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CHAPTER 3
2. The sets are not disjoint because n( A) +
n(B) ¹ n( A È B). n( A Ç B) must
therefore equal n( A) +n(B) - n( A È B)
= 3 + 5 - 6 = 2. In the following Venn
diagram:
WHOLE NUMBERS AND THEIR OPERATIONS
n( A) = 3, n(B) = 5, n( A È B) = 6, and
Assessment 3-1A:
n( A Ç B) = 2.
Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers
1. (a) True. n( A) = 3; n(b) = 2; n(a) + n(B) = 5. 3. If A and B are not disjoint:
A È B = {a, b, c, d, e}; n( A È B) = 5. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, so A È B =
n( A) + n(B) = n( A È B) because the sets {1, 2, 3}.Then n( A) = 2, n(B) = 2, n(
are disjoint. A È B) = 3.
(b) False. n( A) = 3; n(B) = 2; n( A) + n(B) = 5. But n( A) + n(B) = 4 ¹ 3 = n( A È B).
A È B = {a, b, c}; n( A È B) = 3.
n( A) + n(B) ¹ n( A È B) because the sets
are not disjoint.
(c) True. n( A) = 3; n(B) = 0; n( A) + n(B) = 3.
A È B = {a, b, c}; n( A È B) = 3.
n( A) + n(B) = n( A È B) because the sets
are disjoint.
415
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
6, 4 + 4 = 8, 2 + 3 = 5, 5 + 2 = 7, and 7 + 2
= 9.
415
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
46 Chapter 3: WHOLE NUMBERS AND THEIR OPERATIONS
10. (i ) For any whole numbers a and b, a < b if Sum the right column and we have
10(9)
and only if there exists a natural number k = 45 dominos.
no lesser single digit numbers are available. a + c ³ b and b ³ c so that each difference
(d) 6 or 8. A and B must be 2 and 4 or 2 and 6; is a whole number.
greater even numbers would make C have
two digits.
17. (a) By the associative property of addition,
(e) 5. If A + B = C and C is 5 more than A, x + ( y + z) = (x + y) + z. By the
then A + 5 = C. commutative property of addition,
(f ) 4 or 8. B could be 1 and A must then be 3; (x + y) + z = z + (x + y).
or B could be 2 and then A must be 6.
(b) (There is a possible typo in the text.)
(g) 9. B must be 2 and A must be 7.
By the commutative property of addition,
x + ( y + z) = ( y + z) + x.
13. Since the way the domino is positioned doesn’t
By the associative property of addition,
matter, i.e., is the same domino as
( y + z) + x = y + (z + x).
, each number put on the right side gets By the commutative property of addition,
Assessment 3-1B
1. (a) True. n( A) = 2; n(B) = 2; n( A) + n(B) = 4.
4
then possible sums of 2, 5, and 8 13. (a) The number 0 can be paired with all digits from
would be elements of the set. 0 to 6 (7 pairs), the number 1 can additionally
(b) The set must contain the rest of the whole be paired with all digits from 1 to 6 (6 pairs),
numbers greater than 1 to be closed. then 2 can be paired with all digits from 2 to
6, . . ., 6 is paired with 6. The total of unique
7. (a) 3 + 4 = 4 + 3; commutative property of pairings is thus 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 +
addition. 2 + 1 = 28.
(b) If the domino is horizontal and the sum of the
(b) 5 + (4 + 3) = (4 + 3) + 5; commutative dots in the right square plus the sum of the dots
property of addition. in the left square is known, and the domino is
(c) 8 + 0 = 8; identity property of addition. then turned 180 , the sum is the same.
(d) 3 + (4 + 5) = (3 + 4) + 5; associative
property of addition. 14. A strategy would be to construct a number line with
the information.
(e) 3 + 4 is a unique whole number; closure
property of addition.
(g) x + 3 = x - 1
x + 3 - x = x -1- y
3 = -1 No solution.
(h) 0 + x = x - 0
x= x All whole numbers.
9 8 1
+ 4 2 1
1 4 0 2
(b) In the units column, 5 + 6 + 8 = 19 (regroup).
In the tens column, 1 + 2 + 9 + 4 =
19. (a) 12 - x = x + 6 16 (regroup).
12 - x + x = x + x + 6 In the hundreds column, 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 3.
12 = 2x + 6 In the thousands column, 2 + 1 + 3 = 6.
12 - 6 = 2x + 6 - 6
2 0 2 5
6 = 2x 6
= 2
x x = 3. 1 1 9 6
2 2
+ 3 1 4 8
(b) 9 - x - 6 = 1 6 3 6 9
3- x =1
3- x + x =1+ x
2. Base ten blocks:
3 =1+ x
3-1 = 1-1+ x x = 2.
(c) 3 + x = x + 3
x+3= x+3
All whole numbers.
(d) 11 - x = 0
11 - x + x = 0 + x
11 = x x = 11
(e) 14 - x = 7 - x
14 - x + x = 7 - x + x 3. (a) Answers may vary: for the unique greatest sum,
14 = 7 No solution. the larger numbers must be in the hundreds
(f ) x - 3 = 17 x = 20 column:
x - 3 + 3 = 17 + 3
(b) Answers may vary; for the unique least sum (ii ) 3 5 9
the smaller numbers must be in the hundreds
+ 6 7 3
column:
1 2
2 6 7
1 2
+ 3 5 8 9
6 2 5 1 0 3 2
- 40 + 60 - 100 of addition;
283 Step 3 → Distributive property of multiplication
over addition;
Step 4 → Closure property of addition
6. (a) (i ) 6 8 7
Step 5 → Expanded form condensed.
