PDFen

Far Eastern University 2nd SEMESTER 2022-2023
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

___________________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 9: COMPRESSION MEMBERS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:
1. Analyze compression members using LRFD and ASD methods.
2. determine the desired economical section through analytical approach.
3. develop familiarity to the use of Steel Manual and NSCP.
COVERAGE:
1. Analysis of compression members
OBJECTIVES:
1. To analyze structurally compression members using LRFD and ASD methods
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBERS are structural elements that are pushed together or carry a load, more
technically they are subjected only to axial compressive forces. Compression members are commonly used as
columns in building structures, chords or webs in trusses, bridge piers or braces in framed structures. Compressive
members are opposite of tension members.
From the excerpt taken from page 5-55 of NSCP 2015, the following will be the formulas used in the
analysis of compression members:
___________________________________________________________________________
P = ϕc Pn ϕc = 0.90 LRFD
𝑷𝒏
P = Ωc = 1.67 ASD
𝜴𝒄
Pn = Fcr Ag
𝑭𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
When ≤ 4.71 √𝑭 Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy
𝒓 𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
When > 4.71 √𝑭 Fcr = 0.877 Fe
𝒓 𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 𝟐 where k = 1
( )
𝒓
DESIGN LIMITATION
𝑷
1) Tentative Ag = 𝟐𝑭𝒚 LRFD
𝝓𝒄
𝟑
𝑷𝜴𝒄
Ag = 𝟐𝑭𝒚 ASD
𝟑
2) From user’s mote, according from the excerpt above: For members designed for the basis of
𝑲𝑳
compression, the slenderness ratio 𝒓 preferably should not exceed 200.
𝑲𝑳
𝒓
≤ 200 where K = 1
𝑳
Therefore: rmin = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
___________________________________________________________________________
DESIGN PROBLEM:
PROBLEM 1. Design a W-section compression member carrying a dead load of 442 kN and live
load of 1333 kN. The length of the member is 7.30 m. Use A36 steel and LRFD.
STEP 1. Loadings
P = 1.2 D + 1.6 L from LRFD formula
P = 1.2 (442) + 1.6 (1333)
P = 2663.20 kN
STEP 2. Tentative Ag
𝑷
Ag = 𝟐𝑭𝒚 from formula tentative Ag
𝝓𝒄
𝟑
2663,20 (1000)
Ag = 0.90 (2)(248) substituting values
3
Ag = 17 897.85 mm2
STEP 3. Minimum radius of gyration

𝐿
rmin = from limitation formula
200
7.30 (1000)
rmin =
200
rmin = 36.50 mm
STEP 4. Section Selection
In this step you need your ASEP Steel Handbook 2004 to select the most economical size of the W-section.
You must turn your handbook from pages 84 – 105. Starting from page 84, go to the second column with heading
AREA. Select an area which is more than but nearest to the value of your computed required gross area Ag =
17897.85 mm2 (step 2). You must also select the nearest value of area to other pages on the column AREA. Check
if it is more than the value and not less than. The nearest value to Ag is 18194 mm2 found at page 100, the first trial
size is W 12 x 96 (refer to attached excerpt).
___________________________________________________________________________
Try W 12 x 96 from the tabulation above
Ag = 18 194 mm2
rx = 138.18 mm
ry = 78.49 mm
TAKE NOTE: Check the following:

1) Actual Gross area Ag = 18194 mm2 must be greater than or equal to the required gross area
Ag = 17897.85 mm2 (step 2). In this case it is safe.
2) The values of the radii of gyration rx = 138.18 mm and ry = 78.49 must be greater than the
minimum rmin = 36.50 mm (step 3). In this case it is safe.
3) If all items are safe, then proceed to step 5.
4) If one of the items is not safe or inadequate, change your trial section, go to the next bigger Ag.
___________________________________________________________________________
STEP 5. Checking
𝐾𝐿 1 (7.30)(1000)
𝑥 = = 52.83 slenderness ratio @ x-axis, K = 1,
𝑟 138.18
L = 7.30 m, rx = 138.18 mm
𝐾𝐿 1 (7.30)(1000)
𝑦 = = 93.00 slenderness ratio @ y-axis, K = 1,
𝑟 78.49
L = 7.30 m, ry = 78.49 mm
𝐾𝐿
ADOPT: 𝑟
= 93.00 the larger value prevails
𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
4.71 √ = 4.71 √ = 133.76 E = 200 000 MPa constant value
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖
Fy = 248 MPa constant value

