Development of Children 7th Edition

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 TestBanks Chapter 10: Contexts of Development

1 Researchers who investigate the contexts children

experience directly in their daily lives are focusing on
the ____________ of Bronfenbrenner's ecological
model.
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem

2 Families, child­care settings, and neighborhoods are all

examples of aspects of children's ____________.
microsystems
mesosystems
exosystems
macrosystems

3 The environment that has the first impact on a young

child's development is the:
media.
school.
family.
social environment in which the child plays.

4 If a researcher wanted to focus on the exosystem of

children's lives, she would focus on: ____________.
family life.
the relationship between the child's parents and his
teacher.
the mother's job.
the historical time period the child lives in.

5 The Whitings' studies of six cultures:

showed that parents rarely try to control their

children's behavior.
found different child­rearing practices among
individuals within Kenyan society.
concluded that the Gusii of Kenya are prosocial and
that U.S. children are self­centered.
contributed to our knowledge of how cultural
differences shape children's personalities and behavior.

6 Gusii children are more likely to engage in kinds of

behavior that include ____________, while children in
 the United States are more likely to engage in kinds of
behavior that include ____________.
offering help and support; reprimanding and
insulting
reprimanding and insulting; making responsible
suggestions
offering help and support; acting sociably and
engaging in horseplay
acting sociably and engaging in horseplay; seeking
help and attention

7 According to the Whitings, having chores that are not

clearly related to the family's economic welfare leads
children to become less:
nurturant­responsible.
authoritarian­aggressive.
sociable­intimate.
dependent­dominant.

8 When the Whitings compared cultural contexts among

six different cultures, they found that within the New
England Orchard Town culture, children were:
often asked to do chores.
encouraged to think of themselves as group
members.
less likely to engage in prosocial behaviors than
were Gusii children.
very likely to be found engaged in nurturant­
responsible behaviors.

9 The ____________ is a family in which not only

parents and their children but other kin—grandparents,
cousins, nephews, or more distant family relations—
share a household.
extended family
nuclear family
macro family
exceptional family

10 The term ____________ refers to how the family unit

is socially organized.
family structure
family dynamics
extended family
nuclear family

11 What is the term used to describe a family consisting of

two parents and their children?
nuclear
 extended
polygynous
multi­parent

12 Mary Beth is a single mother who lives with her two

children. This family would be considered a(n)
____________ family.
nuclear
extended
polygynous
multi­parent

13 Maria Luisa lives with her mother, father, husband, and

daughter. Maria Luisa lives in a(n) ____________
family.
nuclear
extended
single parent
multi­parent

14 As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural

areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure
changed from ____________ to ____________,
according to historian Philippe Ariès.
single­parent families; nuclear families
nuclear families; extended families
extended families; nuclear families
nuclear families; single­parent families

15 Nuclear families are more likely to ____________ than

are extended families.
develop closer intimate ties between parents and
children
become sociable
include grandparents
be less isolated

16 According to a recent national study, approximately

____________ of all children in the United States live
in extended families
2 percent
12 percent
25 percent
50 percent

17 Extended family living arrangements are more likely to

occur ____________.
when the family is experiencing economic success
when the mother is older
 when the mother is single
among White families than among Hispanic families

18 Child care and protection provided by relatives other

than the parents is referred to as:
nuclear families.
family structure.
allocaregiving.
supplemental caregiving.

19 Allocaregiving is a term used to refer to child care

____________.
provided by parents
provided by relatives other than the parents
provided by trained professionals
that includes both punishment and warmth

20 What influence does the help of allocaregivers have on

children and families?
Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are
likely to have more children.
Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are
likely to have fewer children.
Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are
likely to develop insecure attachment patterns.
Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are
likely to develop competitive sibling relationships.

21 Women in some villages on the islands of Micronesia,

on the islands of the Caribbean, and in Gambia have
been found to have more births and more surviving
children when which of the following conditions is met?
the firstborn child is a son
the firstborn child is a daughter
when the women live in nuclear families
when there is no­nonsense parenting

22 A system found in humans and other species in which

networks of support other than parents contriubute
resources toward rearing the young is called
____________.
allocaregiving
nuclear families
extended families
cooperative breeding

23 Although rare in the animal kingdom, when cooperative

breeding occurs, this results in ____________.
 fewer births
premature births
prolonged periods of childhood dependency
low birth weight

24 Which of the following goals is MOST important to

parents whose families are living under conditions of
threat?
their children's emotional development
their children's future economic success
their children's intellectual achievement
their children's health and safety

25 In addition to a “survival goal” and an “economic goal,”

parents the world over strive to insure that their
children acquire the basic values of the group. Robert
LeVine refers to this as the:
in­group goal.
cultural goal.
self­esteem goal.
safety goal.

