Professional Documents
Culture Documents
October 11,2018
2
Contents
2 INTRODUCTION 7
2.1 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Importance of STAAD and Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Setting up design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Modeling of Structure in STAAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Adding loads in structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 Design of Gravity Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.1 Stair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.2 One way slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.3 Two way slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.4 Intermediate Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8 Design of seismic resisting members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.1 Girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.2 Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.9 Design of Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.10 Compiling the result in structural Design Report for submission in City Hall . . . . . . . 10
5 ASSIGNING SUPPORT 33
3
4 CONTENTS
1 Bersamina
Chapter 1
Hello there, I am Paulo Bersamina and I have nine years industry experience working in local and multi-
national engineering companies. My experience ranges from structural engineering, water resources, land
development and geotechnical engineering. I obtained my bachelor’s degree year 2007 in Technological
University of the Philippines Manila and took up the board examination last November 2007. Prior to
taking board exam, I am a regular contestant in several National Civil Engineering Quiz Bees. We are
fortunate enough to win some of them including National CE Quiz Bee in UP Diliman and PICE NCR
Regional Quiz Bee.
I took up Master of Science Civil Engineering Major in Structural Engineering in UP Diliman hoping
to further enhance my knowledge about structural engineering and other civil engineering subjects as
well. I graduated last June 2016 and I am now teaching full time in TUP Manila because I promised
myself to impart knowledge and lessons I learned in the industry and from my Master’s degree course.
5
6 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION
7
8 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION
Plans were downloaded from DPWH website. We will model this in STAAD and assume some
parameters to show features of STAAD and use of our spreadsheet.
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
10 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION
2.7.1 Stair
2.8.1 Girder
2.8.2 Column
This is discussed in chapter 16. Note that this is a separate spreadsheet because interaction diagrams
are programmed using macros in excel to consider biaxial bending of column.
Finally, when all members are designed, you can easily print out each tab in the spreadsheet to generate
a design report.
2.10. COMPILING THE RESULT IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT FOR SUBMISSION IN CITY HALL11
Figure 2.6
12 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 3
Design Criteria tab of the spreadsheet shows the parameters used in the whole design of the structure.
What are these parameters? These are the following:
Figure 3.1
13
14 CHAPTER 3. SETTING UP THE DESIGN CRITERIA
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.6
Observe that almost whole Philippine area is under seismic Zone 4 region and you need to realize
that any building structures designed here will be subjected to nonlinear behavior thus deforming beyond
elastic region.
3.5. WIND LOADS 19
For wind load, you need to choose the zone factor of the site location and corresponding wind velocity
also the roughness exposure of the site.
20 CHAPTER 3. SETTING UP THE DESIGN CRITERIA
Figure 3.14
We refer first to architectural drawing and check column location before inputting the coordinates in
STAAD. In general, column location will be coordinates in STAAD. Note we are talking about global
axis x,y, and z coordinates.
Figure 4.1
Click on New structure. Check Space Option, Input Filename, Select Folder location and Set units
Meter and KN then click Next. Observer global axis x, y and z directions shown in bottom left of figure.
23
24 CHAPTER 4. BUILDING THE MODEL
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Below shows architectural elevation. This will be used to determine global z values in the STAAD
model.
25
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Below shows a sketch of plan and frame elevation showing column to column spacing and column
height each floor. Top left column serves as location of 0,0 coordinates.
26 CHAPTER 4. BUILDING THE MODEL
Figure 4.7
Once bottom floor is modeled, we can use translational repeat to model the upper floors.
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
28 CHAPTER 4. BUILDING THE MODEL
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
4.3. DEFINING SECTION PROPERTIES AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 29
Figure 4.12
Refer to schedule of column and beam to define section properties in our model.
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Click on beam properties then assign to beam in the model. To select all beam member quickly. Click
Select–Beams Parallel to X. Repeat this for Beams Parallel to Z to select all beam members.
4.3. DEFINING SECTION PROPERTIES AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 31
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Chapter 5
ASSIGNING SUPPORT
Figure 5.1
Click Elevation View. Make sure Nodes cursor on and select all nodes at the bottom. Higlight support
1 then click add.