𝑭𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
Therefore: 𝒓
< 4.71 √𝑭 use Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy
𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 = (𝟗𝟑)𝟐
= 228.23 MPa from NSCP formula
( )𝟐
𝒓
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖
Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟖.𝟐𝟑 ] (248)
Fcr = 157.37 MPa
Pn = Fcr Ag from NSCP 2015 formula

157.37 (18194)
Pn = actual Ag = 18194 mm2
1000
Pn = 2863.19 kN
P = ϕc Pn from NSCP 2015 formula
P = 0.90 (2863.19)
P = 2576.87 kN < 2663.20 kN INADEQUATE
NOTE: If the actual load P is less than the required P (step 1), then it is not safe or inadequate, repeat or go back
again to step 4 and revise your trial section. If it is the other way around, then that is the size we are designing for.
Since our answer is inadequate, we go back again to step 4.
STEP 4. Section Selection
We are now on the second trial section. Again using ASEP Handbook 2004, find for the heading AREA
(second column). Find for the nearest but larger area than the first trial Ag = 18 194 mm2 (W 12 x 96). We then find
Ag = 18 387 mm2 that correspond to W 18 x 97 page 96 ASEP Handbook 2004 but
It will also be inadequate.
The following sizes will also be inadequate in trying this sections.
W 30 x 99 Ag = 18 774 mm2 inadequate

W 16 x 100 Ag = 18 968 mm2 inadequate
Now let us try W 12 x 106 with Ag = 20 129 mm2 page 100 ASEP Handbook 2004
___________________________________________________________________________
Try W 12 x 106 from the tabulation above
Ag = 20 129 mm2
rx = 138.94 mm
ry = 78.99 mm
TAKE NOTE: Check the following:

1) Actual Gross area Ag = 20 129 mm2 must be greater than or equal to the required gross area
Ag = 17897.85 mm2 (step 2). In this case it is safe.
2) The values of the radii of gyration rx = 138.94 mm and ry = 78.99 must be greater than the
minimum rmin = 36.50 mm (step 3). In this case it is safe.
3) If all items are safe, then proceed to step 5..
4) If one of the items is not safe or inadequate, change your trial section, go to the next bigger Ag.
___________________________________________________________________________
STEP 5. Checking
𝐾𝐿 1 (7.30)(1000)
𝑥 = = 52.54 slenderness ratio @ x-axis, K = 1,
𝑟 138.94
L = 7.30 m, rx = 138.94 mm
𝐾𝐿 1 (7.30)(1000)
𝑦 = = 92.42 slenderness ratio @ y-axis, K = 1,
𝑟 78.99
L = 7.30 m, ry = 78.99 mm
𝐾𝐿
ADOPT: 𝑟
= 92.42 the larger value prevails
𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
4.71 √ = 4.71 √ = 133.76 E = 200 000 MPa constant value
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖

𝑭𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
Therefore: 𝒓
< 4.71 √𝑭 use Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy
𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 = = 231.10 MPa from NSCP formula
( )𝟐 (𝟗𝟐.𝟒𝟐)𝟐
𝒓
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖
Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟏𝟎 ] (248)
Fcr = 158.26 MPa

158.26 (20 129)
Pn = 1000
actual Ag = 20 129 mm2
Pn = 3185.62 kN
P = 0.90 (3185.62)
P = 2867.06 kN > 2663.20 kN SAFE
USE W 12 x 106 compression member

___________________________________________________________________________
INVESTIGATION PROBLEM
PROBLEM 2. Determine the load capacity of W 30 x 581 column with height of

