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Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition

Chapter 5: Socialization
Multiple Choice Questions

1) The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
c. personality is present in humans at birth.
d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Factual

2) What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential
and learn culture?
a. socialization
b. personality
c. human nature
d. behaviourism
Answer: a
Page Reference: 118
Skill: Conceptual

3) What concept refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
a. socialization
b. behaviour
c. human nature
d. personality
Answer: d
Page Reference: 118
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Skill: Conceptual

4) The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

a. humans have instincts that guide our lives.
b. biological forces underlie human culture.
c. as humans, to nurture is our nature.
d. Darwin’s model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Conceptual

5) Which theory developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behaviour is not instinctive
but learned within a social environment?
a. behaviourism
b. biological psychology
c. evolutionary psychology
d. naturalism
Answer: a
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Conceptual

6) In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that

a. nature is far more important than nurture.
b. nurture is far more important than nature.
c. nature and nurture have equal importance.
d. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Conceptual

7) The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that
a. monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when returned to others of their kind.
b. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
c. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
d. monkeys are unable to tell the difference between an authentic and an artificial mother.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Factual

8) Based on both the Harlows’ research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child,
one might reasonably conclude that
a. the two species react differently to social isolation.
b. both monkeys and humans “bounce back” from long-term isolation.
c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans.
d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 119–120
Skill: Applied

9) If you were to put together the lessons learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would
correctly conclude that
a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development.
c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time.
d. once social isolation sets in, its effects are irreversible.

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Answer: a
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Applied

10) Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of
a. superego.
b. ego.
c. id.
d. generalized other.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Conceptual

11) In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to
balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. generalized other
Answer: b
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Conceptual

12) In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. thanatos
Answer: c
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Conceptual

13) Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude
that
a. human behaviour is basically random.
b. humans have basic, self-centred drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.
c. societies encourage people to become self-centred.
d. humans can never become cultural creatures.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 121
Skill: Applied

14) Jean Piaget’s focus was on

a. how children develop their motor skills.
b. how children are stimulated by their environment.
c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour.
d. cognition, or how people think and understand.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 121
Skill: Factual

15) According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only
through sensory contact?
a. sensorimotor stage
b. pre-operational stage

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c. concrete operational stage
d. formal operational stage
Answer: a
Page Reference: 121–122
Skill: Conceptual

16) For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural
symbols?
a. sensorimotor stage
b. pre-operational stage
c. concrete operational stage
d. formal operational stage
Answer: b
Page Reference: 121–122
Skill: Conceptual

17) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was

a. cognition.
b. the importance of gender in socialization.
c. moral reasoning.
d. isolation.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 122
Skill: Factual

18) Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that

a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.
d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the
teenage years.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 122–123
Skill: Factual

19) Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that
a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence.
b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 123
Skill: Conceptual

20) George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

a. that part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
b. the presence of culture within the individual.
c. basic drives that are self-centred.
d. present in infants at the time of their birth.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 123
Skill: Conceptual

21) Mead placed the origin of the self in

a. biological drives.

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b. genetics.
c. social experience.
d. the functioning of the brain.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 123
Skill: Conceptual

22) According to Mead, social experience involves

a. understanding the world in terms of our senses.
b. the exchange of symbols.
c. a mix of biological instinct and learning.
d. acting but not thinking.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 123
Skill: Factual

23) By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind

a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view.
d. trading self-centredness for a focus on helping other people.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

24) When Cooley used the concept “looking-glass self,” he meant to say that
a. people are self-centred.
b. people see themselves as they think others see them.
c. people see things only from their own point of view.
d. our actions are a reflection of our values.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

25) According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important
people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
a. role models.
b. looking-glass models.
c. significant others.
d. the generalized other.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

26) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
a. imitation, play, game, generalized other
b. imitation, generalized other, play, game
c. imitation, game, play, generalized other
d. imitation, generalized other, play, game
Answer: a
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

27) Mead considered the “generalized other” to be

a. important individuals in the child’s life.

