Development Across The Life Span 8th Edition Feldman Test Bank

Development Across the Life Span 8th
Edition Feldman Test Bank

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Chapter
Chapter 7
19
ASSESSMENT Physical and Cognitive Development
GUIDE Death and Dying Years
in the Preschool
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

LO 7.1: Describe a Multiple Choice 1-2, 6-10, 12-16, 18 3, 11 4-5, 17
child’s bodily growth True/False 103-110
and overall health risks Essay 96-97
during the preschool
years.
LO 7.2: Summarize how Multiple Choice 19-24, 26-31 25
preschool children’s
brains develop. True/False 111
Essay
LO 7.3: Explain how Multiple Choice 32, 34, 36-43 35 33
preschool children’s
True/False 112-113
motor skills develop.
Essay 98
LO 7.4: Summarize how Multiple Choice 46, 50, 54, 56-57, 61, 44-45, 47, 49, 53 48, 51-52, 55, 58-60,
Piaget explains cognitive 63-64 62
development during the True/False 114-117 118
preschool years. Essay 99
LO 7.5: Summarize the Multiple Choice 65-69
information-processing True/False 119-120
approaches to cognitive Essay 100
development in the
preschool years.
LO 7.6: Describe Multiple Choice 70, 72, 74-75 71, 73
Vygotsky’s view of True/False 121
cognitive development in Essay 101
the preschool years.
LO 7.7: Explain how Multiple Choice 76, 78-83, 85-86 77 84
children’s language True/False
develops in the preschool Essay
years.
LO 7.8: Summarize the Multiple Choice 87-91
effects television and True/False
other media have on Essay
preschoolers.
LO 7.9: Distinguish the Multiple Choice 92-95
typical educational True/False
programs available to Essay 102
children in the preschool
years.
403
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years
MULTIPLE CHOICE
7-1. By age 2, the average youngster in the U.S. weighs around _______ pounds and is close to
________ tall.
a) 50–60; 43 inches
b) 25–30; 36 inches
c) 40–65; 50 inches
d) 25–50; 38 inches
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 210
Skill: Factual
LO 7.1: Describe a child’s bodily growth and overall health risks during the preschool years.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7-2. By the time a child is 6 years old, he/she weighs, on average, about _______ pounds and
stands approximately ______ inches tall.
a) 60; 55
b) 75; 50
c) 46; 46
d) 30; 36
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 210
Skill: Factual
404
7-3. Which of the following may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall
he/she is?
a) sex; boys tend to gain more weight and height than girls
b) global economics; children in developing countries like Bangladesh gain weight and
height just as quickly as children living in Sweden
c) poverty; U.S. children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level
are likely to be larger than children from affluent families
d) the quality of preschool; children who attend quality preschool programs receive
better snacks and lunches
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 210-211
Skill: Conceptual
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
7-4. As an infant, Baby Sarah had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches.
However, Sarah is now 4 years old and she is experiencing frequent earaches. What is the most
likely reason for this?
a) Sarah attends preschool and picks up many more infectious bacteria and viruses than
she did at home.
b) Sarah attends preschool, and the noise level of the other children playing aggravates
her hearing and gives her earaches.
c) Sarah’s eustachian tube has moved position from almost parallel to the ground at
birth to a more angular position, and this change sometimes leads to an increase in
earaches.
d) Sarah has developed an allergy to the shampoo her mother uses to wash her hair, and
the result is inflammation in her eustachian tubes.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 211
Skill: Applied
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
405
7-5. Because the rate of Alex’s growth during preschool years is ____ than during infancy, Alex
needs ______ food to maintain his growth.
a) slower; less
b) faster; more
c) slower; more
d) faster; less
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 211
Skill: Applied
7-6. What is the term for body weight that is more than 20% higher than the average weight for a
person of a given age and height?
a) overweight
b) underweight
c) malnutrition
d) obesity
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Page: 211
Skill: Factual
7-7. Foods that are high in __________ are particularly important for preschool children.
a) calcium (ex. dairy products)

b) protein (ex. meat, fish)
c) iron content (ex. dark green vegetables, whole grains, and some kinds of meat)
d) carbohydrates (ex. bread and cereals)
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 211
Skill: Factual
406
7-8. The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of
the years from ages 3 to 5.
a) 1–2
b) 3–5
c) 5–8
d) 7–10
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 212
Skill: Factual
7-9. Before they are 10 years old, children are _______ as likely to die from a(n) ________ than
from a(n) ________.
a) twice; injury; illness