+ 5 4 9
1 6
10. (a) 68 + 23 = (6 ⋅ 10 + 8) + (2 ⋅ 10 + 3)
1 2
= (6 ⋅ 10 + 2 ⋅ 10) + (8 + 3)
1 1
= (6 + 2) ⋅ 10 + (8 + 3)
1 2 3 6
= 8 ⋅ 10 + 11
= 9 ⋅ 10 + 1
= 91.
10
/4 /2 five
= 4 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 9
- 2 3 five
= 459.
1 4 five
+ (2 ⋅ 51 + 3 ⋅ 50)
= 6 ⋅ 5 1 + 6 ⋅ 50
4 16 13
(a) /5 /7 /3
= (5 + 1)51 + (5 + 1)50 eight
= 5 + 5 + 5 +1
2
- 7 7 eight
= 1⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ 5 +1⋅ 5
2 0 4 7 4 eight.
= (121) five
We used the table to complete the subtraction.
(b) 4 3 For example 13eight - 7eight can be found by
five
11
12
(b) 6 15 15 3
/7 /6 /5 eight
3
/31 2 five
T E E twelve
16. (a) Using the scratch algorithm, whenever a sum is - 1 twelve
10 or more, scratch a line through the last digit T E T twelve
added and write the number of units next to the
scratched digit; count the number of scratches (d) Subtract 1000 five from10, 000 five.
in each column and add to the column to the left.
1 1
1 0 0 0 0 five
4 3 2
- 1 0 0 0 five
/94 /71 6 4 0 0 0 five
+ 1
1 4 1 8 0 0 1 2 3 4
2 8 2 6 1 1 2 3 4 10
2 2 3 4 10 11
(b) A base five addition table might be helpful: 3 3 4 10 11 12
+ 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 10 11 12 13
13
Teams 1
Hawks 14
Elks 18 = 14 + 4
14
(b) The three {1, 5, 9} are the only numbers that can
Teams 1 2 be placed in the middle. To observe that 2, for
Hawks 14 31 = 23 + 8 example, can’t be placed in the middle, pair 9
Elks 18 23 = 18 + 5 with each of the remaining numbers and
observe that there is no way to pair the other
numbers to form a common sum.
Assessment 3-2B
The information in ( f ) tells us that 14 + 22 + 1. (a) In the units column, 13 - 9 = 4 (trade from
36 + (4th quarter score) = 120. the tens column).
So the 4th quarter score for the Hawks is 39. The In the tens column, 7 - 5 = 2, (1 has been
information in (g) tells us that the Elks scored traded from 8).
48 + 6 points in the 4th quarter.
In the hundreds column, 3 - 1 = 2.
Quarter 3 8 3
Teams 1 2 3 4 Final - 1 5 9
Hawks 14 31 36 39 120
Elks 18 23 45 45 131 2 2 4
(b) In the units column, 10 has been traded from
the tens column.
20. (a) If 1 is placed in the middle then we can pair the In the tens column, 8 - 0 = 8 but 1 has been
numbers 2 through 9 to sum to eleven so that traded from 9.
the sum in each of the four directions is twelve. In the hundreds column, 12 - 3 = 9 (trade
1000 from the thousands column).
In the thousands column, 12 - 8 = 4, (1 has
been traded from 3).
1 3 2 9 6
- 8 3 0 9
Similar arrangements can be made for 5 and 9
in the middle. 4 9 8 7
15
3. If whole numbers are used: (c) The units minuend is subtracted from the units
subtrahend.
(a) 8 7 6
(d) One tens value should have been traded from
the 5 in the minuend’s ten position.
6 4 1
8. 75 minutes + 18 minutes + 45 seconds +
(b) 6 2 3 30 seconds = 93 minutes + 75 seconds =
93 minutes + 1 minute + 15 seconds =
3 6 94 minutes + 15 seconds = 1 hour +
34 minutes + 15 seconds. George’s meal required
1 hour 34 minutes 15 seconds cooking time.
4. 4 and 5 can be used in the units column to sum to 9.
He must start at 2 : 25 : 45 pm.
8 and 4 can then be used in the tens column; they sum
to 12 with the 1 regrouped to the hundreds column.
The two 3’s can be used in the hundreds column to 9. Step 1 → Expanded form;
sum, with the regrouped 1, to 7. The only remaining Step 2 → Commutative and associative properties
numbers, to be placed in the thousands column, are of addition;
5 and 6. Step 3 → Distributive property of multiplication
5 3 8 4 over addition;
- 38 - 38 + 2 - 40
= (4 ⋅ 10 + 3 ⋅ 10) + (6 + 2)
48
= (4 + 3) ⋅ 10 + (6 + 2)
- 44 - 44 + 6 - 50 = 78
538
(b) 3214 + 783 = (3 ⋅ 103 + 2 ⋅ 102 + 1 ⋅ 10 + 4)
+ (7 ⋅ 102 + 8 ⋅ 10 + 3)
6. (a) 9 8 7
= (3 ⋅ 103) + (2 + 7) ⋅ 102
+ 3 5 6
+ (1 + 8) ⋅ 10 + (4 + 3)
1 3
1 3 = 3 ⋅ 103 + 9 ⋅ 102 + 9 ⋅ 10 + 7
1 2 = 3997
1 3 4 3
11. (a) 2 3 4 5
(b) 4 1 5 + 8 8 8 8
+ 7 9
1 4 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
4 8 1 1 2 3 3
4 9 4 (b) 8 7 1 3
+ 4 2 1 4
7. Answers may vary, for example: 1 0 0 0
2 9 2 7
(a) A tens digit was not regrouped as 1 ten when
1 2 9 2 7
the sum of the units digits was more than 9.
