Adolescence Canadian 1st Edition

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Chapter 7: Community, Culture, and the Media

Multiple Choice Questions

1) In Bronfenbrenner's terms, those systems that affect an adolescent directly, such as families
and friends, make up the
A) macrosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) exosystem.
D) endosystem.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 230

2) For Bronfenbrenner, the exosystem is represented by

A) families and peers.
B) travel to foreign countries.
C) the local community.
D) cultural forces and beliefs.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 230

3) Cultural beliefs about how children should be raised and what the role of adolescents is in
society are important elements of what Bronfenbrenner terms the
A) microsystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) endosystem.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 230

4) When people believe they are members of a group with a common purpose, it creates a
A) sense of community.
B) sense of alienation.
C) social division.
D) dislike of those not in the group.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231

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5) When teachers, doctors, and other significant people in the life of a community live outside
the community,
A) it places serious strains on social bonds.
B) they are more effective because they can get away from their work on their time off.
C) their social distance has no impact on people's confidence in them.
D) their workday activities give them just as much knowledge of the community as if they
lived there full time.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231-232

6) Adolescents who are active in local community organizations

A) regard the organization mainly as a means to achieve their personal goals.
B) become leaders by developing a strong "me" orientation.
C) learn to recognize different viewpoints and to be willing to compromise.
D) All of the above.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 233

7) Millions of young people in Canada take part in community-based

A) arts and crafts clubs.
B) political organizations.
C) weight loss programs.
D) sports.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 234

8) A system of norms, beliefs, and values that is shared by a group and passed along across
generations is a
A) social standard.
B) exosystem.
C) culture.
D) nation-state.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 236-237

9) Mark's parents offer to host Ahmed, a visiting student from North Africa. Mark is sure that
Ahmed is kidding him when he says he has no interest in dating. Mark's disbelief is an
example of
A) moral ambiguity.
B) ethnocentrism.

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C) social perspective taking.

D) normative social influence.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 237-238

10) Dating during adolescence is

A) a natural response to biological changes.
B) a universal mechanism for promoting mate choice.
C) a cultural custom in North America and some other places.
D) a practice that goes back to the Middle Ages and earlier.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 237

11) Joy, whose parents moved to Canada from China, is shy, soft-spoken, and reticent. It is
likely that her parents
A) encourage her to become more assertive.
B) worry that her shyness will cause her to be rejected by other teens of Chinese origin.
C) consider her to be very well behaved.
D) hope her teachers will urge her to speak up more in class.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 238

12) In Professor Bilgrim's research project, teens from India, Turkey, and Canada are observed
in a normative social influence situation. The data from the three groups are then compared.
This is best described as a(n) _____ study.
A) multiethnic
B) cross-cultural
C) ethnological
D) observational
Answer: B
Page Ref: 239

13) A study of Canadian and Chinese adolescents finds that, unlike the Chinese teens, the
Canadians say that falsely denying you did a good deed is a bad thing. This suggests that
attitudes about lying are
A) universal.
B) rigid.
C) flexible within cultures.
D) culture-specific.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 239

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14) Ezra has been brought up to see assertiveness and self-expression as important personal
values. This suggests that Ezra lives in a(n) _____ culture.
A) collectivistic
B) traditional
C) individualistic
D) postfigurative
Answer: C
Page Ref: 240

15) Alexi has been brought up to believe that if his personal goals clash with the goals of his
family or community, he should act in the interests of the group. It is likely that Alexi lives
in a(n) _____ culture.
A) collectivistic
B) multiethnic
C) postmodern
D) individualistic
Answer: A
Page Ref: 240

16) Lee, a second-generation Chinese-Canadian, is running for office in an after-school

organization. The day before the election, his father tells him he must run an errand for his
grandmother the next afternoon. Lee complies, knowing he may lose the election as a result
of not showing up. His action reflects a (n) _____ orientation.
A) individualistic
B) independent
C) collectivistic
D) cross-cultural
Answer: C
Page Ref: 240

17) While Western countries generally have _____ cultures, many have ethnic minorities with
more _____ cultural orientations.
A) cofigurative; prefigurative
B) collectivistic; individualistic
C) paternalistic; egalitarian
D) individualistic; collectivistic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 241

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18) The view that cultures are unified systems with shared values and beliefs
A) is true of collectivistic cultures but not individualistic cultures.
B) overlooks the role of conflict and opposition within cultures.
C) is strongly supported by scientific surveys.
D) is more true of Western than of East Asian societies.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 241

19) Instruction by parents and other adults, traditional stories, and religious sagas are among the
ways children come to adopt the psychological aspects of their group, in a process known as
A) indoctrination.
B) group-think.
C) enculturation.
D) assimilation.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 241

20) Guadeloupe, 14, notices that friends with different cultural backgrounds have different
attitudes on many issues. She concludes that there are many ways to approach these issues
and that she should choose those that best fit her own view of the world. This is an example
of a(n) _____ process of enculturation.
A) traditionalist
B) constructivist
C) collectivistic
D) socializing
Answer: B
Page Ref: 242

21) The proportion of children in Canada who are members of ethnic minorities
A) has grown steadily in recent decades.
B) is greater than the proportion among adults.
C) is largely the result of immigration.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242

22) By 2017, Canada’s racialized minorities are predicted to rise to ______% of the Canadian
population.
A) 5
B) 15

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C) 20
D) 25
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242

23) In ethnically and culturally diverse Canada, the 2006 Census reported over _______
mother-tongue languages.
A) 75
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242

24) When Patrick is asked what his background is, he says, Irish-Canadian, but his brother,
Daniel, simply says, Canadian. They apparently differ in the strength of their
A) cultural heritage.
B) family identification.
C) ethnocultural identity.
D) national origin.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242-243

25) Franco's parents came to Canada from Central America before he was born. He insists that
he is "100% Canadian" and even refuses to speak Spanish. John Berry would see Franco as
an example of
A) separation.
B) assimilation.
C) reaction formation.
D) integration.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 243

26) Chandra was born in India but now lives in Toronto. She wears traditional Indian dress to
school, does not socialize with non-Indian students, celebrates Hindu holidays, and has told
her parents she wants them to arrange her marriage in traditional style. John Berry would
say that she represents an example of
A) marginalization.
B) assimilation.

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C) separation.
D) integration.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 243

27) Jomo, an African-Canadian, identifies both with his ethnic group and with the majority
culture. He would best be described as
A) assimilated.
B) bicultural.
C) confused.
D) marginalizes.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 243

28) Compared to their parents, adolescents in immigrant families

A) become acculturated more quickly.
B) place less stress on the importance of family obligations.
C) hold more individualistic values and beliefs.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 244

29) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background may experience some conflict in the need
for autonomy and family closeness. However, it is possible to integrate these two needs in
what Kagitcibasi (2003) calls the
A) integrated self.
B) autonomous/related self.
C) self-directed.
D) marginalized.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 244

30) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background who adapt and merge attitudes and customs
from their ethnic culture and the majority culture are said to be
A) bicultural.
B) accommodating.
C) assimilated.
D) marginalized.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 243
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31) Family income, social prestige, and access to social resources are major indications of
A) culture.
B) social class.
C) educational achievement.
D) ethnicity.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 245

32) Social class or SES has an important impact on

A) access to resources.
B) an awareness of how social institutions function.
C) an ability to affect social institutions.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 245

33) In Canada, being a new immigrant or Aboriginal person _____ socio-economic status.
A) has no relationship to
B) is associated with higher
C) is associated with lower
D) leads individuals to strive for and achieve a higher
Answer: C
Page Ref: 247

34) In Canada, over _____% of children and adolescents under 16 live in poverty.
A) 3
B) 13
C) 23
D) 33
Answer: B
Page Ref: 246

35) When child poverty is compared among developed nations, Canada’s rate is ______than
many of them.
A) higher
B) lower
C) about the same
D) None of the above; poverty means different things in different countries.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 246

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36) The effects of growing up in poverty are linked to

A) a lack of community resources such as libraries, parks, and community centers.
B) less unsupervised time with peers.
C) attending magnet schools with more skilled and experienced teachers.
D) All of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 247

37) A key element to overcoming the hazards of growing up poor is

A) leaving home at an early age to escape the negative environment.
B) recognizing and resigning to the powerlessness that comes with being poor.
C) getting social support from parents, mentors, and friends.
D) refusing to admit the harmful aspects of one's %neighbourhood.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 249

38) Adolescents in developed countries spend the largest part of their free time
A) doing household chores.
B) studying.
C) at paid jobs.
D) engaged with mass media.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 250

39) Socioeconomic status is linked to media exposure, at least for younger adolescents.
Compared with those from ________-income and more-educated families, Canadian teens
with _______-income backgrounds spend more time on television and video games, but not
on computer use.
A) higher, lower
B) lower, higher
C) middle, lower
D) None of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 252

40) According to the _____ approach, adolescents make media choices in line with such factors
as diversion, social utility, personal identity, and high sensation.
A) functional
B) uses and gratifications

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C) behavioural
D) constructionist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 253

41) According to the cultivation theory of media effects,

A) the selective assumptions that are constantly presented in the media encourage a shared
set of ideas about the world.
B) the media are a source of ways to interpret situations and make social judgments.
C) those who are better educated and more familiar with art and literature are less likely to
be influenced by mass media.
D) people are influenced by what they see models do in the media and by the consequences
that are portrayed.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 255

42) Research indicates that children's exposure to media violence

A) leads to greater aggressiveness in some children.
B) leads to an increased acceptance of aggression.
C) leads to a distorted view of how common aggression is.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 256

43) About half the crimes shown in TV crime dramas are murders, while FBI statistics indicate
that murders represent _____ actual crimes.
A) 1 in 4
B) 1 in 10
C) 1 in 50
D) 1 in 500 (2 in 1000)
Answer: D
Page Ref: 256

44) The violence depicted in _____ is generally more graphic and extreme than in _____.
A) TV shows; graphic novels
B) video games; TV shows
C) young adult novels; R rated movies
D) TV shows; unrated DVDs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 257
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45) An important difference between television and video games is that

A) practically all Canadian teens have access to a TV but only a small minority have access
to a video game system.
B) girls watch more TV than boys, but boys play more video games.
C) unlike watching TV, in video games the player is the character who carries out various
actions and gets points for doing so.
D) graphic violence is more common on TV than in video games.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 257

46) Sylvana just spent half an hour playing a violent video game, while her friend, Tatiana,
flipped through a teen magazine. When they turn on the TV, they see a news clip of rioters
attacking women and children with machetes and clubs. Based on research, it is likely that
A) Sylvana is less affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana.
B) Sylvana and Tatiana are equally alarmed and disturbed by the violence.
C) Sylvana is more affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana.
D) Neither Sylvana nor Tatiana is disturbed by the news clip.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 255

47) Adolescents who watch more TV shows that portray sexual relationships
A) are better educated about the risks of sexually transmitted diseases.
B) are more likely to endorse sexual abstinence.
C) are more likely to believe that sexual promiscuity is the norm.
D) are more likely to reject double standards and sexual stereotypes.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 261

48) Sexual relationships on television generally

A) are between young unmarried people.
B) are part of an ongoing, committed emotional relationship.
C) make clear the risks of promiscuous behaviour.
D) avoid sexual stereotypes and double standards.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 261

49) Women who are presented in the media as physically attractive

A) accurately represent normal healthy adults.
B) give most adolescent girls a positive sense of self worth.

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C) are taller and thinner than a healthy average woman.

D) have little impact on teen concepts of attractiveness.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 262

50) In ________ 15% of teens were found to have sent nude or semi-nude pictures of
themselves over the Internet.
A) Quebec
B) PEI
C) New Brunswick
D) Ontario
Answer: C
Page Rfef: 262

Essay Questions
1) Is a sense of community important for adolescents? Explain and justify your answer. What
factors or institutions help build a sense of community, and what works against it?
Answer: Adolescents need to feel connected to others by their common setting, activities,
goals, attitudes, and values. Community organizations play a critical role in fostering a
sense of engagement and identification with the common good and the development of
positive social values. However, growing physical and social distance between adults and
adolescents, encouraged by suburbanization and age segregation, makes achieving a sense
of community more difficult, especially for inner-city teens.

2) What are the important distinctions between individualistic and collectivistic cultures? How
useful do you find these concepts and why?
Answer: Individualistic cultures, such as those of the United States, Canada, and Western
Europe, focus more on the rights, goals, and needs of independent individuals. Collectivistic
cultures, such as those of China and India, focus more on the norms, beliefs, and goals of
the group and the duty of interdependent individuals to act in the interest of the group.
Critics of these concepts cite findings that adolescents across cultures develop similar
concepts of universal human rights.

3) What are the different ways adolescents who belong to minority ethnic groups relate to the
majority culture? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these adaptations?
Answer: Teens who assimilate give up their own culture to identify with the majority
culture. Those who marginalize themselves reject both their own culture and the majority
culture. Those who separate identify only with their own culture and reject the majority
culture. Those who integrate retain their identification with their own culture while also
identifying with the majority culture. These teens are called bicultural. Bicultural teens have
fewer psychological difficulties than those in the other three groups.

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4) Discuss how and why Canadian adolescents use media. How does media use change across
adolescence? What concepts can help us understand the effects of media?
Answer: Adolescents use media for diversion, excitement, gathering information, and
keeping up with friends and peers. In early adolescence, television takes up the most time,
but music steadily gains importance. Internet use among teens is strongly linked to family
income and ethnic background. The effects of media exposure can be understood in terms
of the understanding of the world communicated by the media, the models for behaviours
and attitudes that are presented, and the scripts or social judgments that are provided or
encouraged.

5) What is desensitization? How is it used to explain the effects of media exposure? What
evidence can you cite that supports or casts doubt on this explanation?
Answer: Research indicates that while watching media violence causes some children to
become more aggressive, it leads many others to become desensitized and more accepting
of aggressiveness. Violent video games arouse special concern because the violence is so
pervasive and explicit and because players are involved in first-person violent activities.

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