Sociology 16th Edition Macionis Test Bank 1

Macionis: Sociology, 16/e
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In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in
Sociology, 16th edition. In this revision, the questions are tagged according to six levels of
learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels
are:
REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas
APPLY: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation
ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their
interrelationship
The 106 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types of questions.
True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of
these questions fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember” and
“Understand”). Multiple-choice questions also fall primarily within the lowest levels of
cognitive reasoning, although these questions span a broader range of skills and are
somewhat more demanding. Short answer questions also span a broad range of skills
(from “Understand” to “Evaluate”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding,
with almost 90% at the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Analyze,”
“Evaluate,” and “Create”).
Types of Questions
Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty
True/False Mult Short Essay Total Qs
Choice Answer
Remember 27 (84%) 34 (65%) 0 0 61
Understand 5 (16%) 16 (30%) 8 (62%) 0 29
Apply 0 2 (4%) 1 (8%) 0 3
Analyze 0 1 (2%) 4 (30%) 8 (100%) 13
32 53 13 8 106
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

CHAPTER 5: SOCIALIZATION
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
TB_Q5.1.1
Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not
instinctive, but learned.
Answer: True
Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of
personality
Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
TB_Q5.1.2
The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to
permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys.
Answer: True
personality
TB_Q5.1.3
The tragic case of Anna shows that without healthful nutrition a human being cannot
develop a personality or self.
Answer: False
personality
TB_Q5.1.4
What we know about the later lives of socially isolated children such as Isabell and Genie
supports the findings of the Harlow’s research.
Answer: True


personality
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
TB_Q5.1.5
Even years of social isolation during infancy in humans does not cause permanent and
irreversible developmental damage.
Answer: False
personality
TB_Q5.2.6
The “id” in Freud’s work represents the human being’s basic drives, which are
unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
Answer: True
Learning Objective: LO 5.2: Explain six major theories of socialization
Topic: Understanding Socialization
TB_Q5.2.7
The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.”
Answer: False
Topic: Understanding Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy
TB_Q5.2.8
In Freud’s model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and
the ego.
Answer: False


TB_Q5.2.9
According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols were first used in the
preoperational stage.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.2.10
Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in
stages as they grow older.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.2.11
According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls increases steadily through the
teenage years.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.2.12
While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused
on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behavior.
Answer: True

TB_Q5.2.13
George Herbert Mead used the concept “the looking-glass self” to refer to significant
people in our lives.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.2.14
Mead’s theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a role for biology in
personality development.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.2.15
Mead’s concepts of the “I” and the “me” are close parallels of Freud’s concepts of the id
and the superego.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.2.16
Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during
childhood.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.3.17

Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.
Answer: True
Learning Objective: LO 5.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass
media guide the socialization process
Topic: Agents of Socialization
TB_Q5.3.18
Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have the same expectations
of their children.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.3.19
Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.3.20
The onset of adolescence brings to an end the family’s influence on children.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.3.21

Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.3.22
Anticipatory socialization refers to efforts to avoid unpleasant social experiences.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.3.23
During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in the
United States.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.3.24
U.S. school children spend about as much time in front of a television as they do at
school or interacting with their parents.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.4.25

Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined in the same way in all known
societies.
Answer: False
Learning Objective: LO 5.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into
distinctive stages of life
Topic: Socialization and the Life Course
TB_Q5.4.26
In the United States, old age is generally thought to begin at or soon after the age of
sixty-five.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.4.27
Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people.
Answer: False
TB_Q5.4.28
Anti-elderly bias in the United States will probably decrease as the percentage of older
people rises.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.4.29

As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect U.S. culture to
become more comfortable with the reality of death.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.4.30
A cohort is a category of people who have something important in common, usually their
age.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.5.31
A community college is correctly considered to be a good example of a total institution.
Answer: False
Learning Objective: LO 5.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions
Topic: Resocialization: Total Institutions
TB_Q5.5.32
Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.
Answer: True
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

TB_Q5.1.33
The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
_______
a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
c. personality is present in humans at birth.
d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.
Answer: b
personality
TB_Q5.1.34
What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop
their potential and learn culture?
a. Socialization
b. Personality
c. Human nature
d. Behaviorism
Answer: a
personality
TB_Q5.1.35
What concept refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and
feeling?
a. Socialization
b. Behavior
c. Human nature
d. Personality
Answer: d
personality


TB_Q5.1.36
Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human
behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
a. Behaviorism
b. Biological psychology
c. Evolutionary psychology
d. Naturalism
Answer: a
personality
TB_Q5.1.37
In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that _______

a. nature is far more important than nurture.
b. nurture is far more important than nature.
c. nature and nurture have equal importance.
d. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.
Answer: b
personality
TB_Q5.1.38
The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that _______
a. humans have instincts that guide our lives.
b. biological forces underlie human culture.
c. as humans, to nurture is our nature.
d. Darwin’s model of biological evolution explains the patterns of human
culture.
Answer: c
personality


TB_Q5.1.39
The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys
showed that _______
a. monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to
others of their kind.
b. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
c. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
d. prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys.
Answer: a
personality
TB_Q5.1.40
Based on the Harlows’ research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated
child, one might reasonably conclude that _______
a. the two species react differently to social isolation.
b. both monkeys and humans “bounce back” from long-term isolation.
c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys
and humans.
d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in
both monkeys and humans.
Answer: d
personality
TB_Q5.1.41
If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and
Genie, you would correctly conclude that _______
a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to
early development.

c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively

short time.
d. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any
situation.
Answer: a
personality
TB_Q5.2.42
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of the _______
a. superego.
b. ego.
c. id.
d. generalized other.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.43
In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s

efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Generalized other
Answer: b
TB_Q5.2.44
In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the
individual?
a. Id

b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Thanatos
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.45
Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you

would conclude that _______
a. human behavior is basically random.
b. humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the
ways of society.
c. societies encourage people to become self-centered.
d. humans can never become cultural creatures.
Answer: b
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
TB_Q5.2.46
Jean Piaget’s focus was on _______

a. how children develop their motor skills.
b. how children are stimulated by their environment.
c. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior.
d. cognition, or how people think and understand.
Answer: d
TB_Q5.2.47
According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the

world only through sensory contact?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage

d. Formal operational stage
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.48
For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and
other cultural symbols?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
Answer: b
TB_Q5.2.49
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was _______

a. cognition.
b. the importance of gender in socialization.
c. moral reasoning.
d. psychoanalysis.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.50
Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that _______

a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different
standards.
b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.

d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young
people enter the teenage years.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.51
Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that _______
a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress
through adolescence.
b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go
through adolescence.
Answer: d
TB_Q5.2.52
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be _______

a. the part of an individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-
image.
b. the presence of culture within the individual.
c. basic drives that are self-centered.
d. present in infants at the time of their birth.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.53
Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______

a. biological drives.
b. genetics.
c. social experience.

d. the functioning of the brain.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.54
According to Mead, social experience involves _______

a. understanding the world in terms of our senses.
b. the exchange of symbols.
c. a mix of biological instinct and learning.
d. acting but not thinking.
Answer: b
TB_Q5.2.55
By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind _______

a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view.
d. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.56
When Cooley used the concept of the “looking-glass self,” he claimed that _______
a. people are self-centered.
b. people see themselves as they think others see them.
c. people see things only from their own point of view.
d. our actions are a reflection of our values.
Answer: b


TB_Q5.2.57
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves
on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
_______
a. role models.
b. looking-glass models.
c. significant others.
d. the generalized other.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.58
In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
a. Imitation, play, game, generalized other
b. Imitation, generalized other, play, game
c. Imitation, game, play, generalized other
d. Imitation, generalized other, game, play
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.59
Mead used the concept “generalized other” to refer to _______

a. important individuals in the child’s life.
b. a person who provides complete care for a child.
c. any “significant other.”
d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.
Answer: d

TB_Q5.2.60
Mead would agree that _______

a. socialization ends with the development of self in childhood.
b. if you won $100 million in a lottery, your “self” might change.
c. people are puppets with little control over their lives.
d. human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.
Answer: b
TB_Q5.2.61
Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization states that _______

a. personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
b. personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of
culture.
c. we come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
d. most of our personality development takes place in childhood.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.62
Critics of Erikson’s theory of personality development point out that _______

a. not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson.
b. his theories are difficult to test scientifically.
c. a large percentage of people never reach the last stage of development.
d. his research suffers from a gender bias.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.63

Family is important to the socialization process because _______

a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.”
b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and
religion.
c. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization.
d. families set the stage for resocialization.
Answer: b
Learn
ing Objective: LO 5.2: Explain six major theories of socialization
TB_Q5.3.64
Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally
stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
a. independence; protecting children
b. independence; dependence
c. obedience; creativity
d. creativity; obedience
Answer: c
TB_Q5.3.65
Communities differ in terms of the racial composition of the population. In which of the
following regions of the United States is there a relatively high number of people who
claim to be multiracial?
a. The Southwest, including Arizona and southern California
b. The Plains States, including North Dakota and South Dakota
c. The New England states of Maine and New Hampshire
d. The Rocky Mountain states of Montana and Wyoming
Answer: a

TB_Q5.3.66
Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and
discovered that, with regard to race, these people _______
a. were more racially prejudiced than sighted people.
b. held much the same ideas about race as sighted people.
c. could not imagine what “race” meant.
d. strongly believed that race did not matter at all.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Difficult
TB_Q5.3.67
A distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is _______

a. exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting.
b. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
c. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
d. helping children break free of gender roles.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.3.68
Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young
man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______
a. has completed all schooling.
b. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family.
c. is married.
d. is married and has children.
Answer: a


TB_Q5.3.69
The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it _______
a. has a greater effect than parents on children’s long-term goals.
b. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
c. gives children experience in an impersonal setting.
d. halts the socialization process for a brief period.
Answer: b
TB_Q5.3.70
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join,
they are engaging in a process that sociologists call _______
a. group conformity.
b. future directedness.
c. anticipatory socialization.
d. group rejection.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.3.71
In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization
process has _______
a. increased over time.
b. been about the same over the last century.
c. decreased over time.
d. never been very important.
Answer: a


TB_Q5.3.72
On average, an adult in the United States watches television for about how many hours a
day?
a. One
b. Two
c. Four
d. Fifteen
Answer: c
TB_Q5.4.73
Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _______

a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere.
b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies.
c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies.
d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.
Answer: b
TB_Q5.4.74
Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that
many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion?
a. There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly
childlike and partly adultlike.
b. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature.
c. Growth always involves change and change is confusing.
d. Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people.
Answer: a

Skill Level: Analyze It
TB_Q5.4.75
In the period of life called “middle adulthood,” people typically experience _______
a. life circumstances becoming more or less set.
b. a lack of awareness of health issues.
c. the birth of their children
d. juggling conflicting priorities.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.4.76
Industrial societies typically define people in old age as _______

a. the most wise.
b. the most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends.
c. more out of touch and less socially important than younger adults.
d. wealthy and powerful.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.4.77
Based on the text’s survey of the life course, you might conclude that _______
a. life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology.
b. life-course stages are similar throughout the world.
c. while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social
construction.
d. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.
Answer: c

TB_Q5.4.78
In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death _______

a. is defined similarly in every society.
b. is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
c. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable
discussing.
d. is a chaotic transition for most people.
Answer: b
TB_Q5.4.79
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic,
usually their age?
a. Age subculture
b. Generation
c. Age group
d. Cohort
Answer: d
TB_Q5.5.80
A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone’s personality through carefully
controlling the environment is called a(n) _______
a. anticipatory social center
b. cohort community
c. total institution
d. degradation ceremony

Answer: c
TB_Q5.5.81
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to _______

a. help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world.
b. give a person greater choices about how to live.
c. radically alter a person’s personality or behavior.
d. encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.5.82
In a total institution, staff members _______

a. closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.
b. encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.
c. allow inmates to choose their own food, clothing, and activities.
d. institute informal rules to direct people’s daily routines.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.5.83
Goffman’s idea of the resocialization process includes _______

a. breaking down an old identity, then building up a new identity.
b. rewarding inmates for being creative.
c. helping integrate inmates into the larger society.
d. finding ways to make inmates contribute to the larger society.
Answer: a


TB_Q5.5.84. An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as
_______
a. unsocialized.
b. integrated.
c. institutionalized.
d. dissociated.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.5.85
Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that _______
society shapes how we think, feel, and act.
human beings lack spontaneity and creativity,.
human beings are locked in the prison of society.
human beings are unwilling to change society.
Answer: a
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
TB_Q5.1.86
Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists?
Answer:
personality
TB_Q5.2.87

Why did Sigmund Freud see human culture (superego) as a necessary source of
repression?
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.88
Summarize Jean Piaget’s contribution to our understanding of socialization.
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.89
What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral
judgments?
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.90
What did George Herbert Mead mean by “self”? What are the steps in the development
of the self?
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.91
Explain Erik Erikson’s theory of socialization as a lifelong process.
Answer:


TB_Q5.2.92
Explain why George Herbert Mead’s theory of self can be described as completely social.
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.93
Note one criticism often made of Erik Erikson’s “Stages of Development” theory.
Answer:
TB_Q5.3.94
Cite several ways in which the family is central to the process of socialization.
Answer:
TB_Q5.3.95
Explain how a family’s social class position shapes the process of socialization.
Answer:

TB_Q5.4.96
Provide evidence in support of the position that stages of the life course are socially
constructed.
Answer:
TB_Q5.4.97
Why is defining adulthood difficult for people living in the United States?
Answer:
TB_Q5.5.98
According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution?
Answer:
ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS
TB_Q5.2.99
Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead
take different positions in this debate?
Answer:

TB_Q5.2.100
Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human

development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories
have in common? What are the main differences among them?
Answer:
TB_Q5.2.101
Based on everything you have read in this chapter, what are some of the ways in which
girls and boys differ in their socialization experience? Provide specific examples in your
response.
Answer:
TB_Q5.3.102
What specific contributions to human development are made by family, school, peer
group, and mass media? Do these agents of socialization always convey the same lessons
to people? In your response, provide several specific examples.
Answer:
TB_Q5.3.103
Why is the definition of “growing up” more difficult than it used to be? What are the
achievements that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is
adolescence longer than it was several generations ago? What difference does social class
position make in the time frame for “growing up”?

Answer:
TB_Q5.4.104
Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood,
and old age. What characteristics do most people in the United States associate with
each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are
mostly a social construction?
Answer:
TB_Q5.5.105
Based on the material in this chapter of the text, address the issue of human freedom in a
socially structured world. That is, to what extent do you think people are free to think and
act as they wish? In answering this question, consider the theories presented in the
chapter—for example, why does Mead’s theory point to greater human freedom than
Freud’s theory?
Answer:
TB_Q5.5.106
Based on everything you have read in this chapter, write an essay in which you state your
own position on the degree to which human beings can claim to have freedom. Provide
specific references to chapter material in your essay.
Answer:


Name ________________________________
Quick Quiz: Chapter 5

Socialization
Multiple Choice:
TB_Q5.2.107
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was _______

a. cognition.
b. the importance of gender in socialization.
c. moral reasoning.
d. psychoanalysis.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.2.108
Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______

a. biological drives.
b. genetics.
c. social experience.
d. the functioning of the brain.
Answer: c
TB_Q5.3.109
Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally
stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
a. independence; protecting children
b. independence; dependence
c. obedience; creativity
d. creativity; obedience
Answer: c


TB_Q5.3.110
In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process
has _______
a. increased over time.
b. been about the same over the last century.
c. decreased over time.
d. never been very important.
Answer: a
TB_Q5.2.111
Jean Piaget’s focus was on _______

a. how children develop their motor skills.
b. how children are stimulated by their environment.
c. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior.
d. cognition, or how people think and understand.
Answer: d
TB_Q5.2.112
In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
a. Imitation, play, game, generalized other
b. Imitation, generalized other, play, game
Imitation, game, play, generalized other
c. Imitation, generalized other, game, play
Answer: a

TB_Q5.3.113
On average, an adult in the United States watches television for about how many hours a
day?
a. One
b. Two
c. Four
d. Fifteen
Answer: c
True/False
TB_Q5.2.114
While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused
on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behavior.
Answer: True
TB_Q5.3.115
Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same
expectations of their children.
Answer: False
Short Answer
TB_Q5.2.116

What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral
judgments?
Answer:

Sociology 16th Edition Macionis Test Bank 1

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Sociology 16th Edition Macionis Test Bank 1

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Macionis: Sociology, 16/e

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

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Learning Objective: LO 5.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of

The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.”

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Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy.

The onset of adolescence brings to an end the family’s influence on children.

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Anticipatory socialization refers to efforts to avoid unpleasant social experiences.

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Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people.

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A community college is correctly considered to be a good example of a total institution.

Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.

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Difficulty Level: Easy

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that _______

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Topic: Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity

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c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively

In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s

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Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you

Jean Piaget’s focus was on _______

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the

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c. Concrete operational stage

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was _______

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that _______

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George Herbert Mead considered the self to be _______

Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______

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d. the functioning of the brain.

According to Mead, social experience involves _______

By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind _______

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Topic: Understanding Socialization

Mead used the concept “generalized other” to refer to _______

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Mead would agree that _______

Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization states that _______

Critics of Erikson’s theory of personality development point out that _______

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Family is important to the socialization process because _______

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

A distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is _______

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Difficulty Level: Easy

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Topic: Agents of Socialization

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _______

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Industrial societies typically define people in old age as _______

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