16
17
2 2 1 five
/3 /4 /2 six
- 1 4 4 six
(c) 2 12
1 5 4 six
/3 /2 five
Check:
- 2 3 five 1 1
4 five 1 5 4 six
(d) 1 1 + 1 4 4 six
2 3 2 3 4 2 six
five
+ 4 3 five
14. (a) 2 cups = 1 pint and 2 pints = 1 quart. This is
essentially operating in base two:
3 3 0 five
1 1
(e) 1 1 1 quart 1 pint 1 cup
1 1 0 two + 1 pint 1 cup
+ 1 1 1 two 2 quarts 1 pint 0 cup
1 1 0 1 two
(b) Again in base two; 2 pints must be traded from
(f ) 1 1 quart in order to subtract 1 pint:
/1/0 10 2
/1 quart 0 pint 1 cup
/1 /0 /0 0 1 two - 1 pint 1 cup
- 1 0 1 two 1 pint 0 cup
1 1 0 0 two
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5 10
2 2 3 4 5 10 11
3 3 4 5 10 11 12
4 4 5 10 11 12 13
18
19
are still equal (to -10). (d) Subtract 100two from 10, 000two.
1 0 0 0 0 two
16. (a) Use the scratch algorithm. Whenever a sum is
10 or more, scratch a line through the last digit - 1 0 0 two
added and write the number of units next to the 1 1 0 0 two
scratched digit; count the number of scratches in
each column and add to the column to the left.
3 4 2 five 1 2 3 4
- 2 1 3 five Hawks 15 32 40 33 120
Elks 20 25 47 39 131
1 2 4 five
times. Call the number in the middle x . So 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 are all products contained in {0,1}.
24 + 25 + + 32 + 3x = 4s, where x is already (b) Closed. The product of any two even numbers
used once in the sum of all the numbers 24 to is also an even number.
32. This reduces to 9⋅56 = 252,
2 making the (c) Closed. Since the set can be written as
equation 252 + 3x = 4s. Solving for x {3n +1 n ÎW } , for any whole numbers
yields: 3x = 4s - 252 = 4(s - 63). Thus m and n, (3m +1)(3n +1) = 3(3mn + m + n) +1
x must be a multiple of 4, the only options for is in the set since the whole numbers are closed
which are 24, 28, and 32. under multiplication and addition.
15. For example, (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4). 4. (a) Applying the distributive property gives
(a + b)(c + d ) = a(c + d ) + b(c + d ) =
ac + ad + bc + bd.
(b) ( D+ ) = ⋅D + ⋅ O.
16. (a) 20 - x = x
20 - x + x = x + x (c) a(b + c) - ac = ab + ac - ac = ab.
20 = 2x 5. (a) (5 + 6) ⋅ 3 = 33. Without parentheses, the
10 = x x = 10. result would be 23.
21
22
11. (a) Closure property of multiplication of whole Therefore (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab.
17. (a) (i ) (ab)c = c(ab) by the commutative (i) ) Put all the marbles in one bag. There
willbe a + b marbles and each boy will
property of multiplication of whole
numbers. receive (a + b) ¸ c marbles.
(ii ) c(ab) = (ca)b by the associative (ii) ) Divide the marbles in the first bag
property of multiplication of whole first and then the second. Each boy
numbers. would receive (a ¸ c) + (b ¸ c)
marbles.
(b) (i ) (a + b)c = c(a + b) by the commutative (b) Let a ¸ c = x and b ¸ c = y.
property of multiplication.
Then a = cx and b = cy.
(ii ) c(a + b) = c(b + a) by the commutative
20. The process always results in the original numbers. (d) (x - 5) ¸ 10 = 9 ( x-510)10 = 9(10)
Step 1: “Think of a number.” Name this number x . x - 5 = 90 x - 5 + 5 = 90 + 5
Step 2: 5x x = 95.
Step 3: 5x + 5
Step 4: 5x+5
5
= x +1
22. (a) Suppose there are two bags of marbles containing
Step 5: x + 1 - 1 = x. a marbles in one and b marbles in the other. It
is desired to divide the marblesequally among c
21. Answers may vary, but for example: boys. Then the number of marbles that each boy
(a) There is no associative property in division; receives can be found in two different ways:
e.g., (8 ¸ 4) ¸ 2 ¹ 8 ¸ (4 ¸ 2).
(b) There is no distributive property in division;
e.g., 8 ¸ (2 + 2) ¹ (8 ¸ 2) + (8 ¸ 2).
24
25
(Note: xy = yx.)
(c) x( y + 1) - x = xy + x - x = xy.
30. (a) Yes, since only elements at {a, b, c} appear in 5. (a) (4 + 3) ⋅ 2 = 14. Without parentheses the
the table.
result would be 4 + 6 = 10.
(b) Yes, a c = c a; a b = b a; and (b) 9 ¸ 3 + 1 = 4. Parentheses are unnecessary.
b c = c b. (c) (5 + 4 + 9) ¸ 3 = 6. Without parentheses
(c) Yes, the first row and first column tell us that the result would be 5 + 4 + 3 = 12.
a b, for example, is b. (d) 3 + 6 - 2 ¸ 1 = 7. Parentheses are
(d) Answers vary. For example (a b) c = unnecessary.
b c = a and a (b c) = a a = a.
All combinations would have to be checked to 6. (a) 47 ⋅ 99 + 47 = 47 ⋅ 99 + 47 ⋅ 1 =
prove the operation is associative. 47 ⋅ (99 + 1)
(b) (x + 1) y + (x + 1) = (x + 1) y + (x + 1)1 =
Assessment 3-3B ( x + 1)( y + 1)
1. (a) Use the repeated addition model: 8 + 8 + 8 = (c) x2 y + zx3 = x2( y + zx)
24; there are three eights, so 8 ⋅ = 24.
(b) 28 - 4 = 4 - 4 + 6 ⋅ (note the order of
27
ab + ac. written as xy - 1 ⋅ y.
(b) 8 ⋅ 34 = 8(30 + 4) = 8 ⋅ 30 + 8 ⋅ 4 = (b) (x + 1) y - (x + 1) = ( x + 1)( y - 1).
240 + 32 = 272.
(x + 1) is a factor of both (x + 1) y and
29
21. Answers may vary, but for example: 26. If Jonah adds the borrowed 5 marbles to his last
(a) There is no commutative property in division; row, he will have a row of 13 marbles. Then
e.g., (8 ¸ 4) ¹ (4 ¸ 8). 13 - 5 = 8, the remainder when his original
(b) There is no commutative property in subtraction; number is divided by 13.
e.g., 8 - 4 ¹ 4 - 8.
27. 8 teams ´ 9 players per team = 72 players
22. Write (a - b) ¸ c = d, where d is a whole 72 players ¸ 6 players per team = 12 teams.
number. This can be written as a multiplication
problem a - b = cd. Similar, b ¸ c can be 28. (a) Add 2 to 30 - 12. Order of operations
written as a multiplication problem b = ck. specifies multiplication before addition or
Combining this, we have a - b = cd a = subtraction.
cd + b a = cd + ck a = c(d + k) (b) Add 7 to 3. Order of operations specifies
a ¸ c = d + k. multiplication and division before addition or
Recall that b ¸ c = k. So, subtraction.
a¸c=d +k a¸c-k = d (c) Subtract 12 from 15. 6 ¸ 2 ⋅ 4 = 12.
a ¸ c - b ¸ c = d = (a - b) ¸ c. (d) Add 18 to 5. Operations within parentheses
first, then multiplication.
23. (a) 5x + 8 = 28 5x + 8 - 8 = 28 - 8
29. Given any whole numbers a and b(b ¹ 0), there
5x = 20 5
5
x = 205 x = 4.
exist unique whole numbers q (quotient) and
(b) 5x + 6 = x + 14 5x - x + 6 = x - x + r (remainder) such that a = bq + r 5n +
14 4x + 6 = 14 4x + 6 - 6 = 14 - 6 3 Î W . Those numbers are 3, 8,13,… .
4x = 8 4
4x = 8 4 x = 2.
5x + 15 - 15 = 35 - 15 5x = 20 and y Î S.
⁝ 8 nails 28 intersections.
6 nails 15 intersections. 9 nails 36 intersections.
7 nails 21 intersections. 10 nails 45 intersections.
30
31
3 0 7 7 0 7
5. (a) 2100 is greater. 280 + 280 = 280(1 + 1) =
280 ⋅ 2 = 281 < 2100.
32
8. Halves Doubles
17 ´ 63
Halve 17 8 126 Double 63
Halve 8 4 252 Double 126
Halve 4 2 504 Double 252
Halve 2 1 1008 Double 504
1 0 0 1 0
2352 < 3500, so he gained less than 1 pound.
two
33
11. Assuming the price is $30 per $1000 per year, there 15. (a) Answers may vary. One such is 36 ⋅ 84 = 3024
are $50, 000 ¸ $1, 000 = 50 installments of $30. and 63 ⋅ 48 = 3024.
Each quarter, the cost is 50 ⋅ $30 ¸ 4 = $375. (b) Let the digits be a, b, c and d. Then
(10a + b) ⋅ (10c + d ) = (10b + a) ⋅
12. (a) Repeated subtraction (10d + c) 100ac + 10bc + 10ad +
8 6 2 3 bd = 100bd + 10bc + 10ad + ac
5 6 0 70 eights 99ac = 99bd ac = bd.
8 remainder 10
18. (a) 5 was multiplied by 6 to obtain 30. The 3
3 62 9 8 was regrouped, then 3 was multiplied by 2
2 8 8 to obtain 6. The regrouping was added to
1 0 obtain 9 which was recorded in the tens place.
(c) Repeated subtraction (b) When 1 was brought down the quotient of
0 was not recorded.
3 9 1 4 0 0 1
3 9 1 0 10 391's
19. 56 ⋅ 10
9 1 10 remainder 91
= (5 ⋅ 10 + 6) ⋅ 10 expanded form.
Standard algorithm = (5 ⋅ 10) ⋅ 10 + 6 ⋅ 10 distributive
1 0 reminder 91 property.
3 9 1 4 0 0 1 = 5(10 ⋅ 10) + 6 ⋅ 10 associative
3 9 1 property.
9 1 = 5 ⋅ 10 + 6 ⋅ 10
2
definition of an.
13. (a) The division will be the least digit value and the = 5 ⋅ 102 + 6 ⋅ 10 + 0 ⋅ 1 additive identity.
35
(Note: q can be replaced with any letter.) 24. In each case it may be helpful to generate a
multiplication table in the appropriate base;
(b) 3, 7, 11, 15, 19,…
e.g. in base 5:
(c) Arithemetic. Each subsequent term is the
result of adding 4 to the previous term. ´ 0 1 2 3 4
Proof: (4q + 3) + 4 = 4q + 4 + 3 = 0 0 0 0 0 0
4(q + 1) + 3, which is a term in the sequence. 1 0 1 2 3 4
2 0 2 4 11 13
3 0 3 11 14 22
21. (a) Base nine. In the units column 3 + 8 = 12 4 0 4 13 22 31
with the two brought down and the 1 regrouped,
so (3 + 8)nine = 12nine.
(a) 1
(b) Base six. 2 ⋅ 3 produced 0 in the units column,
3 2 five
so (2 ⋅ 3)six = 10six.
´ 4 five
2 3 3
22. (a) 323 five ⋅ 42 five = 30221 five : five
4 five 3 2 five
3 1
1
4 3
(c) six
´ 2 3 six
(b) 32a = 23b 3a + 2 = 2b + 3 2 1 3
b= 3a-1 .
2 The smallest value of a(a > 1) for 1 3 0
b to be whole is a = 3 a = 3 and b = 4. 1 5 1 3 six
3 five 1 4 3 five
solution is thus a = 5 and b = 7, or
1 4
32 five = 23seven.
0 3
0 3
37
(c) 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3) =
2 2 2 2 2
1. Start by multiplication of 4_4 by 7. The _ must be 8
since the 2 must be regrouped from 7 ⋅ 4 and only
62 ⋅ 62 = 64 = (2 ⋅ 3)4.
7 ⋅ 8 + 2 yields an 8 in the tens column. Now that
(c) 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 32 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 =
the factors are 484 and 327, compute the partial 8 4 5 16 12 25
products in the usual way to solve for the other
missing terms. 253.
4 8 4
´ 3 2 7 5. (a) 220 + 220 = 220(1 + 1) = 220 ⋅ 2 = 221,
3 3 8 8 so they are equal.
9 6 8
(b) 9 ⋅ 330 = 32 ⋅ 330 = 332,
1 4 5 2
so 331 < 9 ⋅ 330 < 333.
1 5 8 2 6 8
6. (a) The following partial products are obtained
through the distributive property of multiplication
2. (a) 327 ´ 43 = 14061: over addition, as shown below:
1 3
´ 1 2
6 (2 ´ 3)
2 0 (2 ´ 10)
3 0 (10 ´ 3)
1 0 0 (10 ´ 10)
(b) 2618 ´137 = 358, 666: 1 5 6
(b) 1 2
´ 2 2
4 (2 ´ 2)
2 0 (2 ´ 10)
4 0 (20 ´ 2)
2 0 0 (20 ´ 10)
2 6 4
38
(c) Multiplying by 100 five is the same as 12. (a) Repeated subtraction
multiplying twice by 10 five (i.e., 7 3 9 2
10 five ⋅ 10 five = 100 five ). Since a zero 3 5 0 50 sevens
is annexed each time a number is multiplied 4 2
by 10, multiplication by 100 will result in
annexation of two zeros (this is true for 4 2 6 sevens
multiplying by 100 in any base, not just 0 56 reminder 0
base five).
Standard algorithm
(d) 14 five ⋅ 23 five = (10 + 4) five ⋅ 23 five =
5 6 remainder 0
(10 ⋅ 23 + 4 ⋅ 23) five = (230 + 202) five =
7 3 9 2
432 five. 3 5
Observe that in base five notation 4 2
4 five ⋅ 23 five = [4 ⋅ (2 ⋅ 10 + 3)] five 4 2
= (130 + 22) five = 202 five. 0
(b) Repeated subtraction
8. Halves Doubles 3 7 9 2 5
31 ´ 69 7 4 0 20 37's
Halve 31 15 138 Double 69 1 8 5
Halve 15 7 276 Double 138 1 8 5 5 37's
552
69
1104
138
2139 which is the product of 31 ´ 69.
276
39
40
1 1 remainder 349
4 2 3 5 0 0 2 16. Let x represent the number of dimes in the second
4 2 3 box. Then 4x + x + 3(4x) = 340. Solving we find
7 7 2 that x = 20 dimes. Convering to a dollar value, the
4 2 3 second box contains 20 $0.10 = $2. Thus the
3 4 9 boxes contain 8, 2, and 24 dollars respectively.
13. (a) The greatest quotient follows from dividing
the smallest number possible into the largest 17. $5340 - (12 months ´$95 per month) = $4200
number possible (876 ¸ 3 = 292): saved in the final two years. $4200 ¸ 24 months =
$175 per month.
3 8 7 6 18. (a) Regrouping was not used. Place value was not
(b) The least quotient follows from dividing the observed.
largest number possible into the smallest (b) 4 was multiplied by 6 to obtain 24. The 2 was
number possible (367 ¸ 8 = 45 remainder 7): regrouped; then 6 and 3 were added instead of
multiplied and the 2 was added to obtain 11.
3 6 7
19. 35 ⋅ 100 = (3 ⋅ 10 + 5) ⋅ 100 expanded form
14. 5 ⋅ x = 250 x = 50, the original number. = (3 ⋅ 10 + 5) ⋅ 102 definition of an
The answer should have been 50 ¸ 5 = 10.
= (3 ⋅ 10) ⋅ 102 +
15. Because sum of two numbers less than 10,000 is 5 ⋅ 102 distributive property
less than 20,000, M must be 1. To produce an = 3(10 ⋅ 102) +
exchange (carry), S must be 8 or 9. Since S + M
is 9 or 10, O must be 0 or 1. But M is 1, so O is 0. 5 ⋅ 102 associative property
At this point we have of multiplication
S E N D = 3 ⋅ 103 + 5 ⋅ 102
+ 1 0 R E + 0 ⋅ 10 + 0 ⋅ 1
1 0 N E Y = 3500 place value
and we know that S is 8 or 9.
If there is an exchange from column three to four, 20. (a) Let n be a whole number. Then n = 4q + 1,
then E = 9 (since E + 0 = E) and the N = 0. But q Î W , will produce all the whole numbers
with remainder of 1 when divided by 4.
O = 0. So there is no exchange from column three
to four and thus, S = 9. (b) q n
0 1
If there is no exchange from column two to column
three, then E = N , which is not possible. There is 1 5
a carry and thus E = N + 1. 2 9
We have 9 E E +1 D etc
1 0 E +1 E Y and d = 4.
41
42
(b) 3 five
4 five 2 2 five
2 2
0
(d) 3 1 five
23. (a) The greatest product requires the largest
multiplicands which can be formed using the 2 3 five 1 3 1 3 five
five numbers; 83 ´ 762 > 73 ´ 862 because
1 2 4
80 ´ 700 = 70 ´ 800 but 83 ´ 62 > 73´62:
2 3
2 3
0
6 3 2 4 6
(e) 1 0 1 two
(b) The least product requires the smallest
multiplicands which can be formed using the ´ 1 0 1 two
five numbers; 26 ´ 378 < 36 ´ 278 because 1 0 1
20 ´ 300 = 30 ´ 200 but 26 ´ 78 < 36 ´ 78: 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 two
´ 2 6
(f ) 1 1 two
9 8 2 8
11 two 10 01 01 1 two
´ 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 Review Problems
2 0 2 4 11 13 14. Answers may vary; for example, 3 + 0 =
3 0 3 11 14 22
4 0 4 13 22 31 43
44
(b) 3(a + b) + x(a + b) = (3 + x)(a + b). (i) ) 567 + 30 = 597 (add 567 to the tens
value of 38).
(ii) 597 + 8 = 605 (add 597 to the units
16. 59, 260 miles - 52, 281 = 6979 miles traveled. value of 38).
(b) 321 ⋅ 3:
17. (a) 36 ¸ 4 = 9 36 = 4 9. (i) ) 300 ⋅ 3 = 900
(b) 112 ¸ 2 = x 112 = 2x. (multiply the hundredsvalue of 321 by
(c) 48 ¸ x = 6 48 = x6. 3).
(d) x ¸ 7 = 17 x = 7 17.
(ii) ) 20 ⋅ 3 = 60 (multiply the tens
value of 321 by 3).
Assessment 3-5 A (iii) ) 1 ⋅ 3 = 3 (multiply the units value of 321
Mental Mathematics and Estimation by 3).
for whole-Number Operations (iv) 900 + 60 + 3 = 963 (add partial
products).
1. Answers may vary; possibilities include:
5. (a) 85 - 49 (85 + 1) - (49 + 1) =
(a) 180 + 97 - 23 + 20 - 140 + 26
86 - 50 = 36.
= 180 + 97 + 20 + 26 - 23 - 140
(b) 87 + 33 (87 + 3) + (33 - 3) =
= (180 + 90 + 20 + 20 + 7 + 6)
90 + 30 = 120.
- 23 - 140
(c) 143 - 97 = (143 + 3) - (97 + 3) =
= (310 + 13) - 23 - 140
146 - 100 = 46.
= 323 - 23 - 140 = 300 - 140 = 160.
(d) 58 + 39 (58 + 2) + (39 - 2) =
(b) 87 - 42 + 70 - 38 + 43
60 + 37 = 97.
= 87 + 70 + 43 - 42 - 38
= (80 + 70 + 40 + 7 + 3) 6. (a) 28 + 2 = 30; 30 + 20 = 50; 50 + 3 = 53.
- 40 - 30 - 2 - 8 Then 2 + 20 + 3 = 25.
= (190 + 10) - 70 - 10 (b) 47 + 3 = 50; 50 + 10 = 60; 60 + 3 = 63.
= 200 - 80 = 120. Then 3 + 10 + 3 = 16.
(a) 878 ¸ 29 » 900 ¸ 30 = 30. 13. (a) The range is 20 ⋅ 30 = 600 to 30 ⋅ 40 = 1200.
(b) 25, 201 - 19, 987 » Then 600 < (22 ⋅ 38) < 1200.
25, 000 - 20, 000 = 5000. (b) The range is 100 + 600 = 700 to 200 + 700 =
(c) 32 ⋅ 28 » 30 ⋅ 30 = 900. 900. Then 700 < (145 + 678) < 900.
(d) 2215 + 3023 + 5967 + 975 » 2000 + (c) The range is 200 + 0 = 200 to 300 + 100 =
3000 + 6000 + 1000 = 12, 000. 400. Then 200 < (278 + 36) < 400.
11. (a) 2215 + 3023 + 5987 + 975: 14. Answers may vary; e.g., 3300 - 100 - 300 -
(i) ) 2 + 3 + 5 + 0 = 10 400 - 500 = 2000. The estimate is high because
(add front-enddigits); the amounts were rounded to the hundreds place. $8
(ii) ) 10, 000 (place value); was taken away from the check amounts while $13
was added to the $3287.
(iii ) 215 + 23 + 987 + 975 » 200 +
0 + 1000 + 1000 = 2200 (adjust); 15. Estimates may vary. The range would be from
(iv) 10, 000 + 2200 = 12, 200 (adjusted 30 ⋅ 20 = 600 to 40 ⋅ 30 = 1200. Rounding,
estimate). 38 » 35 or 40 and 23 » 20 or 25, thus about 35
⋅ 20 = 700 seats, or 40 ⋅ 25 = 1000 seats.
(b) 234 + 478 + 987 + 319 + 469:
700 would be low (rounded down) and 1000
(i ) 2 + 4 + 9 + 3 + 4 = 22 would be high (rounded up).
(add front-end digits)
(ii ) 2200 (place value); 16. Answers may vary:
(iii ) 34 + 78 + 87 + 19 + 69 » (a) Different. One factor is the same in each and
30 + 80 + 90 + 20 + 70 = 290 the other is 4 times larger.
(adjust); (b) Same. 22 was divided by 2 to obtain 11 while
(iv) 2200 + 290 = 2490 (adjusted estimate). 32 was multiplied by 2 to obtain 64. The result
is to multiply the original computation by
2 = 1 which does not change it.
12. (a) (i ) No. The numbers are not clustered. 2
(ii ) Yes. The numbers are clustered around 500. (c) Same. 13 was multiplied by 3 and 33 was
(b) Estimate may vary: divided by 3, thus the original computation
was multiplied by 1.
46
17. (a) False. Sweden would be estimated to be about 3. Step 1: Associative property of addition.
44,000 square miles larger than Finland. Step 2: Commutative property of addition.
(b) False. Twice Norway’s size would be about Step 3: Associative property of addition.
250,000 square miles. Step 4: Closure property of whole-number
(c) False. France would be estimated to be about addition.
85,000 square miles larger than Norway.
(d) True. About 195,000 square miles to about 4. (a) 997 - 32:
174,000 square miles.
(i) ) 997 - 30 = 967 (subtract
the tens valueof 32 from 997).
18. The clustering strategy yields 6 ⋅ (about 70,000) »
(ii) ) 967 - 2 = 965 (subtract the units
420, 000 in attendance. value of 32 from 967).
(b) 56 ⋅ 30:
19. Note that in parts (b) through (d), a larger divisor
(i) ) 50 ⋅ 30 = 1500 (multiply
produces a lower quotient when the dividend stays
the tens value of 56 by 30).
the same and a larger dividend produces a higher
quotient when the divisor stays the same. (ii) ) 6 ⋅ 30 = 180 (multiply the units
(a) High. 299 ⋅ 300 < 300 ⋅ 300. value of 56 by 30).
(iii) ) 1500 + 180 = 1680 (add the
(b) Low. 6001 ¸ 299 > 6000 ¸ 300.
partial products).
(c) Low. 6000 ¸ 299 > 6000 ¸ 300.
(d) Low. 10 ⋅ 99 = 990 < 999 999 ¸ 99 > 10. 5. (a) 75 - 38 (75 + 2) - (38 + 2) =
77 - 40 = 37.
20. Answers may vary. One strategy to find (n5)2 would (b) 57 + 35 (57 + 3) + (35 - 3) =
be to write n(n + 1) and append 25 (because 52 is
60 + 32 = 92.
always 25); e.g., 652 = (6 ⋅ 7 = 42) and append
25 = 4225 and 752 = (7 ⋅ 8 = 56) and append (c) 137 - 29 (137 + 1) - (29 + 1) =
25 = 5625. 138 - 30 = 108.
(d) 78 + 49 (78 + 2) + (49 - 2) =
Assessment 3-5B 80 + 47 = 127.
47
9. (a) 3587: The number is between 3500 12. (a) (i ) No. The numbers are not clustered.
and 3600; (ii ) Yes. The numbers are clustered around
The midpoint is 3550; 2000.
The number is greater than the
(b) Estimates may vary:
midpoint;
So it rounds up to 3600. (i) ) Front-end: 0 + 2 + 0 + 3 = 5; place
(b) 1 48, 213: The number is between 100,000 value 5000; adjust by 300 + 300 + 100 +
and 200,000; 500 = 1200; estimate 5000 + 1200 =
The midpoint is 150,000; 6200.
The number is less than the Grouping to nice numbers: 318 + 2314 »
midpoint;
So it rounds down to 100,000. 2600; 57 + 3489 » 3600; sum » 2600
+ 3600 = 6200.
(c) 23, 785: The number is between 23,000
and 24,000; Rounding: sum » 300 + 2300 + 100 +
The midpoint is 23,500; 3500 = 6200.
The number is greater than the (ii) ) Front-end: 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8;
midpoint;
place
So it rounds up to 24,000.
value 8000; adjust by 400 + 1000 + 0 +
(d) 2357: The number is between 2350
100 + 900 = 2400; estimate 8000 +
and 2360;
The midpoint is 2355; 2400 = 10, 400.
The number is greater than the Grouping to nice numbers:
midpoint; 2350 + 1987 » 4000; 2036 + 2103 »
So it rounds up to 2360. 4000; 1890 » 2000; sum » 4000 +
4000 + 2000 = 10, 000.
10. Estimates may vary. Rounding: sum » 2000 + 2000 +
(a) 937 ¸ 38 » 900 ¸ 30 = 30. 2000 + 2000 + 2000 = 10, 000.
(b) 32, 285 - 18, 988 » 32, 000 - 19, 000 =
13, 000. 13. Estimates may vary:
(c) 52 ⋅ 49 » 50 ⋅ 50 = 2500. (a) The range is 30 ⋅ 40 = 1200 to 40 ⋅ 50 = 2000.
(d) 3215 + 3789 + 5987 » 3000 + 4000 + Then 1200 < (32 ⋅ 47) < 2000.
6000 = 13, 000. (b) The range is100 + 700 = 800 to 200 + 800 =
1000. Then 800 < (123 + 780) < 1000.
11. Estimates may vary.
(c) The range is 400 + 200 = 600 to 500 + 300 =
(a) 2345 + 5250 + 4210 + 910: 800. Then 600 < (482 + 246) < 800.
14
(i ) 3 + 5 + 6 + 2 = 16 The second number (22) is the first number
49
Review Problems
17. (a) Yes. Rounding, Josh plans to write checks for
about $40, $30, $60, and $250, or about $380. 12. Demonstrate using a three-digit number, abc, where
Since the check amounts were rounded up, he abc represents the number 100a + 10b + c. abc
will have enough.
⋅ 10 = (a ⋅ 102 + b ⋅ 10 + c) ⋅ 10 =a ⋅
(b) Yes. (assuming a non-negative beginning
balance). $981 + $1140 is greater than 103 + b ⋅ 102 + c ⋅ 10 + 0 ⋅ 1 = abc0.
$900 + $1100 = $2000.
(c) Alberto. He received 10 more votes than Juan 13. (a) Repeated subtraction:
from the first district, but only 1 less from the
1 8 6 2 3
second.
5 4 0 30 eighteens
(d) The second. Each dimension of the second
parcel is greater than the corresponding 8 3
1 1 34 remainder 11
18. Answers may vary. Possibilities include:
Standard Algorithm:
Rounding 71, 000
3 4 remainder 11
65, 000
1 8 6 2 3
68, 000
5 4 0
73, 000
8 3
85, 000
7 2
+ 70, 000
1 1
432, 000
(b) Repeated subtraction:
Trading off
2 1 4 9 3
Observe that the high attendance on Friday
distributed among the other day’s attendence for 4 2 0 20 twenty ones
approximately 72,000 visitors per day. 72, 000 ´ 7 3
1 0 23 remainder 10
19. Note that in parts (a) through (d), a larger divisor
produces a lower quotient when the dividend stays
Standard algorithm:
the same and a larger dividend produces a higher
quotient when the divisor stays the same. 2 3 remainder 10
(a) High. 398 ⋅ 500 < 400 ⋅ 500. 2 1 4 9 3
(b) Low. 4 2 0
8001 ¸ 398 > 8001 ¸ 400 > 8000 ¸ 400. 7 3
(c) Low. 10, 000 ¸ 999 > 10, 000 ¸ 1000. 6 3
(d ) High. 1999 ¸ 201 < 2000 ¸ 200. 1 0
10a + b, would be to write (ab - 1) as the first from 100 - ab. E.g., to digits are 12
two digits and then append the digits obtained find 12 ⋅ 99 the first two - 1 = 11 and
50
51
Chapter 3 Review
9. 30 hours per week ´ $5 per hour + 8 hours
1. (a) Distributive property of multiplication over overtime ´$8 per overtime hour = $214.
addition.
(b) Commutative property of addition.
(c) Identity property of multiplication for whole 10. Let q be the amount from the first question.
numbers. Then winnings are q + 2q + 4q + which isa
(d) Distributive property of multiplication over geometric sequence with a1 = q, r = 2, and
addition. n = 5. 6400 = q(2)5-1 16q = 6400
(e) Commutative property of multiplication. q = $400.
(f ) Associative property of multiplication.
11. (a) Let n be the original number. Then
2. (a) 13 = 3 + 10. Since 10 is a natural number, 2[2(n + 17) - 4] + 20
- 20 =
3 < 13. 4
(b) 12 = 3 + 9. Since 3 is a natural number, 4(n + 17) - 8 + 20
- 20 =
12 > 9. 4
4n + 80
- 20 = n + 20 - 20 = n.
4
3. (a) 4 ⋅ 10 £ whole number £ 15 - 37 < 27.
(b) Answers may vary. For example, if n is the
(b) 398 = 10 ⋅ 37 + 28. original number:
n n n
(c) ⋅ (3 + 4) = ⋅3+ ⋅ 4, where n Î W 4(n + 18) - 7 = 4n + 65.
4n (divide by 4).
4
4. (a) 3a + 7a + 5a = (3 + 7 + 5)a = 15a.
(e) (f )
52
53
3 1 6 2 3 five 3 3 1 2
five
7 1 2
2 3 0 0 (100-23's) five
+ 9 1
1 0 1 2
1 1 1 9
1 0 1 0 (20-23's) five
´ 9 8 Traditional:
4 9 0 4 1 2 0 five
5 5 1 7
2 3 five 3 3 1 2 five
6 0 0 7 4
2 3
Lattice: 1 0 1
1 0 1
0 2 five
120 five remainder 2 five
(d) Repeated subtraction:
1 1two 1 0 1 1two
1 1 0
(10-11's)two
14. (a) Repeated subtraction: 1 0 1
9 1 2 4 8 0 3 1 1 (1-11)two
Traditional:
5 5 r 243 (d) Traditional:
9 1 2 4 8 0 3 1 1two
4 5 6 0 1 1two 1 0 1 1two
2 4 3 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
9 9 0 90-11's 1 0 two
Traditional: 1 0 91-11's
54
55
20. Let b be the number of bicycles and t be the 24. Answers may vary; for example:
number of tricycles. Then (a) (26 + 24) + (37 - 7) = 50 + 30 = 80.
2b + 3t = 126 wheels (i ) (b) (7 ⋅ 9) ⋅ (4 ⋅ 25) = 63 ⋅ 100 = 6300.
2b + 2t = 108 pedals (ii )
Subtracting (ii) from (i ) t = 18 tricycles. 25. Methods may vary; for example:
/1 0 /1 0 two
400 + 6 = 406 (breaking up the dividend).
- 1 0 1 two
1 0 1 two
1
1
56
57
3x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 8
- + +
2
4x 2x 1
3x3 + x2 + 5x + 7