26 On the basis of his study of child­rearing practices in

diverse cultures, Robert LeVine has proposed that the
MOST urgent goal of parenting is the:
survival goal.
economic goal.
cultural goal.
intelligence goal.

27 Which of the following is a true statement about

families?
There are no universals regarding families and their
goals.
The scripted routines provided by families for young
children do not vary across cultures.
The universally most urgent goal for families is
helping their children acquire the values of their
culture.
There are universal goals that families share.

28 According to Robert LeVine, which of the following are

goals of parents in all cultures?
survival, economic, cultural
survival, political, economic
survival, comfort, self­actualization
survival, education, meaningfulness

29 No­nonsense parenting is characterized by the following

 mixture of behaviors:

high levels of warmth, little control

high levels of control, little warmth
a mix of warmth and control
low levels of warmth and control

30 No­nonsense parenting is used MOST frequently by

mothers who:
live in urban settings.
live in rural areas.
have little formal education.
are from middle­income, European­American
backgrounds.

31 Parenting that includes a mixture of high parental

control, physical restraint, punishment, and warm
affection is called:
abusive parenting.
no­nonsense parenting.
permissive parenting.
authoritarian parenting.

32 On the basis of interviews and observations of

predominantly white, middle­class preschoolers and
their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found
that parenting behaviors in 77 percent of these families
fell into the categories of:
aggressive, indulgent, and authoritarian.
indulgent, authoritative, and egalitarian.
permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian.
permissive, aggressive, and authoritative.

33 According to Diana Baumrind, authoritarian parents:

demand less achievement than do permissive

parents.
favor punitive measures to control children's
behavior.
accept more immature behavior than do other types
of parents.
are willing to listen to their children although they
do not agree with them.

34 Parents who demonstrate the ____________ pattern

set high standards for their children, but also recognize
that their children have needs and rights.
authoritative
authoritarian
 permissive
indulgent

35 Parents who demonstrate the authoritative pattern

control their children by:
using physical punishment.
explaining their rules or decisions.
setting lower standards for their children's behavior.

encouraging their children to be dependent.

36 According to Baumrind, permissive parents:

are unlikely to consult children about family policies.

exert little explicit control over their children's

behavior.
attempt to control children through explanation and
reason.
demand achievement and mature behaviors from
their children.

37 A style of parenting that includes a mixture of high

levels of vigilant control with high levels of support is
referred to as:
authoritative parenting.
authoritarian parenting.
permissive parenting.
no­nonsense parenting.

38 Children of authoritarian parents:

tend to lack social competence.

behave with spontaneity and curiosity.
often take the initiative in social interactions.
are more self­controlled and self­reliant than other
children.

39 On the basis of interviews and observations of

predominantly white, middle­class preschoolers and
their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found
that children of authoritative parents:
appeared more self­reliant, self­controlled, willing to
explore, and content than children of authoritarian and
permissive parents.
tended to be relatively immature and had difficulty
controlling their impulses than children of authoritarian
and permissive parents.
tended to lack social competence in dealing with
 other children than children of authoritarian and
permissive parents.
tended to withdraw from social contact and were
less likely to take the initiative than children of
authoritarian and permissive parents.

40 Which parenting style was associated with children's

behavior in preschool that was characterized as
immature, low in impulse control, and showing difficulty
in accepting responsibility for one's actions?
permissive
authoritarian
authoritative
Preschool behavior was not found to be linked to
parenting style.

41 Children who look to outside authority to decide what is

right are likely to have parents who emphasize which of
the following parenting patterns?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful

42 Sam's parents insists that he follows the strict rules

that they set up and is punished when he does not
follow the rules. Sam's parents are using which
parenting style?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful

43 Angi thinks it is best to be friends with your children.

She allows her children to do whatever they want and
set their own rules. Angi is using which kind of
parenting style?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful

44 Thomas expects his children to follow family rules, but

he explains these rules to his children so they
understand why they are needed. Thomas is using
which kind of parenting style?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful
45 Baumrind found that children's behavior is:

not influenced by personality.

independent of parenting style.
related to parenting styles.
influenced mostly by individual differences among
children.

46 Amanda comes from a White, middle­class family. Her

parents engage in a parenting style that is demanding,
controlling while also stressing obedience. Amanda is
MOST likely to be:
self­reliant.
withdrawn.
self­controlled.
neglectful.

47 In a study by Keller and colleagues (2008), the

research team found that, in comparison to German
mothers, Indian mothers ____________.
emphasized the importance of learning
independence
focused on the child's self­confidence
focused on the child's internal states
talked more often to their babies about other
people's feelings and needs

48 In which of the following settings is the socializing role

of siblings likely to have the LEAST amount of influence
on a child's development?
agricultural societies
industrialized societies in which mothers work
outside of the home
African­American families
traditional nuclear families in which the mother does
not work outside of the home

49 Intimacy among siblings is greatest when:

both siblings are female.

both siblings are male.
siblings are of opposite sexes.
siblings are more than five years apart in age.

50 Among mixed­sex sibling pairs, levels of intimacy:

increase during middle childhood.

decrease during adolescence.
 are fairly stable over time.
vary depending on the age of the children.

51 Which of the following seems to increase sibling

fighting?
parental fighting
similar treatment by mother
two children of the same sex
spacing of births close together

52 Sibling intimacy and conflict has been associated with

all of the following EXCEPT ____________.
emotional understanding
sharing in later childhood
grades in high school
adjustment problems

53 A study of Palestinian school children in the Gaza Strip

found that ____________.
children who had witnessed military violence had
lower levels of sibling rivalry than children who were
exposed to lower levels of trauma
children who had witnessed military violence had
higher levels of sibling rivalry than children who were
exposed to lower levels of trauma
lower levels of sibling intimacy provided protection
against depression for children exposed to traumatizing
conditions
sibling intimacy was not related to depression

54 Research on the role of fathers in children's

development has confirmed the importance of all of the
following factors EXCEPT:
total amount of time spent with children.
time spent talking with children.
time spent encouraging children's accomplishments.

authoritative parenting.

55 Fathering practices associated with ____________

parenting seem to be the most beneficial to children.
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful

56 Approximately what percentage of children in the

United States has immigrant parents?
 8
15
22
40

57 Ruth Chao's study of the typical Chinese American

parenting style referred to as “training” included:
high demands, high control, and high nuturance.
high demands, low control, and high nuturance.
low demands, low control, and high nuturance.
low demands, low control, and low nuturance.

58 As Latino and Asian immigrant children spend more

time in the United States, ____________.
their overall health gets better.
their school achievement declines.
their apirations are higher.
there is no change in their overall health.

59 One finding from a large nationwide study of single­

parent and two­parent families in Sweden was:
children in single­parent families were better off
than children in two­parent families.
socioeconomic status was not important when
comparing the differences in outcomes for children in
these two groups.
when socioeconomic status was taken into account,
there were no differences between the outcomes for
children in these two groups.
even when socioeconomic status was taken into
account, children from single­parent families were at
greater risk for developmental problems.

60 In a study of family dynamics of African­American

families by Kesner and McKenry, there were no
differences between the children of single­parent
families and two­parent families on measures of social
skills and conflict­management styles. How did the
researchers interpret their results?
African­Americans generally are more supportive of
single­parent families.
African­Americans are more likely to have extended
families that provide a network of support.
A large number of the mothers in their study were
never married; therefore, they never experienced the
disruptions that accompany divorce.
All of the answers are correct.

61 When comparing the results from studies of single­

 parent families across ethnic groups, what conclusions
can be drawn?
Children in single­parent families are always at risk
for developmental problems.
Children in single­parent families always experience
financial hardship.
The social and emotional outcomes are similar for
children from single­parent families and from two­
parent families.
Both the economic and the cultural context are
important determinants of child outcomes in these
families.

62 Research has found that compared to children raised in

heterosexual families, children raised in gay and lesbian
households ____________.
are no different in terms of psychological well­being,
peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
have better previous relationships and behavioral
adjustment, but show no difference in psychological
well­being.
have worse psychological well­being, peer
relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
have better psychological well­being, peer
relationships, and behavioral adjustment.

63 ____________ is a measure that uses information on

parents' income level, education level, and occupation
to assess economic hardship experience by families.
Federal Poverty Level
Socioeconomic Status
Economic Opportunity Index
Household Economic Status

64 Approximately what percentage of children in the

United States lives in poverty?
5%
15%
21%
40%

65 Across the world, studies have shown that parents who

live close to subsistence levels adopt controlling
parenting patterns for economic and safety reasons.
This is support for what basic concept from the text?
Authoritative patterns of parenting are key to
children's development and adjustment.
Poverty has many direct effects on the development
of children.
Autonomy and independence are essential social
 competencies.
To fully explain developmental outcomes, there is a
need to examine development and parenting practices
within a broad developmental niche.

66 Gina's family lives below the poverty level. Which of the

following is likely true of Gina?
she is at elevated risk for mental health issues
even if her family rises above the poverty level, she
is likely to remain at elevated risk for mental health
issues compared to her peers who remained below the
poverty level.
she is less likely to suffer from asthma.
she lives in a family that encourages her curiosity.

67 Economic factors are:

independent of family structure.

independent of parental behavior.
not important in determining children's behavior.
an important determinant of many aspects of
parenting.

68 A mother under stress is more likely to act in which of

the following ways toward her children?
punitively
neglectfully
permissively
nurturing

69 The children of unmarried teenage mothers are:

found to be more aggressive and less intellectually

advanced.
not affected in the long run.
found to have difficulties that are directly caused by
their mother's single status and age.
affected more by their mothers' limited vocalizations
than by her limited financial resources.

70 Tom Luster and his colleagues compared “more

successful” and “less successful” children of adolescent
mothers. Which of the following characteristics of the
mother was NOT associated with successful children?
living with a male partner
living in more desirable neighborhoods
being unemployed
having received more years of education
71 Research investigating rates of child abuse and neglect
finds that:
children older than 3 years of age are at greater risk
than younger children.
girls are at greater risk than boys.
European American children are at greater risk than
African American children.
Children from high­income families are at greater
risk than children from lower­income families.

72 A recent study by Suniya Luthar and Bronwyn Becker of

middle­school students living in one of the most
affluent suburban communities in the United States
revealed:
lower levels of depression, but more so among
boys.
equally high levels of depression among boys and
girls.
high levels of depression, especially among girls.
relatively low levels of substance abuse.

73 Approximately what percent of individuals abused as

children grow up to become abusing parents?
10%
30%
50%
60%

74 Approximately what percentage of children in the

United States with employed mothers experience
nonparental care by the time they are 4 years of age?
23%
56%
71%
86%

75 Child care provided in the child's own home, usually by

a relative, is called ____________.
home child care
family child care
child­care centers
informal child care

76 Family child care is an arrangement in which:

care is provided in the child's own home.

care is provided in someone else's home.
 care is provided by a relative.
care is provided in a licensed child­care program.

77 Which of the following is NOT a variety of child care?

home care
family care
child­care centers
geriatric care centers

78 Compared to children who are taken care of at home,

children who attend childcare outside the home are
____________.
at increased risk for ear infections.
at decreased risk for ear infections.
the same risk of getting of getting an ear infection.
less likely to get upper respiratory infections.

79 The intellectual development of children in child care:

has not been studied.

may be accelerated for low­income children.
is never as good as when children are cared for at
home.
is normal for middle­class children but below normal
for low­income children.

80 Research conducted in Europe as well as the United

States indicates that the intellectual development of
children in high­quality child­care centers is:
generally not as good as that of children raised at
home by their parents.
almost always better than that of children raised at
home by their parents.
at least as good as that of children raised at home
by their parents.
not as good for children of low­income parents, but
is better for children of higher­income parents,
compared to that of children raised at home by their
parents.

81 Children who attend child­care centers in the United

States tend to be more:
polite.
dependent on adults.
independent of adults.
compliant with adults.

82 In the United States, compared with children who do

 not receive child care, children receiving child care tend
to be less:
self­sufficient.
independent.
socially knowledgeable.
agreeable and compliant with adults.

83 The research on child care and preschool would lead to

which of the following conclusions?
Children are better cared for at home.
Children are better cared for in child­care settings.
Children are better cared for in preschool settings.
Children are better cared for in whatever setting is
responsive to their developmental needs.

84 In addition of quantity of time in child care, what other

factors have researchers examined in order to explain
children's adjustment to child care?
parental income
children's relationship with parents
amount of parental stress
All of the answers are correct.

85 The resources that communities provide children and

families are referred to as:
socioeconomic assistance.
social capital.
ecological networks.
social organization.

86 Which of the following problems is associated with the

social disorganization of distressed neighborhoods?
physical deterioration
chaotic activity
weak social cohesion
substandard housing

87 Jane's neighborhood is dirty and includes many

boarded up buildings. It is also overcrowded and noisy.
Her neighborhood is an example of ____________.
neighborhood physical disorder.
social disorganization.
neighborhood watch.
affluence.

88 Total media use is highest during what ages?

4–6­years­old
 8–10­years­old
11–14­years­old.
15–18­years­old.

89 Three­year­old Stephen watches a TV program about a

fireman who sets buildings on fire and then attempts
dramatic rescues. Stephen is likely to:
realize that this is a fictitious thriller.
want to be a fireman when he grows up.
have difficulty distinguishing between reality and
fiction.
recall between 75% to 100% of the content.

90 Concerns about television viewing revolve around:

children's difficulties in distinguishing between

appearance and reality.
children's difficulties in comprehending what they
watch due to the pace and segmentation of scenes.
children's exposure to objectionable content such as
violence and stereotypical social roles.
All of the answers are correct.

91 Bruno Bettelheim contends that fairy tales:

misrepresent ethnic groups.

are inappropriate for children.
foster violence and aggression.
provide solutions to children's inner conflicts.

92 Which of the following results was found when

researchers compared the reactions of children who
were exposed to extensive television replays of the
9/11 attacks to children who had less television
exposure?
Children with greater levels of television exposure
were more likely to show negative outcomes.
Children with less television exposure demonstrated
more negative outcomes.
The two groups of children were equally likely to
show symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorders.
Amount of television exposure was unrelated to
children's reactions to the event.

93 While watching “Dora the Explorer,” Josie

enthusiastically responds to Dora's questions by
shouting out responses. Her willingness to enter into
conversations with TV characters reflects her:
difficulty distinguishing between appearance and
 reality.
failure to comprehend the content of the television
program.
lower level of moral reasoning.
difficulty interacting with her own peers.

94 What influence does watching television violence have

on children's development?
Children who watch a lot of television violence show
higher levels of moral reasoning than those who watch
programs with less violence.
Children who watch a lot of television violence are
less likely to believe that violence is acceptable than
those who watch programs with less violence.
Children who watch a lot of violent programming
show lower levels of moral reasoning.
There is no evidence that watching violent television
programs is related to children's development.

95 Violent events are found in ____________% of the

television programs young children watch.
30
50
70
90

96 Ostrov and his colleagues found that boys and girls

differ in their reactions to exposure to violent television
shows. Which of the following best describes this
difference?
Greater exposure to violent shows predicted higher
levels of physical aggression for girls but not for boys.
Greater exposure to violent shows predicted higher
levels of verbal aggression for girls, but not for boys.
Greater exposure to violent shows predicted higher
levels of physical aggression for boys, but not girls.
Greater exposure to violent shows predicted lower
levels of physical aggression for boys and lower levels
of verbal aggression for girls.

97 Which of the following is true regarding stereotypes of

minorities on television?
Ethnic minorities tend to be represented on
television in similar percentages to their actual
population.
Ethnic minorities tend to be underrepresented on
television compared to their actual population.
Ethnic minorities tend to be overrepresented on
television compared to their actual population
 Ethnic minorities are more likely to be presented as
behaving morally on television compared to White
characters.

98 Analysis of social stereotypes in the content of

children's television programming reveals that:
male characters are more likely to play more active
and visible roles than female characters.
female characters tend to be more powerful and
resourceful than male characters.
ethnic minorities are overrepresented on network
television programming.
ethnic minority television characters tend to be
depicted behaving morally.

99 Which of the following activities occupies the majority

of children's leisure time?
reading print media
watching television
using computers
playing video games

100 Which of the following statements best reflects current

knowledge about the impact of interactive media on
children's development?
Use of interactive media hinders cognitive and
intellectual development.
Use of interactive media decreases emotional
responses.
Use of interactive media reduces children's
engagement in face­to­face social interaction.
Use of interactive media creates a generational gap
between parents and children.

101 There is evidence from research studies that the

violent content of many interactive computer games:
causes increases in children's aggressive behavior.

causes decreases in children's aggressive behavior.

causes children to show more creativity in their

fantasy play.
does not affect children's aggressive behavior.

102 An area of research that examines the biological and

social processes that lead to maladjustment as well as
those that are associated with healthy development is
called:
developmental science.
 epidemic science.
risk analysis.
prevention science.

103 Risk factors:

cause poor developmental outcomes.

do not affect resilient children.
increase the probability of negative outcomes for
children.
are not influenced by characteristics of the child.

104 Personal characteristics or environmental

circumstances that increase the probability of negative
outcomes for children are called:
risk factors.
developmental detriments.
stressors.
conditional factors.

105 Children who live in stressful environments but do not

develop problems are considered to have:
resilience.
canalization.
vulnerability.
immunization.

106 Children who have resilience are likely to:

be temperamentally “slow to warm up.”

not respond to environmental stimulation.
live in relatively stress­free environments.
develop in healthy ways despite living in stressful
environments.

107 The ability to recover quickly from the adverse effects

of early experience or persevere in the face of stress
with no apparent special negative psychological
consequences is called:
protection.
resilience.
fortitude.
epigenisis.

108 Environmental and personal factors that are the

source of children's resilience in the face of hardship
are called:
constructivist factors.
constitutional factors.
 protective factors.
macrosystem factors.

109 “High self­esteem,” “secure attachment,” and “positive

peer relations” are all examples of:
secondary social processes.
macrosystem variables.
ecological variables.
protective factors.

110 “Hostile family environment,” “impoverished

community” and “poor peer relations” are all examples
of:
protective factors.
risk factors.
prevention variables.
public policies.

111 When children are expected to make economic

contributions to a family such as being responsible for
portions of the farming or for the caring for younger
siblings, their parents are likely to foster a self­identity
based on interdependence.
True
False

112 According to the Whitings, having chores that are not

clearly related to the family's economic welfare leads
children to become less nurturant and responsible.
True
False

113 Extended family members provide resources for

children including food, childcare, and counseling.
True
False

114 No­nonsense parenting is characterized by a mixture

of high parental control, including physical restraint
and punishment, and low affection.
True
False

115 Parenting style can be influenced by the child's

characteristics.
 True
False

116 In studies of parenting styles by Diana Baumrind and

her colleagues, authoritarian parenting was associated
with higher levels of social competence in children.
True
False

117 The proportion of men experiencing fatherhood has

declined since the mid­1960s.
True
False

118 There is a great deal of cross­cultural consistency in

both parenting styles and parenting values.
True
False

119 The children of unmarried teenage mothers are

affected more by their mothers' limited vocalizations
than by the limited financial resources.
True
False

120 There is a great deal of cross­cultural variability in

parenting behaviors that are recognized as abusive.
True
False

121 Parents who were abused as children are more likely

than not to abuse their own children.
True
False

122 Children from wealthy families are generally free from

 behavioral and emotional problems.

True
False

123 In some cases, experience in high­quality child­care

programs lessens or prevents the decline in
intellectual performance that sometimes occurs in
children of low socioeconomic backgrounds who would
otherwise remain at home.
True
False

124 Children who receive child care outside of the home

are at increased risk for negative physical
consequences, such as illness and stress.
True
False

125 Children growing up in distressed neighborhoods are

likely to do poorly in school.
True
False

126 Use of interactive media is detrimental to children's

intellectual and cognitive development.
True
False

127 Risk factors cause poor developmental outcomes.

True
False

128 Describe how the factors in a child's life can be

thought of as a “nested set of contexts.” How might
different levels of contexts reciprocally influence one
another? Give examples.
Answer:
129 Compare and contrast the social behavior of Gusii
children reared in Kenya with the social behavior of
children reared in New England's Orchard Town.
Answer:

130 Discuss how culture shapes the behavior of children to

prepare them for life within their own societies. What
evidence is there that cultural practices contribute to
socialization?
Answer:

