flange and
Compact Web
Section 506.2.2 Members with non-compact sections or
Non-compact Web
Members with compact or non-compact
Section 506.2.3 sections with unbraced length, Lb, Lb ≥ Lc
greater to Lc (Laterally Unsupported)
Note:
NSCP 2015
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped
Compact Flange and
Section 506.2 Members and Channels Bent about
Compact Web
their Major Axis
Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members
Compact Web
with Compact Webs and Noncompact
Section 506.3 or
or Slender Flanges Bent about their
Slender Flange and
Major Axis
Compact Web
Other I-Shaped Members with Compact
Section 506.4 or Noncompact Webs Bent about their Non-compact Web
Major Axis
Doubly Symmetric and Singly
Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Flange and
Section 506.5
Slender Webs Bent about their Major Slender Web
Axis
1.3 (Section 506.2) Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent
about their Major Axis
• “Compact Sections”
𝑏𝑓
• Compact Flanges ≤ 𝝀𝑝
2𝑡𝑓
ℎ
• Compact Web ≤ 𝝀𝑝
𝑡𝑤
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The nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lower value obtained according to the
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
• Yielding
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒑
where:
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
• Lateral Torsional Buckling
1. 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝
Don’t apply
2. 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝑳𝒃 −𝑳𝒑
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒃 [𝑴𝒑 − (𝑴𝒑 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 ) ( )] ≤ 𝑴𝒑
𝑳𝒓 −𝑳𝒑
3. 𝐿𝑏 ≥ 𝐿𝑟
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙 ≤ 𝑴𝒑
where:
𝐿𝑏 = Unbraced/unsupported length against lateral displacement of
compression flange
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √
𝐹𝑦
𝐸 𝑏𝑓
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟𝑡𝑠 √0.7𝐹 and 𝑟𝑡𝑠 =
𝑦 ℎ𝑡𝑤
√12(1+ )
6 𝑏 𝑓 𝑡𝑓
𝑐𝑏 𝜋2 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐿 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿
√1 + 0.078 ( 𝑏)
(𝑟 𝑏 ) 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑡𝑠
where:
𝐽𝑐 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠, 𝑚𝑚
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1.4 (Section 506.3) Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis
• “Partially Compact Sections”
𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓
• Non-Compact or Slender Flanges 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟 or 𝝀𝑟 ≤
2𝑡𝑓 2𝑡𝑓
ℎ
• Compact Web ≤ 𝝀𝑝
𝑡𝑤
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lower value obtained according to the
limit states of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.
(Same provisions for lateral-torsional buckling of Section 506.2)
• Compression Flange Local Buckling
𝑏𝑓
1. 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟 (Non-Compact Flanges)
2𝑡𝑓
𝝀 − 𝝀𝒑
𝑴𝒏 = [𝑴𝒑 − (𝑴𝒑 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 ) ( )]
𝝀𝒓 − 𝝀𝒑
𝑏𝑓
2. 𝝀𝑟 ≤ (Slender Flanges)
2𝑡𝑓
𝟎.𝟗𝑬𝒌𝒄 𝑺𝒙
𝑴𝒏 =
𝝀𝟐
where:
𝑏𝑓
𝝀 =
2𝑡𝑓
4
𝒌𝑐 = but 0.35 ≤ 𝒌𝑐 ≤ 0.76
√ℎ⁄𝑡
𝑤
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1.5 (Section 506.4) Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent
about their Major Axis
• “Non-Compact Sections”
ℎ
• Non-Compact Web 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟
𝑡𝑤
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the
limit states of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression
flange local buckling, and flange yielding.
• Compression Flange Yielding

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 = 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒄
where:
𝑆𝑥𝑐 = Elastic section modulus of the compression flanges
𝑅𝑝𝑐 = Web plastification factor
𝑀𝑝
= but 𝑀𝑝 = 𝑍𝑥 𝐹𝑦 ≤ 1.6𝑆𝑥𝑐 𝐹𝑦
𝑀𝑦𝑐
1. 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 Don’t apply
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒃 [𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 − (𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 − 𝑭𝑳 𝑺𝒙𝒄 ) ( )] ≤ 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄 ≤ 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄
where:
𝑐𝑏 𝜋2 𝐸 𝐽 𝐿 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2 √1 + 0.078 ( 𝑏)
𝐿 𝑆𝑥𝑐 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡
( 𝑟𝑏)
𝑡
𝑆𝑥𝑡
𝐹𝐿 = 0.7𝐹𝑦 if ≥ 0.7
𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝑆𝑥𝑡 𝑆𝑥𝑡
= 𝐹𝑦 ( ) ≥ 0.5𝐹𝑦 if < 0.7
𝑆𝑥𝑐 𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.1𝑟𝑡 √
𝐹𝑦
𝐽 √ 2
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡 𝐹 √𝑆
𝐸
ℎ
1 + √1 + 6.76 (𝐹𝐿𝑆𝐸𝑥𝑐𝐽 ℎ𝑜)
𝐿 𝑥𝑐 𝑜
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𝑏𝑓
1. ≤ 𝝀𝑝 Don’t apply
2𝑡𝑓
𝑏𝑓
2. 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟
2𝑡𝑓
𝝀−𝝀𝒑
𝑴𝒏 = [𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 − (𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 − 𝑭𝑳 𝑺𝒙𝒄 ) ( )]
𝝀𝒓 −𝝀𝒑
𝑏𝑓
3. 𝝀𝑟 ≤
2𝑡𝑓
𝟎.𝟗𝑬𝒌𝒄 𝑺𝒙𝒄
𝑴𝒏 =
𝝀𝟐
where:
𝑏𝑓𝑐
𝝀 =
2𝑡𝑓𝑐
4
𝒌𝑐 = but 0.35 ≤ 𝒌𝑐 ≤ 0.76
√ℎ⁄𝑡
𝑤
• Tension Flange Yielding
1. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≥ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 Don’t apply
2. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≤ 𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒕 𝑴𝒚𝒕 = 𝑹𝒑𝒕 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒕
where:
𝑆𝑥𝑡 = Elastic section modulus of the tension flanges
𝑀𝑝
𝑅𝑝𝑡 =
𝑀𝑦𝑡
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1.6 (Section 506.5) Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with
Slender Webs Bent about their Major Axis
• “Slender Sections”
𝑏𝑓
• Slender Flanges ≥ 𝝀𝑟
2𝑡𝑓
ℎ
• Slender Web ≥ 𝝀𝑟
𝑡𝑤
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the
limit states of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression
flange local buckling, and flange yielding.
• Compression Flange Yielding

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑴𝒚𝒄 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒄
where:
𝑅𝑝𝑔 = Bending strength reduction factor
𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑐 𝐸
= 1− ( − 5.7√ ) ≤ 1.0
1200+300𝑎𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
ℎ𝑐 𝑡𝑤
𝑎𝑤 =
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑓𝑐
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄
1. 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 Don’t apply
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑝
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑏 [𝐹𝑦 − (0.3𝐹𝑦 ) ( )] ≤ 𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑟 −𝐿𝑝
𝑐𝑏 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿 2 ≤ 𝐹𝑦
( 𝑟𝑏)
𝑡
where:
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.1𝑟𝑡 √
𝐹𝑦
𝐸
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟𝑡 √
0.7𝐹𝑦
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𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄
𝑏𝑓
1. ≤ 𝝀𝑝 Don’t apply
2𝑡𝑓
𝑏𝑓
2. 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟
2𝑡𝑓
𝝀−𝝀𝑝
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [𝐹𝑦 − (0.3𝐹𝑦 ) ( )]
𝝀𝑟 −𝝀𝑝
𝑏𝑓
3. 𝝀𝑟 ≤
2𝑡𝑓
0.9𝐸𝑘𝑐
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝑏𝑓
(2𝑡 )
𝑓
where:
𝑏𝑓𝑐
𝝀 =
2𝑡𝑓𝑐
4
𝒌𝑐 = but 0.35 ≤ 𝒌𝑐 ≤ 0.76
√ℎ⁄𝑡
𝑤
• Tension Flange Yielding
1. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≥ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 Don’t apply
2. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≤ 𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒕 𝑴𝒚𝒕 = 𝑹𝒑𝒕 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒕
where:
𝑆𝑥𝑡 = Elastic section modulus of the tension flanges
𝑀𝑝
𝑅𝑝𝑡 =
𝑀𝑦𝑡
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1.7 Sample Problems
Problem 1:
A 9m simply supported beam carrying a uniformly

distributed factored load of 14.2311 kN/m including its self-weight.
Using W18 x 50, determine the flexural capacity for ASD and LRFD.
Properties if W18x50
Solution:
Check compactness:
Based on the given steel section, identify which case are applicable according to Table 502.4.1 and
Table 502.4.2
𝑏𝑓
For checking of flange compactness :
2𝑡𝑓
𝐸 𝐸
Case 1: 𝝀𝑝 = 0.38√ and 𝝀𝑟 = 1.0√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
ℎ
For checking of web compactness :
𝑡𝑤
𝐸 𝐸
Case 9: 𝝀𝑝 = 3.76√ and 𝝀𝑟 = 5.70√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑓 191
= = 6.5862
2𝑡𝑓 2(14.5)
𝐸 200000
𝝀𝑝 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.1493
𝐹𝑦 345
𝑏𝑓
Since ≤ 𝝀𝑝 , no need to check 𝝀𝑟 because the flange is already compact.
2𝑡𝑓
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h = d – 2 (k) = 457 – 2(24.7) = 407.6 mm

ℎ 407.6
= = = 45.1885
𝑡𝑤 9.02
𝐸 200000
𝝀𝑝 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.5302
𝐹𝑦 345
ℎ
Since ≤ 𝝀𝑝 , no need to check 𝝀𝑟 because the web is already compact.
𝑡𝑤
Since flange and web are both compact, our steel section is a Compact Section, adopt codes from
Section 506.2 (Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major
Axis)
▪ for Yielding
1
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 = 345(1660 𝑥 103 ) ( )
10003
𝑴𝒏 = 572.7 kN-m
▪ for Lateral-torsional buckling
Check the unbraced length condition
Lb = 9000 mm
𝐸
Lp = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √ = 1.76(41.9)√
200000
= 1775.55 mm
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
Lr = 𝜋𝑟𝑡𝑠 √0.7𝐹 = 𝜋(50.3)√0.7(345) = 4547.52 mm
𝑦
since Lp < Lb > Lr
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 = 572.7 kN-m
𝑐𝑏 𝜋2 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐿 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2 √1 + 0.078 ( 𝑏)
𝐿 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
(𝑟 𝑏 )
𝑡𝑠
12.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
where, 𝐶𝑏 = (𝑅𝑚 ) ≤ 3.0
2.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 +3 𝑀𝐴 +4 𝑀𝐵 +3 𝑀𝐶
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Mmax = 144.09 kN-m

MA = 108.07 kN-m
MB = 144.09 kN-m
MC = 108.07 kN-m
12.5(144.09)
𝐶𝑏 = (1.0)
2.5(144.09)+ 3(108.07) + 4(144.09) + 3(108.07)
𝐶𝑏 = 1.14 < 3.0 , use 𝐶𝑏 = 1.14
(1.14)𝜋2 (200000) 516 9000 2

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 9000 2
√1 + 0.078 ( ) = 121.68 MPa
( 50.3 ) 1460(442) 50.3
1
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 = 121.68(1460𝑥103 ) ( ) = 177.65 kN < 𝑀𝑝
10002
𝑴𝒏 = 177.65 kN-m
According to Section 506.2, the nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lower value obtained
according to the limit states of yielding and lateral-torsional buckling.
Therefore, choose 𝑴𝒏 = 177.65 kN-m
For LRFD:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(177.65) = 159.885 kN-m
For ASD:
𝑀𝑛 177.65
𝑀𝑎 = = = 106.377 kN-m
1.67 1.67
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Problem 2:
A 7m simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed dead and live load of 7 kN/m
and 3.1 kN/m respectively. The longer unbraced length is 4.5m. Using W21x48, determine the
flexural capacity for ASD and LRFD.
Properties of W21x48:
Solution:
𝐹𝑦 = 345 MPa
𝜔𝐷𝐿 = 7 kN/m
𝜔𝐿𝐿 = 3.1 kN/m
Check compactness:
Based on the given steel section, identify which case are applicable according to Table 502.4.1 and
Table 502.4.2
𝑏𝑓
For checking of flange compactness :
2𝑡𝑓
𝐸 𝐸
Case 1: 𝝀𝑝 = 0.38√ and 𝝀𝑟 = 1.0√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
ℎ
For checking of web compactness :
𝑡𝑤
𝐸 𝐸
Case 9: 𝝀𝑝 = 3.76√ and 𝝀𝑟 = 5.70√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑓 207
= = 9.4954
2𝑡𝑓 2(10.9)
𝐸 200000
𝝀𝑝 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.1493
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝝀𝑟 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.0772
𝐹𝑦 345
𝑏𝑓
Since 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟 , the flange is non-compact.
2𝑡𝑓
P a g e 15 | 18
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
h = d – 2 (k) = 523 – 2(23.6) = 475.8 mm

ℎ 475.8
= = = 53.5208
𝑡𝑤 8.89
𝐸 200000
𝝀𝑝 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.5302
𝐹𝑦 345
ℎ
Since ≤ 𝝀𝑝 , no need to check 𝝀𝑟 because the web is already compact.
𝑡𝑤
Since our steel section has a non-compact flange and a compact web, we will adopt codes from
Section 506.3 (Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender
Flanges Bent about their Major Axis)
▪ for Lateral-torsional buckling
Check the unbraced length condition
Lb = 4500 mm
𝐸
Lp = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √ = 1.76(42.2)√
200000
= 1788.26 mm
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
Lr = 𝜋𝑟𝑡𝑠 √0.7𝐹 = 𝜋(52.1)√0.7(345) = 4710.25 mm
𝑦
since Lp < Lb < Lr
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒃 [𝑴𝒑 − (𝑴𝒑 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 ) ( )] ≤ 𝑴𝒑
where;
1
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 = 345(1750 𝑥 103 ) ( ) = 603.75 kN-m
10003
Solving for 𝐶𝑏
9.81
𝜔𝐷𝐿 = 7 + 72( ) = 7.70632 kN/m
1000
𝜔𝐿𝐿 = 3.1 kN/m
Based on NSCP 2015 LRFD load combination:

𝜔𝑢 = 1.4𝜔𝐷𝐿 = 10.788848
𝜔𝑢 = 1.2𝜔𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝜔𝐿𝐿 = 14.207584
Choose 𝜔𝑢 = 14.207584 kN/m

P a g e 16 | 18
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Mmax = 87.0215 kN-m

MA = 46.9516 kN-m
MB = 75.9218 kN-m
MC = 86.9105 kN-m
12.5(87.0215 )
𝐶𝑏 = (1.0) = 1.1787 < 3.0,
2.5(87.0215 )+ 3(46.9516) + 4(75.9218) + 3(86.9105)
use 𝐶𝑏 = 1.1787
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )]
𝐿𝑟 −𝐿𝑝
1520𝑥103 4500−1788.26
𝑀𝑛 = 1.1787 [603.75 − (603.75 − 0.7(345) ( )) ( )]
10002 4710.25−1788.26
𝑀𝑛 = 452.7498 kN/m ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑴𝒏 = 452.7498 kN/m
▪ for Compression flange local buckling

𝑏𝑓
𝝀 = = 9.4954
2𝑡𝑓
𝐸
𝝀𝑝 = 3.76√ = 9.1493
𝐹𝑦
𝐸
𝝀𝑟 = 1.0√ = 24.0772
𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑓
Since 𝝀𝑝 ≤ ≤ 𝝀𝑟 ,
2𝑡𝑓
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )]
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝
1520𝑥103 9.4954 − 9.1493

𝑀𝑛 = [603.75 − (603.75 − 0.7(345) ( )) ( )]
10002 24.0772− 9.1493
𝑴𝒏 = 598.2629 kN/m
P a g e 17 | 18
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
According to Section 506.3, The nominal flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 , shall be the lower value obtained
according to the limit states of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.
.
Therefore, choose 𝑴𝒏 = 452.7498 kN/m
For LRFD:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(452.7498) = 407.4748 kN-m
For ASD:
𝑀𝑛 452.7498
𝑀𝑎 = = = 271.1077 kN-m
1.67 1.67
IV. References
1. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015, 7th edition
2. Structural Steel Design 5th Edition by Jack C. McCormac and Stephen F. Csernak
3. Steel Structures Design (ASD/LRFD) by Alan Williams
4. Structural Steel Design by E.M. Lui of Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Syracuse University, NY
P a g e 18 | 18

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

PSD 323: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Module 2 – (Part 2): Design of Flexural Members (LRFD)

II. Course Outline:

III. Learning Content:

Section 506.1 General Provisions

1. For all provisions in this section

(NSCP 2001 – ASD) (NSCP 2015 – LRFD and ASD)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝐹𝑏 𝑆𝑥 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 (LRFD)

2. Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor, 𝑪𝒃

𝑪𝒃 is permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0 for all cases.

1.2 COMPACTNESS OF STEEL SECTIONS

• Lateral Torsional Buckling

• “Partially Compact Sections”

• Lateral Torsional Buckling

(Same provisions for lateral-torsional buckling of Section 506.2)

• Compression Flange Local Buckling

• Compression Flange Yielding

• Lateral Torsional Buckling

• Compression Flange Local Buckling

• Tension Flange Yielding

1. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≥ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 Don’t apply

• Compression Flange Yielding

• Lateral Torsional Buckling

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄

• Compression Flange Local Buckling

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄

• Tension Flange Yielding

1. 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≥ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 Don’t apply

1.7 Sample Problems

A 9m simply supported beam carrying a uniformly

h = d – 2 (k) = 457 – 2(24.7) = 407.6 mm

▪ for Lateral-torsional buckling

Check the unbraced length condition

since Lp < Lb > Lr

𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 = 572.7 kN-m

Mmax = 144.09 kN-m

𝐶𝑏 = 1.14 < 3.0 , use 𝐶𝑏 = 1.14

(1.14)𝜋2 (200000) 516 9000 2

𝑀𝑢 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(177.65) = 159.885 kN-m

h = d – 2 (k) = 523 – 2(23.6) = 475.8 mm

▪ for Lateral-torsional buckling

Check the unbraced length condition

since Lp < Lb < Lr

Based on NSCP 2015 LRFD load combination:

Choose 𝜔𝑢 = 14.207584 kN/m

Mmax = 87.0215 kN-m

▪ for Compression flange local buckling

1520𝑥103 9.4954 − 9.1493

Therefore, choose 𝑴𝒏 = 452.7498 kN/m

𝑀𝑢 = 0.90𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(452.7498) = 407.4748 kN-m

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