b) three times; illness; injury
c) two times; illness; injury
d) four times; injury; illness
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 213
Skill: Factual
7-10. What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?
a) illness
b) nutritional problems
c) accidents
d) neglect
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 213
Skill: Factual
407
7-11. Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the
preschool-age group?
a) parent neglect, parent working full-time, lack of supervision

b) preschooler’s high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment
c) dangerous furniture, unsafe living conditions, poor lighting
d) lack of quality day care, lack of supervision, poorly trained day-care workers
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 213
Skill: Conceptual
7-12. Of all of the different types of preschoolers, which preschooler is two times more likely to
die of injuries?
a) an Asian American boy

b) an inner-city boy
c) a Caucasian American girl
d) a Caucasian American farm boy
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 213
Skill: Factual
7-13. What is the term used to describe a caregiver placing covers over electrical outlets, child
locks on cabinets, using child car seats, and preventing long-term hazards such as lead
poisoning?
a) quality child care

b) parenting
c) childproofing
d) supervision
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Page: 213
Skill: Factual
408
7-14. According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately how many children are at risk
for lead poisoning due to exposure to potentially toxic levels of lead?
a) 14 million
b) 20 million
c) 10 million
d) 5 million
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 207
Skill: Factual
7-15. Which of the following is NOT considered a likely source for exposure to lead poisoning?
a) painted walls and window seals in older homes

b) gasoline and air pollution from car exhaust
c) some ceramic dishes and lead-soldered pipes that carry water
d) farm products such fruits, vegetables, and milk
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
7-16. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most
hazardous health hazard to children under the age of 6?
a) obesity
b) lead poisoning
c) accidents
d) neglect
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
409
7-17. Aaron is 5 years old. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
consider to be the most hazardous to his health?
a) accidents
b) neglect
c) obesity
d) lead poisoning
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 214
Skill: Applied
7-18. Which of the following is considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?
a) lower intelligence and problems with verbal and auditory language processing
b) low weight and inadequate growth/height
c) loss of appetite
d) depression
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
7-19. By age five, a child’s brain weighs ____ of an average adult’s brain.
a) 90%
b) 75%
c) 60%
d) 50%
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
LO 7.2: Summarize how preschool children’s brains develop.
410
7-20. What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds
the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight?
a) reticular formation
b) corpus callosum
c) myelin
d) cerebellum
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
7-21. By the end of the preschool period, the ________ part of the brain has grown significantly
because it becomes considerably thicker with individual fibers that help coordinate brain
functioning between the two hemispheres.
a) cerebral cortex
b) frontal lobe
c) hypothalamus
d) corpus callosum
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 214
Skill: Factual
7-22. What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one
hemisphere of the brain than in the other?
a) cross-referencing
b) lateralization
c) hemispheric transference
d) transmission
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 216
Skill: Factual
411
7-23. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in
which of the following areas?
a) spatial relationships
b) music
c) reading
d) gross motor skills
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 216
Skill: Factual
7-24. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in
which of the following areas?
a) comprehension of spatial relationships

b) reading
c) thinking and reasoning
d) speaking
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 216
Skill: Factual
7-25. The left hemisphere of the brain processes information _________, while the right
hemisphere of the brain processes information ________.
a) globally; sequentially
b) sequentially; globally
c) sequentially; one piece of data at a time
d) reflecting on it as a whole; sequentially
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 216
Skill: Conceptual
412
7-26. Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture,
boys show a greater lateralization of language in the ____________ hemisphere, while girls
develop language in _______.
a) right; the right hemisphere

b) left; the right hemisphere
c) left; both hemispheres
d) right; both hemispheres
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 216
Skill: Factual
7-27. Neuroscientists have discovered growth spurts in the brains of children who are _________
years of age, a time associated with the development of language abilities.
a) 3 to 4
b) 1½ to 2
c) 2 to 3
d) 1 to 3
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 217
Skill: Factual
7-28. What area of the brain associated with attention and concentration is completely
myelinated by the time a child is about 5 years of age?
a) corpus callosum
b) cerebral cortex
c) cerebellum
d) reticular formation
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 217
Skill: Factual
413
7-29. What area of the brain that is associated with memory is completely myelinated in the
preschool years?
a) corpus callosum
b) hippocampus
c) cerebral cortex
d) cerebellum
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 217
Skill: Factual
7-30. During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve
connections and is responsible for balance and movement?
a) cerebellum
b) cerebral cortex
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 217
Skill: Factual
7-31. During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve
connections and is responsible for sophisticated information processing?
a) cerebral cortex
b) cerebellum
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 217
Skill: Factual
414
7-32. By what age would a child be expected to jump, hop on one foot, skip, and run?
a) 5 years
b) 2 years
c) 3 years
d) 2 ½ years
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Factual
LO 7.3: Explain how preschool children’s motor skills develop.
7-33. The Wilson family went to their family reunion picnic, and their two children were allowed
to participate in different games. Which of the following is a game that the 4-year-old would
likely have enough fine motor skills to play?
a) throwing a ball
b) tossing a ring around a peg
c) bike races
d) potato sack race
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Applied
7-34. Which of the following gross motor skills does a 5-year-old preschooler possess?
a) very high vertical jump

b) climbing a ladder
c) tossing a ring around a hoop 25 feet away
d) manipulating a pencil
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Factual
415
7-35. Which of the following stages is a period during which the general level of activity is
extraordinarily high?
a) infancy
b) adolescent years
c) preschool years
d) K–12 school years
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Conceptual
7-36. Which of the following researchers suggests a flexible approach to toilet training, which
advocates that it be put off until the child shows signs of readiness?
a) Rosemond
b) Ainsworth
c) Skinner
d) Brazelton
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 219
Skill: Factual
7-37. Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.
In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?
a) 82%
b) 92%
c) 75%
d) 65%
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 219
Skill: Factual
416
7-38. Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.
Today, the average age of toilet training is around _________.
a) 30 months
b) 24 months
c) 18 months
d) 12 months
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 219
Skill: Factual
7-39. Which of the following is a sign a child is ready to begin toilet training?
a) A child stays dry for two hours at time during the day.
b) A child who is not yet 1 year old.
c) A child who shows no distress at having a soiled diaper.
d) A child who does not want to wear underwear.
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 219
Skill: Factual
7-40. Even after a child is toilet trained during the day, it can take _____ or _____ before
children achieve control at night.
a) weeks; months
b) months; years
c) days; weeks
d) hours; days
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 220
Skill: Factual
417
7-41. Which of the following are considered signs that a toddler is ready to begin toilet training?
A child being able to
a) thoroughly wipe/cleanse themselves after urination or defecation.

b) stay dry at least 2 hours at a time during the day or wake up dry after taking a nap.
c) change their own diaper.
d) follow complex directions.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 220
Skill: Factual
7-42. Which of the following fine motor skills can a 3-year-old preschooler perform?
a) draw a person that looks like a person

b) fold paper into triangular designs
c) fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes
d) throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 220
Skill: Factual
7-43. Approximately at what age does a child show signs of preference for the use of one hand
over another?
a) 4 years of age
b) 5 years of age
c) 2 years of age
d) in infancy
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 220
Skill: Factual
418
7-44. Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development
called the ___________ stage.
a) preschool years; operational

b) preschool years; preoperational
c) school years; concrete
d) school years; operational
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 221
Skill: Conceptual
LO 7.4: Summarize how Piaget explains cognitive development during the preschool years.
7-45. Piaget believed that children from _______ years of age fall into the _________ stage.
a) 5 to 7; preoperational
b) 2 to 7; concrete operational
c) 5 to 7; concrete operational
d) 2 to 7; preoperational
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 221
Skill: Conceptual
7-46. According to Piaget, which stage occurs from approximately ages 2 to 7, in which
children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts
increases?
a) concrete operational
b) preoperational
c) abstract operational
d) symbolic functioning
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 221
Skill: Factual
419
7-47. According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of the preoperational stage?
a) symbolic function
b) organized, formal, logical mental processes
c) increased memory for objects
d) increased fine motor skill development
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 221-222
Skill: Conceptual
7-48. Which of the following is the best description of Piaget’s “symbolic function”?
a) A child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean

something.
b) A child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent
something that is not physically present.
c) A child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes.
d) A child is able to use his/her imagination.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 221-222
Skill: Applied
7-49. According to Piaget, _________ is/are at the heart of __________, which is a major
advance for preschool children.
a) symbolic function; language