131 Describe the limitations of Baumrind's study of

parenting styles and children's behavior patterns.
Explain.
Answer:

132 Describe two of Baumrind's parenting styles using

examples from the media.
Answer:

133 Describe two factors that contribute to the adoption of

different parenting styles among parents of
preschoolers. Cite examples and describe the research
evidence.
Answer:

134 Developmentalists have argued that the very

categories and language we use to describe
differences in parenting styles may be culturally
specific. Explain this idea with reference to the
parenting styles typically seen in Americans of
European ancestry, African Americans, and Chinese
Americans.
Answer:
135 Describe some of the parental behaviors and
developmental outcomes associated with poverty
during childhood.
Answer:

136 Describe the long­term effects of abuse and neglect on

children. How can you explain these effects? Cite
evidence when possible.
Answer:

137 What factors contribute to the increased risk of

physical abuse of children? Explain.
Answer:

138 What are some of the negative developmental

outcomes for children of teenage mothers?
Answer:

139 Describe some of the protective factors for these

children.
Answer:

140 Describe some of the ways that siblings influence

children's development.
Answer:

141 What is an extended family? What important functions

does it serve for many poor, minority children?
Explain.
Answer:
142 Describe some of the ways in which interactive media
has become an important context for children's
development. What do researchers know about the
effects of interactive media on children's
development?
Answer:

143 Concern has been displayed over the impact of

television on children. What are some of the portrayals
on television that are concerning? How do these
portrayals impact children who are exposed to them?
Answer:

144 Describe the three types of day care most commonly

used by working families, discussing their similarities
and differences. Discuss three or more features that
contribute to quality day care.
Answer:

145 Discuss the effects of adequately staffed and equipped

day­care centers on the development of children's
intellectual and social development. Cite research to
substantiate your claims.
Answer:

146 Cite evidence of television viewing as a positive force

in the socialization of children.
Answer:

147 What family dynamics affect the amount of sibling

fighting?
Answer:

148 Why is it important for developmentalists to study the

 various contexts of early childhood development?
Answer:

149 Describe two of the theories that have been proposed

to explain why an extended childhood evolved in the
human species.
Answer:

150 List and describe the three parenting styles identified

by Baumrind. What child behaviors tend to be
associated with each style?
Answer:

151 What are some explanations for the research finding

that families who immigrate to the United States often
value education to a greater degree than native­born
Americans? What particular challenges do immigrant
families face that may undermine their regard for
education?
Answer:

152 Studies report that children raised by single­parents

exhibit a number of behavioral, social and academic
problems. Discuss three explanations that have been
offered to explain the problematic child outcomes
associated with single­parent families.
Answer:

153 What factors contribute to the negative developmental

effect of being raised by a young, unmarried mother?
Answer:

154 Discuss the major contributors to child abuse. Which

children are most at risk?
Answer:
155 What are the long­term consequences of abuse? What
factors seem to buffer children from negative
outcomes?
Answer:

156 Imagine that you have a friend who is asking you for
advice about raising her preschool child. She says
“I'm going back to work and need to find child care for
Alex. What options are there for nonparental care?
What are some of the benefits and limitations of each
option?” Based on the information you learned in this
chapter, what do you tell her?
Answer:

157 Imagine that you have a friend who is going back to

work and would like to find a high­quality child­care
center in which to put her child. What factors should
she pay attention to when investigating potential
child­care programs?
Answer:

158 What role do communities play in children's

development? Provide an example of how the
conditions of a neighborhood may influence children's
development and well­being.
Answer:

159 Differentiate between neighborhood physical disorder

and neighborhood social disorganization. What
problems are associated with each of these aspects of
distressed communities?
Answer:

160 Describe one of the primary purposes served by

children's literature.
Answer:
161 Discuss the role of television in perpetuating social
stereotypes. Why is stereotyping on television of
concern?
Answer:

162 Micah is only 3 years old and already likes to watch a

lot of television. His father is concerned about the
amount of television he watches. What can you tell his
father about research on the influence of television
viewing on children's development?
Answer:

163 What issues have been raised about children's use of

interactive media? In what ways does research
support or alleviate concerns in these areas?
Answer:

164 Discuss the circumstances that have been found to

reduce the risk of developmental difficulties and
promote resilience.
Answer: