Community Nutrition In Action An

Entrepreneurial Approach 6th Edition

Boyle Test Bank
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 Test Bank1 for Community Nutrition in Action 6e
Chapter 10 – Food Insecurity and the
Food Assistance Programs
Learning Objectives
10.1 Communicate the current status of food security in the United States.
10.2 Understand the complexity of domestic food insecurity.
10.3 Describe current food security and hunger policy initiatives.
10.4 Describe the purpose, status, and current issues related to the U.S. food assistance
programs.
10.5 Describe actions that individuals might take to eliminate food insecurity.

True/False2

1. People who live with chronic hunger might have food available to them, but they are lacking
in nutrients.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 326 OBJ: 10.1

2. The official poverty guidelines define eligibility for many federal assistance programs,
including the food assistance programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 328 OBJ: 10.1

3. A lower assessed score on the Food Security Module of the Current Population Survey
indicates higher food security.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 329-330 OBJ: 10.1

4. Those living below the poverty threshold experience food insecurity and hunger at over 3
times the national average.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 333 OBJ: 10.1

5. A job that pays the minimum wage lifts a family above the federal poverty threshold.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 333 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

1 By Melanie Tracy Burns of Eastern Illinois University

2 ANS = correct answer; REF = page reference; OBJ = learning objective
6. Households with children experience food insecurity and hunger at a much greater rate
than households without children.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 334 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

7. Food insecurity rates are higher than average in households with children that are headed
by a single mom.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 334 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

8. Typically, the northeastern states have rates for food insecurity and hunger that are higher
than the national average.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 336 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

9. Since 2000, there has been a gradual downward trend in the percentage of Americans living
in poverty.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 340 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

10. Ultimately, the goal of food assistance programs is to improve the food security, nutritional
status, and health of Americans by providing free food to the masses.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 339-340|342 OBJ: 10.4

11. Meals served under the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program, formerly known as the
Elderly Nutrition Program, must provide at least one-third of recommended intakes
established by the Food and Nutrition Board.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 347 OBJ: 10.3

12. Currently, the benefit allotments for those participating in the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program are sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the family.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 351 OBJ: 10.4

13. Private food assistance programs exist to supplement the federal programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 358 OBJ: 10.4

14. Meals on Wheels is the nation’s largest suppler of surplus food to food banks.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 358 OBJ: 10.5

15. Generally, food pantries and soup kitchens are federally funded programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 358 OBJ: 10.5

16. The federal government is the only entity concerned with food insecurity.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 360 OBJ: 10.3

Multiple Choice

1. The proportion of income spent on _____ by economically stressed families is used as the
basis for the current poverty thresholds.
a. housing
b. utilities
c. food
d. education

ANS: c REF: 328 OBJ: 10.1

2. Households with no problems, or anxiety about, consistently accessing adequate foods are
experiencing
a. high food security.
b. marginal food security.
c. low food security.
d. very low food security.

ANS: a REF: 330 OBJ: 10.1

3. Households in which the child’s portion size was lessened or one or more of the household
members did not eat regularly are categorized as having
a. high food security.
b. marginal food security.
c. low food security.
d. very low food security.

ANS: d REF: 330 OBJ: 10.1

4. The most compelling single reason for hunger is

a. mental illness.
b. health problems of old age.
c. alcoholism.
d. poverty.

ANS: d REF: 332 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

5. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Over 16.2 million children lived in food insecure households in 2010.
b. A child’s growth and cognitive development are not negatively impacted when living in a
food insecure household.
c. Not all persons living in food insecure or hungry households experience food insecurity.
d. a and b are false
e. a and c are false

ANS: b REF: 334-335 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

6. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. The median income of black and Hispanic households is higher than that of white
households.
b. National data reveal a marked disparity of hardship among racial and ethnic groups.
c. Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children are more likely than non-Hispanic
white children to be poor, food insufficient, and in poor health.
d. All of these statements are correct.

ANS: a REF: 335 OBJ: 10.1

7. In 2010, approximately _____ percent of all Americans age 65 and over were living below the
poverty threshold.
a. 5
b. 7.5
c. 9
d. 12.5

ANS: c REF: 336 OBJ: 10.1

8. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Having a garden does not appear to be related to food security for those living in rural
areas.
b. The prevalence of food insecurity in rural households exceeds that in the inner city.
c. Nutrition and consumer education may be one of the keys to improving household food
security status.
d. The availability of community transportation systems has no effect on food security.

ANS: c REF: 336 OBJ: 10.2

9. Which of the following is the number one contributor to homelessness?

a. Addiction to alcohol or drugs
b. Unemployment
c. Mental illness
d. Physical disability

ANS: b REF: 337 OBJ: 10.2

10. Which of the following has not been identified as a cause of hunger in the United States?
a. Mental health issues
b. Lack of knowledge about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
c. Increase in the senior population
d. Substance abuse

ANS: c REF: 337|338|341 OBJ: 10.2

11. Congress first established the federal government’s authority to buy and distribute excess
food commodities during the:
a. 1930s.
b. 1950s.
c. 1960s.
d. 1970s.

ANS: a REF: 338 OBJ: 10.3

12. Hunger diminished as a serious problem in this country during the _____ as a result of the
efforts of the food assistance programs.
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s

ANS: b REF: 340 OBJ: 10.3

13. In 2010, _____ percent of the people in the United States lived in poverty.
a. 5
b. 7.5
c. 11.3
d. 15.1

ANS: d REF: 340 OBJ: 10.2

14. Which of the following is not a key provision(s) of the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act?
a. It established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program.
b. It requires states to enforce a strong child support program for collection of child
support payments.
c. It tightens national standards for SNAP benefits and commodity distribution.
d. It provides food assistance through the distribution of food commodities.

ANS: d REF: 341 OBJ: 10.3

15. Which of the following programs is not administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of
the USDA?
a. Child and Adult Care Food Program
b. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
d. Commodity Supplemental Food Program

ANS: b REF: 343-347 OBJ: 10.4

16. Approximately half of all participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are
a. children.
b. elderly.
c. women.
d. homeless.

ANS: a REF: 350 OBJ: 10.4

17. What items can be purchased with benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program?
a. Ready-to-eat hot foods
b. Vitamins
c. Garden seeds
d. Cleaning supplies

ANS: c REF: 351 OBJ: 10.4

18. Eligibility and allotments for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are based on
all of the following except
a. income.
b. household size.
c. assets.
d. age.

ANS: d REF: 350|351 OBJ: 10.4

19. The largest single ethnic group participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program is
a. African Americans.
b. Hispanics.
c. Asians.
d. whites.

ANS: d REF: 350 OBJ: 10.4

20. _____ is an optional program for states intended to improve the likelihood that program
participants will make healthful choices within a limited budget and choose active lifestyles
consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
a. WIC
b. SNAP-ED
c. SNAP
d. Emergency Food Assistance Food Program

ANS: b REF: 351 OBJ: 10.3|10.4

21. The Commodity Supplemental Food Program distributes foods to all of the following except
a. infants.
b. children up to age 6.
c. older people at least 60 years of age.
d. WIC participants.

ANS: d REF: 353 OBJ: 10.4

22. Which program was designed to reduce the level of government-held surplus commodities
while supplementing the diets of low-income needy persons, including elderly people,
through provision of commodity foods to food banks?
a. Summer Food Service Program for Children
b. Commodity Supplemental Food Program
c. Emergency Food Assistance Program
d. WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program

ANS: c REF: 353-354 OBJ: 10.4

23. Children whose families participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are
automatically eligible to receive free meals in the _____.
a. Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program
b. WIC Program
c. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
d. National School Lunch Program

ANS: d REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

24. _____ is administered by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

a. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
b. The Emergency Food Assistance Program
c. The Nutrition Services Incentive Program
d. Food Distribution Disaster Assistance

ANS: d REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

25. Of those children participating in the National School Lunch Program, approximately _____
receive their meal for free.
a. 29%
b. 37%
c. 56%
d. 69%

ANS: c REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

26. The Summer Food Service Program for Children is offered in

a. every community that participates in the National School Lunch Program.
b. those communities where at least 50% of the children are from households with
incomes at or below 185% of the poverty guidelines.
c. those communities with the greatest number of Hispanics.
d. those communities where funding is available.

ANS: b REF: 355 OBJ: 10.4

27. Examples of medically-based risks in determining eligibility for participation in the Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children include all of the
following except
a. anemia.
b. overweight.
c. underweight.
d. maternal age.

ANS: b REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

28. Food vouchers for supplemental foods provided as part of the WIC program are designed to
provide all of the following specific nutrients except
a. riboflavin.
b. vitamin C.
c. calcium.
d. iron.

ANS: a REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

29. Which of the following is NOT a key benefit of WIC?
a. Checks or vouchers for supplemental foods
b. Nutrition education
c. Referrals to health care services
d. Assistance with child care

ANS: d REF: 356 OBJ: 10.3|10.4

30. Which of the following is not an entitlement program?

a. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
b. School Lunch Program
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
d. School Breakfast Program

ANS: a REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

31. The Older Americans Act Nutrition Program provides all of the following except
a. low-cost, nutritious food.
b. opportunities for social interaction.
c. vouchers to use to purchase foods in the grocery store.
d. nutrition education.

ANS: c REF: 357 OBJ: 10.4

32. It is estimated that on average, _____ of requests for emergency food assistance go unmet.
a. 8%
b. 12%
c. 14%
d. 27%

ANS: d REF: 359 OBJ: 10.5

Matching

Match the year the food assistance program was enacted in the right column with the program
in the left column. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program a. 1946

2. Head Start b. 1955
3. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children c. 1961
4. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program d. 1965
5. Special Milk Program e. 1966
6. After-School Snack Program f. 1969
7. Commodity Foods g. 1972
8. National School Lunch Program h. 1977
9. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program i. 1981
10. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Nutrition Education j. 1986
11. Commodity Supplemental Food Program k. 1998
12. The Emergency Food Assistance Program l. 2002
Match the characteristics of the food assistance program listed in the left column with the
appropriate program listed in the right column. The same letter may be used more than once.

13. Provides supplemental nutritious foods, nutrition education, a. Supplemental

and referrals to health care to low-income pregnant, Nutrition Assistance
breastfeeding, and postpartum women, infants and children up Program
to 5 years determined to be at nutritional risk b. National School
14. Improves the diets of low-income households by increasing their Lunch Program
food purchasing power c. Summer Food
15. Provides congregate and home-delivered meals and related Service Program
nutrition services to older adults d. Child and Adult Care
16. Provides federal funds and USDA-donated foods to Food Program
nonresidential child care and adult day care facilities and to e. Special Supplemental
family day care homes for children Nutrition Program for
17. Ensures that children in lower-income areas continue to receive Women, Infants, and
nutritious meals when school is not in session Children
18. Assists low-income families and youth to acquire the knowledge f. Older Americans Act
and skills needed to obtain a healthy diet Nutrition Program
19. Assists states in providing nutritious free or reduced-price g. The Expanded Food
lunches to eligible children and Nutrition
20. Provides technical training and assistance to schools to foster Education Program
nutrition education to help children understand the link h. Team Nutrition
between eating/physical activity and health
21. Allotments are based on household size, income, assets,
housing costs, work requirements, and other factors
22. Eligible individuals include all persons 60 years of age or older
and their spouses

Matching key:
1. ANS: d REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
2. ANS: d REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
3. ANS: g REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
4. ANS: l REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
5. ANS: b REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
6. ANS: k REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
7. ANS: c REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
8. ANS: a REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
9. ANS: c REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
10. ANS: j REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
11. ANS: f REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
12. ANS: i REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
13. ANS: e REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
14. ANS: a REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
15. ANS: f REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
16. ANS: d REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
17. ANS: c REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
18. ANS: g REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
19. ANS: b REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
20. ANS: h REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
21. ANS: a REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
22. ANS: f REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
Essay Questions

1. Describe the five components of the concept of food security.

ANS: The concept of food security includes five components:

a. Quantity: Is there access to a sufficient quantity of food?
b. Quality: Is food nutritionally adequate?
c. Suitability: Is food culturally acceptable and the capacity for storage and preparation
appropriate?
d. Psychological: Do the type and quantity of food alleviate anxiety, lack of choice, and
feelings of deprivation?
e. Social: Are the methods of acquiring food socially acceptable?
REF: 326
OBJ: 10.1

2. Communicate the current status of food security in the United States.

ANS: The majority (85.5%) of households are food secure; however, of the remaining 14.5%,
9.1% experience low food security while 5.4% experience very low food security. Households
headed by single mothers experience a higher rate of food insecurity. Households with
children experience food insecurity at a higher rate than those without children. Overall,
non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children are more likely than non-Hispanic
white children to be poor, food insufficient, and in poor health. A lower proportion of
households with older adults experience hunger and food insecurity than other groups. The
prevalence of food insecurity in households in inner-city and rural areas substantially
exceeded that in suburban and other metropolitan areas. States in the South have higher-
than-average food insecurity rates. The number of hungry farm families is increasing.
REF: 330-337
OBJ: 10.1

3. State the major cause of food insecurity in the United States and discuss other factors that
contribute to the U.S. hunger problem.

ANS: Poverty is the major cause of food insecurity. As identified by the U.S. Conference of
Mayors-Sodexho Hunger and Homelessness Survey 2010, the causes of hunger include
poverty, high housing costs, unemployment, medical or health costs, and low wages. Other
factors may include utility costs, lack of education, transportation costs, mental health
problems, and substance abuse.
REF: 332-333|337-338
OBJ: 10.2

4. Explain how food insecurity can lead to overweight and obesity.

ANS: The need within households with food insecurity is to maximize caloric intake.
Without adequate resources for food, families must make decisions to stretch their food
money as far as possible and maximize the number of calories they can buy so that their
members do not suffer from frequent hunger. Low-income families therefore may consume
lower-cost foods with relatively higher levels of calories per dollar to stave off hunger when
they lack the money or other resources to purchase a more healthful balance of more
nutritious foods. Additionally, overeating when food is available is common. Over time, this
practice can lead to weight gain.
REF: 339
OBJ: 10.2
5. Describe three of the government’s five largest food assistance programs, including
eligibility requirements and services provided.

ANS: The five largest food assistance programs, accounting for 95% of all federal dollars
spent, are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; the National School Lunch
Program; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children;
the School Breakfast Program; and the Child and Adult Care Food Program.
See Table 10-4 for the specifics of the various programs (pp. 343-347).
REF: 338-352|354-356
OBJ: 10.4

6. Of the different hunger policy initiatives, which one do you believe is the most beneficial
and why?

ANS: Answers will vary based on the students’ selection of initiatives.

REF: 343-357
OBJ: 10.3

7. What improvements to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program would you

recommend to enhance its ability to meet the needs of low-income households?

ANS: Answers will vary, but could include:

• Increase the monthly allotments and benefits to better meet the needs of the
households.
• Increase the awareness of the program.
• Improve the participation rate.
• Streamline the application process.
• Provide nutrition education materials to households that receive SNAP.
REF: 350-352
OBJ: 10.4

8. Discuss the background and goals of the Community Food Security Initiative.

ANS: In an effort to reduce hunger, the USDA partnered with states, local municipalities,
nonprofit groups, and the public sector to create this initiative. The goals of the Community
Food Security Initiative include:
• Building and enhancing local infrastructures to reduce hunger and food insecurity in
communities.
• Increasing economic and job security for low-income people by helping people locate
living-wage jobs and achieve self-sufficiency.
• Strengthening the federal food and nutrition assistance safety net.
• Bolstering supplemental food provided by nonprofit groups by assisting or developing
local food recovery, gleaning, and donation efforts.
• Improving community food production and marketing by aiding community projects
that grow, process, and distribute food locally.
• Boosting education and raising awareness about nutrition, food safety, and food
security among community residents.
• Improving research, monitoring, and evaluation efforts to help communities assess and
strengthen food security.
REF: 360
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

9. Identify ways that you can become involved in ending hunger in the United States.
 ANS: Answers will vary, but could include some of following:
• Assist in food assistance programs as a volunteer.
• Help develop means of informing low-income people about food-related federal and local
services and programs for which they are eligible.
• Help increase the accessibility of existing programs and services.
• Document the hunger-related needs that exist in your own community.
• Support local food production.
• Conduct or participate in research to document the effectiveness of food assistance
programs.
• Follow food security legislation; call and write legislators about food insecurity issues.
• Be aware of the magnitude of the problem.
REF: 362-363
OBJ: 10.5

10. Explain the significance and relevance of food security to dietetic professionals.

ANS: Answers will vary, but could include referring clients to various nutrition assistance
programs, participating in legislative activities related to food security issues, participating
in or conducting research related to food security, and/or developing nutrition education
interventions for the food insecure.
REF: 362-363
OBJ: 10.5

Short Answer

1. Differentiate between the housing wage and the hourly wage.

ANS: The housing wage is the hourly wage that must be earned for a 40-hour work week in
order to afford a two-bedroom housing unit. The hourly wage is the employee compensation
for the work done. The current housing wage is $18.25/hour, while the federal minimum
wage is $7.25/hour.
REF: 333|337
OBJ: 10.1|10.2

2. What are some of the problems that arise when children are hungry?

ANS: Research shows that children living in food-insufficient households have poorer
health, even after controlling for poverty. A child’s growth, cognitive development, academic
achievement, and physical and emotional health are negatively affected by living in a family
that does not have enough food to eat.
REF: 334-335
OBJ: 10.2

3. Describe the demographic and economic circumstances of households receiving SNAP

benefits.

ANS:
• 48% are children
• 29% of households with children are headed by a single parent
• 8% are age 60 or older
 • 50% of all benefits go to households with children and 17% go to households with
disabled persons
• 32% of participants are white, 23% are African-American, 16% are Hispanic, 3% are
Asian, 4% are Native American
• Eligibility is based on income, household size, assets, housing costs, work
requirements, and other factors
REF: 350
OBJ: 10.4

4. Describe the eligibility requirements to participate in the Older Americans Act Nutrition
Program.

ANS: Participants (or their spouse) must be 60 years or older, regardless of income level;
however, priority is given to those who are economically and socially needy.
REF: 357
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

5. What is the Thrifty Food Plan?

ANS: The Thrifty Food Plan serves as a food guide for a nutritious diet at a minimal cost, is
used as the basis for SNAP allotments, and is maintained by the USDA’s Center for
Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
REF: 351|352
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items 6-9.
Sally is a mother of 4 young children. She is divorced, and works full-time at a minimum-wage
job. She participates in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, receiving the benefits
electronically at the beginning of the month. Many times, by the end of the month, Sally goes
without food.

6. When grocery shopping she purchases energy-dense foods instead of nutrient-dense foods,
and bypasses the legumes and fresh vegetables and fruits. Why might she make these
choices?

ANS: Sally might make these choices for a number of reasons. Possible reasons could
include: lack of food preparation knowledge, lack of basic kitchen equipment, lack of
nutritional knowledge, and the need to provide as many calories for as little money as
possible.
REF: 336|339|351
OBJ: 10.2|10.4

7. How would Sally’s choices at the grocery affect her children’s nutritional intake over time?

ANS: If the choices were to continue as they are, the children might gain weight, and be
lacking in fiber and several key vitamins and minerals. Malnutrition, in terms of over- and
under-nutrition, might become evident. In time, these might also become the purchasing
selections of the children.
REF: 335|338|339
OBJ: 10.2

8. What is the “food insecurity and obesity paradox”? Are Sally’s behaviors indicative of
someone who exhibits the food insecurity and obesity paradox?
 ANS: The food insecurity and obesity paradox is seen when low-income, food-insecure
women are overweight. Reasons for this paradox include the need to maximize caloric
intake, the tradeoff between food quantity and quality, and overeating when food is
available. As we don’t know Sally’s weight, it is difficult to determine if Sally is
representative of this paradox. However, we do know that Sally experiences times of hunger
towards the end of the month and that she purchases the energy-dense foods instead of the
nutrient-dense foods.
REF: 339
OBJ: 10.2

9. List two other non-public assistance programs that might be appropriate for Sally to
consider.

ANS:
• Farmers’ markets
• Community-supported agriculture programs
• Community gardens
• Food recovery and gleaning programs
• Food-buying cooperatives
• Directory of supply and demand for community food surplus

REF: 360
OBJ: 10.3|10.4