COVERED COURT

Design Loads

The loadings that will be used in detailed engineering design of the proposed

project are the following:

1. Dead Loads

Roof:

Weight of Corrugated Roofing Sheet 0.1 kPa

Purlin Self-weight
Purlins Spacing: 0.95m
Truss Spacing: 4.90m
Length of Purlins: 24.5m
Use C9x13 4.784 kPa
Mechanical and Electrical Allowances 0.38k Pa
2. Live Loads

All the necessary loadings assigned in designing the structures are based

on the minimum design loads based on the provision of the National Building

Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015).

3. Roof Live Loads

0.75k Pa
Roof Live Load (for tributary area 0 to 20 m2)
4. Wind Loads

5. Earthquake Loads

Structural Design

This presents computation for critical sections of the Truss Frame. The critical

part is selected based on the maximum loading applied on each component.

 The design criteria used for structural analysis is taken from 2015 National

Structural Code of the Philippines where modulus of elasticity of steel, E = 200,000 MPa,

∅ = 0.90 (LRFD), minimum yield stress of A-36 steel, F y = 250 MPa and minimum

tensile strength of A-36 steel, Fu = 400 MPa.

Presentation of Critical Truss Fame

Figure 1 shows the critical truss frame of the

Covered Court as per the result of

the analysis done in STAAD.

Figure 1. Critical Truss Frame of the Covered

Court

The critical truss lied along grid 3 located at the middle part of the structure. The

sample detailed computation of the top chord truss frame is presented. For detailed

computation of all the member of the structure refer to Appendix A.

Inspection of Top Chord of the Critical Roof Truss (2-L3”x3x”1/4”)

2-L3”x3”x1/4” Properties:

A= 929.0304 mm2 Ix = 516 126.9677 mm4

d= 76.2 mm Sx = 9455.3359 mm3
b= 76.2 mm rx = 23.622 mm
t= 6.35 mm y= 21.3868 mm
Figure 2 shows the critical section of the top chord. The red diagonal line

represents the critical top chord.

 Figure 2. Critical Section of the Top Chord

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 102.954 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 102.954
P n= = =114.3933 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 114.3933 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 950

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 23.622 mm

KLb 1.00(950)
= =40.2167 kN
r ( 23.622)

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√ 250
=133.22
 KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
40.2167 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =1220.44125 MPa
KL b 2 ( 40.2167 )2
( )r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 1220.44125 250=229.4588 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

Critical Axial Force 114 393.3

Arequired = = =498.5353 mm2
Fcr 229.4587818

Arequired ≤ A used

498.5353 mm 2 ≤ 929.0304 mm2

From the computation above, L3”x3”x1/4” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used as the top cord of the truss frame.

 COMPUTATION OF STEEL MEMBERS

Inspection of Top Chord of the Critical Roof Truss (2-L3”x3x”1/4”)

2-L3”x3”x1/4” Properties:

A= 929.0304 mm2 Ix = 516 126.9677 mm4

d= 76.2 mm Sx = 9455.3359 mm3
b= 76.2 mm rx = 23.622 mm
t= 6.35 mm y= 21.3868 mm
Figure 2 shows the critical section of the top chord. The red diagonal line

represents the critical top chord.

 Figure 2. Critical Section of the Top Chord

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 102.954 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 102.954
P n= = =114.3933 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 114.3933 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 950

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 23.622 mm

KLb 1.00(950)
= =40.2167 kN
r ( 23.622)

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√ 250
=133.22
 KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
40.2167 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =1220.44125 MPa
KL b 2 ( 40.2167 )2
( )r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 1220.44125 250=229.4588 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is

given as follow:

Critical Axial For ce 114 393.3

Arequired = = =498.5353 mm 2
Fcr 229.4587818

Arequired ≤ A used

498.5353 mm 2 ≤ 929.0304 mm2

From the computation above, L3”x3”x1/4” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used as the top cord of the truss frame.

Inspection of Bottom Chord of the Critical Roof Truss (2-L3”x3x”1/4”)

2-L3”x3”x1/4” Properties:

A= 929.0304 mm2 Ix = 516 126.9677 mm4

d= 76.2 mm Sx = 9455.3359 mm3
b= 76.2 mm rx = 23.622 mm
t= 6.35 mm y= 21.3868 mm
Figure 3 shows the critical section of the bottom chord of the roof truss. The red

diagonal line represents the critical bottom chord.