33
34 CHAPTER 5. ASSIGNING SUPPORT
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Chapter 6
After structure is modeled and supports are assigned, Groups should be created to easily investigate
behavior of members like girder and column.
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
35
36 CHAPTER 6. CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
6.1. GROUP FOR EXTERIOR GIRDER 37
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
38 CHAPTER 6. CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
6.5. GROUP FOR EXTERIOR NODE SUPPORT 39
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10
40 CHAPTER 6. CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD
Figure 6.11
Chapter 7
Our primary loads are as given in Chapter 3. However, we will ignore the wind load case for now since
for typical low rise building, earthquake loads will primarily govern the design of girder and column.
Under General Tab, click on Load Cases details then Add new load case. In general , you should add
Eq(+x),Eq(-x),Eq(-z) and Eq(+z) to capture complete behavior of structure under earthquake acting at
four directions. This tutorial shows only two major directions.
Figure 7.1
41
42 CHAPTER 7. DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE
Figure 7.2
Spreadsheet below shows the computation of Dead load considered in a typical one way slab. We will
assume DL=4.1 Kpa is spread each floor.
Figure 7.3
Start to add new loads in Dead Load case first. Selfweight should be add first with -1 constant at global
Y direction.
7.1. ADDING DEAD LOAD 43
Figure 7.4
Select floor load to add -4.1 Kpa. Click on highlighted node to determine the coordinates. This is
where the minimum x and z of slab panel is located.
44 CHAPTER 7. DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE
Figure 7.5
Click on highlighted node to determine the coordinates. This is where the maximum x and z of slab
panel is located.
Figure 7.6
7.1. ADDING DEAD LOAD 45
Figure 7.7
If input in the dialog box is correct, you will see below the same figure without error.
Figure 7.8
Selfweight should be assigned in the structure. If your structure model consists of only beam and
column, enable beam cursor and select whole structure. Make sure selfweight load is highlighted then
click assign to selected member and Add. Below figure should be seen.
46 CHAPTER 7. DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE
Figure 7.9
Figure 7.10
We will do the same procedure for 3rd level up to roof level. But it will be tedious, so click on staad
editor and copy paste the corresponding code for dead load cases and just edit the elevation corresponding
to 3rd level up to roof level as shown below.
7.1. ADDING DEAD LOAD 47
Figure 7.11
Figure 7.12
Figure below shows successful adding of dead loads from 2nd level to roof level.
48 CHAPTER 7. DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE
Figure 7.13
Figure 7.14
7.2. ADDING LIVE LOAD 49
Figure 7.15
Figure 7.16
Figure 7.17
Figure 7.18
Figure 7.19
Chapter 8
Seismic load will most likely govern in a four storey RC building than wind loading. Because the mass of
concrete becomes heavier as the storey increases and for principle of Newtons Law of Motion, Earthquake
force is proportional to Mass and acceleration. These are some of the required parameters:
Click on Seismic Definition. Choose UBC 1997 since NSCP is not in the staad database and we patterned
our seismic code in UBC.Again, seismic parameters are as established in Design Criteria Chapter 3.
1. Site location
2. Soil type
3. Ductility Coefficient of the structure
4. Near source factor
5. Importance factor of structure
6. Period of structure
Figure 8.1
51
52 CHAPTER 8. DEFINING SEISMIC LOAD
Figure 8.2
Chapter 9
GENERATING AUTOLOAD
COMBINATION
Autoload combinations are easily defined in STAAD according to the code you wanted. For example,
governing code in concrete is ACI. While governing code is AISC in steel members. For concrete member
following ACI, these are the most used load factors:
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D+1.6L
3. 1.2D+L+Ex
4. 1.2D+L+Ez
5. 0.9D+Ex
6. 0.9D+Ez
Click on add new load case and select Auto Load combination as shown below. Select ACI since we are
concrete frame. I suggest to rename this default naming later on for easier investigation of governing
forces in girder and column.