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b. a person who provides complete care for a child.
c. any “significant other.”
d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

28) Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it?
a. Socialization ends with the development of self.
b. If you win $100 million in a lottery, your self might change.
c. People are puppets with little control over their lives.
d. Human behaviour reflects both nature and nurture.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 123–124
Skill: Applied

29) Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization?
a. Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
b. Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture.
c. We come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
d. Most of our personality development takes place in childhood.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 125
Skill: Factual

30) Who wrote “No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between ourselves and the selves of others”?
a. Gilligan
b. Kohlberg
c. Mead
d. Freud
Answer: c
Page Reference: 125
Skill: Factual

31) Erikson’s theory of personality development states that

a. everyone confronts the stages of development in random order.
b. we develop according to challenges throughout our lives, delineated by eight observable stages.
c. personality development is secondary to the development of the id, ego, and the superego.
d. the looking-glass self is the primary determining factor in this development.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 125
Skill: Conceptual

32) Family is important to the socialization process because

a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.”
b. families pass along to children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
c. extended family has a greater impact than immediate family.
d. It is not actually important.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 125–127
Skill: Factual

33) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress
_____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
a. independence; protecting children

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b. independence; dependence
c. obedience; creativity
d. creativity; obedience
Answer: c
Page Reference: 126
Skill: Factual

34) On the basis of Melvin Kohn’s study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are
likely to be most concerned when their child
a. is given a “tardy slip” for being late to school.
b. needs to be told what he should draw during free art time.
c. is labelled a “non-conformist.”
d. is said to have an “active imagination.”
Answer: b
Page Reference: 126
Skill: Applied

35) The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes

a. exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.
b. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
c. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
d. helping children break free of gender roles.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Factual

36) Today, the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting
if the young woman or young man
a. has completed all schooling.
b. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family.
c. is married and has a child.
d. has a good relationship with their parents.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Factual

37) The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it
a. has a greater effect than parents on children’s long-term goals.
b. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
c. gives children experience in an impersonal setting.
d. shelters children from social negativity.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Factual

38) When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are
engaging in
a. group conformity.
b. future directedness.
c. anticipatory socialization.
d. group rejection.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Conceptual

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39) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has
a. increased over time.
b. been about the same over the last century.
c. decreased over time.
d. The mass media have never played a large part in the socialization process.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 130
Skill: Factual

40) By 2001, approximately _______% of Canadian households had colour televisions.

a. 22
b. 44
c. 66
d. 99
Answer: d
Page Reference: 130
Skill: Factual

41) According to Table 5-1, after “Canadian/Canadien,” what is the largest ethnic or racial category in
Canada?
a. French
b. North American Indian
c. Chinese
d. English
Answer: d
Page Reference: 127
Skill: Factual

42) About _________ million of the world’s children work in factories instead of going to school.
a. 1
b. 12
c. 38
d. 250
Answer: d
Page Reference: 134
Skill: Factual

43) Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that

a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere.
b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.
c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do.
d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 134
Skill: Factual

44) Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many
young people in Canada experience adolescence as a time of confusion?
a. There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly
adultlike.
b. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature.
c. Growth always involves change, and change is confusing.
d. Adolescence is supposed to be a time of carefree play, but most adolescents are forced to work.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 134

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Skill: Applied

45) Industrial societies typically define people in old age as

a. the most wise.
b. the most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends.
c. more out of touch and less socially important than younger adults.
d. the most valued members of society.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 135
Skill: Factual

46) Based on the text’s survey of the life course, you might conclude that
a. life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology.
b. life-course stages are much the same throughout the world.
c. while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction.
d. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Applied

47) In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death

a. is defined in much the same way in every society.
b. is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
c. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing.
d. is a chaotic mess which defies categorization.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 135–136
Skill: Factual

48) Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of death and dying identified by Kubler-Ross?
a. denial
b. anger
c. resignation
d. exuberance
Answer: d
Page Reference: 135–136
Skill: Conceptual

49) What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their
age?
a. age subculture
b. generation
c. age group
d. cohort
Answer: d
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

50) Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone’s
personality through carefully controlling the environment?
a. anticipatory social centre
b. cohort community
c. a total institution
d. a degradation ceremony
Answer: c

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Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

51) According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is

a. to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world.
b. to give a person greater choices about how to live.
c. to radically alter a person’s personality or behaviour.
d. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

52) Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?
a. Staff members supervise all the daily life of inmates.
b. Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.
c. Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities.
d. Formal rules direct people’s daily routines.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

53) Which of the following best sums up Goffman’s idea of the resocialization process?
a. break down an old identity, then build up a new identity
b. reward inmates for being creative
c. help integrate inmates into the larger society
d. establish dominance in the hierarchy of a new social class.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

54) Resocialization is a two-part process—first, the existing identity is broken down and, second
a. a new self is built.
b. the existing self is thoroughly analyzed.
c. the individual is asked how they would like to change.
d. the old self is restructured to be more workable.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

55) A “cohort” is
a. a part of a person’s personality.
b. a category of people with something in common.
c. a group that has special importance for socialization.
d. the term for human basic drives.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 135
Skill: Conceptual

56) An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as
a. unsocialized.
b. integrated.
c. institutionalized.
d. dissociated.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 136

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Skill: Conceptual

57) The “Controversy and Debate Box” in Chapter 5 discusses which of the following total institutions?
a. a prison
b. a psychiatric hospital
c. a boot camp
d. a boarding school
Answer: c
Page Reference: 137
Skill: Factual

58) Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that
a. the way we think and act has no effect on how society operates.
b. human beings are defined and predictable, preventing them from changing society.
c. human beings have the capacity to overcome even great challenges.
d. once a human being becomes an inmate, they can never be reintroduced to society.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 118–137
Skill: Applied

True/False Questions

59) Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of behaviour are not instinctive, but
learned.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Factual

60) The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage
infant rhesus monkeys.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 119
Skill: Factual

61) The tragic case of Anna shows how, without adequate nutrition, a human being cannot develop a
healthy personality.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Factual

62) What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows’
research.
a. True

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Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 119–120
Skill: Applied

63) Even years of social isolation in infancy may not cause permanent and irreversible developmental
damage.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 119–120
Skill: Factual

64) The “id” in Freud’s work represents the human being’s basic needs, which are unconscious and
demand immediate satisfaction.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Conceptual

65) The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.”

a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Conceptual

66) In Freud’s model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 121–122
Skill: Conceptual

67) According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the pre-operational stage.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 121
Skill: Factual

68) According to Piaget, people think abstractly and critically in the concrete operational stage.

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a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 121–122
Skill: Conceptual

69) Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they
grow older.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 122
Skill: Factual

70) According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls steadily increases through the teenage years.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 123
Skill: Factual

71) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic
meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 123–124
Skill: Factual

72) Cooley’s term for self-image based on how we think others see us is “mirrored image.”
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

73) Mead’s theory of the self is completely social; he recognized no role for biology in personality
development.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 123–124
Skill: Factual

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74) Mead’s concepts of the “I” and the “me” are close parallels of Freud’s concepts of the id and the
superego.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 124
Skill: Conceptual

75) Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place in childhood.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 125
Skill: Factual

76) Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 125–126
Skill: Factual

77) Socialization within the family is always intentional.

a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 126
Skill: Factual

78) Mass media is the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 130–131
Skill: Factual

79) Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy.

a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Factual

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80) During adolescence, the family’s influence on children virtually stops.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Factual

81) Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Conceptual

82) Anticipatory socialization refers to trying to avoid unpleasant social experiences.

a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 129
Skill: Conceptual

83) During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in North America.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 130
Skill: Factual

84) Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined in much the same way in all societies.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 134
Skill: Factual

85) Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 135
Skill: Factual

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86) Anti-elderly bias in Canada will probably decrease as the share of older people rises.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 135
Skill: Factual

87) Every stage of life is socially constructed in ways that vary from society to society.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

88) As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect Canadian culture to
become more comfortable with the reality of death.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Factual

89) A cohort is a category of people with something important in common, usually their age.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

90) A college is a good example of a total institution.

a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Applied

91) Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.

a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

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Short Answer Questions

92) Discuss socialization as a lifelong process.