Figure 3. Critical Section of the Bottom Chord

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 138.558kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 138.558
P n= = =153.9533 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 153.9533 kN

To prevent yielding the required gross area is computed as:

Critical Axial Force 152633

Required A g= = =678.3689mm 2
0.90 Fy 0.90 ( 250 )
 Required A g ≤ Areaused

678.3689 mm2 ≤929.0304 mm2

To avoid fracture the required effective net area is

computed as:

Critical Axial Force 153 953.33

Required A e = = =513.1778 mm2
0.75 Fu 0.75 ( 400 )

Required A g ≤ Areaused

513.1778 mm2 ≤929.0304 mm2

From the computation above, L3”x3”x1/4” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used as the bottom cord of the truss frame.

Inspection of Web Members of the Critical Roof Truss (2-L2”x2x”3/8”)

2-L2”x2”x3/8” Properties:

A= 877.4176 mm2 Ix = 199 374.8529 mm4

d= 50.8 mm Sx = 5 751.8595 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.0876 mm
t= 9.525 mm y= 16.1544 mm
Figure 4 shows the critical section of the web member of the roof truss. The red

diagonal line represents the critical web member.

Figure 4. Critical Web Member of the Roof Truss

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 66.208 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 66.208
P n= = =73.5644 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 73.5644 kN

Design of Compression Members

 Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, Lb =

1560 mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r =

15.4686 mm

KLb 1.00(1560)
= =103.396166 kN
r ( 15.0876 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
250√ =133.22

KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
103.396166 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =184.637908 MPa
KL b 2 ( 103.396166 )2
( )
r

250
F cr =( 0.658 184.637908 ) 250=141.8461656 MPa
To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 73564.44

Arequired = = =518.6213 mm2
Fcr 141.8461656

Arequired ≤ A used
 518.6213 mm2 ≤877.4176 mm2

Design of Tension Members

To prevent yielding the required gross area is computed as:

Critical Axial Force 73 564.44

Required A g= = =326.9531mm2
0.90 Fy 0.90 ( 250 )

Required A g ≤ Areaused

326.9531 mm2 ≤ 877.4176 mm2

To avoid fracture the required effective net area is computed as:

Critical Axial Force 73 564.44

Required A e = = =245. 2148 mm2
0.75 Fu 0.75 ( 400 )

Required A g ≤ Areaused

245. 2148 mm2 ≤ 877.4176 mm2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x3/8” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used as the web members of the truss frame.

 Inspection of Critical Section of Vertical Truss Column (2-L3”x3x”1/2”)

2-L3”x3”x1/2” Properties:

A= 1 774.19 mm2 Ix = 924 033.7648 mm4

d= 76.2 mm Sx = 17 534.15848 mm3
b= 76.2 mm rx = 22.8092mm
t= 12.7 mm y= 23.6728 mm
Figure 5 shows the critical section of the

vertical column truss. The red diagonal line represents

the critical member.

Figure 5. Critical Member of the Vertical Column Truss

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 225. 998 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 225.998
P n= = =251.1089 kN
∅ 0.90
 Critical P = 251.1089 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 800

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 31.242 mm

KLb 1.00(800)
= =35.0736 kN
r (22.8092 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
250√ =133.22

KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
35.0736 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =1604.608364 MPa
KL b 2 ( 35.0736 )2
( )r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 1 604.608364 250=234.217518 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 251 109

Arequired = = =1 054.895 mm2
Fcr 238.0417

Arequired ≤ A used
 1 054.895 mm2 ≤ 1774.19 mm 2

From the computation above, L3”x3”x 1/2” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used on the column.

Inspection of Critical Section of Vertical Column

Truss (2-L2”x2x”3/8”)

2-L2”x2”x3/8” Properties:

A= 877.4176 mm2 Ix = 199 374.8529 mm4

d= 50.8 mm Sx = 5 751.8595 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.0876 mm
t= 9.525 mm y= 16.1544 mm
Figure 6 shows the critical section of the web member of the roof truss. The red

diagonal line represents the critical web member.

Figure 6. Critical Web Member of the Column

 With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 141.632 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 141.632
P n= = =157.3689 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 157.3689 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, Lb = 1

060 mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r =

15.4686 mm

KLb 1.00(1 060)

= =70.2564 kN
r ( 15.0876 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√
250
=133.22

KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy√
70.2564 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =400 MPa
KL b 2 ( 70.2564 )2
( )
r
 250
F cr =( 0.658 ) 250=192.4559 MPa
400

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 157 368.9

Arequired = = =817.68810 mm2
Fcr 192.4559

Arequired ≤ A used

817.688103 mm2 ≤877.4176 mm 2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x3/8” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used on the web members of the roof truss.

Inspection of Critical Section of Strut (2-

L2”x2x”1/4”)

2-L2”x2”x1/4” Properties:

A= 605.16008 mm2 Ix = 144 848.5361 mm4

d= 50.8 mm Sx = 4 047.604808 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.4686 mm
t= 6.35 mm y= 15.068 mm
Figure 7 shows the critical section of the strut. The red horizontal line represents

the critical strut member.

 Figure 7. Critical Strut Member

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 14. 689 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 14.689
P n= = =16.3211 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 16.3211 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 610

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 15.4686

mm

KLb 1.00(610)
= =39.4347 kN
r ( 15.4686 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√ 250
=133.22
 KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
39.4347 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= = =1269.32 MPa
KL b 2 ( 39.4347 )2
( )r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 1 269.32 250=230.21761 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 14 689

Arequired = = =63.80485mm 2
Fcr 230.21761

Arequired ≤ A used

63.80485 mm2 ≤605.16008 mm2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x1/4” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used on the web members of the roof truss.

Inspection of Critical Section of Strut (2-L2”x2x”1/8”)

2-L2”x2”x1/8” Properties:

A= 312.25744 mm2 Ix = 79 500.20229 mm4

d= 50.8 mm Sx = 2 146.71 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.9004 mm
t= 3.175 mm y= 13.8684mm
Figure 8 shows the critical section of the strut. The red diagonal line represents

the critical strut member.

Figure 8. Critical Strut Member

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 6.129 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ =

0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 6.129
P n= = =6.81 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 6.81 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally

unbraced length of member, Lb = 1 010 mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the

governing radius of gyration, r = 15.9004 mm

KLb 1.00(1 010)

= =63.5204 kN
r ( 15.9004 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√250
=133.22
 KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
63.5204 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= =
KL b 2 ¿¿
( ) r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 489.2190 250=201.860 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 6 810

Arequired = = =33.73625 mm2
Fcr 201.860

Arequired ≤ A used

33.73625 mm2 ≤312.25744 mm 2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x1/8”

high strength steel A-36 angle bars were used on the

strut.

Inspection of Critical Section of Strut (2-

L2”x2x”1/8”)

2-L2”x2”x1/8” Properties:

A= 312.25744 mm2 Ix = 79 500.20229 mm4

d= 50.8 mm Sx = 2 146.71 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.9004 mm
t= 3.175 mm y= 13.8684mm
Figure 9 shows the critical section of the strut. The red diagonal line represents

the critical strut member.

Figure 9. Critical Strut Member

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate values of design axial force are

obtained. The critical member has an axial force of 11.168 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 11.168
P n= = =12.4089 kN
∅ 0.90

Critical P = 12.4089 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 610

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 15.9004

mm

KLb 1.00(610)
= =38.3638 kN
r ( 15.9004 )
 The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
250 √=133.22

KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
38.3638≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= =
KL b 2 ¿¿
r ( )
250
F cr =( 0.658 1 341.1783 ) 250=231.2367 MPa
To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 12 409

Arequired = = =53.6636 mm2
Fcr 231.2367

Arequired ≤ A used

53.6636 mm2 ≤312.25744 mm 2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x1/8” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used on the strut.

 Inspection of Critical Section of Strut (2-L2”x2x”1/8”)

2-L2”x2”x1/8” Properties:

A= 312.25744 Ix = 79 500.20229 mm4

mm2
d= 50.8 mm Sx = 2 146.71 mm3
b= 50.8 mm rx = 15.9004 mm
t= 3.175 mm y= 13.8684mm
Figure 10 shows the critical section of the strut. The red horizontal line represents

the critical strut member.

Figure 10. Critical Strut Member

With the aid of the STAAD Pro, accurate

values of design axial force are obtained. The

critical member has an axial force of 4.488 kN.

Computing the nominal axial load using ∅ =

0.90 (LRFD)

Pu 4.488
P n= = =4.9867 kN
∅ 0.90
 Critical P = 4.9867 kN

Computing slenderness ratio using laterally unbraced length of member, L b = 860

mm, effective length factor, K = 1.0, and the governing radius of gyration, r = 15.9004

mm

KLb 1.00(860)
= =54.0867 kN
r ( 15.9004 )

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:

E 200000
Cc=4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
250√ =133.22

KLb E
r
≤ 4.71
Fy √
54.0867 ≤ 133.22

Fy
( )
Since CC is greater than the slenderness ratio, then F = 0.658 Fe F wherein Fe
cr y

is given with the formula of:

π2 E π 2 200000
F e= =
KL b 2 ¿¿
( )r

250
( )
F cr = 0.658 674.7591 250=214.0880 MPa

To determine the area required the formula is given as follow:

critical axial load 4 986.7

Arequired = = =23.2928 mm2
Fcr 214.0880

Arequired ≤ A used
 23.2928 mm2 ≤312.25744 mm 2

From the computation above, L2”x2”x1/8” high strength steel A-36 angle bars

were used on the strut.