Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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3) Cultural beliefs about how children should be raised and what the role of adolescents is in
society are important elements of what Bronfenbrenner terms the
A) microsystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) endosystem.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 230
4) When people believe they are members of a group with a common purpose, it creates a
A) sense of community.
B) sense of alienation.
C) social division.
D) dislike of those not in the group.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231
5) When teachers, doctors, and other significant people in the life of a community live outside
the community,
A) it places serious strains on social bonds.
B) they are more effective because they can get away from their work on their time off.
C) their social distance has no impact on people's confidence in them.
D) their workday activities give them just as much knowledge of the community as if they
lived there full time.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 231-232
B) political organizations.
C) weight loss programs.
D) sports.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 234
8) A system of norms, beliefs, and values that is shared by a group and passed along across
generations is a
A) social standard.
B) exosystem.
C) culture.
D) nation-state.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 236-237
9) Mark's parents offer to host Ahmed, a visiting student from North Africa. Mark is sure that
Ahmed is kidding him when he says he has no interest in dating. Mark's disbelief is an
example of
A) moral ambiguity.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) social perspective taking.
D) normative social influence.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 237-238
11) Joy, whose parents moved to Canada from China, is shy, soft-spoken, and reticent. It is
likely that her parents
A) encourage her to become more assertive.
B) worry that her shyness will cause her to be rejected by other teens of Chinese origin.
C) consider her to be very well behaved.
D) hope her teachers will urge her to speak up more in class.
Answer: C
12) In Professor Bilgrim's research project, teens from India, Turkey, and Canada are observed
in a normative social influence situation. The data from the three groups are then compared.
This is best described as a(n) _____ study.
A) multiethnic
B) cross-cultural
C) ethnological
D) observational
Answer: B
Page Ref: 239
13) A study of Canadian and Chinese adolescents finds that, unlike the Chinese teens, the
Canadians say that falsely denying you did a good deed is a bad thing. This suggests that
attitudes about lying are
A) universal.
B) rigid.
C) flexible within cultures.
D) culture-specific.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 239
14) Ezra has been brought up to see assertiveness and self-expression as important personal
values. This suggests that Ezra lives in a(n) _____ culture.
A) collectivistic
B) traditional
C) individualistic
D) postfigurative
Answer: C
Page Ref: 240
15) Alexi has been brought up to believe that if his personal goals clash with the goals of his
family or community, he should act in the interests of the group. It is likely that Alexi lives
in a(n) _____ culture.
A) collectivistic
B) multiethnic
C) postmodern
D) individualistic
Answer: A
Page Ref: 240
17) While Western countries generally have _____ cultures, many have ethnic minorities with
more _____ cultural orientations.
A) cofigurative; prefigurative
B) collectivistic; individualistic
C) paternalistic; egalitarian
D) individualistic; collectivistic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 241
18) The view that cultures are unified systems with shared values and beliefs
A) is true of collectivistic cultures but not individualistic cultures.
B) overlooks the role of conflict and opposition within cultures.
C) is strongly supported by scientific surveys.
D) is more true of Western than of East Asian societies.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 241
19) Instruction by parents and other adults, traditional stories, and religious sagas are among the
ways children come to adopt the psychological aspects of their group, in a process known as
A) indoctrination.
B) group-think.
C) enculturation.
D) assimilation.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 241
20) Guadeloupe, 14, notices that friends with different cultural backgrounds have different
attitudes on many issues. She concludes that there are many ways to approach these issues
and that she should choose those that best fit her own view of the world. This is an example
21) The proportion of children in Canada who are members of ethnic minorities
A) has grown steadily in recent decades.
B) is greater than the proportion among adults.
C) is largely the result of immigration.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242
22) By 2017, Canada’s racialized minorities are predicted to rise to ______% of the Canadian
population.
A) 5
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242
23) In ethnically and culturally diverse Canada, the 2006 Census reported over _______
mother-tongue languages.
A) 75
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242
24) When Patrick is asked what his background is, he says, Irish-Canadian, but his brother,
Daniel, simply says, Canadian. They apparently differ in the strength of their
A) cultural heritage.
B) family identification.
C) ethnocultural identity.
D) national origin.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242-243
25) Franco's parents came to Canada from Central America before he was born. He insists that
he is "100% Canadian" and even refuses to speak Spanish. John Berry would see Franco as
an example of
A) separation.
B) assimilation.
C) reaction formation.
D) integration.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 243
26) Chandra was born in India but now lives in Toronto. She wears traditional Indian dress to
school, does not socialize with non-Indian students, celebrates Hindu holidays, and has told
her parents she wants them to arrange her marriage in traditional style. John Berry would
say that she represents an example of
A) marginalization.
B) assimilation.
C) separation.
D) integration.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 243
27) Jomo, an African-Canadian, identifies both with his ethnic group and with the majority
culture. He would best be described as
A) assimilated.
B) bicultural.
C) confused.
D) marginalizes.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 243
Answer: D
Page Ref: 244
29) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background may experience some conflict in the need
for autonomy and family closeness. However, it is possible to integrate these two needs in
what Kagitcibasi (2003) calls the
A) integrated self.
B) autonomous/related self.
C) self-directed.
D) marginalized.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 244
30) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background who adapt and merge attitudes and customs
from their ethnic culture and the majority culture are said to be
A) bicultural.
B) accommodating.
C) assimilated.
D) marginalized.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 243
31) Family income, social prestige, and access to social resources are major indications of
A) culture.
B) social class.
C) educational achievement.
D) ethnicity.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 245
33) In Canada, being a new immigrant or Aboriginal person _____ socio-economic status.
A) has no relationship to
B) is associated with higher
34) In Canada, over _____% of children and adolescents under 16 live in poverty.
A) 3
B) 13
C) 23
D) 33
Answer: B
Page Ref: 246
35) When child poverty is compared among developed nations, Canada’s rate is ______than
many of them.
A) higher
B) lower
C) about the same
D) None of the above; poverty means different things in different countries.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 246
36) The effects of growing up in poverty are linked to
A) a lack of community resources such as libraries, parks, and community centers.
B) less unsupervised time with peers.
C) attending magnet schools with more skilled and experienced teachers.
D) All of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 247
38) Adolescents in developed countries spend the largest part of their free time
A) doing household chores.
B) studying.
C) at paid jobs.
D) engaged with mass media.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 250
39) Socioeconomic status is linked to media exposure, at least for younger adolescents.
Compared with those from ________-income and more-educated families, Canadian teens
with _______-income backgrounds spend more time on television and video games, but not
on computer use.
A) higher, lower
B) lower, higher
C) middle, lower
D) None of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 252
40) According to the _____ approach, adolescents make media choices in line with such factors
as diversion, social utility, personal identity, and high sensation.
A) functional
B) uses and gratifications
C) behavioural
D) constructionist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 253
43) About half the crimes shown in TV crime dramas are murders, while FBI statistics indicate
that murders represent _____ actual crimes.
A) 1 in 4
B) 1 in 10
C) 1 in 50
D) 1 in 500 (2 in 1000)
Answer: D
Page Ref: 256
44) The violence depicted in _____ is generally more graphic and extreme than in _____.
A) TV shows; graphic novels
B) video games; TV shows
C) young adult novels; R rated movies
D) TV shows; unrated DVDs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 257
45) An important difference between television and video games is that
A) practically all Canadian teens have access to a TV but only a small minority have access
to a video game system.
B) girls watch more TV than boys, but boys play more video games.
C) unlike watching TV, in video games the player is the character who carries out various
actions and gets points for doing so.
D) graphic violence is more common on TV than in video games.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 257
46) Sylvana just spent half an hour playing a violent video game, while her friend, Tatiana,
flipped through a teen magazine. When they turn on the TV, they see a news clip of rioters
attacking women and children with machetes and clubs. Based on research, it is likely that
A) Sylvana is less affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana.
B) Sylvana and Tatiana are equally alarmed and disturbed by the violence.
C) Sylvana is more affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana.
D) Neither Sylvana nor Tatiana is disturbed by the news clip.
Answer: A
47) Adolescents who watch more TV shows that portray sexual relationships
A) are better educated about the risks of sexually transmitted diseases.
B) are more likely to endorse sexual abstinence.
C) are more likely to believe that sexual promiscuity is the norm.
D) are more likely to reject double standards and sexual stereotypes.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 261
50) In ________ 15% of teens were found to have sent nude or semi-nude pictures of
themselves over the Internet.
A) Quebec
B) PEI
C) New Brunswick
D) Ontario
Answer: C
Page Rfef: 262
Essay Questions
1) Is a sense of community important for adolescents? Explain and justify your answer. What
factors or institutions help build a sense of community, and what works against it?
Answer: Adolescents need to feel connected to others by their common setting, activities,
goals, attitudes, and values. Community organizations play a critical role in fostering a
sense of engagement and identification with the common good and the development of
positive social values. However, growing physical and social distance between adults and
adolescents, encouraged by suburbanization and age segregation, makes achieving a sense
of community more difficult, especially for inner-city teens.
2) What are the important distinctions between individualistic and collectivistic cultures? How
useful do you find these concepts and why?
Answer: Individualistic cultures, such as those of the United States, Canada, and Western
Europe, focus more on the rights, goals, and needs of independent individuals. Collectivistic
cultures, such as those of China and India, focus more on the norms, beliefs, and goals of
the group and the duty of interdependent individuals to act in the interest of the group.
Critics of these concepts cite findings that adolescents across cultures develop similar
concepts of universal human rights.
3) What are the different ways adolescents who belong to minority ethnic groups relate to the
majority culture? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these adaptations?
Answer: Teens who assimilate give up their own culture to identify with the majority
culture. Those who marginalize themselves reject both their own culture and the majority
culture. Those who separate identify only with their own culture and reject the majority
culture. Those who integrate retain their identification with their own culture while also
identifying with the majority culture. These teens are called bicultural. Bicultural teens have
fewer psychological difficulties than those in the other three groups.
4) Discuss how and why Canadian adolescents use media. How does media use change across
adolescence? What concepts can help us understand the effects of media?
Answer: Adolescents use media for diversion, excitement, gathering information, and
keeping up with friends and peers. In early adolescence, television takes up the most time,
but music steadily gains importance. Internet use among teens is strongly linked to family
income and ethnic background. The effects of media exposure can be understood in terms
of the understanding of the world communicated by the media, the models for behaviours
and attitudes that are presented, and the scripts or social judgments that are provided or
encouraged.
5) What is desensitization? How is it used to explain the effects of media exposure? What
evidence can you cite that supports or casts doubt on this explanation?
Answer: Research indicates that while watching media violence causes some children to
become more aggressive, it leads many others to become desensitized and more accepting
of aggressiveness. Violent video games arouse special concern because the violence is so
pervasive and explicit and because players are involved in first-person violent activities.
“‘Silver shrines,’ verse 24. The heathens used to carry the images of their gods in
procession from one city to another. This was done in a chariot which was solemnly
consecrated for that employment, and by the Romans styled Thensa, that is, the chariot of
their gods. But besides this, it was placed in a box or shrine, called Ferculum. Accordingly,
when the Romans conferred divine honors on their great men, alive or dead, they had the
Circen games, and in them the Thensa and Ferculum, the chariot and the shrine, bestowed
on them; as it is related of Julius Caesar. This Ferculum among the Romans did not differ
much from the Graecian Ναὸς, a little chapel, representing the form of a temple, with an
image in it, which, being set upon an altar, or any other solemn place, having the doors
opened, the image was seen by the spectators either in a standing or sitting posture. An old
anonymous scholiast upon Aristotle’s Rhetoric, lib. i. c. 15, has these words: Ναοποιοὶ οἱ
τοὺς ναοὺς ποιοῦσι, ἤτοι εἱκονοστάσια, τινα μικρὰ ξύλινα ἅ πωλοῦσι, observing the ναοι here to
be εικονοστάσια, chaplets, with images in them, of wood, or metal, (as here of silver,) which
they made and sold, as in verse 25, they are supposed to do. Athenaeus speaks of the
καδισκος, ‘which,’ says he ‘is a vessel wherein they place their images of Jupiter.’ The
learned Casaubon states, that ‘these images were put in cases, which were made like
chapels. (Deipnos. lib. ii. p. 500.) So St. Chrysostom likens them to ‘little cases, or shrines.’
Dion says of the Roman ensign, that it was a little temple, and in it a golden eagle, (Ρωμαικ,
lib. 40.) And in another place: ‘There was a little chapel of Juno, set upon a table.’ Ρωμαικ,
lib. 39. This is the meaning of the tabernacle of Moloch, Acts vii. 43, where by the σκηνη,
tabernacle, is meant the chaplet, a shrine of that false god. The same was also the סכות דנות
the tabernacle of Benoth, or Venus.” Hammond’s Annotations. [Williams on Pearson, p. 55.]
“Chapter xvi. 10, 11. ‘Now, if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear;
for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do: let no man therefore despise him, but
conduct him forth in peace, that he may come unto me, for I look for him with the brethren.’
“From the passage considered in the preceding number, it appears that Timothy was
sent to Corinth, either with the epistle, or before it: ‘for this cause have I sent unto you
Timotheus.’ From the passage now quoted, we infer that Timothy was not sent with the
epistle; for had he been the bearer of the letter, or accompanied it, would St. Paul in that
letter have said, ‘if Timothy come?’ Nor is the sequel consistent with the supposition of his
carrying the letter; for if Timothy was with the apostle when he wrote the letter, could he say,
as he does, ‘I look for him with the brethren?’ I conclude, therefore, that Timothy had left St.
Paul to proceed upon his journey before the letter was written. Further, the passage before
us seems to imply, that Timothy was not expected by St. Paul to arrive at Corinth, till after
they had received the letter. He gives them directions in the letter how to treat him when he
should arrive: ‘if he come,’ act towards him so and so. Lastly, the whole form of expression
is more naturally applicable to the supposition of Timothy’s coming to Corinth, not directly
from St. Paul, but from some other quarter; and that his instructions had been, when he
should reach Corinth, to return. Now, how stands this matter in the history? Turn to the
nineteenth chapter and twenty-first verse of the Acts, and you will find that Timothy did not,
when sent from Ephesus, where he left St. Paul, and where the present epistle was written,
proceed by a straight course to Corinth, but that he went round through Macedonia. This
clears up everything; for, although Timothy was sent forth upon his journey before the letter
was written, yet he might not reach Corinth till after the letter arrived there; and he would
come to Corinth, when he did come, not directly from St. Paul, at Ephesus, but from some
part of Macedonia. Here therefore is a circumstantial and critical agreement, and
unquestionably without design; for neither of the two passages in the epistle mentions
Timothy’s journey into Macedonia at all, though nothing but a circuit of that kind can explain
and reconcile the expressions which the writer uses.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae, 1
Corinthians No. IV.)
“Chapter v. 7, 8. ‘For even Christ, our passover, is sacrificed for us; therefore let us keep
the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the
unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.’
“Dr. Benson tells us, that from this passage, compared with chapter xvi. 8, it has been
conjectured that this epistle was written about the time of the Jewish passover; and to me
the conjecture appears to be very well founded. The passage to which Dr. Benson refers us,
is this: ‘I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost.’ With this passage he ought to have joined
another in the same context: ‘And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you:’ for,
from the two passages laid together, it follows that the epistle was written before Pentecost,
yet after winter; which necessarily determines the date to the part of the year, within which
the passover falls. It was written before Pentecost, because he says, ‘I will tarry at Ephesus
until Pentecost.’ It was written after winter, because he tells them, ‘It may be that I may
abide, yea, and winter with you.’ The winter which the apostle purposed to pass at Corinth,
was undoubtedly the winter next ensuing to the date of the epistle; yet it was a winter
subsequent to the ensuing Pentecost, because he did not intend to set forwards upon his
journey till after the feast. The words, ‘let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with
the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth,’
look very much like words suggested by the season; at least they have, upon that
supposition, a force and significancy which do not belong to them upon any other; and it is
not a little remarkable, that the hints casually dropped in the epistle, concerning particular
parts of the year, should coincide with this supposition.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae. 1
Corinthians. No. XII.)
“Chapter ii. 12, 13. ‘When I came to Troas to preach Christ’s gospel, and a door was
opened unto me of the Lord, I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not Titus my brother;
but taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia.’
“To establish a conformity between this passage and the history, nothing more is
necessary to be presumed, than that St. Paul proceeded from Ephesus to Macedonia, upon
the same course by which he came back from Macedonia to Ephesus, or rather to Miletus
in the neighborhood of Ephesus; in other words, that, in his journey to the peninsula of
Greece, he went and returned the same way. St. Paul is now in Macedonia, where he had
lately arrived from Ephesus. Our quotation imports that in his journey he had stopped at
Troas. Of this, the history says nothing, leaving us only the short account, ‘that Paul
departed from Ephesus, for to go into Macedonia.’ But the history says, that in his return
from Macedonia to Ephesus, ‘Paul sailed from Philippi to Troas; and that, when the disciples
came together on the first day of the week, to break bread, Paul preached unto them all
night; that from Troas he went by land to Assos; from Assos, taking ship and coasting along
the front of Asia Minor, he came by Mitylene to Miletus.’ Which account proves, first, that
Troas lay in the way by which St. Paul passed between Ephesus and Macedonia; secondly,
that he had disciples there. In one journey between these two places, the epistle, and in
another journey between the same places, the history makes him stop at this city. Of the
first journey he is made to say, ‘that a door was in that city opened unto him of the Lord;’ in
the second, we find disciples there collected around him, and the apostle exercising his
ministry, with, what was even in him, more than ordinary zeal and labor. The epistle,
therefore, is in this instance confirmed, if not by the terms, at least by the probability of the
history; a species of confirmation by no means to be despised, because, as far as it
reaches, it is evidently uncontrived.
“Grotius, I know, refers the arrival at Troas, to which the epistle alludes, to a different
period, but I think very improbably; for nothing appears to me more certain, than that the
meeting with Titus, which St. Paul expected at Troas, was the same meeting which took
place in Macedonia, viz. upon Titus’s coming out of Greece. In the quotation before us, he
tells the Corinthians, ‘When I came to Troas, I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not
Titus, my brother; but, taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia.’ Then in
the seventh chapter he writes, ‘When we were come into Macedonia, our flesh had no rest,
but we were troubled on every side; without were fightings, within were fears; nevertheless,
God, that comforteth them that are cast down, comforted us by the coming of Titus.’ These
two passages plainly relate to the same journey of Titus, in meeting with whom St. Paul had
been disappointed at Troas, and rejoiced in Macedonia. And amongst other reasons which
fix the former passage to the coming of Titus out of Greece, is the consideration, that it was
nothing to the Corinthians that St. Paul did not meet with Titus at Troas, were it not that he
was to bring intelligence from Corinth. The mention of the disappointment in this place,
upon any other supposition, is irrelative.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae. 2 Corinthians No. VIII.)
return to asia.