5.50 m. Use A36 steel.
___________________________________________________________________________
W 30 x 581
Ag = 109 677 mm2 from table above
rx = 353.06 mm
ry = 98.04 mm
𝐾𝐿 1 (5.50)(1000)
𝑟
x = 353.06
= 15.58 slenderness ratio formula
𝐾𝐿 1 (5.50)(1000)
𝑟
y = 98.04
= 56.10
𝐾𝐿
ADOPT: = 56.10 adopt the bigger value
𝑟
𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
4.71 √𝑭 = 4.71 √ 𝟐𝟒𝟖
= 133.76 E = 200 000 MPa constant value
𝒚

𝑭𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
Therefore: < 4.71 √𝑭 use Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy
𝒓 𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 = = 627.20 MPa from NSCP formula
( )𝟐 (𝟓𝟔.𝟏𝟎)𝟐
𝒓
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖
Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕.𝟐𝟎 ](248)
Fcr = 210.17 MPa

210.17 (109 677)
Pn = 1000
actual Ag = 109 677 mm2
Pn = 23 050.82 kN
LRFD
P = 0.90 (23 050.82)
P = 20745.74 kN ANSWER
ASD
𝑃𝑛
P = 𝛺𝑐
23 050.82
P =
1.67
P = 13 802.89 kN ANSWER
___________________________________________________________________________
INVESTIGATION PROBLEM 3
Determine the load capacity of 2L 8 x 6 x ¾ compression member, long legs back to back separated by 100 mm
thick gusset plate. Use A – 36 steel. The length of the member is 10 m.
L8x6x¾
Ag = 6413 mm2
IX = 26.39 x 106 mm4
IY = 12.78 x 106 mm4
X = 39.62 mm
Y = 65.02 mm
2L 8 x 6 x ¾
Ag = 2 (6413)
X = 12 826 mm2
___________________________________________________________________________
By Transfer Formula
I = 𝐈̅ + Ad2
IX = 2 [ (26.39 x 106) + 6413 (0)2 ] = 52 780 000 mm4
𝟏𝟎𝟎 2
IY = 2 [ (12.78 x 106) + 6413 ( 39.62 + ) ] = 128 575 153.70 mm4
𝟐
𝐈
r=√ radius of gyration
𝑨
𝐈 𝟓𝟐 𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
rx = √ 𝑨𝐗 = √ = 64.15 mm
𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔
𝐈 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟑

rY = √ 𝑨𝐘 = √ = 100.12 mm
𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔
𝐾𝐿 1 (10)(1000)
𝑟
x = 64.15
= 155.88
𝐾𝐿 1 (10)(1000)
𝑟
y = 100.12
= 99.88
𝐾𝐿
ADOPT: 𝑟
= 155.88
𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
4.71 √𝑭 = 4.71 √ 𝟐𝟒𝟖
= 133.76
𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
Therefore: > 4.71 √ use Fcr = 0.877 Fe
𝒓 𝑭𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 = (𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟖𝟖)𝟐
= 81.24 MPa
( )𝟐
𝒓
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (81.24)

___________________________________________________________________________
Fcr = 71.25 MPa
Pn = Fcr Ag
71.25 (128.26)
Pn = 1000
Pn = 913.85 kN
LRFD
P = ϕc Pn
P = 0.90 (913.85)
ASD
𝑃𝑛
P = 𝛺𝑐
913.85
P =
1.67
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 10: BUILT – UP SECTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Analyze built-up sections using LRFD and ASD methods.
2. determine the desired economical section through analytical approach.
3. develop familiarity to the use of Steel Manual and NSCP.
COVERAGE:
1. Analysis of built-up sections
OBJECTIVES:
1. To analyze structurally built-up sections using LRFD and ASD methods
BUILT-UP SECTIONS
BUILT-UP SECTIONS or built-up columns are used when the height of the column is such that a
rolled section cannot provide a sufficiently large radius of gyration. Built-up columns consist generally of two or four
shapes connected together by cover plates perforated at intervals with access holes.
COMMON BUILT-UP SECTIONS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
1. Double Angles
2. Box Section
a) Four angles using lacing bars
Lacing consists of connecting the components of the column by a system of generally flat plates.
(In some cases angles and channels are also used as lacings). Lacing plates may be 50 mm to 75 mm wide and
8 mm to 10 mm thick.
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Two channels
3) Cover plated W-section
4) Four angles
PROBLEM 1. Determine the column capacity of the section shown. Column height is 10 m. Use A36 steel.
The column consists of double channel: 2C 15 x 50. The distance from back to back of the channels is 200
mm.
200 mm
Since there is no double channel in our ASEP Steel Handbook 2004, we will consider first single
channel C 15 x 50 page 138 of the handbook.
___________________________________________________________________________
For single channel

y
y
x
C 15 x 50 from table above
Ag = 9484 mm2
Ix = 168.16 x 106 mm4
Iy = 4.58 x 106 mm4
D = 381 mm
x = 20.27 mm
y = 381 / 2 = 190.50 mm
___________________________________________________________________________
For double channel
dy-axis dx-axix
2C 15 x 50
Ag = 2 (9484) = 18968 mm2
From formula in SRIBOD
Transfer Formula
I = I̅ + Ad2 where I̅ = moment of inertia taken from single

member (channel)
A = cross sectional area
d = distance from the centroid of the
single section to the centroidal axis
of the built-up section
I = I̅ + Ad2
Ix = 2 [ (168.16 x 106) + 9484 (0)2 ] the 2 is for double channel

d = 0 because it is centroid
coincides with neutral axis
Ix = 336 320 000 mm4
Iy = 2 [ (4.58 x 106) + 9484 (120.27)2 ] the 2 is for double channel

d = x + (200/2)
= 20.27 + (200/2)
= 120.27 mm
Iy = 283 529 709.20 mm4
From formula in SRIBOD
Radius of Gyration
𝐼
r = √ where r = radius of gyration
𝐴
I = moment of inertia
A = cross sectional area
___________________________________________________________________________
𝐼
r = √𝐴
336 320 000

rx = √
18 968
rx = 133.16 mm
283 529 709.20

ry = √
18 968
ry = 122.26 mm
𝐾𝐿 1 (10)(1000)
𝑟
x = 133.16
= 75.10 slenderness ratio formula
𝐾𝐿 1 (10)(1000)
y = = 81.79
𝑟 122.26
𝐾𝐿
ADOPT: = 81.79 adopt the bigger value
𝑟
𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
4.71 √𝑭 = 4.71 √ 𝟐𝟒𝟖
= 133.76 E = 200 000 MPa constant value
𝒚

𝑭𝒚
𝑲𝑳 𝑬
Therefore: < 4.71 √𝑭 use Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy
𝒓 𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Fe = 𝑲𝑳 = (𝟖𝟏.𝟕𝟗)𝟐
= 295.07 MPa from NSCP formula
( )𝟐
𝒓
𝑭𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟖
Fcr = [ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒆 ] Fy = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟓.𝟎𝟕 ](248)
Fcr = 174.45 MPa