b) concrete operations; language
c) symbolic function; preoperations
d) symbolic function; concrete operations
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 221-222
Skill: Conceptual
420
7-50. What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and
ignoring other aspects?
a) symbolic functioning
b) language acquisition
c) centration
d) concrete operations
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 222
Skill: Factual
7-51. Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places ten
buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and eight buttons in another row
with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then
Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second
row, even though she knows that ten is more than eight. What is this an example of?
a) symbolic functioning
b) concrete operations
c) preoperational functioning
d) centration
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 222
Skill: Applied
421
7-52. Johnny is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother
pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children’s glasses, she finds that there is not
enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in
front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny’s sister. Immediately, Johnny
complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain
that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is
demonstrating a lack of development in the area of
a) egocentrism.
b) conservation.
c) concrete operational thought.
d) preoperational thought.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 223
Skill: Applied
7-53. What was Piaget’s explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage
make errors on tasks requiring conservation?
a) Preschool-age children’s neural-visual network is not fully matured.

b) Preschool-age children have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to
know the difference between quantities.
c) Preschool-age children’s tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on
other relevant features of a situation.
d) Preschool-age children have not yet developed numerical understanding; therefore,
different amounts are meaningless.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 223
Skill: Conceptual
422
7-54. _____________ is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and
physical appearance of objects.
a) Concrete operations
b) Conservation
c) Centration
d) Preoperational operations
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 223
Skill: Factual
7-55. If a 4 ½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has
fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure
lying in the horizontal position with no other pictures in-between to demonstrate the person
falling. This child would be demonstrating a lack of
a) egocentric thought.
b) intuitive thought.
c) conservation.
d) transformation.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Applied
7-56. What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into
another?
a) transformation
b) conservation
c) centration
d) concrete operations
Answer: A
Page: 225
Level: Medium
Skill: Factual
423
7-57. Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called
a) conservation.
b) centration.
c) intuitive thought.
d) egocentric thought.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Factual
7-58. On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a
new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front
of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Billy is demonstrating
a) centration.
b) egocentric thought.
c) conservation.
d) intuitive thought.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Applied
7-59. Three-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others, and ignores his
mother’s instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. In this example, Randy is
demonstrating
a) childhood schizophrenia.
b) conservation of thought.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Applied
424
7-60. Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However,
instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her
eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating
a) intuitive thought.
b) egocentric thought.
c) centration.
d) conservation.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 225
Skill: Applied
7-61. What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and
their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?
a) egocentric thought
b) centration
c) intuitive thought
d) conservation
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 225-226
Skill: Factual
425
7-62. In 4-year-old Amanda’s preschool class, the group discussion involved airplanes. After
that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there
was to know about airplanes, even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation
about why she thought she knew so much about airplanes. In this example, Amanda is
demonstrating
a) conservation.
b) intuitive thought.
c) egocentric thought.
d) centration.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 225-226
Skill: Applied
7-63. By the end of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that actions,
events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns. This is called
a) identity.
b) functionality.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 226
Skill: Factual
426
7-64. In the later stages of preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain
things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance. This is called
a) identity.
b) functionality.
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 226
Skill: Factual
7-65. Most people have unambiguous and seemingly accurate memories dating as far back as age
a) five.
b) four.
c) three.
d) two.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 228
Skill: Factual
LO 7.5: Summarize the information processing approaches to cognitive development in the
preschool years.
427
7-66. Four-year-old Roger has been given six different toys, and his mother is working with him
to learn to count using the toys. According to developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman, which
skill would Roger exhibit?
a) show his mother that each toy is assigned the same number as other similar toys
b) count the toys when they are not visible to him
c) show that even though he gets the “names” of the numbers wrong (ex. 1, 3, 6), he
would be consistent, and he would be able to say that there are six toys in the group
