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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism’s
a. nucleus. c. predators.
b. environment. d. biosynthesis.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A
MSC: Factual
2. A spherical rock rests at the top of a steep hill. The rock has
a. potential energy. c. kinetic energy.
b. chemical energy. d. no energy.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A1
MSC: Applied
3. Imagine a system consisting of a mousetrap with the arm set and latched and with the level of potential
energy high. This potential energy was added to the mousetrap
a. when it was first constructed.
b. as kinetic energy when the spring arm was pulled back and latched.
c. when the latch was released and the arm sprang forward.
d. when the various materials used to construct the mousetrap were selected.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.1 OBJ: A1
MSC: Applied
5. Living systems must work to remain ordered. They pass off their disorder in the form of
a. light. c. heat.
b. sound. d. water.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A4
MSC: Conceptual
6. The reuse of the same carbon molecules by plants, animals, and their environments through time is
known as
a. activation energy. c. carbon cycling.
b. a consumption tree. d. the third law of thermodynamics.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A5
MSC: Applied
7. Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
a. sugars. c. work.
b. enzymes. d. heat.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A5
MSC: Applied
10. When humans cut down trees for lumber to build permanent structures, what aspect of metabolic
cycling is disrupted?
a. The oxidation of wood products reduces the amount of photosynthesis that can occur.
b. The biosynthetic reactions that occur in the lumber cause too much catabolism to occur.
c. Carbon and other atoms tied up in wooden structures are not being recycled into other
living organisms.
d. The DNA in the wood is unable to obey the first law of thermodynamics.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.1 OBJ: A5
MSC: Applied
11. Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to
“burn” their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they “burn”
different energy storage molecules?
a. The internal components of plant and animal cells are identical.
b. The second law of thermodynamics says that all cells have the same energy transfer
system.
c. The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what
molecule is stored.
d. All organisms have the same enzymes to catalyze their energy-producing reactions.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.1 OBJ: B1
MSC: Conceptual
13. It is possible to predict the amount of energy released during a chemical reaction (as shown in the
illustration below) because the _____ law of thermodynamics states that _____.
a. first; energy and matter are equivalent
b. second; any use of energy affects the entire universe
c. first; the total amount of energy in a defined system remains constant
d. second; energetic systems become less organized over time
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.1 OBJ: A3
MSC: Applied
14. In accordance with the first law of thermodynamics, the energy in a gallon of gas consumed in a
mileage test is equal to the
a. amount of work performed, a calculation based on miles traveled and the weight of the
vehicle.
b. amount of work performed plus the heat created from the friction of moving parts.
c. amount of work performed plus the heat from friction, plus the heat of the exhaust from
the motor.
d. amount of work performed plus heat from friction, plus heat from the exhaust, plus the
potential energy of combustion products in the exhaust.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.1 OBJ: A3
MSC: Applied
15. Why is heat shown flowing from the worker in the illustration below?
a. The worker was exposed to the sun while working outside and simply got hot.
b. The conversion of metabolic energy into muscle contraction is not 100 percent efficient
and some of the energy is lost as heat.
c. Using a hammer, paintbrush, or any other tool generates friction and heat in the arm that
must be lost to maintain homeostasis.
d. Energy and matter are equivalent; the conversion of the worker’s body mass to kinetic
energy requires a reduction of body mass and is indicated by the outflow arrows.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.1 OBJ: A4
MSC: Conceptual
16. Consider the change in the status of the polymer in the living cell and the dead cell. What real-life
process does the illustration below represent?
17. All molecules have a combination of kinetic and potential energy. If an external heat source were used
to increase the kinetic energy of a group of molecules, the potential energy of the group would
a. decline because the sum of kinetic and potential energy always equals 100 percent.
b. be unaffected because no changes in the bonding pattern of the molecule had taken place.
c. also increase because potential and kinetic energy are directly proportional to one another.
d. It is not possible to predict the result using the information provided.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2 OBJ: A2
MSC: Applied
18. Organisms that maintain a constant body temperature rely on the heat produced by cells. Where does
this heat come from?
a. Special metabolic pathways exist just for the production of heat.
b. Mitochondria produce heat in the form of ATP.
c. Plants store up heat as they perform photosynthesis. When an organism digests a plant,
that heat is released.
d. Heat is a natural by-product of most chemical reactions.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2 OBJ: A5
MSC: Conceptual
20. In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, the 6 CO2 molecules are some of the
a. substrates. c. enzymes.
b. products. d. reactants.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2 OBJ: B1
MSC: Applied
21. The graph below depicts the amount of energy involved over the course of a chemical reaction.
22. A decrease in potential energy between reactants and products is typical for what type of chemical
reaction?
a. anabolic reactions
b. catabolic reactions
c. the formation of peptide bonds
d. those occurring without the aid of an enzyme
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.2 OBJ: B1
MSC: Applied
23. A molecule of sugar slowly “burns” in one of your cells. The products of these catabolic reactions are
_____ than the original sugar molecules.
a. less stable and have more energy c. more stable and have less energy
b. more stable and have more energy d. less stable and have less energy
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2 OBJ: B1
MSC: Applied
24. The metabolism of living organisms consists of a series of catabolic and anabolic reactions; the latter
are very carefully controlled, allowing the organism to
a. minimize the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
b. assess its metabolic state and respond appropriately.
c. avoid consuming its food resources too quickly.
d. capture as much of the released energy as possible.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2 OBJ: B1
MSC: Applied
25. Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
a. sugars c. DNA
b. enzymes d. ATP
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.2 OBJ: B2
MSC: Factual
26. When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
a. energy is absorbed by ADP and transferred to enzymes.
b. energy is released and can power cellular activities.
c. ADP becomes the active site in an enzyme.
d. the energy in the broken bond is transferred to the phosphate group.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2 OBJ: B2
MSC: Conceptual
33. Imagine a chemical reaction during which a solution turns from red to green very slowly. If a small
piece of platinum is placed in the solution, the change occurs much more rapidly, yet the platinum
remains unchanged. Which of the following best explains this experimental result?
a. The platinum provided activation energy.
b. The platinum is an enzyme.
c. The platinum is a catalyst.
d. The platinum is an oxidizing agent.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.3 OBJ: C1
MSC: Applied
35. In the reaction H2O + CO2 + carbonic anhydrase→ H+ + HCO3-+ carbonic anhydrase, carbonic
anhydrase is a(n)
a. reactant. c. enzyme.
b. product. d. active site.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.3 OBJ: C1
MSC: Applied
36. The heat given off by living systems can increase the likelihood that a given chemical reaction takes
place. Why is this true?
a. The enzymes that catalyze reactions in living systems work increasingly better as the
temperature decreases.
b. The heat given off lowers the internal cellular temperature, which allows reactions to
proceed more quickly.
c. The heat allows photosynthesis to occur more rapidly.
d. The heat speeds molecular movement, increasing the likelihood of collisions between an
enzyme and its substrate.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.3 OBJ: C1
MSC: Conceptual
40. Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These
enzymes must be able to
a. catalyze a catabolic reaction.
b. raise the activation energy of the reaction that clears the clog.
c. create energy that can be used to break up the clog.
d. allow excess heat to be passed off into the environment.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4 OBJ: C2
MSC: Applied
42. Which of the following strategies is not used by cells to help enzymes and substrates find each other?
a. locating enzymes used in the same biochemical pathway near each other in the cytoplasm
b. having certain reactions occur within a specific organelle
c. embedding more enzymes in the plasma membrane
d. producing heat to increase the frequency of molecular collisions
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4 OBJ: C3
MSC: Conceptual
43. In many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each
other because
a. attaching enzymes to the membrane prevents the cell from losing them to the surrounding
environment.
b. when enzymes are in close proximity, each one can catalyze more than one type of
reaction.
c. these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathway and keeping them closer
together increases the efficiency of the pathway.
d. all enzymes must act in groups to sufficiently reduce the amount of activation energy
required for a reaction to occur.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4 OBJ: C4
MSC: Conceptual
44. The sequential reaction pathway A → B → C → D is dependent on enzymes for each separate step.
How many different enzymes would be required to produce D if starting with A?
a. Just one used over and over for each step.
b. Two; one for the A to B conversion and one for the C to D conversion.
c. Three enzymes would be required.
d. Four enzymes would be required.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4 OBJ: C4
MSC: Conceptual
45. In the figure below, E1, E2, and E3 represent three enzymes in the membrane of a mitochondrion.
46. Comparative studies have repeatedly shown that smaller animals have faster metabolic rates than
larger animals, yet human males are both larger and have a higher average BMR than human females.
What explains the variation in the pattern?
a. Males typically weigh more than females; when standardized for body weight the average
BMR is identical for both genders.
b. The large average body size of males reduces the surface area to volume ratio; body
systems elevate their metabolic rates to compensate for the change.
c. The metabolic rates of different tissues vary; the male body consists of a high percentage
of energy-consuming muscle.
d. Males have larger digestive systems, ingest more per meal, and metabolize food at a
higher rate to maintain body weight homeostasis.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Applying What We Learned
OBJ: B MSC: Applied
47. The application of modern biological research methods have shown that the most successful strategy
for permanent weight loss almost always involves
a. simply eating less and exercising more.
b. consuming BMR activators (supplements that elevate the basal metabolic rate) like
caffeine.
c. body composition changes, particularly changing connective tissue to muscle.
d. altering the body surface area to volume ratio.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Applying What We Learned
OBJ: B MSC: Applied
49. If provided with the proper conditions, enzymes recovered from living tissues can be used in cell-free
industrial processes; for example,
a. the addition of amylases, lipases, and proteases can improve a detergent’s ability to
remove stains from clothing.
b. cellulases and pectinases can digest the polysaccharides in fruit juice, producing a clarified
product that is more appealing to consumers.
c. the proteases in pineapple and papaya can tenderize meat by digesting the large fibrous
proteins like collagen.
d. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Biology Matters
OBJ: C2 MSC: Factual
50. Physiologists monitored metabolite concentrations generated during exercise in three groups of
individuals (those with poor fitness, average fitness, and exceptional fitness); which statement best
summarizes their findings?
a. Exercise was beneficial to all groups, but those benefits concluded immediately upon
cessation of the exercise; to be significantly beneficial, the duration of exercise must be
lengthened.
b. The metabolic responsiveness of unfit individuals was extremely low; unfit individuals are
unlikely to experience benefits from exercise for at least 30 days after starting an exercise
program.
c. Exercise produced an almost immediate positive metabolic effect in which the strength
and duration was proportional to the fitness level; exercise was beneficial to all
participants.
d. Metabolites extracted from the blood of unfit individuals was shown to suppress the level
of metabolism of cells growing in tissue culture.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Biology in the News
OBJ: C MSC: Applied
COMPLETION
1. A rotted log indicates that the ____________________ law of thermodynamics has been operating.
ANS: second
DIF: Medium REF: 8.1 OBJ: A4 MSC: Applied
3. A molecule of methane burns, producing carbon dioxide, heat, light, and water. The direction of the
event is dictated by the ____________________ law of thermodynamics.
ANS: second
4. The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively
these processes are known as ____________________.
ANS: metabolism
5. Carbon dioxide is one product of the metabolic process called ____________________ that occurs in
both plants and animals.
6. Catabolic reactions are tightly coupled to ____________________ reactions that require energy.
ANS:
biosynthetic
anabolic
7. The gain of electrons by one atom from another atom is referred to as ____________________.
ANS: reduction
8. The energy input needed to start a chemical reaction is the ____________________ energy.
ANS: activation
9. Almost all the chemical reactions that occur in cells are catalyzed by ____________________ .
ANS: enzymes
DIF: Easy REF: 8.3 OBJ: C MSC: Factual
10. A catalyst affects the ____________________ at which a chemical reaction occurs, but it is not itself
changed during the reaction.
ANS:
rate
speed
11. The ____________________ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and/or set of chemical
properties that allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.
12. According to the ____________________ model, the active site of an enzyme adjusts its shape to
mold around a substrate after binding.
13. Maltase splits the disaccharide maltose into two sugar monomers. Maltose is the
____________________ of maltase.
ANS: substrate
14. ____________________ are the organelles where the breakdown products of food are oxidized,
thereby generating most of a cell’s ATP.
ANS: Mitochondria
15. Fitness appears to have effects even at the cellular level; the ability of cells to process
____________________ to support exercise appears to be proportional to the amount of exercise they
have experienced.
ANS: fat
TRUE/FALSE
1. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings remains
constant.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 8.1 OBJ: A3
MSC: Factual
5. When ATP breaks into ADP and a phosphate group, energy is given off.
13. In a metabolic pathway, the product of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction becomes the substrate for the
following reaction in the pathway.
14. The compartmentalization present within the mitochondrion improves the efficiency of the ATP
production pathway by concentrating the reacting molecules.
15. Metabolic pathways are relatively uncommon in cells; most biologically significant molecules are
obtained intact from a well-balanced diet.
16. Recent studies on weight loss have shown that without a rigorous training regimen exercising muscle
will preferentially burn carbohydrates rather than fat, providing support for the observation that
exercise alone is ineffective in promoting weight loss.