174.45 (18 968)
Pn = actual Ag of double channel
1000
= 18 968 mm2
Pn = 3308.97 kN
LRFD
P = 0.90 (3308.97)
___________________________________________________________________________
ASD
𝑃𝑛
P =
𝛺𝑐
3308.97
P = 1.67
___________________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 11: WIND ANALYSIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. develop awareness that the Philippines is situated in a super typhoon belt area thus the
need to design any structure with wind analysis.
2. develop familiarity of the guidelines of PAGASA to disaster due to winds and typhoons
3. identify the simple ways to prevent excessive swaying of structures due to wind or ways to
become wind resistance structure
4. develop familiarity to the use of NSCP
5. Design structurally the proper wind load used for the analysis of structure due to wind
COVERAGE:
1. Introduction to wind and PAGASA warnings
2. Simple ways to prevent excessive swaying of structures due to wind or ways to become
wind resistance structure
3. Structural Introduction to Wind Analysis
4. Wind Analysis to determine the wind load used in the analysis of structures
OBJECTIVES:
1. To develop awareness that the Philippines is situated in a super typhoon belt area thus
the need to design any structure with wind analysis.
2. To design structurally the proper wind load used for the analysis of structure due to wind
3. To develop familiarity to PAGASA warnings
WIND ANALYSIS
When wind rhymes with "grinned," it refers to moving air, as in a breeze, or what fills the sails of a boat.
When wind rhymes with "kind," it means to turn, as in winding one's watch. There are all kinds of ways to wind: You
can wind a ball of yarn, wind up to take a swing, or wind your way home.
Wind can be destructive to structures when wind becomes typhoon. Structurally, wind is considered as
horizontal or lateral loadings. In the figure below, when wind is moving towards the structure, it is called positive
wind loads while wind moving away from the structure is called negative wind loads.
___________________________________________________________________________
Wind can destroy our homes. It can uplift your house roof ( see figure below), it can overturn your house or it
can slide your house. In truss construction, wind moving towards the roof is called pressure while wind moving away
from the roof is called suction or lift.
In buildings (see figure below), wind moving towards the structure is called windward pressure while wind
moving away from the structure is called leeward pressure.
When wind become strong, it can be typhoon, cyclone or hurricane.(see figure below)
Typhoon, hurricane and cyclone are all the same. In southern hemisphere like Australia, it is called cyclone.
In northern hemisphere (Asian side), it is called typhoon while on the European and American side, it is called
hurricane.
___________________________________________________________________________
In the Philippines, the agency that is concern with typhoons is PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration). The strength of typhoons are designated into five signals as
seen in the table below.
PAGASA also issued a rainfall warning system (see figure below) that corresponds to the volume of the
amount of rainfall. It is categorize into yellow, orange and red warnings. This is also a flood forecast warning.
Also there is also a storm surge warning (see figure below) for people living near sea shores and river
banks.
___________________________________________________________________________
Regarding the names of typhoon locally, PAGASA issued four sets of typhoon names (see figure below). In
the year 2023, the typhoon names in the third column are used. It begins with AMANG and ends up with ZIGZAG, if
there will be 25 typhoons that will visit the Philippines. The typhoon names are with respect to the alphabet with the
exclusion of letter x.
If there will be more than 25 typhoons that will visit the country, PAGASA issued the auxiliary list of locally
typhoon names. The third column is used in 2023.
___________________________________________________________________________
We have also international names of typhoon like typhoon HAIYAN internationally and typhoon YOLANDA
locally. There are 10 present international typhoon names given by the Philippines namely: (see figure below)
___________________________________________________________________________
The moment there is a destructive typhoon that visit the Philippines and incur many deaths and destruction,
the typhoon name will be automatically deleted in the list or in other word, retired, There are four typhoon names
given by the Philippines that retired in the international list. Typhoon IMBUDO retired in 2004 and was changed to
typhoon MOLAVE while typhoon BILIS retired in 2008 and was changed to typhoon MALIKSI. Typhoon HAGIBIS
retired in 2019 and was changed to typhoon RAGASA while typhoon MOLAVE retired in 2022 and was changed to
typhoon NARRA.
___________________________________________________________________________
Simple ways to prevent excessive swaying of structures due to

wind or ways to become wind resistance structure:
WIND is one of the most important factors that architects and engineers have to consider when designing
tall buildings. While skyscrapers might appear to be highly-strengthened, immovable structures, all tall buildings are
in fact designed with a degree of flexibility in mind. This is principally due to the impact that wind forces - known as
“wind loads” - have on a building as it becomes taller. Whilst you might be experiencing a pleasant breeze at street-
level, the force of the wind generally grows much stronger the higher up you travel.
If a very strong wind struck the structure, the tendency of the structure is to sway. Excessive swaying might
cause the building to be damaged or worst thing it might be destroyed. The following are simple ways to prevent
excessive swaying of structures due to wind or ways to become wind resistance structure:
1) SETBACKS - In New York City, ordinances were passed that allowed tall buildings to develop on the
basis that they were set-back after reaching a certain height. This allowed sunlight to reach street-level whilst
breaking-up the facade and reducing the impact that high winds had on these towers.
2) VARYING CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPE – reduce impact of wind, it scatters the wind. Shanghai Tower is
an example of this method.
___________________________________________________________________________
3) TAPERING - Tapering a building as it rises also breaks up the uniformity that causes vortex shedding
(wind impact).Kuala Lumpur’s Petronas Towers and The Shard in London( see figure), both use this technique to
reduce the effect that high winds have on their structures.
4) TWISTED - Creating a twist in a building’s form can also reduce the impact of vortex shedding. With
every floor offset to the last, the number of “bluff” areas across these structures is considerably reduced, minimising
- or in some cases completely eliminating - the locations where vortices can form. A good example of this is the
Turning Torso Building in Sweden.
5) CORNER SOFTENING - The first and by far simplest way to reduce the impact of high winds on a tall
building is with an approach called “corner softening”. Corner softening sees sharp edges smoothed-off of a
structure to make it more aerodynamic, or small cut outs created on the edges of an structure to “scramble”
prevailing winds and reduce the strength of the vortices they create. A prominent example is the ornamental
design of Taiwan’s Taipei 101, where relatively minor cut outs on the building’s corners reduced movement by as
much as 25%.
___________________________________________________________________________
6) SPOILER – reduces the impact of wind.
7) DAMPER - In addition to the techniques that tall buildings use to tame the wind, some are also fitted
with dampers that counteract motion where it occurs. These incredibly heavy instruments are suspended - often on
the upper levels of skyscrapers - and sway as buildings move, counteracting motion and creating a more stable
environment for those inside.Several tall buildings already use these dampers - including Taipei 101 in Taiwan, and
the Trump World Tower and 432 Park Avenue New York.
8) OUTRIGGER - outer covering makes the structure wind resistant.

___________________________________________________________________________
9) POROSITY - Another way to reduce the impact of high winds on tall buildings is to increase their
porosity, “cutting out” parts out of the structure and allowing air to flow through, as well as around the building mass.
10) TIE-UP – only one building used this method and this is in Japan.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE DUE TO WIND LOAD
BASIC WIND SPEED – Three-second gust speed at 10 m above the ground in Exposure C.
According to NSCP 2015, the maximum height of a low rise structure due to wind analysis is 18 m.
From page 2-109 of NSCP 2015, to solve the wind design pressure of a low rise building, you are to use this
formula:
P = qh [(GCpf) - (GCpi)]
where: P = wind design pressure (N/m2)
qh = velocity pressure
Gcpi = internal pressure coefficient
GCpf = external pressure coefficient
___________________________________________________________________________
VELOCITY PRESSURE (qh) – The formula below was taken on page 2-106 NSCP 2015:
qh = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2
where: Kz = velocity pressure coefficient
Kzt = topographic factor
Kd = wind directionality factor
V = wind velocity
qh = velocity pressure (N/m2)
VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENT (Kz) – depends upon the total height of the structure
and the exposure category. Coefficient is found at page 2-112 NSCP 2015
For exposure category:
EXPOSURE A - City (not used anymore)