Figure 9.1
53
54 CHAPTER 9. GENERATING AUTOLOAD COMBINATION
Chapter 10
After running analysis, you will proceed to Post processing tab in STAAD.
1. Displacement
2. Storey drift
3. Base shear result
4. Error in Analysis
5. Warnings in Analysis
6. Governing forces in Girder and Columns.
Click on run analysis.
Figure 10.1
Base shear result of staad is displayed below. This can be verified in the spreadsheet. Typical base shear
is in the range of 10 to 20 percent of seismic weight especially when R value or ductility coefficient is 8.5.
55
56 CHAPTER 10. RUNNING ANALYSIS AND VIEWING RESULTS
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
You can also refine your investigation of building behavior with the help of groups that we defined in
chapter 6. Figure below shows how to access group members result by right clicking on result setup then
choosing range tab and group option.
10.2. EXTERIOR COLUMN FORCES 57
Figure 10.4
Thus all member forces shown in the right panel are from exterior columns that we defined.
Figure 10.5
58 CHAPTER 10. RUNNING ANALYSIS AND VIEWING RESULTS
Figure 10.6
Stairs are also considered as non seismic members. Although in some research paper, they are studying
its contribution in seismic behavior of building. But most engineers treat it as not part of seismic resisting
frame.
The spreadsheet has built in tab to design stair as shown below.
59
60 CHAPTER 11. DESIGN OF STAIR USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
61
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
62 CHAPTER 11. DESIGN OF STAIR USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 11.5
Chapter 12
One way slab is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone.
After you input values in the design criteria tab. You will need to determine slab thickness using
a separate tab in spreadsheet. A structural framing plan is required here. You will notice the rebar
strength values from design criteria tab is linked here. Assume a beam width which is conservative to
determine thickness. Remember that slab takes one of the most volume of concrete in building. Thus,
it needs to be determine early on because having a large depth will cost a lot. Observe that just input
type of span and a clear span will be determined and required thickness for one way slab.
Once thickness is settled. Its time to design slabs using spreadsheet. Lets focus on one way slab.
Figure 12.1
observe that all colored values except red are linked from the preceding tab, the design criteria tab
and slab thickness determination tab. This is the beauty of the spreadsheet. You can linked values in
the entire spreadsheet to assure uniformity.
Loads from design criteria and design constants are displayed to be consistent with what is shown in
design criteria. Input rebar diameter to be used which is normally 10mm and the spreadsheet will show
required spacing.
Observed that governing spacing is 300mm because the load for residential is lighter compared to
63
64 CHAPTER 12. DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 12.2
buildings.
65
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
66 CHAPTER 12. DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB USING SPREADSHEET
Chapter 13
Two way slab is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone. Slab thickness
is established in the previous one way slab Chapter 12
Lets design S-1 as shown below. The slab span is 4.5m x 3.5m center to center.
Figure 13.1
67
68 CHAPTER 13. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
For two way slab, input long and short direction span then required thickness will be determined.
Our chosen slab panel is one short and one long side continuous.
69
Figure 13.4
There are 9 cases possible for two way slab as shown in rightmost part of figure.
Figure 13.5
70 CHAPTER 13. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 13.6
Chapter 14
DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE
BEAM USING SPREADSHEET
Intermediate beam is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone. You can
verify in STAAD that intermediate beams will not carry much seismic forces or I will show it in the
revised version of this ebook.
We will choose Beam B1 as shown below. Length is 4.50m.
Figure 14.1
The spreadsheet contain separate tab for design of intermediate beam or stringer as shown below. All
green values are linked in design criteria that we established in Chapter 3.
71
72 CHAPTER 14. DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE BEAM USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 14.2
Please note the coefficient values below are from NSCP. They are from analysis of continuous beams
and slab provisions.
73
Figure 14.3
74 CHAPTER 14. DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE BEAM USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 14.4
Chapter 15
Since girders are modeled in STAAD, we will get result from STAAD then paste it to our spreadsheet
for detailed design. This will ensure that we follow seismic provision from NSCP.
For a SMRF(special moment resisting frame) system, the earthquake lateral force is primarily resisted
by girders and columns. Thus, they must be designed in consideration of earthquake provision in the
code.
If you are new to earthquake code per ACI or NSCP, this spreadsheet has Notes beside the formulas
to let you know what section it is located in the code. Thus, this helps in guiding you what important
provision is really used in the code and you avoid reading too much unnecessary provisions.
Again, green values are linked from the Design Criteria tab. You just need to input(red fonts) the
STAAD member forces and this spreadsheet will give you:
75
76 CHAPTER 15. DESIGN OF GIRDER USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 15.1
Note that local z axis of beam corresponds to our bending moment in our member. Thus, local Fy
force will correspond to shear force in our member.
Figure 15.2
15.1. GETTING RESULT FROM STAAD POSTPROCESSING TAB 77
Figure 15.3
Select Max Mz row and observe that value=204 KNm. This occurred in the highlighted beam.
Figure 15.4
Figure 15.5
Click on the beam and click on shear bending choose the Load case corresponding to Max Mz.
Figure 15.6
15.2. DESIGN OF GIRDER IN SPREADSHEET 79
Figure 15.7
Input the values of Max Mz and Min Mz in the spreadsheet to design girder conforming to NSCP
Earthquake provision.
Figure 15.8
80 CHAPTER 15. DESIGN OF GIRDER USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 15.9
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1
81
82 CHAPTER 16. DESIGN OF COLUMN USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.3
Figure 16.4
Figure 16.5
Max Fx=948, and My =245knm is input in the case 1 row and observe remark below. The column
has demand capacity ratio of more than 1 thus indicates failure.
84 CHAPTER 16. DESIGN OF COLUMN USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 16.6
But when you changed the moment value into 90knm, the column is now safe. Thus, We must perform
a more detailed analysis of the structure to check what causes this kind of failure.
One solution is to model the slab as plate element in the structure. This will simulate the diaphragm
action in our building thus reducing bending in our column. Also, during earthquake, slabs act as rigid
diaphragm due to its rigidity in the in plane direction. We leave it as an exercise to student.
Figure 16.7
16.2. DESIGN OF COLUMN IN SPREADSHEET 85
Figure 16.8
Figure 16.9
The figure below shows another spreadsheet computing for required ties spacing for column member
part of seismic moment resisting frame
86 CHAPTER 16. DESIGN OF COLUMN USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 16.10
Figure 16.11
16.2. DESIGN OF COLUMN IN SPREADSHEET 87
Figure 16.12
88 CHAPTER 16. DESIGN OF COLUMN USING SPREADSHEET
Chapter 17
Support reactions from a chosen node will be used and input in the spreadsheet for designing of isolated
footing.
We need two sets of forces to design our footing.
1. Unfactored forces are required in sizing up the footing and checking to our allowable soil bearing
capacity.
Below shows typical set of forces imported from STAAD and transferred to spreadsheet.
Figure 17.1
Since the autoload combination is only for factored forces, we need to add another autoload combi-
89
90 CHAPTER 17. DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 17.2
Figure below shows part of our spreadsheet for isolated footing design.
Figure 17.3
91
Below shows set of forces obtained from STAAD for both unfactored and factored forces.
Figure 17.4
Click on autoload combination and choose AISC because it contains most unfactored loadings. For
example, LC 2 below is just D+L.
Unselect LC no. 12 to 16. For the meantime, this is the way we did the generation of unfactored
load. I suggest to have a template for all factored and unfactored load in actual project.
92 CHAPTER 17. DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING USING SPREADSHEET
Re run the analysis to include a result for all unfactored load cases.
Figure 17.7
17.1. GETTING RESULT FROM STAAD POSTPROCESSING TAB 93
Figure 17.8
Figure 17.9
Figure 17.10
Figure 17.11
Figure 17.12
Figure 17.13
Figure 17.14
17.2. DESIGN OF FOOTING IN SPREADSHEET 97
Figure 17.15
98 CHAPTER 17. DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING USING SPREADSHEET
Figure 17.16
Figure 17.17
17.2. DESIGN OF FOOTING IN SPREADSHEET 99
Figure 17.18
Figure 17.19