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1. A mental model is an external picture that does not affect a person’s thoughts and actions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: A mental model can be thought of as an internal picture that affects a leader’s thoughts,
actions, and relationships with others.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 136
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-2 Mental Models
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Knowledge
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 6:56 AM
2. Leaders have many mental models that tend to govern how they interpret experiences and how they act in response to
people and situations.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Leaders have many mental models that tend to govern how they interpret experiences and
how they act in response to people and situations. Mental models are theories people hold
about specific systems in the world and their expected behavior.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: pp. 136–137
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-2 Mental Models
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 7:21 AM
3. It is important for leaders to regard their assumptions as fixed truths rather than temporary ideas.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: It is important for leaders to regard their assumptions as temporary ideas rather than fixed
truths. Questioning assumptions can help leaders understand and shift their mental models.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 138
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-2 Mental Models
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
4. The more aware a leader is of his or her assumptions, the less the leader understands how assumptions guide behavior
and decisions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The more aware a leader is of his or her assumptions, the more the leader understands how
assumptions guide behavior and decisions. In addition, the leader can question whether long-
held assumptions fit the reality of the current situation.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 138
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-2 Mental Models
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
5. A manager with a global mindset sees everything from his or her own limited personal or cultural perspective.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: A manager with a global mindset can perceive and respond to many different perspectives at
the same time rather than being stuck in a domestic mental model that sees everything from
one’s own limited personal or cultural perspective. One of the best ways managers develop a
global mindset is by engaging with people from different cultures.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 140
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-2 Mental Models
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 6:57 AM
6. The Pike Syndrome illustrates the power of the conditioning that limits people's thinking and behavior.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: The power of the conditioning that limits people's thinking and behavior is illustrated by what
has been called the Pike Syndrome. When people assume they have complete knowledge of a
situation because of past experiences, they exhibit the Pike Syndrome, a trained incapacity
that comes from rigid commitment to what was true in the past and an inability to consider
alternatives and different perspectives.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 142
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.03
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-3 Developing a Leader’s Mind
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Application
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
7. With systems thinking, a leader looks at the dots in isolation rather than seeing the big picture and connecting the dots.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Systems thinking is the ability to see the synergy of the whole rather than just the separate
elements of a system. With systems thinking, a leader sees the big picture and connects the
dots rather than just looking at the dots in isolation.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 144
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.04
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-3 Developing a Leader’s Mind
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
8. Leaders who score low in emotional intelligence are typically more effective.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Leaders who score high in emotional intelligence are typically more effective and rated as
more effective by peers and subordinates. Emotional intelligence refers to a person’s abilities
to perceive, identify, understand, and successfully manage emotions in self and others.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 146
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.05
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-4 Emotional Intelligence
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
9. The emotional state of a leader influences the entire team, department, or organization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Emotions are contagious. The emotional state of the leader influences the entire team,
department, or organization.
POINTS: 1
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 148
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.05
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-4 Emotional Intelligence
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
10. An unspoken notion among many senior-level executives is that fear is a good thing and benefits the organization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Traditionally, leadership has been based on inspiring fear in employees. An unspoken notion
among many senior-level executives is that fear is a good thing and benefits the organization.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 153
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.06
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-5 Leading with Love versus Leading with Fear
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
11. Which of the following statements is true of leading with head and heart?
a. The whole leader uses both head and heart when creating structure and handling operational issues.
b. Emotions should not be used in the decision making process in times of uncertainty and rapid change.
c. It keeps morale and motivation high.
d. Wise leaders use only their intellect to make decisions.
ANSWER: c
RATIONALE: Current issues that require leaders to use both head and heart include how to give people a
sense of meaning and purpose when major changes occur almost daily; how to make
employees feel valued and respected in an age of massive layoffs and job uncertainty; and
how to keep morale and motivation high in the face of corporate bankruptcies and
dissolutions, ethical scandals, and economic crises.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 136
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-1 Leading with Head and Heart
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 6:59 AM
13. Which of the following will help leaders at MHL Corp keep morale and motivation high when the company faces
financial difficulties?
a. Leading with fear as a powerful motivator
b. Leading with head and heart
c. Creating avoidance behavior in employees
d. Focusing on only the emotional aspect of leading
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: Current issues that require leaders to use both head and heart include how to give people a
sense of meaning and purpose when major changes occur almost daily; how to make
employees feel valued and respected in an age of massive layoffs and job uncertainty; and
how to keep morale and motivation high in the face of corporate bankruptcies and
dissolutions, ethical scandals, and economic crises.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 136
25. Which of the following statements is true of leaders engaged in personal mastery?
a. They do not challenge assumptions and standard ways of doing things.
b. They open the gap between current reality and the vision of a better future.
c. They retain traditional mental models that have been successful in the past.
d. They break through denial of reality in themselves and others.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: Leaders engaged in personal mastery break through denial of reality in themselves and
others. Their quest for truth leads to a deeper awareness of themselves and of the larger
systems and events within which they operate.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 145
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.04
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-3 Developing a Leader’s Mind
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/5/2016 11:32 AM
27. An effective leader lets his or her vision of a better future pull reality toward it by:
a. reorganizing current activities to work toward the vision.
b. lowering the vision.
c. opening the gap between the vision and the reality.
d. accepting standard ways of doing things.
ANSWER: a
RATIONALE: Organizing to achieve objectives is a way to bridge the disparity between current reality and
the vision of a better future. The effective leader lets the vision pull reality toward it by
reorganizing current activities to work toward the vision. The less effective way is to let
reality pull the vision downward toward it.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 146
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.04
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-3 Developing a Leader’s Mind
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 7:25 AM
28. Leaders working to improve one element of personal mastery can become significantly more effective because:
a. all leaders score higher than most people on tests of cognitive ability.
b. all elements of mind prevent shifting of mental models.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13
c. all leaders have similar scores in emotional intelligence tests.
d. all five elements of mind are interdependent.
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: All five elements of mind are interrelated. Since they are all interdependent, leaders working
to improve even one element of their mental approach can move forward in a significant way
toward mastering their minds and becoming more effective.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 146
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.04
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Motivation Concepts - DISC: Environmental Influence
TOPICS: 5-3 Developing a Leader’s Mind
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 7:25 AM
31. Daniel, the relationship manager of a mutual fund company, has the strength to understand his emotions clearly. He
makes tough decisions by believing his "gut feelings." He knows how his emotions affect his work; hence, he acts
carefully according to them. Which of the following qualities of leaders does Daniel possess?
a. Social awareness
b. Self-awareness
c. Systems thinking
d. Relationship management
ANSWER: b
RATIONALE: Self-awareness includes the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions and how
they affect your life and work. It is the basis of all the other competencies. Leaders with a
high level of self-awareness learn to trust their “gut feelings” and realize that these feelings
can provide useful information about difficult decisions.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 150
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEAD.DAFT.18.05.05
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Individual Dynamics
TOPICS: 5-4 Emotional Intelligence
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Application
DATE CREATED: 7/5/2016 11:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/29/2016 7:26 AM
32. George, the financial manager of a firm, executes his tasks with commitment. He takes his responsibilities seriously.
Which of the following characteristics of leaders does George possess?
a. Adaptability
b. Empathy
c. Relationship management
d. Conscientiousness
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15
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BATTLE OF MILL SPRING, AT LOGAN’S
CROSS-ROADS, KY.
This battle was the first of the series of splendid triumphs that
occurred early in the year 1862, which resulted in severe losses to the
rebel armies of the West, both in men and material. It was the first
breach in their well-planned line of defence, by which the right wing
of the Confederate army of the West was broken, and their great
stronghold at Bowling Green, the centre of their operations, laid
open to the advancing army of the Union.
After the discomfiture of Zollicoffer in his attack on the camp of
General Schoepf, at Camp Wildcat, on the 21st of October, he left two
regiments to defend the post at Cumberland Gap, and occupied a
position on the Cumberland river, opposite Mill Spring, at the mouth
of White Oak Creek. Here he was engaged in fortifying this most
advantageous natural position, and in recruiting and organizing an
army, which was now formidable in numbers, and whose frequent
forays had rendered his name a terror to the loyal inhabitants of that
region.
The rebel stronghold was familiarly known among the inhabitants
as “Zollicoffer’s Den.” It was situated on the north bank of the
Cumberland, where it is intersected by White Oak Creek. The
country for two miles from the river is entirely clear, and broken into
hills of imposing altitude. Six of these hills, forming a picturesque
range, commanded each other and the entire approach to the camp
for miles around. On these hills Zollicoffer had raised breastworks
and redoubts. The south side of the river, commanding the entire
camp, was also well fortified.
On the 6th of January the rebel Major-General George B.
Crittenden, commanding the division to which Zollicoffer’s brigade
was attached, arrived at Mill Spring, and established his
headquarters. He brought to his position three Tennessee and one
Mississippi regiment, and was afterwards reinforced by three
regiments from Bowling Green, and still more recently by some
fifteen hundred Virginia troops from Knoxville. This gave him, all
told, over ten thousand men. A very effective portion of his force was
a body of cavalry, from two thousand to three thousand strong, in
which he was superior to General Thomas, but which was of no
service to him in the engagement.
General Buell, the Federal commander in Kentucky, having now at
his disposal a competent army to commence offensive operations,
ordered General Thomas to advance with his division against
General Crittenden’s position at Mill Spring. With two brigades
under his command General Thomas broke up camp near Lebanon
and marched, by way of Columbia, toward the rebel stronghold. On
Thursday, the 16th of January, the Ninth Ohio (German), Colonel
McCook, brother of the General in command at Mumfordsville, the
Second Minnesota, Colonel Van Clear; Tenth Indiana, Colonel
Manson; Fourth Kentucky, Colonel (formerly Judge) Fry of Danville,
and Colonel Wolford’s Kentucky Cavalry, and one battery, with
General Thomas and staff, arrived after a most fatiguing march of
many days. They came in incessant rain, over horrid roads, via
Jamestown, at a point about eight miles south-west of Somerset, on
the road leading to Hart’s Ford, and the rebel intrenchments, and
pitched their tents near a fork of country roads, upon what is known
all through that section as “Logan’s place,” a very extensive
plantation of several thousand acres. On Friday, the Fourteenth
Ohio, Colonel Stedman, and the Tenth Kentucky, Colonel Harlan,
three detached companies of the First regiment of Michigan
Engineers and Mechanics, and an Ohio battery, reached within eight
miles north-west of the position of General Thomas. After
undergoing indescribable hardships in making their way on a direct
line, through the wild, rugged, heavily-timbered, and almost
untravelled country intervening between that point and Columbia—
(they had to construct a road as they went)—they encamped there.
General Schoepf’s command was stationed at the time the above
seven and a half regiments arrived at a short distance south-west of
Somerset. It comprised the Seventeenth, Thirty-first, Thirty-fifth and
Thirty-eighth Ohio, the Twelfth Kentucky, Colonel Haskins, the First
and Second Tennessee regiments, some companies of cavalry, and
two batteries. On Saturday morning, in accordance with orders
received the previous evening, that part of General Schoepf’s
command constituting General Carter’s brigade, consisting of the
Twelfth Kentucky, the First and Second Tennessee, and Captain W.
E. Standart’s battery, left their camps, with twenty-four hours’
rations, and proceeded five miles on the Columbia road to Fishing
Creek, where they halted, awaiting further orders. At five o’clock they
were ordered to join General Thomas’ main body at Logan’s Place. In
crossing the swollen creek the water reached to the waists of the
men. Owing to the wretched condition of the road, they did not reach
their point of destination until midnight.
Simultaneously with the above, three regiments and a battery, the
balance of General Schoepf’s command, with the exception of the
Thirty-eighth Ohio, advanced over another road leading out from
Somerset in a south-easterly direction to Fishing Creek, which they
found risen so high as to render it almost impossible to cross. After
much exertion, a rope was finally stretched across, holding on to
which the men slowly managed to get over. At nightfall only one
regiment, however, had landed on the other side, and while the
remainder were crossing on the morning of the battle, orders came
from General Thomas that their assistance was no longer needed,
and the brigade retraced their steps to Somerset.
During this time a heavy storm came on, and torrents of rain
continued to pour upon the devoted troops. General Thomas’
immediate command was tolerably well protected; but General
Carter’s brigade had started without tents, and hence were
completely exposed to the drenching rain and chilling wind. Every
man in the brigade was soaked to the skin before Logan’s Place was
reached, and during the remainder of Saturday night the poor
fellows lay on the wet ground sheltered only by the dripping woods.
On the morning of the fight the regiments posted on Logan’s farm
were distributed as follows: on the right of the road to Hart’s Ford,
facing toward the river, were the Ninth Ohio and Second Minnesota;
directly opposite them, on the left, lay General Carter’s brigade;
three-quarters of a mile south-east of it were the Fourth Kentucky,
Tenth Indiana, and two batteries—the Tenth Indiana occupying the
most advanced position. In front of the last mentioned regiment
were encamped about one hundred and twenty of Wolford’s Cavalry,
the balance of the regiment being off on escort duty; about two and a
half miles further south was the outmost Union picket—twenty of
Wolford’s cavalry, the Fourteenth Ohio and Tenth Kentucky being
still encamped eight miles to the north-east. It is thus seen that the
Federal force advanced upon by the rebels included no more than
seven infantry regiments, the detached Michigan companies, one
hundred and forty cavalry, and two batteries.
The main characteristics of the battle-ground are steep, bluff-like
hills, and abrupt narrow ravines. The only comparative levels are
formed by the undulating ridges of the former. Logan’s Place extends
over one of the most extensive of these, and, with its large cleared
fields, afforded the best field for a battle that could have been found
in many miles around. The whole country is covered with a thick
growth of timber, except where the husbandman had cleared it away.
The roads were but a succession of rugged little hills, tiring to the
footman and taxing the wagoner’s skill to the utmost in the best
weather.
According to the statements of persons subsequently captured,
Zollicoffer’s original force did not exceed six thousand in number,
which had been increased to ten thousand, comprising ten regiments
of infantry, about three thousand cavalry, and fifteen pieces of
artillery. On Saturday morning information was brought to General
Crittenden by secession sympathizers, living near Somerset, of the
proposed movement of General Carter’s brigade. The rebel
commander had learned that General Thomas’ division was on the
march to Somerset, but was not aware that it had already arrived;
and supposing that General Carter’s command was merely setting
out for scouting purposes, conceived a plan of falling upon it with his
whole force. The plan being communicated to Zollicoffer, he
strenuously objected to any demonstration outside of their
intrenchments. His superior, however, insisted upon the project—
bold and creditable enough, if not based upon wrong premises—and
hence the whole rebel army moved out of the fortifications shortly
after dark. Owing to the difficulty of working their artillery ahead, it
took them until 3 A. M. to come within one mile of the Union pickets.
Here they halted and rested, in a deluge of rain. At six o’clock they
renewed their march, and their cavalry advance guard came up with
Wolford’s men. Supposing them to be only a foraging party, the
Union dragoons attacked and drove them back. Perceiving, however,
masses of infantry down the road, they sent word to General
Thomas, and then retreated to their camp. The squadron was quickly
mounted and rode towards the enemy; but, discovering his
overwhelming strength, fell back, dismounted, and joined the Tenth
Indiana, and afterwards actively participated in the fight.
Companies K and I, of the Tenth Indiana, Captains Shorter and
Perkins, were detailed as pickets in advance of their regiment, and
were first attacked by the advancing rebels at half-past six o’clock,
and with the assistance of Company A, Captain Hamilton, all under
Major Miller, gallantly held the enemy in check, until supported by
the remainder of the regiment.
In twenty minutes after General Thomas was apprised of the
approach of the enemy, his whole force was under arms, and eagerly
awaiting the onset. The Tenth Indiana, Second Minnesota and the
dismounted cavalry pushed forward a short distance from their
encampment in an open field to a piece of timber, and the Fourth
Kentucky took a position in the woods on the left. The Tenth Indiana
having the lead, was within musket range of the rebels just before
eight o’clock, and now the battle fairly commenced.
At least six regiments formed the rebel right, and pressed first on
the Tenth Indiana; but this brave regiment had learned the fighting
metal of the enemy at Rich Mountain, in Western Virginia, and could
not be made to yield an inch even to such fearful odds. Fortunately
protected somewhat by the trees from the hostile fire, they stood
steadily, pouring volley after volley into the rebels; responding to
their yells with defiant cheers; fighting four times their number for
nearly an hour and a half, and never yielding an inch, in spite of a
constant and fearful hail of lead, until their ammunition became
exhausted; when they were ordered to give way to the Second
Minnesota. This they did with composed and unbroken ranks,
bringing off their dead and wounded, whose number was a mournful
proof of the fearful trial they had undergone.
Some thirty minutes after the Tenth Indiana had opened the
contest, the Fourth Kentucky engaged the rebels on the left of the
former, and displayed coolness and firmness most remarkable, in
view of the fact that it had never before been under fire. It also had to
contend against superior numbers, but maintained its formation,
and did not allow the rebels to gain a foot of ground. The men
cheered each other, and in their ardor came within short range of the
enemy, to whose irregular fire they replied with great vigor and
effect. Colonel Fry inspired all under him by his courageous conduct.
Up and down the line of his command he moved, urging his
Kentuckians on under a shower of bullets.
Meantime, the Second Minnesota fulfilled the trust left to it by the
Tenth Indiana. The stalwart farmers and lumbermen that composed
it performed the duty allotted to them deliberately and with perfect
success. They loaded and fired with ease and calmness, and seemed
to think no more of the work they were doing than of handling a plow
or plying an axe.
The widely-renowned Ninth Ohio did not join in the bloody strife
in its earliest stages. At about half-past eight, however, its impatience
for the fray was at last gratified, and it appeared upon the stage in
solid line of battle, moving measuredly, and with the confident and
determined air of veterans, through a broad, open field on the right
of the road, to within two hundred yards, and began a fire upon some
rebel regiments that were firing from behind a fence, with regularity
and precision. It held the right alone while the action continued.
The rebels succeeded in bringing a battery of their artillery in
position about nine o’clock, and opened upon the Federal troops
shortly afterward with solid and hollow shot. Their balls and shells
all went high over the Union soldiers, not one of whom owed his
death or wound to the rebel artillery.
Captains Kinney’s, Standart’s, and Whetmore’s Ohio batteries
were brought into position, and rendered effective service whenever
an opportunity offered. In the heat of the engagement Captain
Kinney ordered one section of his battery within sixty yards of the
enemy’s line, and opened a deadly fire upon them, which added
greatly to the success of the day.
The battle was now at its height, and the effect of the artillery,
roaring through the conflict, with the crash of shells and sharp
whistle of bullets, was increased by a storm that had broken out in
the morning, and now poured a deluge of rain on the combatants.
For a time, the lightning of heaven vied in sharpness with the flash of
artillery, and rolling bursts of thunder went booming over the
mountains, giving terrible effect to the whole scene.
Amid this storm, the opposing lines of battle were several times
carried so close to each other that the fight was urged on with a
hand-to-hand encounter, and the commanders on both sides came in
dangerous contiguity with the foe.
Up to eleven o’clock, the fighting was confined almost entirely to
an exchange of lead and iron. The Union right and left would
advance on the enemy, fire, and fall back. Then the Secession forces
would advance, exchange shots, each side holding its own ground
and no more.
The Fourteenth Ohio and Tenth Kentucky, sent for as soon as the
alarm had been given, being reported to General Thomas coming up
with their battery from their encampment on the Columbus road, on
a full run, he at last determined to bring matters to an issue. He
directed General Carter to flank the enemy’s right with his regiments,
which had been restive all the morning under the necessity of
remaining idle spectators.
But before this movement could be made, the heroes of the Ninth
Ohio had already decided the battle. Colonel McCook (by the way the
only American in the regiment) had his horse shot under him, and
was himself wounded, but nevertheless continued in command.
About eleven the patience of the regiment became exhausted, and the
Colonel gave the order to advance. It was received with a hurrah.
Steadily and compactly the column moved over the two hundred
yards separating it from the enemy. When within thirty yards of the
foe the order was given to “charge bayonets,” and in an instant the
moving human wall bristled with bayonets and pressed forward in
quick step. The rebels looked aghast at a sight they had never
witnessed before. A Tennessee regiment on their extreme left fired a
random volley and broke. A Mississippi regiment—the same that
held the fence already mentioned—hesitated a few moments longer.
But the triumphant shout from the Germans, and the bristling array
of pointed steel was too much for them. In an instant, those of the
enemy between the fence and the Federals, with the exception of a
few, who were bayoneted, had scrambled over and fled in wild
disorder.
Colonel S. S. Fry, of the Fourth Kentucky, was in the act of leading
his regiment into a charge upon the Mississippians, when General
Zollicoffer, accompanied by his aid, rode up to him and said, “You
are not going to fight your friends, are you? These men (pointing to
the Mississippians) are all your friends.” In the mean time
Zollicoffer’s aid fired upon Colonel Fry, wounding his horse, from
which wound the animal died. Colonel Fry then turned and fired
upon Zollicoffer, with fatal effect. General Z. evidently labored under
the impression that Colonel Fry was a rebel officer. They had never
met before, nor did Colonel Fry know the position of the officer upon
whom he fired, as the evidences of his rank were covered by a cloak
which General Zollicoffer wore in battle.
From this moment the battle was won. The rebels in front of the
Union left had grown dispirited by the news of Zollicoffer’s fall, and
their fire was slackening. When they saw the breaking of their left
wing, they faltered and commenced retreating. The Tenth Kentucky,
Fourteenth Indiana, and two batteries were immediately pushed
after them. But the speed of the enemy increased, and although the
Union troops followed in quick step, they could only manage to come
within range of his rear, to which they gave from time to time parting
salutes with rifle balls and shells. The pursuit was continued to
within a mile of the intrenchments, when owing to the close
approach of night, the victors stopped and made themselves as
comfortable as possible on the northern declivity of a hill overlooking
the fortifications.
Rain was still falling, and although all were greatly fatigued from
the labors of the day, but few sought repose on the soaked ground.
The excitement of the battle kept the majority awake, and the
uncomfortable night was spent in the discussion of the stirring
events of the preceding hours, by the immense camp-fires, which
burned brightly in defiance of the drifting rain.
With daybreak some of the Federal guns were got into a position
commanding the rebel intrenchments, and were soon hurling shells
upon them. Crowds of the enemy were seen hurrying down the hill
toward the landing, and the little ferry-boat was rapidly steaming to
and fro, carrying bodies of men, the last of the Confederates on the
right bank of the river. No response being elicited, the infantry was
ordered forward, the Tenth Kentucky in the advance. With lusty
cheers the troops rushed down the road and up the hills crowned by
fortifications, and climbing over the barricades of logs, obstructing
the approaches on all sides, the Kentuckians were in a few minutes
on the parapet, shouting, jumping, and waving their hats and
muskets. Hardly five minutes more elapsed when the rebel camp
teemed with thousands of soldiers, frantic with excitement.
The rebels literally saved nothing but what they wore on their
persons. Eight of their guns, including two Parrot 20-pounders, with
caissons and ammunition, were left behind, together with nearly a
thousand stand of arms, and hundreds of boxes of cartridges, 1,700
horses and mules, a drove of cattle, 100 wagons, with harness, vast
quantities of commissary and quartermasters’ stores, some twenty
bales of blankets and quilts, and the personal effects of officers and
men.
The enemy left all their dead and many of their wounded behind
them, five of their surgeons, however, remaining. One hundred and
fifteen of their killed, including Zollicoffer, and about 120 of their
wounded were found on the field, and 150 prisoners taken. Their
entire loss must have been much greater. The Federal loss was 39
killed and 207 wounded.
Taken as a whole it was one of the fairest contested battles and
most glorious victories of the war—one in which the Western troops
fully sustained their reputation for unflinching courage and stern
determination never to yield, no matter how great the force opposed
to them.
INVESTMENT OF FORT PULASKI, GA.