EXPOSURE B - Suburban area
EXPOSURE C - Open terrain
EXPOSURE D - Open waters
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (Kzt) – From page 2-47 NSCP 2015:
Kzt = ( 1 + K1K2K3 )2
K1K2K3 are coefficient of escarpment and ridge. If site conditions do not meet all the condition
specified, Kzt = 1.
An escarpment is a cliff or steep slope generally separating two levels or gently sloping area. It is
also known as scarp. A ridge is an elongated crest of a hill characterized by strong relief in two directions.
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR (Kd) – given from the table below from page 2-42 NSCP 2015.
___________________________________________________________________________
WIND VELOCITY (V) – This item is found on pages 2-38 to 2-40 NSCP 2015. It consist of three wind zone
maps of the Philippines defending on the occupancy categories.
OCCUPANCY OR IMPORTANCE FACTOR (IW) – depends on how important is your structure. Taken from
pages 1-6 to 1-7 NSCP 2015.
___________________________________________________________________________
Miscellaneous Structures also include agricultural structures like poultry, piggery, greenhouse and the likes.
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (GCpi) – depends upon if the building open, partially enclosed or
enclosed. A open building is a building having each wall at least 80% open. Partially enclosed building is a building
wherein the total area of opening is more than 10%. Coefficient are found on page 2-61 NSCP 2015.
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (GCpf) – depends upon the inclination of your truss and found
from page 2-111 NSCP 2015.
PROBLEM 1.
Determine the wind load pressure of an enclosed residential structure situated near the seashore of
Bolinao, Pangasinan. The structure has a truss shown and has a total structure height of 11 m from the
natural grade line to the apex of the truss. The bay spacing of the truss is 6 m. The roof is a gable/hip roof.
IL 1m
6@1m=6m
___________________________________________________________________________
1
tan ϴ = 3
ϴ = 18.430
IL = inclined length = √(1)2 + (3)2 = 3.16 m
A = 6 (3.16) = 18.96 m2
From page 2-136 of NSCP 2015, to solve the wind design pressure of a low rise building, you are to
use this formula:
where: P = wind design pressure (N/m2)
qh = velocity pressure
Gcpi = internal pressure coefficient
GCpf = external pressure coeeficient
For VELOCITY PRESSURE (qh) – The formula below was taken on page 2-133 NSCP 2015:
where: Kz = velocity pressure coefficient
Kzt = topographic factor
Kd = wind directionality factor
V = wind velocity (m/sec)
qh = velocity pressure (N/m2)
For VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENT (Kz) – depends upon the total height of the
structure and the exposure category. Coefficient is found at page 2-112 NSCP 2015
For exposure category:
EXPOSURE A - City (not used anymore)

EXPOSURE B - Suburban area
EXPOSURE C - Open terrain
EXPOSURE D - Open waters
From the problem the total height of the structure is 11 m and the structure is near the sea shore so
it’s EXPOSURE D.
___________________________________________________________________________
By Interpolation:
1.90 9.1 --------------- 1.16 Y

3.10 11.0 --------------- X 0.06
12.2 --------------- 1.22
𝑌 1.90
∴ = Y = 0.04
0.06 3.10
X = 1.16 + 0.04 = 1.20
∴ KZ = 1.20
For TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (Kzt) – From page 2-47 NSCP 2015:
Kzt = ( 1 + K1K2K3 )2
The site conditions and locations do not meet all the conditions specified
∴ KZt = 1
For WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR (Kd) – given from the table below from page 2-42 NSCP
2015.
∴ Kd = 0.85
For OCCUPANCY OR IMPORTANCE FACTOR (IW) – depends on how important your structure is.
Refer to pages 1-6 to 1-7 of NSCP 2015.
Since in the problem, the structure is a residential purpose, the Occupancy Factor is CATEGORY
IV STANDARD OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES.
For WIND VELOCITY (V) – This item is found on pages 2-38 to 2-40 NSCP 2015. It consists of
three wind zone maps of the Philippines defending on the occupancy categories.
Since occupancy category is CATEGORY IV STANDARD OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES. We will be using

the figure 207A.5-IA in NSCP 2015 on page 2-38.
___________________________________________________________________________
Since the location is in Bolinao, Pangasinan, the velocity is 240 kph
V = 240 kph
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
V = 240 ℎ𝑟 x 1 𝑘𝑚 x 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 x 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
V = 66.67 m/sec
For velocity pressure (qh)
= 0.613 (1.20) (1) (0.85) (66.67)2
= 2779.21 N/m2
For INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (GCpi) – depends upon if the building open, partially
enclosed or enclosed. A open building is a building having each wall at least 80% open. Partially enclosed
building is a building wherein the total area of opening is more than 10%. Coefficient is found on page 2-61
NSCP 2015.
___________________________________________________________________________
From the problem, the given structure is an enclosed structure. Thus
GCpi = +0.18
= -0.18
For External Pressure Coefficient GCpf, coefficients are found on pages 2-159 to 2-168 of NSCP
2015.
Since ϴ = 18.430 and gable/hip roof is used, we will be using the figure 207E.4-2B page 2-161 of
NSCP 2015 (roof)
Since A = 18.96 m2, using the graph above
GCpf = 0.30
= -0.80
= -1.20
= -2.00
___________________________________________________________________________
= 2779.21 (0.30 – 0.18) = 333.51 N/m2

= 2779.21 (-0.80 – 0.18) = -2723.63 N/m2
= 2779.21 (-1.20 – 0.18) = -3835.31 N/m2
= 2779.21 (-2.00 – 0.18) = -6058.68 N/m2
= 2779.21 (0.30 + 0.18) = 1334.02 N/m2
= 2779.21 (-0.80 + 0.18) = -1723.11 N/m2
= 2779.21 (-1.20 + 0.18) = -2834.79 N/m2
= 2779.21 (-2.00 + 0.18) = -5058.16 N/m2
+P = 1334.02 N/m2 = 1.33 kN/m2 = 1.33 kPa

-P = 6058.68 N/m2 = 6.06 kN/m2 = 6.06 kPa
P = 6.06 kPa

PDFen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDFen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Far Eastern University 2nd SEMESTER 2022-2023

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

LECTURE 9: COMPRESSION MEMBERS

P = 1.2 D + 1.6 L from LRFD formula

P = 1.2 (442) + 1.6 (1333)

STEP 3. Minimum radius of gyration

STEP 4. Section Selection

Try W 12 x 96 from the tabulation above

TAKE NOTE: Check the following:

Fy = 248 MPa constant value

Fcr = 157.37 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag from NSCP 2015 formula

P = ϕc Pn from NSCP 2015 formula

P = 2576.87 kN < 2663.20 kN INADEQUATE

STEP 4. Section Selection

The following sizes will also be inadequate in trying this sections.

W 30 x 99 Ag = 18 774 mm2 inadequate

Try W 12 x 106 from the tabulation above

TAKE NOTE: Check the following:

Fy = 248 MPa constant value

Fcr = 158.26 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag from NSCP 2015 formula

P = ϕc Pn from NSCP 2015 formula

P = 2867.06 kN > 2663.20 kN SAFE

USE W 12 x 106 compression member

PROBLEM 2. Determine the load capacity of W 30 x 581 column with height of

Ag = 109 677 mm2 from table above

Fy = 248 MPa constant value

Fcr = 210.17 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag from NSCP 2015 formula

P = ϕc Pn from NSCP 2015 formula

P = 0.90 (23 050.82)

𝐈 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟑

Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (81.24)

Fcr = 71.25 MPa

LECTURE 10: BUILT – UP SECTIONS

COMMON BUILT-UP SECTIONS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

3) Cover plated W-section

For single channel

C 15 x 50 from table above

Ix = 168.16 x 106 mm4

Iy = 4.58 x 106 mm4

For double channel

Ag = 2 (9484) = 18968 mm2

From formula in SRIBOD

I = I̅ + Ad2 where I̅ = moment of inertia taken from single

Ix = 2 [ (168.16 x 106) + 9484 (0)2 ] the 2 is for double channel

Iy = 2 [ (4.58 x 106) + 9484 (120.27)2 ] the 2 is for double channel

From formula in SRIBOD

336 320 000

283 529 709.20

Fy = 248 MPa constant value

Fcr = 174.45 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag from NSCP 2015 formula

P = ϕc Pn from NSCP 2015 formula

LECTURE 11: WIND ANALYSIS

Simple ways to prevent excessive swaying of structures due to

6) SPOILER – reduces the impact of wind.

8) OUTRIGGER - outer covering makes the structure wind resistant.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE DUE TO WIND LOAD

For exposure category:

EXPOSURE A - City (not used anymore)

TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR (Kzt) – From page 2-47 NSCP 2015:

For exposure category: