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Chapter 09: Patterns of Inheritance

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Many genes contain instructions for building

a. carbohydrates. c. proteins.
b. steroids. d. lipids.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.0 OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Remembering

2. The black arrow in the following image indicates one of the structures within a cell’s nucleus that
carries hereditary information. These structures contain segments that commonly encode the
instructions for building proteins; one of these segments is called a(n)

a. genotype. c. chromosome.
b. phenotype. d. gene.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Remembering

3. An allele is
a. a version of a gene.
b. a trait that can be affected by the external environment.
c. always codominant to its counterpart in another chromosome.
d. the result of a change in phenotype.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4
MSC: Remembering

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. Two organisms with the same genotype are homozygous.
b. Two organisms with the same phenotype may have different genotypes.
c. A heterozygous organism may have the same phenotype as a homozygous organism.
d. A heterozygous organism has the same number of copies of a given gene as a homozygous
organism.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6
MSC: Applying
 5. Is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes?
a. No; identical genotypes lead to identical phenotypes.
b. No; the DNA of the recessive alleles not expressed in the phenotype is degraded within
each cell.
c. Yes; the expression of the genotype can be affected by the environment.
d. Yes; the phenotype expressed determines what the genotype will be.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.9
MSC: Understanding

6. If a person has one copy of each of two different alleles for a given gene, the person is ________ for
that trait.
a. heterozygous c. recessive
b. homozygous d. true-breeding
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4 | 9.5
MSC: Remembering

7. Which of the following symbols correctly represents a person who has a homozygous genotype?
a. Ww c. XY
b. WW d. Wx
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4 | 9.5
MSC: Applying

8. A thoroughbred racehorse could have, at most, ________ alleles of the same gene.
a. 16 c. 4
b. 8 d. 2
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4 | 9.5
MSC: Applying

9. Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism?
a. BbCCdd c. bCd
b. BCd d. BbCd
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4
MSC: Applying

10. A mutation that occurs in a diploid cell can be inherited only if the
a. mutated allele is recessive.
b. mutated allele is dominant.
c. mutation occurs in a cell that produces gametes.
d. same mutation also occurs on the homologous chromosome.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Understanding

11. Which of the following pairs of words can be used correctly to describe alleles?
a. dominant or recessive c. genotype and phenotype
b. homozygous or heterozygous d. codependent and mutation
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4 | 9.6
MSC: Remembering

12. A recessive allele can only appear in the phenotype of an individual

 a. in the F1 generation.
b. exposed to certain environmental conditions.
c. who carries the mutation in his or her gametes.
d. who is homozygous for the mutation.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.5 | 9.6
MSC: Understanding

13. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Specific mutations occur because they are needed.
b. Mutations only occur during development.
c. All mutations are harmful.
d. Gametes fuse without regard to which mutations they carry.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 | 9.2 OBJ: 9.4 | 9.8
MSC: Understanding

14. The following figure shows three generations in one of Mendel’s experiments and demonstrates that
purple flower color is dominant over white flower color in peas. Which of the following is the best
rationale for this conclusion?

a. In the F2 generation, more plants have purple flowers. In any cross, the allele that is most
common in the offspring is dominant.
b. Members of the F1 generation are heterozygous. Whatever allele is visible in a known
heterozygote is considered dominant.
c. The stronger—or in this case, darker—allele is always considered dominant.
d. An individual allele that produces more offspring gives more alleles to the next
generation. As a result, that allele dominates the next generation.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7
MSC: Understanding
15. A tall plant mates with itself and produces all tall offspring. This cross is repeated for many
generations with the same results. The parental plant is most likely
a. heterozygous. c. mutated.
b. completely dominant. d. true-breeding.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

16. The individuals Mendel observed in the F1 generations were always

a. homozygous recessive. c. heterozygous.
b. homozygous dominant. d. codominant.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Remembering

17. Which of the following observations refutes the theory of blending inheritance?
a. When a red plant is crossed with a white plant, the resulting offspring are pink.
b. Most of the features of offspring are not intermediates of their parents’ traits.
c. Gametes carrying different types of alleles cannot fuse successfully.
d. After meiosis, two copies of a given gene end up in the same gamete.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.7
MSC: Remembering

18. Mendel’s laws were able to accurately predict the pattern of inheritance for situations in which
a. alleles are affected by their environment.
b. one allele completely masks another allele.
c. alleles of one gene alter the effect of a different gene.
d. a given character is determined by more than one gene.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

19. The following figure shows three generations in one of Mendel’s experiments. According to the data
in this figure, Mendel’s F2 generation contains many more purple flowers than white flowers. Which
of the following is the best explanation of this observation?
 a. Three-quarters of the offspring must receive the white allele.
b. The chance of an individual offspring receiving a white allele is only 25 percent.
c. The probability of any individual offspring receiving at least one copy of the purple allele
is 75 percent.
d. The white allele is only dominant in about 25 percent of the offspring that inherit it.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

20. Each time a person has another child, the chance that the parent passes on a given allele to a child
a. is reduced. c. is the same.
b. is increased. d. changes.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 | 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

21. Which of the following represents all of the possible gametes that can be formed by an individual with
the genetic makeup Ff GgHH ?
a. FGH, FgH, fGH, fgH c. FG, FH, Fg, fH, fG, fg, GH, gH
b. Ff, Gg, HH d. Ff GhHH, FFGGHH, f fgghh
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 9.2 | 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

22. A Punnett square is used to

a. determine the source of new alleles.
b. determine how many genes control a given trait.
c. predict the gametes that will be produced by an organism.
d. predict the outcome of a genetic cross.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 | 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Remembering
23. The best way to get accurate results from a probability exercise is to
a. choose an example with incomplete dominance.
b. know the answer in advance.
c. choose an example that will come out fifty-fifty.
d. make a large number of observations.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

24. In the following Punnett square, the lettered circles on the top and left of the square (indicated by the
arrows) represent the

a. offspring that will be produced by the cross.

b. genotypes of the parents involved in the cross.
c. gametes that may be produced by each parent involved in the cross.
d. offspring that could be produced by the cross.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

25. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Mendel’s laws are less accurate than Punnett square results.
b. Mendel’s laws are useful only in unusual situations.
c. Mendel’s laws correctly explain how genes are inherited.
d. Mendel’s laws correctly predict the phenotype of an organism.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

26. An individual with the genotype Aa mates with an individual with the genotype AA. Which of the
following is true?
a. These two individuals will have four offspring.
b. Half of the offspring will be Aa.
c. Twenty-five percent of the offspring will be aa.
d. Seventy-five percent of the offspring will be AA.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

27. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive gene. If C = normal and c = cystic fibrosis, how can a child
with cystic fibrosis have two parents who do not have cystic fibrosis?
 a. The child has a genotype of CC.
b. The parents have genotypes of CC and Cc.
c. The parents have genotypes of Cc and Cc.
d. The child has a genotype of Cc.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

28. If the D allele is completely dominant over the d allele, what percentage of the offspring will have the
dominant phenotype when two heterozygous individuals mate?
a. 25 percent c. 75 percent
b. 50 percent d. 100 percent
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

29. In a genetic cross of Gg with Gg guinea pigs, none of the four offspring were gg. This outcome
a. disproves Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
b. neither supports nor disproves Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
c. supports Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
d. supports Mendel’s law of segregation.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

30. Suppose D were dominant and d were recessive, and you could label the D allele in the P generation
with a radioactive substance that could be inherited over several generations. You create hybrids by
mating your radioactive DD individuals to dd individuals. Finally, you cross two Dd individuals. In
1,000 offspring, how many do you predict would be radioactive?
a. 250 c. 750
b. 500 d. 1,000
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

31. The leaf color of a certain plant is controlled by one gene. For that gene, the allele G = orange and
g = green. You have a plant with orange leaves, but do not know whether that plant’s genotype is GG
or Gg. Which of the following would help you determine the plant’s genotype?
a. Cross the plant to another plant with orange leaves.
b. Cross the plant to a plant with green leaves.
c. Cross two true-breeding, orange-leaved plants to each other and then cross one of their
offspring to the plant with the unknown genotype.
d. Change the environment in which the plant grows to find the conditions that cause the
leaves to produce the orange color.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.6 | 9.7
MSC: Applying

32. Which of the following statements is a basic summary of one of Mendel’s laws?
a. All beneficial human genetic traits are dominant, and harmful traits are recessive.
b. The pattern of inherited characteristics of organisms is not predictable.
c. The separation of alleles for one gene does not affect the separation of alleles for other
genes.
d. Recessive alleles cause the death of the gamete.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
 MSC: Remembering

33. Which of the following expresses Mendel’s law of segregation?

a. All dominant alleles of different genes divide into different cells from the recessive alleles.
b. Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes.
c. When gametes form, the genes originally from one parent all end up in different gametes
from the genes originally from the other parent.
d. Gametes with recessive alleles will only fuse with each other.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Remembering

34. What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
a. one c. four
b. two d. eight
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Understanding

35. When two individuals who are heterozygous for a gene are mated, we would predict a dominant to
recessive phenotypic ratio of ________ in the offspring.
a. 1:2:1 c. 3:1
b. 1:3 d. 9:3:3:1
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Remembering

36. You are considering the inheritance of some human traits. One trait controls the quality of earwax, and
it is controlled by the E gene. Wet earwax is dominant to dry earwax. Another trait is free or attached
earlobes, represented by the A gene. Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. Assume that a
man who was pure-breeding for dry earwax and free earlobes had children with a woman who was
pure-breeding for attached earlobes and wet earwax. What would be the genotype of their offspring?
a. EEAA c. eeAa
b. Eeaa d. EeAa
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

37. Two humans mate who are heterozygous for earlobe shape where attached earlobes (A) are dominant
to free earlobes (a), and earwax quality where dry earwax (e) is recessive to wet earwax (E ). What is
the probability that their first child will have dry earwax and attached earlobes?
a. 1/2 c. 9/16
b. 3/16 d. 1/16
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

38. Two pea plants are mated that are heterozygous for height where the tall (T ) trait is dominant to short
plants (t), and flower color where white flower color ( p) is recessive to purple flower color (P). What
is the ratio that one would expect in their offspring?
a. 3:1 c. 1:1:1:1
b. 1:1 d. 9:3:3:1
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying
39. In the cross depicted in the following illustration, two parent plants, one with red flowers and the other
with white flowers, produce pink offspring. The white and red alleles for flower color in this plant
exhibit

a. homozygosity. c. pleiotropy.
b. codominance. d. incomplete dominance.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

40. The following figure depicts red blood cells from a mother, a father, and their child. The mother and
father are the biological parents of the child. What is the mother’s genotype for ABO blood type?

a. IAIA c. IAi
b. IAIB d. ii
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

41. Feather color in a certain species of bird is controlled by a pair of alleles that exhibit incomplete
dominance. If birds that are homozygous for one allele are black and birds that are homozygous for the
other allele are white, then heterozygous birds would be
a. black. c. gray.
b. white. d. black with white stripes.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

42. Inheritance of ABO blood type in humans is an example of

a. pleiotropy.
b. epistasis.
c. incomplete dominance.
d. a gene that is coded by more than two alleles.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

43. Inheritance of ABO blood type in humans is an example of

 a. incomplete dominance.
b. complete dominance of one allele over another.
c. a gene that is coded by only one allele.
d. epistasis.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

44. Humans have many genes that contribute to the unique array of proteins found on their red blood cells.
Your MN blood type (the letters indicate the presence of M and N proteins on the red blood cells) is
determined by the codominant alleles LM and LN. Which of the following genotypes could NOT be
produced when a man with MN blood and a woman with MN blood mate?
a. LMLM c. LNLN
M N
b. L L d. LMNLM
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

45. Two parents have ABO blood group genotypes of IAi and IAIB. Which of the following blood types
could NOT belong to one of their children?
a. AB c. O
b. B d. A
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Applying

46. One of the first medical tests a newborn receives determines if the child has phenylketonuria (PKU).
PKU is the result of a mutation in a single gene that causes mental retardation and a host of other
phenotypes (light hair and skin color, eczema, and a “mousy” smell). By detecting PKU early, doctors
are able to reduce the effect of this condition with a modified diet. PKU is an example of
a. epistasis. c. pleiotropy.
b. a polygenic trait. d. codominance.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Understanding

47. We need a hammer to pound nails into a board. Even if we have the nails, we cannot pound them
without first getting hold of a hammer. This is similar to the genetic relationship known as
a. heterozygosity. c. epistasis.
b. codominance. d. independent assortment.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Understanding

48. Two genes control fur color in Labrador retrievers. The first gene determines whether the pigment to
be deposited in the hair will be black or brown. The second gene determines whether the pigments are
put into the dog’s hair at all. A dog homozygous for the recessive allele of this second gene will be
yellow because no pigment is deposited in its fur. This is an example of
a. epistasis. c. codominance.
b. pleiotrophy. d. incomplete dominance.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8
MSC: Remembering

49. Most human genetic traits are

a. controlled by one gene.
 b. not inherited according to Mendel’s laws.
c. controlled by more than one gene.
d. not heritable.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9
MSC: Remembering

50. Siamese cats have dark fur on their extremities (paws, nose, ears, and the tail), while the rest of their
bodies are covered with lighter hair, despite the fact that only one gene controls their coat color. Why
does the coat color differ at different places on a Siamese cat’s body?
a. Melanin can be produced in the extremities because they are colder than the rest of the
body.
b. Melanin can be produced in the extremities because they are warmer than the rest of the
body.
c. Tyrosinase, which is needed for pigment formation, does not function in the colder
extremities.
d. Tyrosinase, which is needed for pigment formation, does not function in the warmer
extremities.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.9
MSC: Understanding

51. Polygenic inheritance combined with environmental influence typically produces a wide range of
phenotypic classes that grade smoothly from one to the next. This type of pattern is known as
a. punctilious variation. c. continuous variation.
b. punctuationism. d. epistasis.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.9
MSC: Understanding

52. A pigment in mammals that is responsible for yellow to red hair color is
a. eumelanin. c. tyrosine.
b. pheomelanin. d. albinin.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Biology in the News
OBJ: 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 MSC: Understanding

COMPLETION

1. The lettered fragment indicated by the black arrow in the following image is the part of a chromosome
responsible for encoding and producing one of the molecules that ultimately determines one or more of
the phenotypes of an individual. These phenotype-determining molecules are known as ________.
 ANS: proteins

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 MSC: Understanding

2. Alternate versions of the same gene, such as blue or brown for eye color, are known as ________.

ANS: alleles

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4 MSC: Remembering

3. The expressed characteristics of an organism are known as its ________.

ANS: phenotype

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.3 MSC: Remembering

4. The genetic makeup of an organism, such as Gg, is its ________.

ANS: genotype

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.5 MSC: Remembering

5. A controlled mating experiment used to examine the inheritance of a particular gene is called a genetic
________.

ANS: cross

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

6. The first generation of phenotypes resulting from a genetic cross between two members of the parental
generation would be seen in the ________ generation.

ANS: F1

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

7. If an offspring of two diploid parents carries a total of 32 different genes, it inherited ________ genes
from each of those parents.
 ANS: 32

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 | 9.2 OBJ: 9.5 MSC: Applying

8. An offspring of sexually reproducing parents carries a total of 32 alleles for 16 different genes. Thus,
the offspring inherited ________ alleles from each parent.

ANS: 16

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 | 9.2 OBJ: 9.5 MSC: Applying

9. Before Gregor Mendel, it was believed that offspring should be intermediate in phenotype to their two
parents and that it should be impossible for “lost” traits to reappear in later generations. This idea was
known as ________ inheritance.

ANS: blending

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

10. When a ________ variety of a plant is self-fertilized, all of its offspring have the same phenotype as
the parent.

ANS:
true-breeding, purebred
true-breeding
purebred

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

11. During meiosis, two copies of a gene separate and end up in different ________.

ANS: gametes

DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 | 9.3 OBJ: 9.5 | 9.7 MSC: Remembering

12. When gametes are formed, the separation of alleles for one gene is unrelated to the separation of
alleles for other genes. This idea is known as Mendel’s law of ________.

ANS: independent assortment

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

13. By observing the offspring in a series of pea-breeding experiments, Gregor Mendel deduced the laws
of ________.

ANS:
heredity, inheritance
heredity
inheritance

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering

14. The IA and IB alleles involved in human blood type differ in that they attach different ________ to the
surface of red blood cells.
 ANS: sugars

DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.8
MSC: Remembering

15. A genetic cross in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous
phenotypes is an example of ________.

ANS: incomplete dominance

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.5 | 9.8 MSC: Remembering

16. If the influence of two alleles is fully displayed in the heterozygote without being diminished by the
presence of the other allele or being suppressed by a dominant allele, the two alleles are said to be
________.

ANS: codominant

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.5 | 9.8 MSC: Remembering

17. The first reaction in the chain of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that convert the amino acid
tyrosine into eumelanin or pheomelanin is orchestrated by an enzyme encoded by the C gene. This
enzyme is called ________.

ANS: tyrosinase

DIF: Moderate REF: Biology in the News OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3
MSC: Remembering

18. The first reaction in the chain of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that convert the amino acid
tyrosine into eumelanin or pheomelanin is orchestrated by an enzyme encoded by the C gene.
Homozygotes for the recessive allele of this gene (cc) exhibit the ________ phenotype.

ANS: albino

DIF: Moderate REF: Biology in the News OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.5
MSC: Remembering

TRUE/FALSE

1. Humans exhibit a variety of physical, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics that are based on
their DNA sequences.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3

MSC: Applying

2. Chromosomes are located on genes.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2

MSC: Remembering

3. If both copies of a given gene in an organism are identical, the organism is homozygous for that trait.
 ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.5
MSC: Remembering

4. New alleles arise as a result of independent assortment during meiosis.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.4

MSC: Applying

5. A genetic cross is used to produce organisms from species that would not normally interbreed.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.7

MSC: Remembering

6. Mendel’s hypotheses regarding inheritance in peas were generally accepted when he published them in
1865.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 OBJ: 9.1 | 9.7

MSC: Remembering

7. The plant shown in the following image would be considered a hybrid.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 OBJ: 9.7

MSC: Remembering

8. Experiments involving small numbers of offspring give more reliable results than experiments
observing large numbers of offspring.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7

MSC: Remembering

9. In the following Punnett square, the genotypes inside the boxes (a few are indicated by arrows here)
represent the number and type of offspring that a given pair of individuals will produce when mated.
 ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 OBJ: 9.7
MSC: Applying

10. There are no known exceptions to Mendel’s law of independent assortment.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8

MSC: Understanding

11. Traits that are determined by the effect of more than one gene are known as polygenic.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9

MSC: Remembering

12. Environmental factors can alter the effects of genes.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9

MSC: Remembering

13. Temperature can affect phenotype.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9

MSC: Remembering

14. A genotype is always expressed in the phenotype.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9

MSC: Understanding

15. Most traits are under the control of more than one gene.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 9.4 OBJ: 9.8 | 9.9

MSC: Remembering

16. The gene that, when mutated, causes the white tiger phenotype encodes a transporter for the amino
acid methionine that is found in the plasma membrane of melanocytes.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Biology in the News

OBJ: 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 MSC: Remembering