Page Reference: 120–125
Skill: Conceptual

93) Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists?
Page Reference: 120
Skill: Applied

94) Why did Sigmund Freud see human culture (superego) as a necessary source of repression?
Page Reference: 120–121
Skill: Conceptual

95) Outline Freud’s three-part model of the human personality.

Page Reference: 120–121
Skill: Conceptual

96) Summarize Jean Piaget’s contribution to our understanding of socialization.

Page Reference: 121–122
Skill: Conceptual

97) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments?
Page Reference: 122–123
Skill: Conceptual

98) What did George Herbert Mead mean by “self”? What are the steps in the development of the self?
Page Reference: 123–124
Skill: Conceptual

99) Explain Erik Erikson’s theory of socialization as a lifelong process.

Page Reference: 125
Skill: Conceptual

100) Cite several ways in which the family is central to the process of socialization.
Page Reference: 125–127
Skill: Conceptual

101) Explain how a family’s social class position shapes the process of socialization.
Page Reference: 126–127
Skill: Conceptual

102) Provide evidence in support of the position that stages of the life course are socially constructed.
Page Reference: 133–136
Skill: Applied

103) According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution?
Page Reference: 136
Skill: Conceptual

Essay Questions

104) Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead take different
positions in this debate?
Skill: Applied

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105) Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human development, and
Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories have in common? What are the main
differences among them?
Skill: Applied

106) What are the specific contributions to human development made by family, school, peer group, and
mass media? Do these agents of socialization always convey the same lessons to people? In your
response, provide several specific examples.
Skill: Applied

107) Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old
age. What characteristics do most people in Canada associate with each? How do we know that these
stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction?
Skill: Applied

108) Based on the material in this chapter of the text, address the issue of human freedom in a socially
structured world. That is, to what extent do you think people are free to think and act as they wish? In
answering this question, consider the theories presented in the chapter—for example, why does Mead’s
theory point to greater human freedom than Freud’s theory?
Skill: Applied

109) Why is the definition of “growing up” more difficult than it used to be? What are the achievements
that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is adolescence longer than it was
several generations ago? What difference does social class position make in the time frame for “growing
up”?
Skill: Factual

110) Based on everything you have read in this chapter, what are some of the ways in which girls and
boys differ in their socialization experience? Provide specific examples in your response.
Skill: Applied

111) Discuss in detail how boot camps function as total institutions. How do you explain the lower
recidivism rate at such institutions?
Skill: Conceptual

112) Using examples from your own life, discuss how the agents of socialization can reinforce values,
beliefs, behaviours, etc. and also how they can conflict with one another. Identify two reinforcing effects
and two examples where the agents conflict with one another.
Skill: Applied

Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions

1) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was

a. cognition.
b. the importance of gender in socialization.
c. moral reasoning.
d. racial segregation.
Answer: c

2) Mead placed the origin of the self in

a. biological drives.
b. culture.
c. social experience.
d. the functioning of the brain.

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Answer: c

3) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____,
while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
a. independence; protecting children
b. independence; dependence
c. obedience; creativity
d. creativity; obedience
Answer: c

4) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has
a. increased over time.
b. been about the same over the last century.
c. decreased over time.
d. The mass media have never played a large role in socialization.
Answer: a

5) Jean Piaget’s focus was on

a. how children develop their motor skills.
b. how children are stimulated by their environment.
c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour.
d. cognition, or how people think and understand.
Answer: d

6) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
a. imitation, play, game, generalized other
b. imitation, generalized other, play, game
c. imitation, game, play, generalized other
d. imitation, generalized other, play, game
Answer: a

7) On average, a Canadian watches television for ______ hours per week.

a. 2
b. 22
c. 58
d. over 100
Answer: b

Quick Quiz: True/False Questions

8) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic
meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour.
a. True
Correct
b. False
Incorrect
Answer: a

9) Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same expectations of their
children.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Correct
Answer: b

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Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question

10) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments?

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