d) count the number of toys flawlessly and with precision
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 227-228
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
7-67. What is the term for a memory of particular events from one’s own life?
a) picture memory
b) visual memory
c) autobiographical memory
d) biographical memory
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Page: 228
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
428
7-68. Preschoolers’ memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order
in which they occur, called
a) autobiographical memory.
b) biographical memory.
c) scripts.
d) schema.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 228
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
7-69. When discussing the reliability of memories, the memory of a(n) ____ is considered to be
the most vulnerable to suggestion, and, therefore, perhaps the least reliable.
a) senior citizen
b) adult
c) school-aged child
d) preschool-aged child
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 228-229
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
429
7-70. Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social
interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to
solve problems?
a) Skinner
b) Piaget
c) Watson
d) Vygotsky
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 230
Skill: Factual
LO 7.6: Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.
7-71. Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between
children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools,
play groups, the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and that
even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?
a) Piaget
b) Vygotsky
c) Watson
d) Skinner
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 230
Skill: Conceptual
430
7-72. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task
independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?
a) schema
b) script
c) zone of proximal development
d) scaffolding
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 231
Skill: Factual
7-73. According to Vygotsky, if one child receives assistance, he/she may improve substantially
more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by
others is termed
a) schema.
b) scaffolding.
c) scripting.
d) mentoring.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 231
Skill: Conceptual
7-74. What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages
independence and growth?
a) scaffolding
b) scripting
c) schema
d) mentoring
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 231
Skill: Factual
431
7-75. Vygotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books,
computers, etc.), as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn
(language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.)
a) memory aids.
b) definition aids.
c) cultural tools.
d) learning aids.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 232
Skill: Factual
7-76. What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form
sentences?
a) pragmatic speech
b) grammar
c) private speech
d) syntax
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 233-234
Skill: Factual
LO 7.7: Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.
7-77. From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s, the number of ways children combine
words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.
a) triples
b) doubles
c) climbs at a steady pace
d) quadruples
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 233-234
Skill: Conceptual
432
7-78. By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.
a) 12,000
b) 10,000
c) 8,000
d) 14,000
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 234
Skill: Factual
7-79. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after
only a brief encounter?
a) encoding
b) egocentric speech
c) fast mapping
d) private speech
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 234
Skill: Factual
7-80. What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be
expressed?
a) egocentric speech
b) fast mapping
c) private speech
d) grammar
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 234
Skill: Factual
433
7-81. At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time?
a) 5 years of age
b) 3 years of age
c) 4 years of age
d) 6 years of age
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 234
Skill: Factual
7-82. When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed toward themselves, this
is called
a) egocentric speech.
b) syntax.
c) fast mapping.
d) private speech.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 234
Skill: Factual
7-83. What is the term for the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and
appropriately with others?
a) syntax
b) fast mapping
c) pragmatics
d) private speech
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 234-235
Skill: Factual
434
7-84. When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and
give appropriate responses such as “please” and “thank you,” the child is demonstrating
knowledge of
a) egocentric speech.
b) pragmatics.
c) social speech.
d) fast mapping.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 234-235
Skill: Applied
7-85. What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by
that person?
a) social speech
b) pragmatics
c) syntax
d) private speech
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 235
Skill: Factual
7-86. Before the age of 3, most children are unable to demonstrate __________ speech.
a) pragmatic
b) private
c) egocentric
d) social
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 235
Skill: Factual
435
7-87. Approximately how many hours per week does the average preschool child watch TV?
a) 40
b) 30
c) 21
d) 15
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 236
Skill: Factual
LO 7.8: Summarize the effects television and other media have on preschoolers.
7-88. Preschoolers who watch more than ____ hours of TV per day have a higher risk of
___________.
a) 2; obesity
b) ½ hour; headaches
c) 1 hour; vision problems
d) 15 minutes; ADHD
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 237
Skill: Factual
7-89. What percentage of preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 has used a computer?
a) 50%
b) 70%
c) 60%
d) 25%
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 236
Skill: Factual
436
7-90. How much TV does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under 2
years old be allowed to watch?
a) 2 hours per day

b) 1 hour per day
c) 1 hour per day of children’s programming
d) no television at all
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 236
Skill: Factual
7-91. After the age of 2, how many hours per day of television does the American Academy of
Pediatrics recommend for children?
a) 2 or more hours
b) 2 hours per day
c) 1 to 2 hours of quality programming
d) 1 hour of quality programming
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 237
Skill: Factual
7-92. Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in
some form of ___________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at ages 5
or 6 in the U.S.
a) quality television watching

b) quality child care
c) educational activity
d) socialization with peers
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 239
Skill: Conceptual
LO 7.9: Distinguish the typical educational programs available to children in the preschool years.
437
7-93. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a
different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?
a) academic head start

b) developing a sense of independence
c) experience of being a member of a group
d) learning about the child’s family history
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 242
Skill: Conceptual
different way. What do Chinese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

Answer: A
Page: 242
Level: Medium
Skill: Conceptual
different way. What do U.S. parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 242
Skill: Conceptual
438
ESSAY QUESTIONS
7-96. Briefly explain the causes of variations in growth during the preschool years.
Answer: Average differences in height and weight between boys and girls increase during the
preschool years; boys start becoming taller and heavier than girls. Economics also plays a role:
better nutrition and health care received by children in developed countries translates into
differences in growth.
Level: Easy
Page: 210-211
Skill: Factual
7-97. Briefly explain how children can become exposed to lead, and how lead poisoning can
harm children.
Answer: Despite legal restrictions on the amount of lead in paint and gasoline, lead is still found
on painted walls and window frames in older homes, and in ceramics, lead-soldered pipes, and
automobile and truck exhaust. Exposure to lead has been linked to lower intelligence, problems
in verbal and auditory processing, and hyperactivity. High lead levels have also been linked to
higher levels of antisocial behavior, including aggression and delinquency. At even higher levels,
lead poisoning results in illness and death.
Level: Medium
Page: 213-214
Skill: Factual
439
7-98. Briefly discuss when and how children should be toilet trained.
Answer: Brazelton suggests that there is no single time to begin toilet training and that it should
begin only when children are ready. Signs of readiness include: staying dry at least two hours at
a time during the day or waking up dry after naps; regular, predicable bowel movements; an
indication, through facial expressions or words, that urination or a bowel movement is about to
occur; the ability to follow simple directions; the ability to get to the bathroom and undress
alone; discomfort with soiled diapers; asking to use the toilet; and the desire to wear underwear.
Children must not only be ready physically, but also emotionally, and if they show strong signs
of resistance to toilet training, it should be put off. Although some children are ready for toilet
training between 18 and 24 months, some are not ready until 30 months or older. Toilet training
has begun later over the last few decades.
Level: Difficult
Page: 219-220
Skill: Conceptual
7-99. Briefly give an example how recent research refutes some of Piaget’s understanding of
preschool children’s abilities.
Answer: Developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman found that children as young as three can
easily tell the difference between rows of two and three toy animals regardless of the toys’
spacing. Gelman concludes that children have an innate ability to count akin to learning
language, and this is at odds with Piagetian notions, which suggest that children’s numerical
abilities do not blossom until after the preoperational period.
Level: Medium
Page: 226
Skill: Factual
440
7-100. Briefly describe how the information processing approach is at odds with the Piagetian
approach with regard to children and learning.
Answer: Supporters of the information processing approach believe that one of its most
important features is the reliance on well-defined processes that can be tested with relative
precision in research. Unlike the Piagetian approach, which relies on somewhat vague concepts
and notions such as assimilation and accommodation, the information processing approach
provides a comprehensive and logical set of concepts.
Level: Medium
Page: 227-230
Skill: Conceptual
preschool years.
7-101. Briefly describe criticism of Vygotsky’s theories.
Answer: Critics point to the lack of precision in his conceptualization of cognitive growth, such
as the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s theories do not lend themselves to
experimental tests. Vygotsky did not provide information regarding how basic cognitive
processes such as attention and memory unfold in children, and he did not focus on how
individual bits of information are processed and synthesized.
Level: Difficult
Page: 232-233
Skill: Conceptual
7-102. Briefly describe the different varieties of early education.
Answer: 1) Child care centers (previously known as day-care centers) typically care for children
outside of the home. Their purpose is to provide a warm, safe environment that includes some
intellectual stimulation but mostly social and emotional rather than cognitive stimulation. 2)
Family child care centers are small operations run in private homes where the quality of care
may not be as high as in center-based care facilities. 3) Preschools are explicitly designed to
provide intellectual and social experiences for children, typically 3 to 5 hours per day. 4) School
child care refers to pre-kindergarten programs for 4-year-olds funded by local school systems.
Level: Difficult
Page: 240-241
Skill: Conceptual
441
TRUE/FALSE
7-103. By age 2, the average child in the United States weighs 25 to 30 pounds and is close to 36
inches tall.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 210
Skill: Factual
7-104. Preschool-age children must rely on their parents to help them determine the appropriate
amount of food intake that they need.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 211-212
Skill: Factual
7-105. The prevalence of obesity in older preschool children has decreased dramatically in the
past 20 years.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 211-212
Skill: Factual
7-106. Parents should expose preschool children to all types of foods by forcing them to eat large
amounts until they get used to the taste and texture of the food.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 211-212
Skill: Factual
442
7-107. The danger from injuries during preschool years is, in part, a result of parent neglect.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 213
Skill: Factual
7-108. Because of stringent legal restrictions on the amount of lead in paint and gasoline, lead
poisoning is no longer a significant danger to children.
Answer: False
Level: Difficult
Page: 213-214
Skill: Factual
7-109. As devastating as lead poisoning can be to a young child, it can never lead to illness or
death.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 213-214
Skill: Factual
7-110. Lead is only toxic if ingested in large quantities at a very young age.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 213-214
Skill: Factual
443
7-111. The two hemispheres of the brain process information differently; therefore, they work
and process information independently of each other.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 216
Skill: Factual
LO 7.2 Summarize how preschool children’s brains develop.
7-112. Muscle strength development for preschool boys and girls is the same.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Factual
7-113. Preschool-age boys surpass preschool-age girls in games such as jumping jacks and
hopscotch because they have superior muscle development.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 218
Skill: Factual
7-114. A child seeing his or her mother’s car keys and saying “Go to store?” is an example of
symbolic thinking.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 221
Skill: Factual
444
7-115. Conservation is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical
appearance of objects.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 223-224
Skill: Factual
7-116. By age 4, most children understand conservation.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 223-224
Skill: Factual
7-117. Egocentric thought relates to how children in the preoperational stage intentionally think
in a selfish or inconsiderate manner.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Factual
7-118. Children’s lack of concern over the impact of their nonverbal behavior on others is
evidence of their inherent selfishness.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 225
Skill: Conceptual
445
7-119. The average preschooler is not able to count in a fairly systematic, consistent manner.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 227-228
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
7-120. The information processing perspective emphasizes quantitative changes rather than
qualitative changes.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 227
Skill: Factual
preschool years.
7-121. Vygotsky’s long life enabled him to advance his theories and become influential in the
field of child development.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 232
Skill: Factual
446
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOM Quiz Question 7.1.1
The greatest risk that preschoolers face comes from ____________________.
a) cancer
b) domestic abuse
c) accidents
d) heart disease
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Physical Growth
Skill: Factual
During the preschool period, a child’s ______________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the
body.
a) brain
b) heart
c) muscles
d) lungs
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
447
As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized
in a process called ______________________.
a) hemispheric preference
b) lateralization
c) sequential processing
d) resiliency
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
_______________________ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _________________ is

an example of a fine motor skill.
a) Throwing a ball with accuracy; riding a bicycle

b) Jumping a distance; skipping
c) Using a fork and spoon; hopping on one foot
d) Climbing stairs; tying one’s shoelaces
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
448
By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference
for using one hand over the other.
a) partiality
b) dexterity
c) handedness
d) directionality
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
During the _____________ period, children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning
emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
a) preoperational
b) operational
c) post-operational
d) centration
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Intellectual Development
Skill: Factual
449
________________ refers to preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition
of knowledge about the world.
a) Egocentric thought
b) Symbolic function
c) Intuitive thought
d) Transformative thought
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Memory of specific events from one’s own life, which is called _____________ __________,
grows increasingly accurate as children age.
a) cognitive recall
b) historical memory
c) narrative recall
d) autobiographical memory
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
LO 7.5: Summarize the information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the
preschool years.
450
Vygotsky argues that the focus of cognitive development should be on a child’s __________ and
cultural world.
a) familial
b) social
c) mental
d) physical
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
The ____________________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a
task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
a) zone of proximal development

b) scaffolding level
c) region of independent thought
d) pre-mastery level
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
451
The way in which words and phrases are combined to form sentences, known as __________,
increases at a steady pace during the preschool years.
a) composition
b) syntax
c) communication
d) grammar
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: The Growth of Language and Learning
Skill: Factual
The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter is
called _____________.
a) fast mapping
b) language association
c) accelerated processing
d) vocabulary acquisition
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
___________________ is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.
a) Social speech
b) Independent dialogue
c) Private speech
d) Personal communication
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
452
The positive effects of Sesame Street viewing ___________________.
a) are particularly strong for boys, African Americans, and children from
disadvantaged backgrounds
b) have yet to be demonstrated by research
c) are particularly strong for girls
d) appear primarily in homes with multiple televisions
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
The outcomes of participation in Head Start ___________________.
a) are totally clear in producing positive benefits

b) are thought to be generally positive, although the evaluation research is mixed
c) are generally negative
d) show the program has little effect, either positive or negative
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
EOC Quiz Question 7.1
Developmentalists define the preschool period as ages __________.
a) three to five
b) two to five
c) two to six
d) two to four
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
453
From age three to age five, a child has __________ minor respiratory illnesses each year.
a) seven to ten
b) two to three
c) five to seven
d) twelve to fifteen
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
What is the most hazardous threat to the health of children under age six?
a) injury from accidents

b) infectious diseases, such as mumps and measles
c) lead poisoning
d) physical abuse
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
What likely accounts for the rise in the average age of toilet training over the past 50 years?
a) increased obesity rates in children

b) time demands on working mothers
c) social emphasis on child readiness
d) nutritional changes creating poor muscle control
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Analytical
454
Rita and Don are watching their four-year-old son Jacob play. Rita thinks Jacob is “left-brained,”
and Don thinks he is “right-brained.” Although these terms are not scientifically valid, Rita and
Don are referring to the _________ of the brain.
a) division
b) lateralization
c) demarcation
d) division of labor
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
Myelin protects the __________ of the brain.
a) neurons
b) neocortex
c) hemispheres
d) laterals
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Jumping, hopping on one foot, skipping, and running are examples of __________.
a) scripts
b) evidence of handedness
c) fine motor skills
d) gross motor skills
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
455
Which of the following is a hallmark of Piaget’s preoperational stage?
a) the ability to consider all information about a stimulus

b) the reduction in mental reasoning
c) the decrease of egocentric thought
d) the application of concepts
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Piaget considered language to be an application of __________.
a) centration
b) symbolic function
c) concrete operations
d) social learning
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
A preschooler’s broad representations of events and timelines in memory are called __________.
a) scripts
b) recollections
c) scenes
d) vignettes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
LO 7.5: Summarize the information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the
preschool years.
456
What completes the scaffolding process for a particular learning task?
a) framing the task

b) modeling the task
c) providing scaffold clues to the solution
d) removing the scaffolds
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Once children can combine words and phrases to form sentences, they are beginning to use
__________.
a) grammar
b) syntax
c) symbols
d) social speech
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
__________ is the process through which children learn the meaning of new words after brief
exposure.
a) Pragmatic translation
b) Fast mapping
c) Quick comprehension
d) Social speech
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
457
On an average day, approximately __________ of preschoolers and toddlers watch TV in the

United States.
a) 40 percent
b) 60 percent
c) 80 percent
d) 90 percent
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Four-year-old Luis is attending an educational program created by the U.S. government nearly
50 years ago. This program is called __________.
a) the Montessori method

b) Head Start
c) the Reggio Emilia approach
d) school childcare
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
458

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Development Across the Life Span 8th

Edition Feldman Test Bank

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

a) calcium (ex. dairy products)

a) twice; injury; illness

a) parent neglect, parent working full-time, lack of supervision

a) an Asian American boy

a) quality child care

a) painted walls and window seals in older homes

a) comprehension of spatial relationships

a) right; the right hemisphere

a) very high vertical jump

a) thoroughly wipe/cleanse themselves after urination or defecation.

a) draw a person that looks like a person

a) preschool years; operational

a) A child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean

a) symbolic function; language

a) Preschool-age children’s neural-visual network is not fully matured.

a) 2 hours per day

a) quality television watching

a) academic head start

a) academic head start

a) academic head start

7-101. Briefly describe criticism of Vygotsky’s theories.

7-102. Briefly describe the different varieties of early education.

7-116. By age 4, most children understand conservation.

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.1

The greatest risk that preschoolers face comes from ____________________.

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.2

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.4

_______________________ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _________________ is

a) Throwing a ball with accuracy; riding a bicycle

EOM Quiz Question 7.2.1

EOM Quiz Question 7.2.3

EOM Quiz Question 7.2.5

a) zone of proximal development

EOM Quiz Question 7.3.2

EOM Quiz Question 7.3.3

___________________ is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.

The positive effects of Sesame Street viewing ___________________.

EOM Quiz Question 7.3.5

The outcomes of participation in Head Start ___________________.

a) are totally clear in producing positive benefits

EOC Quiz Question 7.1

Developmentalists define the preschool period as ages __________.

EOC Quiz Question 7.3

a) injury from accidents

EOC Quiz Question 7.4

a) increased obesity rates in children

EOC Quiz Question 7.6

Myelin protects the __________ of the brain.

EOC Quiz Question 7.7

Which of the following is a hallmark of Piaget’s preoperational stage?

a) the ability to consider all information about a stimulus

EOC Quiz Question 7.9

Piaget considered language to be an application of __________.

EOC Quiz Question 7.10

What completes the scaffolding process for a particular learning task?

a) framing the task

EOC Quiz Question 7.12

EOC Quiz Question 7.13

On an average day, approximately __________ of preschoolers and toddlers watch TV in the

_______ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _ is