Discover Biology Core Topics 4th

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Chapter 7: Energy and Enzymes

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism’s
a. nucleus. c. predators.
b. environment. d. biosynthesis.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

2. A spherical rock rests at the top of a steep hill. The rock has
a. potential energy. c. kinetic energy.
b. chemical energy. d. no energy.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Applied

3. The second law of thermodynamics states that

a. metabolic reactions must be balanced.
b. the flow of energy connects living things to their environments.
c. energy can be created but not destroyed.
d. systems tend to become more disorderly.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

4. Living systems must work to remain ordered. They pass off their disorder in the form of
a. light. c. heat.
b. sound. d. water.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual

5. The reuse of the same carbon molecules by plants, animals, and their environments through time is
known as
a. activation energy. c. carbon cycling.
b. a consumption tree. d. the third law of thermodynamics.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

6. Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
a. sugars. c. work.
b. enzymes. d. heat.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual

7. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, a type of

a. potential energy. c. heat.
b. kinetic energy. d. metabolism.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

8. In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is

a. provided by enzymes. c. extracted from DNA.
b. provided by carbon dioxide. d. oxidized to make sugars.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual
 9. When humans cut down trees for lumber to build permanent structures, what aspect of metabolic
cycling is disrupted?
a. The oxidation of wood products reduces the amount of photosynthesis that can occur.
b. The biosynthetic reactions that occur in the lumber cause too much catabolism to occur.
c. Carbon and other atoms tied up in wooden structures are not being recycled into other
living organisms.
d. The DNA in the wood is unable to obey the first law of thermodynamics.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: Applied

10. Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to
“burn” their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they “burn”
different energy storage molecules?
a. The internal components of plant and animal cells are identical.
b. The second law of thermodynamics says that all cells have the same energy transfer
system.
c. The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what
molecule is stored.
d. All organisms have the same enzymes to catalyze their energy-producing reactions.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
a. sugars c. ADP
b. enzymes d. ATP
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

12. _______ reactions use energy to build complex molecules.

a. Catabolic c. Photosynthetic
b. Anabolic d. Redox
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

13. In the reaction X + Y → Z, Z is the

a. substrate. c. enzyme.
b. product. d. carbon molecule.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

14. When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
a. energy is absorbed by ADP and transferred to enzymes.
b. energy is released and can power cellular activities.
c. ADP becomes the active site in an enzyme.
d. the energy in the broken bond is transferred to the phosphate group.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

15. This graph depicts the amount of energy involved over the course of a chemical reaction.
 The graph indicates that
a. the products of this reaction have more energy that the substrates.
b. this reaction requires an input of energy to convert glucose and O2 to H2O and CO2.
c. this reaction can only run in one direction (from left to right on the graph).
d. this reaction only occurs in the presence of an enzyme.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

16. Heat speeds up chemical reactions by

a. causing the cell to produce enzymes that lower the activation energy of the reactions.
b. decreasing the amount of oxygen available for redox reactions.
c. inhibiting catabolic reactions while promoting anabolic reactions.
d. causing substrate molecules to collide more often.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

17. Which of the following compounds is the least oxidized?

a. C6H11O6 c. CH4
b. CO2 d. HCOOH
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

18. In the reaction CH2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O,

a. carbon is reduced and hydrogen is oxidized.
b. carbon is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
c. carbon and hydrogen are reduced.
d. carbon and oxygen are oxidized.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

19. A molecule of sugar slowly “burns” in one of your cells. The products of these catabolic reactions are
___________ than the original sugar molecules.
a. less stable and have more energy c. more stable and have less energy
b. more stable and have more energy d. less stable and have less energy
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

20. The metabolism of living organisms is made up of a series of reactions. These reactions are carefully
controlled so that the organism
a. releases less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
b. has time to react to its environment.
 c. doesn’t use up its food source too quickly.
d. can capture as much of the released energy as possible.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

21. Organisms that maintain a constant body temperature rely on the heat produced by cells. Where does
this heat come from?
a. Special metabolic pathways exist just for the production of heat.
b. Mitochondria produce heat in the form of ATP.
c. Plants store up heat as they perform photosynthesis. When an organism digests a plant,
that heat is released.
d. Heat is a natural by-product of most chemical reactions.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

22. Enzymes are a special class of

a. proteins. c. chemical bonds.
b. nucleotides. d. hormones.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

23. In a human cell,

a. one enzyme usually catalyzes no more than five different chemical reactions.
b. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
c. enzymes have to be constantly replaced as they are used up in the reactions that they
catalyze.
d. some enzymes are specialized to store activation energy.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

24. What do catalysts and enzymes have in common?

a. They decrease the number of collisions between substrate molecules.
b. They increase the amount of activation energy required.
c. They increase the amount of substrate that is available.
d. They decrease the amount of activation energy required.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

25. An enzyme and its substrate find each other by

a. chance encounter. c. catalysis.
b. magnetic attraction. d. oxidative reactions.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

26. You observe that a solution turns from red to green very slowly. If you place a small piece of platinum
in the solution, the change occurs much more rapidly, yet the platinum remains unchanged. Which of
the following best explains this experimental result?
a. The platinum provided activation energy. c. The platinum is a catalyst.
b. The platinum is an enzyme. d. The platinum is an oxidizing agent.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Applied

27. A given enzyme

a. can be used for many different kinds of chemical reactions.
b. is permanently changed during a chemical reaction.
c. has a special site where the products bind before the reaction begins.
 d. lowers the activation energy of a particular reaction.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

28. In the reaction H2O + CO2 + carbonic anhydrase→ HCO3– + H++ carbonic anhydrase, carbonic
anhydrase is a(n)
a. reactant. c. enzyme.
b. product. d. active site.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Applied

29. Biosynthetic reactions require many things, including

a. carbon dioxide and water. c. enzymes and ATP.
b. glucose and water. d. sunlight and CTP.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

30. Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only

a. if they encounter a molecule of ATP.
b. if their active site is sufficiently oxidized.
c. if they have both products in their active site at the same time.
d. if they encounter a substrate that fits their active site.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

31. In many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each
other because
a. attaching enzymes to the membrane prevents the cell from losing them to the surrounding
environment.
b. when enzymes are in close proximity, each one can catalyze more than one type of
reaction.
c. these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathway and keeping them closer
together increases the efficiency of the pathway.
d. all enzymes must act in groups to sufficiently reduce the amount of activation energy
required for a reaction to occur.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

32. In the figure below, E1, E2 and E3 represent three enzymes in the membrane of a mitochondrion.

Which of the following is true?

a. B is the product of the activity of E2 and the substrate of E3.
 b. If E2 doesn’t function properly, A will not be produced.
c. E2 is the product of E1 and the substrate of E3.
d. C is the substrate for E1.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Applied

33. The heat given off by living systems can increase the likelihood of a given chemical reaction’s taking
place. Why is this true?
a. The enzymes that catalyze reactions in living systems work increasingly better as the
temperature decreases.
b. The heat given off lowers the internal cellular temperature, which allows reactions to
proceed more quickly.
c. The heat allows photosynthesis to occur more rapidly.
d. The heat speeds molecular movement, increasing the likelihood of collisions between an
enzyme and its substrate.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

34. Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These
enzymes must be able to
a. catalyze a catabolic reaction.
b. raise the activation energy of the reaction that clears the clog.
c. create energy that can be used to break up the clog.
d. allow excess heat to be passed off into the environment.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3 OBJ: Applied

35. Which of the following strategies is not used by cells to help enzymes and substrates find each other?
a. locating enzymes used in the same biochemical pathway near each other in the cytoplasm
b. having certain reactions occur within a specific organelle
c. embedding more enzymes in the plasma membrane
d. producing heat to increase the frequency of molecular collisions
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

36. This image diagrams the action of an enzyme.

 Notice that the enzyme is depicted as being more tightly wrapped around the substrates in step 2 than
it is in step 1. Why is this?
a. When a substrate locks into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to
mold itself around the substrates.
b. Generally, the size of a substrate is larger than the size of the active site it must fit into.
When the substrate enters the active site, the active site must stretch to fit.
c. Before catalysis can occur, a substrate must change its shape so that it fits into the active
site of the enzyme more precisely.
d. Most active sites are only designed to hold one substrate. In this image, two substrates
enter the active site, creating a tighter fit.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

37. In general, smaller animals have

a. longer life spans than larger animals.
b. slower metabolic rates than larger animals.
c. faster metabolic rates than larger animals.
d. the same life spans as larger animals.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.4 OBJ: Factual

38. Higher metabolic rates may shorten life spans, because

a. enzymes get used up more quickly than the cell can produce them.
b. toxic by-products build up quickly and are more likely to damage DNA.
c. cells and organs that run faster also wear out faster.
d. anabolism outpaces catabolism.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 7.4 OBJ: Conceptual

39. A calorie represents

a. the number of grams of fat in a food product.
b. the number of times an enzyme can be reused before it must be replaced.
c. the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree
Celsius.
d. the temperature at which a gram of food is completely converted into carbon dioxide.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Science Toolkit
OBJ: Factual

40. COX-2 inhibitors like Vioxx control inflammation without affecting COX-1, but patients taking these
drugs are more susceptible to heart attack and stroke. Which of the following is a possible explanation
of this side effect?
a. These newer COX-2 inhibitors must still interact with COX-1.
b. In creating these specific COX-2 inhibitors, scientists have changed the shape of aspirin so
much that it no longer interacts with COX-2 at all.
c. In addition to controlling fever and inflammation, COX-2 plays a role in the maintaining
the proper function of the circulatory system (heart and blood).
d. Inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 is necessary to prevent inflammation.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Biology in the News
OBJ: Conceptual

COMPLETION
1. The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Together all
of these processes are known as _______.

ANS: metabolism

DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

2. Carbon dioxide is the product of the metabolic process called ____________ that occurs in both plants
and animals.

ANS: respiration

DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

3. When chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy in a biological systems, _____ [more than all,
less than all, or all] of the available energy is converted.

ANS: less than all

DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual

4. A rotted log indicates that the ____________ law of thermodynamics has been operating.

ANS: second

DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Applied

5. A molecule of methane burns, producing carbon dioxide, heat, light, and water. The direction of the
event is dictated by the __________ law of thermodynamics.

ANS: second

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: Applied

6. The energy input needed to start a chemical reaction is the _______ energy.

ANS: activation

DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

7. The gain of electrons by one atom from another atom is referred to as _______.

ANS: reduction

DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

8. Catabolic reactions are tightly coupled to _______ reactions that require energy.

ANS: biosynthetic or anabolic

DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

9. The chemical reactions that occur in cells are catalyzed by _______ .

 ANS: enzymes

DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

10. _______ are the organelles where the breakdown products of food are oxidized, thereby generating
most of a cell’s ATP.

ANS: Mitochondria

DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

11. A catalyst affects the _______ at which a chemical reaction occurs, but it is not itself changed during
the reaction.

ANS: rate or speed

DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

12. The _______ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and/or set of chemical properties that
allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.

ANS: active site

DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

13. According to the _____ ______ model, the active site of an enzyme adjusts its shape to mold around a
substrate after binding.

ANS: induced fit

DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

14. An enzyme splits a disaccharide into two sugar monomers. The disaccharide is the _________ of this
enzyme.

ANS: substrate

DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Applied

15. _______ blocks the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

ANS: Aspirin

DIF: Easy REF: Applying What We Learned OBJ: Factual

TRUE/FALSE

1. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings remains
constant.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

2. All of the chemical energy in ATP is used during a chemical reaction

 ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Conceptual

3. Photosynthesis creates energy and cellular respiration destroys energy.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.1 OBJ: Factual

4. An insect devouring a leaf is an example of the second law of thermodynamics in action.

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: Applied

5. When ATP breaks into ADP and a phosphate group, energy is given off.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

6. Chemical reactions can occur without the input of any energy.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

7. As a molecule becomes more oxidized, it loses electrons.

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Factual

8. Oxygen can be reduced.

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 7.2 OBJ: Conceptual

9. Sugar molecules are more oxidized than carbon dioxide molecules.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: Applied

10. Enzymes catalyze only anabolic chemical reactions.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Factual

11. The shape of an enzyme does not affect its activity.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

12. Enzymes can make otherwise impossible reactions happen.

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual

SHORT ANSWER

1. Exposing many proteins to high heat causes their three-dimensional shape to change. How might heat
affect the function of an enzyme?

ANS:
The part of an enzyme that interacts with substrates, the active site, has a specific three-dimensional
shape that enables it to interact with a specific substrate. If heat caused the shape of an enzyme’s active
site to change, the enzyme might not be able to interact with its substrate and catalyze chemical
reactions.
DIF: Medium REF: 7.3 OBJ: Conceptual