Community Nutrition In Action An

Entrepreneurial Approach 6th Edition

Boyle Test Bank
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 Test Bank1 for Community Nutrition in Action 6e
Chapter 10 – Food Insecurity and the
Food Assistance Programs
Learning Objectives
10.1 Communicate the current status of food security in the United States.
10.2 Understand the complexity of domestic food insecurity.
10.3 Describe current food security and hunger policy initiatives.
10.4 Describe the purpose, status, and current issues related to the U.S. food assistance
programs.
10.5 Describe actions that individuals might take to eliminate food insecurity.

True/False2

1. People who live with chronic hunger might have food available to them, but they are lacking
in nutrients.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 326 OBJ: 10.1

2. The official poverty guidelines define eligibility for many federal assistance programs,
including the food assistance programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 328 OBJ: 10.1

3. A lower assessed score on the Food Security Module of the Current Population Survey
indicates higher food security.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 329-330 OBJ: 10.1

4. Those living below the poverty threshold experience food insecurity and hunger at over 3
times the national average.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 333 OBJ: 10.1

5. A job that pays the minimum wage lifts a family above the federal poverty threshold.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 333 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

1 By Melanie Tracy Burns of Eastern Illinois University

2 ANS = correct answer; REF = page reference; OBJ = learning objective
6. Households with children experience food insecurity and hunger at a much greater rate
than households without children.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 334 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

7. Food insecurity rates are higher than average in households with children that are headed
by a single mom.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 334 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

8. Typically, the northeastern states have rates for food insecurity and hunger that are higher
than the national average.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 336 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

9. Since 2000, there has been a gradual downward trend in the percentage of Americans living
in poverty.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 340 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

10. Ultimately, the goal of food assistance programs is to improve the food security, nutritional
status, and health of Americans by providing free food to the masses.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 339-340|342 OBJ: 10.4

11. Meals served under the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program, formerly known as the
Elderly Nutrition Program, must provide at least one-third of recommended intakes
established by the Food and Nutrition Board.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 347 OBJ: 10.3

12. Currently, the benefit allotments for those participating in the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program are sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the family.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 351 OBJ: 10.4

13. Private food assistance programs exist to supplement the federal programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: a REF: 358 OBJ: 10.4

14. Meals on Wheels is the nation’s largest suppler of surplus food to food banks.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 358 OBJ: 10.5

15. Generally, food pantries and soup kitchens are federally funded programs.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 358 OBJ: 10.5

16. The federal government is the only entity concerned with food insecurity.
a. true
b. false

ANS: b REF: 360 OBJ: 10.3

Multiple Choice

1. The proportion of income spent on _____ by economically stressed families is used as the
basis for the current poverty thresholds.
a. housing
b. utilities
c. food
d. education

ANS: c REF: 328 OBJ: 10.1

2. Households with no problems, or anxiety about, consistently accessing adequate foods are
experiencing
a. high food security.
b. marginal food security.
c. low food security.
d. very low food security.

ANS: a REF: 330 OBJ: 10.1

3. Households in which the child’s portion size was lessened or one or more of the household
members did not eat regularly are categorized as having
a. high food security.
b. marginal food security.
c. low food security.
d. very low food security.

ANS: d REF: 330 OBJ: 10.1

4. The most compelling single reason for hunger is

a. mental illness.
b. health problems of old age.
c. alcoholism.
d. poverty.

ANS: d REF: 332 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

5. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Over 16.2 million children lived in food insecure households in 2010.
b. A child’s growth and cognitive development are not negatively impacted when living in a
food insecure household.
c. Not all persons living in food insecure or hungry households experience food insecurity.
d. a and b are false
e. a and c are false

ANS: b REF: 334-335 OBJ: 10.1|10.2

6. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. The median income of black and Hispanic households is higher than that of white
households.
b. National data reveal a marked disparity of hardship among racial and ethnic groups.
c. Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children are more likely than non-Hispanic
white children to be poor, food insufficient, and in poor health.
d. All of these statements are correct.

ANS: a REF: 335 OBJ: 10.1

7. In 2010, approximately _____ percent of all Americans age 65 and over were living below the
poverty threshold.
a. 5
b. 7.5
c. 9
d. 12.5

ANS: c REF: 336 OBJ: 10.1

8. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Having a garden does not appear to be related to food security for those living in rural
areas.
b. The prevalence of food insecurity in rural households exceeds that in the inner city.
c. Nutrition and consumer education may be one of the keys to improving household food
security status.
d. The availability of community transportation systems has no effect on food security.

ANS: c REF: 336 OBJ: 10.2

9. Which of the following is the number one contributor to homelessness?

a. Addiction to alcohol or drugs
b. Unemployment
c. Mental illness
d. Physical disability

ANS: b REF: 337 OBJ: 10.2

10. Which of the following has not been identified as a cause of hunger in the United States?
a. Mental health issues
b. Lack of knowledge about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
c. Increase in the senior population
d. Substance abuse

ANS: c REF: 337|338|341 OBJ: 10.2

11. Congress first established the federal government’s authority to buy and distribute excess
food commodities during the:
a. 1930s.
b. 1950s.
c. 1960s.
d. 1970s.

ANS: a REF: 338 OBJ: 10.3

12. Hunger diminished as a serious problem in this country during the _____ as a result of the
efforts of the food assistance programs.
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s

ANS: b REF: 340 OBJ: 10.3

13. In 2010, _____ percent of the people in the United States lived in poverty.
a. 5
b. 7.5
c. 11.3
d. 15.1

ANS: d REF: 340 OBJ: 10.2

14. Which of the following is not a key provision(s) of the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act?
a. It established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program.
b. It requires states to enforce a strong child support program for collection of child
support payments.
c. It tightens national standards for SNAP benefits and commodity distribution.
d. It provides food assistance through the distribution of food commodities.

ANS: d REF: 341 OBJ: 10.3

15. Which of the following programs is not administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of
the USDA?
a. Child and Adult Care Food Program
b. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
d. Commodity Supplemental Food Program

ANS: b REF: 343-347 OBJ: 10.4

16. Approximately half of all participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are
a. children.
b. elderly.
c. women.
d. homeless.

ANS: a REF: 350 OBJ: 10.4

17. What items can be purchased with benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program?
a. Ready-to-eat hot foods
b. Vitamins
c. Garden seeds
d. Cleaning supplies

ANS: c REF: 351 OBJ: 10.4

18. Eligibility and allotments for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are based on
all of the following except
a. income.
b. household size.
c. assets.
d. age.

ANS: d REF: 350|351 OBJ: 10.4

19. The largest single ethnic group participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program is
a. African Americans.
b. Hispanics.
c. Asians.
d. whites.

ANS: d REF: 350 OBJ: 10.4

20. _____ is an optional program for states intended to improve the likelihood that program
participants will make healthful choices within a limited budget and choose active lifestyles
consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
a. WIC
b. SNAP-ED
c. SNAP
d. Emergency Food Assistance Food Program

ANS: b REF: 351 OBJ: 10.3|10.4

21. The Commodity Supplemental Food Program distributes foods to all of the following except
a. infants.
b. children up to age 6.
c. older people at least 60 years of age.
d. WIC participants.

ANS: d REF: 353 OBJ: 10.4

22. Which program was designed to reduce the level of government-held surplus commodities
while supplementing the diets of low-income needy persons, including elderly people,
through provision of commodity foods to food banks?
a. Summer Food Service Program for Children
b. Commodity Supplemental Food Program
c. Emergency Food Assistance Program
d. WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program

ANS: c REF: 353-354 OBJ: 10.4

23. Children whose families participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are
automatically eligible to receive free meals in the _____.
a. Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program
b. WIC Program
c. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
d. National School Lunch Program

ANS: d REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

24. _____ is administered by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

a. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
b. The Emergency Food Assistance Program
c. The Nutrition Services Incentive Program
d. Food Distribution Disaster Assistance

ANS: d REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

25. Of those children participating in the National School Lunch Program, approximately _____
receive their meal for free.
a. 29%
b. 37%
c. 56%
d. 69%

ANS: c REF: 354 OBJ: 10.4

26. The Summer Food Service Program for Children is offered in

a. every community that participates in the National School Lunch Program.
b. those communities where at least 50% of the children are from households with
incomes at or below 185% of the poverty guidelines.
c. those communities with the greatest number of Hispanics.
d. those communities where funding is available.

ANS: b REF: 355 OBJ: 10.4

27. Examples of medically-based risks in determining eligibility for participation in the Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children include all of the
following except
a. anemia.
b. overweight.
c. underweight.
d. maternal age.

ANS: b REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

28. Food vouchers for supplemental foods provided as part of the WIC program are designed to
provide all of the following specific nutrients except
a. riboflavin.
b. vitamin C.
c. calcium.
d. iron.

ANS: a REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

29. Which of the following is NOT a key benefit of WIC?
a. Checks or vouchers for supplemental foods
b. Nutrition education
c. Referrals to health care services
d. Assistance with child care

ANS: d REF: 356 OBJ: 10.3|10.4

30. Which of the following is not an entitlement program?

a. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
b. School Lunch Program
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
d. School Breakfast Program

ANS: a REF: 356 OBJ: 10.4

31. The Older Americans Act Nutrition Program provides all of the following except
a. low-cost, nutritious food.
b. opportunities for social interaction.
c. vouchers to use to purchase foods in the grocery store.
d. nutrition education.

ANS: c REF: 357 OBJ: 10.4

32. It is estimated that on average, _____ of requests for emergency food assistance go unmet.
a. 8%
b. 12%
c. 14%
d. 27%

ANS: d REF: 359 OBJ: 10.5

Matching

Match the year the food assistance program was enacted in the right column with the program
in the left column. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Older Americans Act Nutrition Program a. 1946

2. Head Start b. 1955
3. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children c. 1961
4. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program d. 1965
5. Special Milk Program e. 1966
6. After-School Snack Program f. 1969
7. Commodity Foods g. 1972
8. National School Lunch Program h. 1977
9. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program i. 1981
10. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Nutrition Education j. 1986
11. Commodity Supplemental Food Program k. 1998
12. The Emergency Food Assistance Program l. 2002
Match the characteristics of the food assistance program listed in the left column with the
appropriate program listed in the right column. The same letter may be used more than once.

13. Provides supplemental nutritious foods, nutrition education, a. Supplemental

and referrals to health care to low-income pregnant, Nutrition Assistance
breastfeeding, and postpartum women, infants and children up Program
to 5 years determined to be at nutritional risk b. National School
14. Improves the diets of low-income households by increasing their Lunch Program
food purchasing power c. Summer Food
15. Provides congregate and home-delivered meals and related Service Program
nutrition services to older adults d. Child and Adult Care
16. Provides federal funds and USDA-donated foods to Food Program
nonresidential child care and adult day care facilities and to e. Special Supplemental
family day care homes for children Nutrition Program for
17. Ensures that children in lower-income areas continue to receive Women, Infants, and
nutritious meals when school is not in session Children
18. Assists low-income families and youth to acquire the knowledge f. Older Americans Act
and skills needed to obtain a healthy diet Nutrition Program
19. Assists states in providing nutritious free or reduced-price g. The Expanded Food
lunches to eligible children and Nutrition
20. Provides technical training and assistance to schools to foster Education Program
nutrition education to help children understand the link h. Team Nutrition
between eating/physical activity and health
21. Allotments are based on household size, income, assets,
housing costs, work requirements, and other factors
22. Eligible individuals include all persons 60 years of age or older
and their spouses

Matching key:
1. ANS: d REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
2. ANS: d REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
3. ANS: g REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
4. ANS: l REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
5. ANS: b REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
6. ANS: k REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
7. ANS: c REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
8. ANS: a REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
9. ANS: c REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
10. ANS: j REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
11. ANS: f REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
12. ANS: i REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
13. ANS: e REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
14. ANS: a REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
15. ANS: f REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
16. ANS: d REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
17. ANS: c REF: 345 OBJ: 10.4
18. ANS: g REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
19. ANS: b REF: 344 OBJ: 10.4
20. ANS: h REF: 346 OBJ: 10.4
21. ANS: a REF: 343 OBJ: 10.4
22. ANS: f REF: 347 OBJ: 10.4
Essay Questions

1. Describe the five components of the concept of food security.

ANS: The concept of food security includes five components:

a. Quantity: Is there access to a sufficient quantity of food?
b. Quality: Is food nutritionally adequate?
c. Suitability: Is food culturally acceptable and the capacity for storage and preparation
appropriate?
d. Psychological: Do the type and quantity of food alleviate anxiety, lack of choice, and
feelings of deprivation?
e. Social: Are the methods of acquiring food socially acceptable?
REF: 326
OBJ: 10.1

2. Communicate the current status of food security in the United States.

ANS: The majority (85.5%) of households are food secure; however, of the remaining 14.5%,
9.1% experience low food security while 5.4% experience very low food security. Households
headed by single mothers experience a higher rate of food insecurity. Households with
children experience food insecurity at a higher rate than those without children. Overall,
non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children are more likely than non-Hispanic
white children to be poor, food insufficient, and in poor health. A lower proportion of
households with older adults experience hunger and food insecurity than other groups. The
prevalence of food insecurity in households in inner-city and rural areas substantially
exceeded that in suburban and other metropolitan areas. States in the South have higher-
than-average food insecurity rates. The number of hungry farm families is increasing.
REF: 330-337
OBJ: 10.1

3. State the major cause of food insecurity in the United States and discuss other factors that
contribute to the U.S. hunger problem.

ANS: Poverty is the major cause of food insecurity. As identified by the U.S. Conference of
Mayors-Sodexho Hunger and Homelessness Survey 2010, the causes of hunger include
poverty, high housing costs, unemployment, medical or health costs, and low wages. Other
factors may include utility costs, lack of education, transportation costs, mental health
problems, and substance abuse.
REF: 332-333|337-338
OBJ: 10.2

4. Explain how food insecurity can lead to overweight and obesity.

ANS: The need within households with food insecurity is to maximize caloric intake.
Without adequate resources for food, families must make decisions to stretch their food
money as far as possible and maximize the number of calories they can buy so that their
members do not suffer from frequent hunger. Low-income families therefore may consume
lower-cost foods with relatively higher levels of calories per dollar to stave off hunger when
they lack the money or other resources to purchase a more healthful balance of more
nutritious foods. Additionally, overeating when food is available is common. Over time, this
practice can lead to weight gain.
REF: 339
OBJ: 10.2
5. Describe three of the government’s five largest food assistance programs, including
eligibility requirements and services provided.

ANS: The five largest food assistance programs, accounting for 95% of all federal dollars
spent, are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; the National School Lunch
Program; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children;
the School Breakfast Program; and the Child and Adult Care Food Program.
See Table 10-4 for the specifics of the various programs (pp. 343-347).
REF: 338-352|354-356
OBJ: 10.4

6. Of the different hunger policy initiatives, which one do you believe is the most beneficial
and why?

ANS: Answers will vary based on the students’ selection of initiatives.

REF: 343-357
OBJ: 10.3

7. What improvements to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program would you

recommend to enhance its ability to meet the needs of low-income households?

ANS: Answers will vary, but could include:

• Increase the monthly allotments and benefits to better meet the needs of the
households.
• Increase the awareness of the program.
• Improve the participation rate.
• Streamline the application process.
• Provide nutrition education materials to households that receive SNAP.
REF: 350-352
OBJ: 10.4

8. Discuss the background and goals of the Community Food Security Initiative.

ANS: In an effort to reduce hunger, the USDA partnered with states, local municipalities,
nonprofit groups, and the public sector to create this initiative. The goals of the Community
Food Security Initiative include:
• Building and enhancing local infrastructures to reduce hunger and food insecurity in
communities.
• Increasing economic and job security for low-income people by helping people locate
living-wage jobs and achieve self-sufficiency.
• Strengthening the federal food and nutrition assistance safety net.
• Bolstering supplemental food provided by nonprofit groups by assisting or developing
local food recovery, gleaning, and donation efforts.
• Improving community food production and marketing by aiding community projects
that grow, process, and distribute food locally.
• Boosting education and raising awareness about nutrition, food safety, and food
security among community residents.
• Improving research, monitoring, and evaluation efforts to help communities assess and
strengthen food security.
REF: 360
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

9. Identify ways that you can become involved in ending hunger in the United States.
 ANS: Answers will vary, but could include some of following:
• Assist in food assistance programs as a volunteer.
• Help develop means of informing low-income people about food-related federal and local
services and programs for which they are eligible.
• Help increase the accessibility of existing programs and services.
• Document the hunger-related needs that exist in your own community.
• Support local food production.
• Conduct or participate in research to document the effectiveness of food assistance
programs.
• Follow food security legislation; call and write legislators about food insecurity issues.
• Be aware of the magnitude of the problem.
REF: 362-363
OBJ: 10.5

10. Explain the significance and relevance of food security to dietetic professionals.

ANS: Answers will vary, but could include referring clients to various nutrition assistance
programs, participating in legislative activities related to food security issues, participating
in or conducting research related to food security, and/or developing nutrition education
interventions for the food insecure.
REF: 362-363
OBJ: 10.5

Short Answer

1. Differentiate between the housing wage and the hourly wage.

ANS: The housing wage is the hourly wage that must be earned for a 40-hour work week in
order to afford a two-bedroom housing unit. The hourly wage is the employee compensation
for the work done. The current housing wage is $18.25/hour, while the federal minimum
wage is $7.25/hour.
REF: 333|337
OBJ: 10.1|10.2

2. What are some of the problems that arise when children are hungry?

ANS: Research shows that children living in food-insufficient households have poorer
health, even after controlling for poverty. A child’s growth, cognitive development, academic
achievement, and physical and emotional health are negatively affected by living in a family
that does not have enough food to eat.
REF: 334-335
OBJ: 10.2

3. Describe the demographic and economic circumstances of households receiving SNAP

benefits.

ANS:
• 48% are children
• 29% of households with children are headed by a single parent
• 8% are age 60 or older
 • 50% of all benefits go to households with children and 17% go to households with
disabled persons
• 32% of participants are white, 23% are African-American, 16% are Hispanic, 3% are
Asian, 4% are Native American
• Eligibility is based on income, household size, assets, housing costs, work
requirements, and other factors
REF: 350
OBJ: 10.4

4. Describe the eligibility requirements to participate in the Older Americans Act Nutrition
Program.

ANS: Participants (or their spouse) must be 60 years or older, regardless of income level;
however, priority is given to those who are economically and socially needy.
REF: 357
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

5. What is the Thrifty Food Plan?

ANS: The Thrifty Food Plan serves as a food guide for a nutritious diet at a minimal cost, is
used as the basis for SNAP allotments, and is maintained by the USDA’s Center for
Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
REF: 351|352
OBJ: 10.3|10.4

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items 6-9.
Sally is a mother of 4 young children. She is divorced, and works full-time at a minimum-wage
job. She participates in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, receiving the benefits
electronically at the beginning of the month. Many times, by the end of the month, Sally goes
without food.

6. When grocery shopping she purchases energy-dense foods instead of nutrient-dense foods,
and bypasses the legumes and fresh vegetables and fruits. Why might she make these
choices?

ANS: Sally might make these choices for a number of reasons. Possible reasons could
include: lack of food preparation knowledge, lack of basic kitchen equipment, lack of
nutritional knowledge, and the need to provide as many calories for as little money as
possible.
REF: 336|339|351
OBJ: 10.2|10.4

7. How would Sally’s choices at the grocery affect her children’s nutritional intake over time?

ANS: If the choices were to continue as they are, the children might gain weight, and be
lacking in fiber and several key vitamins and minerals. Malnutrition, in terms of over- and
under-nutrition, might become evident. In time, these might also become the purchasing
selections of the children.
REF: 335|338|339
OBJ: 10.2

8. What is the “food insecurity and obesity paradox”? Are Sally’s behaviors indicative of
someone who exhibits the food insecurity and obesity paradox?
 ANS: The food insecurity and obesity paradox is seen when low-income, food-insecure
women are overweight. Reasons for this paradox include the need to maximize caloric
intake, the tradeoff between food quantity and quality, and overeating when food is
available. As we don’t know Sally’s weight, it is difficult to determine if Sally is
representative of this paradox. However, we do know that Sally experiences times of hunger
towards the end of the month and that she purchases the energy-dense foods instead of the
nutrient-dense foods.
REF: 339
OBJ: 10.2

9. List two other non-public assistance programs that might be appropriate for Sally to
consider.

ANS:
• Farmers’ markets
• Community-supported agriculture programs
• Community gardens
• Food recovery and gleaning programs
• Food-buying cooperatives
• Directory of supply and demand for community food surplus

REF: 360
OBJ: 10.3|10.4
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 The “Soo” Canal not only has the heaviest freight
traffic of any artificial waterway in the world, but is
also on the route of the passenger steamers that
carry thousands of tourists through the Great Lakes.
 The longest bascule bridge in the world is
operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Sault
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raised by electric power to permit vessels to pass
through the canal.
 The moose in the thick forests of Canada feed off
the trees and smaller shrubs. The moose have such
short necks and long front legs that they cannot
browse on grass without getting down on their knees.
 Ontario has so many lakes that canoes can be
paddled for hundreds of miles with practically no
portages. Since the days of the French explorers,
these lakes have formed part of the water route from
the East to Hudson Bay.
It is interesting to go through these factories and see the work of
Lake Superior in harness. In the pulp mills, where more than a
hundred huge truck loads of news-print are turned out every day, I
saw the logs ground to dust, mixed with water, and made into miles
of paper to feed printing presses. The output is so great that every
three months enough paper is made to cover a sidewalk reaching all
the way round the world.
In the saw-mills millions of feet of lumber are being cut into
boards for the markets of the United States, and in the veneering
works birch logs as big around as a flour barrel are made into
sheets, some as thin as your fingernail, and others as thick as the
board cover of a family Bible. Here we see that the logs are soaked
in boiling water and then pared, just as you would pare an apple, into
strips of wood carpeting perhaps a hundred feet long. These strips
are used for the backing of mahogany and quartered oak sent here
from Grand Rapids and other places where furniture is made. One
often thinks he is getting solid mahogany or solid oak, whereas he
has only the knottiest of pine or other rough wood on which is placed
a strip of birch, with a veneer of mahogany or oak on top. The thick
birch strips are used also for chair and opera seats.
Near the saw-mills is the Clergue steel plant, with its smoke
stacks standing out against the blue sky like the pipes of a gigantic
organ. The works cover acres and turn out thousands of tons of
metal products every day. They are supplied by the mountains of iron
ore lying on the shores of Lake Superior not far away, with great
steel unloaders reaching out above them.
Sault Ste. Marie is one of the oldest settlements in the Dominion
of Canada. Here in 1668, Father Marquette established the first
Jesuit mission in the New World, and the priests who followed him
were the first white men to travel from lower Canada to the head of
the Great Lakes, where now stand Port Arthur and Fort William. The
town of to-day is a bustling place of almost twenty-five thousand
population. It is connected with its American namesake on the
opposite bank of the river by a mile-long bridge of the Canadian
Pacific Railway.
On both sides of the Saint Mary’s River are the locks of the
famous “Soo” Canal, where the Great Lakes freighters and
passenger boats are lowered and raised twenty feet between the
levels of Lakes Superior and Huron. The first canal was built around
the rapids in 1798, to accommodate the canoes of the Indians and
fur traders. Along it ran a tow-path for the oxen that later pulled the
heavier loads. That canal was destroyed by the United States troops
in the War of 1812.
The present canal was opened in 1897, providing a new link in
the chain of waterways from the head of the Lakes to the Saint
Lawrence. The Canadian lock is nine hundred feet long and when
finished was the longest in the world. Since then it has been
surpassed by one eleven hundred feet in length on the American
side. The United States locks handle about ninety per cent. of the
freight traffic, which has so increased in the last twenty years that it
has been necessary to add three more locks to the original one on
our side of the river. Two of these locks are longer by three hundred
feet than the famous Panama locks at Gatun or Pedro Miguel. Each
is big enough to accommodate two ships at one time. Nevertheless,
during the open season one can often see here a score of steamers,
some of them of from twelve to fifteen thousand tons, waiting to go
through.
The “Soo” is noted for having the heaviest freight traffic of any
artificial waterway in the world. The tonnage passing through it in
one year is three times as large as that of the foreign trade shipping
of the port of New York, four times as great as the freight passing
through the Suez Canal, and five times as great as that of the
Panama Canal. For six months of the year an average of more than
one steamer goes through every fifteen minutes. The chief freight
commodity is ore from the iron mines of Lake Superior, which often
comprises seventy per cent. of the total. Coal and wheat are next in
importance.
In coming to the “Soo” from Cobalt and Sudbury, I have been
travelling through the new Ontario, the “wild northwest” of the
Ontario we know on the shores of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron.
The land near those bodies of water is about as thickly settled as
Ohio. It has some of the best farms of North America, producing
grain, vegetables, and fruits worth millions of dollars a year. At every
few miles are modern cities. The whole country is cut up by railways,
and one can go by automobile through any part of it. The cities and
town hum with factories, and the entire region is one of industry and
thrift.
This new Ontario is the frontier of the province. It is the great
northland between Georgian Bay and Hudson Bay, extending from
Quebec westward through the Rainy River country to Manitoba. This
vast region is larger than Texas, four times the size of old Ontario,
and much bigger than Great Britain or France. It is divided into eight
great districts. The Thunder Bay and Rainy River districts in the west
are together as long as from Philadelphia to Boston, and wider than
from Washington to New York. The Algoma district, in the southern
end of which the “Soo” is located, is almost as wide, extending from
Lake Superior to the Albany River, while the Timiskaming district
reaches from Cobalt north to James Bay, and borders Quebec on
the east.
Until the first decade of the twentieth century this vast territory
was looked upon as valuable only for its timber, of which it had
nearly two hundred million acres. It was thought to be nothing but
rock and swamp, covered with ice the greater part of the year. Its
only inhabitants were Indian hunters, Hudson’s Bay Company fur
traders, and lumbermen who cut the trees along the streams and
floated them down to the Great Lakes. Then a new line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway was put through, the great nickel mines
were discovered, the silver and gold regions were opened up, and
the Dominion and provincial governments began to look upon the
land as an available asset.
Exploration parties were sent out by the Ontario government to
investigate the region from Quebec to Manitoba. They reported that
a wide strip of fertile soil ran through the wilderness about a hundred
miles north of the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This land is
of a different formation from the rest of northern Ontario. It is a clay
loam, from which the region gets its name, the Great Clay Belt. This
belt is from twenty-five to one hundred miles wide, and it extends
westward from the Quebec-Ontario boundary for three hundred
miles or more. It is estimated to contain as much land as West
Virginia.
The Clay Belt is just north of the height of land of the North
American continent, which divides the rivers flowing north from those
that flow south. The streams on the southern side of the ridge flow
into the Great Lakes, and some even to the Gulf of Mexico. On the
north slope they flow into Hudson Bay, or by the Mackenzie and
other rivers into the Arctic Ocean. The Clay Belt has seven good-
sized rivers and is well watered throughout.
 If there is a moose within sound of the hunter’s
birch-bark horn, he will think it one of his brethren
calling and be so foolish as to come near and be shot.
These animals are still plentiful in Canadian forests.
 The trout-filled streams of interior Ontario and
Quebec are a Mecca for the fishermen of both the
United States and Canada. In the tributaries of the St.
Lawrence the fresh-water salmon also provide good
sport.
 In midsummer the Clay Belt is as hot as southern Canada or the
northern part of the United States. As a matter of fact, Cochrane, its
chief town, is fifty miles south of the latitude of Winnipeg. Everything
grows faster than in the States, for owing to the high latitude the
summer days are fifteen or sixteen hours long, the sun rising a little
after three and setting between eight and nine. The clay loam is
particularly fitted for growing wheat, and certain districts have yielded
forty bushels an acre. Oats, barley, and hardy vegetables are raised
successfully. The country looks prosperous, and there are well-filled
barns and fine herds of livestock as evidences of its productivity.
When the first settlements were made, Northern Ontario had no
railroads to market its produce. Four thousand miles of track have
since been built, including two lines now a part of the Canadian
National. One of these goes through the very centre of the Clay Belt
and has settlements all along it. At almost every river crossing is a
lumber mill, for Northern Ontario’s vast forest stretches and the
water-power in its streams have made it an important producer of
lumber and wood pulp. The trees of the Clay Belt are mostly of a
small growth, therefore chiefly valuable for pulp and easier to handle
in clearing the land.
Ontario has set aside thirteen million acres of forest reserves,
nine tenths of which is in the northern part of the province. The
Nipigon and Timagami reserves are each larger than Rhode Island
and provide camping grounds unequalled in the Dominion. Lake
Timagami is dotted with hundreds of islands and is a favourite haunt
of canoeists. Farther west, near the Manitoba boundary, the beautiful
Lake of the Woods is another famous camping and hunting district.
Immense herds of caribou roam through Northern Ontario. They
are to be seen in droves of hundreds and sometimes of thousands.
They have cut their trails across the country, and a hunter to whom I
have been talking tells me that from his camp at night he can often
hear the rushing noise they make as they move through the woods.
In the forests farther south moose are found in great numbers.
These animals are browsers rather than grass eaters, their necks
being so short that they have to get down on their knees when they
eat grass. Deer and smaller animals also abound, wild ducks and
geese are plentiful, and the streams are filled with fish. Indeed, it is
little wonder that each year sees thousands of campers making their
way to this “sportsman’s paradise.”
 CHAPTER XIX
THE TWIN LAKE PORTS

I am at the nozzle of the mighty grain funnel down which

Canada’s wheat crop is pouring into the boats of Lake Superior. The
prairie provinces of the Dominion produce in one year almost a half
billion bushels of wheat, and after the harvest a steady stream of
golden grain rolls into the huge elevators of Port Arthur and Fort
William, its sister city, three miles away.
These cities are on the north shore of Lake Superior, two or
three hundred miles from Duluth, and within four hundred miles of
Winnipeg. Port Arthur is situated on Thunder Bay, opposite the rocky
promontory of Thunder Cape, and Fort William is a short distance
farther inland at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. Both towns
have harbours deep enough for the largest lake steamers, and
during eight months of the year a great caravan of boats is moving
back and forth between here and the East. By the Canadian Pacific
and the Canadian National railways, Port Arthur and Fort William
have connection with every part of the wheat belt, and almost the
entire amount of wheat exported, or about seventy per cent. of the
total production, is brought here for storage and transportation.
The two cities are so full of the spirit of the breezy West that one
feels it in the air. The region is in step with twentieth-century
progress. The people look at the future through the right end of the
telescope, and most of them have microscopes in front of the lenses.
Everyone is building air castles—not in Spain, but upon Lake
Superior—and although he acknowledges that he has not yet got far
beyond the foundations, he can in his mind’s eye see cities far
surpassing those of the present.
 Speaking of the enthusiasm of the Port Arthurites—the night I
arrived I walked up the street and entered a stationery store. While
making a purchase I happened to remark that the town was
beautifully located.
“It is,” said the clerk, “and if you will come with me I will show you
one of the finest views in the world just behind this store.”
Supposing it to be a walk of a minute or so, I consented. The
clerk grabbed his hat and out we went. He tramped me two miles up
the hills back of Port Arthur, leading me on and on through one
district after another, until I wondered whether I was in the hands of a
gold brick agent or some other confidence man. At last, when we
were out among the real estate signs, he struck an attitude and
exclaimed:
“Behold Port Arthur.”
It was moonlight and I could see the ghost-like buildings
scattered over the hills, while down on the shore of the lake was the
skyline of the business section with the mighty elevators on the edge
of the water beyond. It was a fine moonlight view of Thunder Bay,
but being tired out after my trip from the “Soo,” I was not
enthusiastic.
 The government-owned wheat elevator at Port
Arthur is the world’s largest grain storage plant. The
greater part of all the wheat grown on the western
prairies comes to this city or to Fort William for
shipment down the lakes.
 The beautiful falls of Kakabeka are almost as high
as those of Niagara. They generate hydro-electric
power that is carried to Fort William, twenty-three
miles away, to light the city and run its factories.
 “The lake freighters are like no other craft I have
ever seen. Between the bow and the stern is a vast
stretch of deck, containing hatches into which wheat
or ore is loaded. This boat is six hundred feet long.”
Fort William and Port Arthur are rivals. Port Arthur was built first.
Formerly the site of an Indian village, it was founded by the
Canadian Pacific Railway. Shortly after its birth the baby town
decided to tax that great corporation. This made the railway people
angry, and it is said that the then president of the line decided to
discipline the infant by moving his lake terminus to Fort William,
which was then a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post. He
thereupon shifted the railway shops to Fort William, saying that he
would yet see the grass grow in the streets of Port Arthur. For a time
the grass did grow, but later the Canadian Northern road, now a part
of the Canadian National, was built through, and Port Arthur now has
traffic from both roads. Most of the business of the Canadian Pacific
is still done at Fort William.
Fort William and Port Arthur are connected by a street-car line
and the land between them has been so divided into town lots that
they may some day unite the two cities. Both places believe in
municipal ownership, and each manages its own electric lights,
telephones, and waterworks. Fort William is the larger, Port Arthur
having four or five thousand less people.
During my stay here I have gone through some of the wheat
elevators. Fort William has twenty-two and Port Arthur ten, with a
total storage capacity between them of fifty-six million bushels. Plans
are under way to make this enormous capacity even greater. The
terminal elevator of the Canadian National Railways, built on the
very edge of Lake Superior, is the largest in the world. It consists of
two huge barn-like divisions between which are more than one
hundred and fifty herculean grain tanks. These are mighty cylinders
of tiles bound together with steel, each of which is twenty-one feet in
diameter and will hold twenty-three thousand bushels of wheat. This
great tank forest covers several acres, and rises to the height of an
eight-story apartment house.
The storage capacity of the elevator is eight million bushels of
wheat, which is more than enough to supply a city the size of Detroit
with flour the year round. The elevator can unload six hundred cars
of wheat, or about six hundred thousand bushels, in a single day,
including the weighing and binning. It has scales that weigh forty-
three tons at a time.
The wheat comes to the elevator in cars, each of which holds a
thousand or fifteen hundred bushels. By a car-dumping machine the
grain is unloaded into the basement of the huge buildings at the
sides of the tanks. From there it is raised to the top of the elevator in
bushel buckets on endless chains at the rate of six hundred and fifty
bushels a minute, or more than ten every second. It is next weighed,
and then carried on wide belt conveyors into the storage towers. The
machinery is so arranged that by pressing a button or moving a lever
a stream of wheat will flow to any part of the great granary. The grain
runs just like water, save that the belts conduct it uphill or down.
When ready to be transferred to a steamer, the wheat is drawn
from the bottom of a bin, again elevated to the top of the building,
weighed, and then poured into the vessel through spouts. It is not
touched by hand from the time it leaves the car until it is taken from
the hold of the ship, and the work is done so cheaply that it costs
only a fraction of a cent to transfer a bushel of wheat from the car to
the boats. For ten or eleven cents a bushel it can be carried a
thousand miles or more down the lakes and put into the hold of an
ocean steamer that takes it to Europe.
In one of the elevators of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Fort
William a train of wheat is handled every twenty minutes during the
season. I timed the workers as they unloaded one car. It contained
sixteen hundred bushels of wheat, or enough, at twenty-five bushels
an acre, to equal the crop of a sixty-four acre farm. Nevertheless, it
was elevated, weighed, and put in the tanks within less than eight
minutes.
The open navigation season on the Great Lakes lasts from May
to December, and during this time as much as five million bushels of
wheat a day have been put on freight boats at Fort William or Port
Arthur for trans-shipment to the East. Some of the freighters unload
their cargoes at Georgian Bay ports, on the east side of Lake Huron,
from where the wheat goes by rail to Montreal. Other ships
discharge at Port Colborne, Ontario, from where the grain is carried
on barges through the Welland Canal and thence down the St.
Lawrence and its canals to Montreal. Still other shipments go
through United States ports. A few small steamers take their cargoes
all the way by water from the head of the Lakes to Montreal; the
grain carried in this way is only between two and three per cent. of
the total.
The all-water route and the combined rail-and-water route from
the head of the Lakes to the Atlantic seaboard are much cheaper
than the all-rail route, due to high railway freight rates in eastern
Canada. A bushel of wheat can be sent over the thirteen hundred
miles between Calgary and Fort William for about fifteen cents, while
the overland freight rate from Fort William to Quebec or Montreal, a
distance of only a thousand miles, is twenty-one cents. The rate on
the all-water route from Fort William to Montreal is ten cents
cheaper, or eleven cents. From Fort William to New York via Buffalo
it is fourteen cents, but vessels sailing from New York offer lower
ocean rates and can get cheaper marine insurance, so that more
than half of Canada’s export wheat is shipped abroad via the United
States.
Whenever we have put a high tariff on Canadian wheat, the
amount exported to our country declines. We now admit Canadian
wheat free of duty on condition that none shall be consumed in the
United States. This does not mean that it may not be manufactured.
At present fifty per cent. of all that is imported is made into flour, and
then reëxported.
Some of the lake freighters in the Port Arthur and Fort William
harbours are like no other craft I have seen. They have an elevated
forecastle at the bow for the crew, with the engines and officers’
quarters in the stern. In rough weather one can pass from bow to
stern only by means of a life rope, and orders and reports are given
by telephone. In the stretch of deck between is a series of hatches,
sometimes thirty or more, through which the cargoes are loaded or
discharged. A single vessel will often carry three hundred thousand
bushels of wheat, or the equivalent of six or seven trainloads of forty
cars each. Among the boats in the lake grain trade this season were
a number of small ocean-going freighters from Norway, attracted
here by the cargoes available at profitable rates.
Besides the great fleet of grain-carrying ships, passenger
steamers run from Port Arthur and Fort William to Georgian Bay,
touching at all the important ports on the route. I steamed for
eighteen hours through Lake Superior coming here on one of the
boats from the “Soo.” That lake is so large that at times we lost sight
of land and it seemed as though we were in mid-ocean. At other
times we could see the irregular coastline, which is rock-bound and
picturesque. The water of Lake Superior is as clear as crystal; it is
icy cold the year round.
 CHAPTER XX
WINNIPEG—WHERE THE PRAIRIES BEGIN

Stand with me on the top of the Union Bank Building, and take a
look at the city of Winnipeg. You had best pull your hat down over
your ears and button your fur coat up to your neck for the wind is
blowing a gale. The sky is bright, and the air is sharp and so full of
ozone that we seem to be breathing champagne. I venture you have
never felt so much alive. The city stretches out on all sides for miles.
Office buildings and stores are going up, new shingle roofs shine
brightly under the winter sun, and we can almost smell the paint of
the suburban additions. Within fifty years Winnipeg has jumped from
a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post of two hundred people to a
city of more than two hundred thousand, and it is still growing. The
value of the buildings erected last year amounted to more than half
that of the new construction in Montreal.
Now turn about and look up Portage Avenue. Twenty years ago
that street hardly existed. To-day it has millions of dollars’ worth of
business blocks, any of which would be a credit to a city the same
size in the States. That nine-story department store over there is the
largest in western Canada. Farther down Main Street are the
Canadian Pacific hotel and railway offices, and beyond them the
great terminals of the Canadian National Railways. “Yes, sir,” says
the Winnipegger at my side, “you can see how we have grown. It
was about the beginning of this century that we began to build for all
time and eternity. Before that most of our buildings were put up
without cellars and had flimsy foundations. We had not realized that
Winnipeg was bound to be the greatest city of Central Canada.
“Look at those wholesale houses,” he continues. “Did you ever
see anything like them? Most of them started as two- or three-story