Test Bank For Development Across The Life Span 9th Edition Feldman

Test Bank for Development Across the Life Span 9th Edition Feldman
Test Bank for Development Across the Life Span 9th

Edition Feldman
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Development Across the Life Span, 9e
TOTAL
Chapter
Chapter 7
19
ASSESSMENT Physical and Cognitive Development
GUIDE Death and Dying Years
in the Preschool
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

LO 7.1: Describe a Multiple Choice 1-2, 6-10, 12-16, 18 3, 11 4-5, 17
child’s bodily growth True/False 103-110
and overall health risks Essay 96-97
during the preschool
years.
LO 7.2: Summarize how Multiple Choice 19-24, 26-31 25
preschool children’s
brains develop. True/False 111
Essay
LO 7.3: Explain how Multiple Choice 32, 34, 36-43 35 33
preschool children’s
True/False 112-113
motor skills develop.
Essay 98
LO 7.4: Summarize how Multiple Choice 46, 50, 54, 56-57, 61, 44-45, 47, 49, 53 48, 51-52, 55, 58-60,
Piaget explains cognitive 63-64 62
development during the True/False 114-117 118
preschool years. Essay 99
LO 7.5: Summarize the Multiple Choice 65-69
information-processing True/False 119-120
approaches to cognitive Essay 100
development in the
preschool years.
LO 7.6: Describe Multiple Choice 70, 72, 74-75 71, 73
Vygotsky’s view of True/False 121
cognitive development in Essay 101
the preschool years.
LO 7.7: Explain how Multiple Choice 76, 78-83, 85-86 77 84
children’s language True/False
develops in the preschool Essay
years.
LO 7.8: Summarize the Multiple Choice 87.91
effects television and True/False
other media have on Essay
preschoolers.
LO 7.9: Distinguish the Multiple Choice 92-95
educational programs True/False
available to children in Essay 102
the preschool years.
1
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years
MULTIPLE CHOICE
7.1. By age 2, the average child in the United States weighs around __________ pounds and is
close to __________ tall.
a) 50 to 60; 43 inches
b) 25 to 30; 36 inches
c) 40 to 65; 50 inches
d) 25 to 50; 38 inches
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe a child’s bodily growth and overall health risks during the
preschool years.
Topic: Physical Growth
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
7.2. By the time a child is 6 years old, she or he weighs, on average, about __________ pounds
and stands approximately __________ inches tall.
a) 60; 55
b) 75; 50
c) 46; 46
d) 30; 36
Answer: C
preschool years.
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
2
7.3. What may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall she or he is?
a) Sex; boys tend to gain more weight and height than girls
b) Global economics; children in developing countries gain weight and height faster
than children living in economically developed countries
c) Poverty; U.S. children living in poorer families are likely to be taller and heavier than
children from affluent families
d) Quality of preschool; children who attend good-quality preschool programs receive
better snacks and lunches
Answer: A
preschool years.
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
7.4. As an infant, Chloe had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches. However,
Chloe is now age 4 and she is experiencing frequent earaches. What is the most likely reason for
this?
a) Chloe attends preschool and picks up many more infectious bacteria and viruses than
she did at home.
b) Chloe attends preschool, and the noise level of the other children playing aggravates
her hearing and gives her earaches.
c) Chloe’s eustachian tube has changed position, and this change can lead to an increase
in earaches.
d) Chloe has developed an allergy to the shampoo her mother uses to wash her hair, and
the result is inflammation in her eustachian tubes.
Answer: C
preschool years.
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
3
7.5. Because the rate of Alex’s growth during the preschool years is __________ than during
infancy, Alex needs __________ food to maintain his growth.
a) slower; less
b) faster; more
c) slower; more
d) faster; less
Answer: A
preschool years.
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
7.6. Which term describes body weight that is more than 20 percent higher than the average
weight for a person of a given age and height?
a) overweight
b) underweight
c) malnutrition
d) obesity
Answer: D
preschool years.
Difficulty Level: Easy
7.7. Foods that are high in __________ are particularly important for preschool children.
a) calcium
b) protein
c) iron content
d) carbohydrates
Answer: C
preschool years.
4
7.8. The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of
the years from age 3 to 5.
a) 1 to 2
b) 3 to 5
c) 5 to 8
d) 7 to 10
Answer: D
preschool years.
7.9. Before they are 10 years old, children are __________ as likely to die from an __________
than from an __________.
a) twice; injury; illness

b) three times; illness; injury
c) two times; illness; injury
d) four times; injury; illness
Answer: A
preschool years.
7.10. What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?
a) illness
b) nutritional problems
c) accidents
d) neglect
Answer: C
preschool years.
5
7.11. Which set of factors most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool-
age group?
a) parental neglect, parents working full-time, lack of supervision

b) preschooler’s high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment
c) dangerous furniture, unsafe living conditions, poor lighting
d) lack of high-quality day care, lack of supervision, poorly trained day-care workers
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.12. Which preschooler is statistically two times more likely than the others to die of injuries?
a) an Asian American boy

b) a boy living in the inner city
c) a Caucasian American girl
d) a Caucasian American farm boy
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.13. Which term summarizes the actions of a caregiver placing covers over electrical outlets,
using child car seats, and preventing long-term hazards such as lead poisoning?
a) quality child care

b) parenting
c) childproofing
d) supervision
Answer: C
preschool years.
6

7.14. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately how many
children are at risk for lead poisoning due to exposure to potentially toxic levels of lead?
a) 14 million
b) 20 million
c) 10 million
d) 5 million
Answer: A
preschool years.
7.15. Which of the following is a likely source for exposure to lead poisoning?
a) painted walls and window seals in older homes

b) high frequency radio antennas
c) seawater
d) farm products such fruits, vegetables, and milk
Answer: A
preschool years.
7.16. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most
severe health hazard to children under the age of 6?
a) obesity
b) lead poisoning
c) accidents
d) parental neglect
Answer: B
preschool years.
7

7.17. Which child is likely to be especially susceptible to lead poisoning?
a) Bernice, whose family just immigrated to the United States from Canada
b) Orville, who lives on a farm in the rural part of his county
c) Luisa, who lives with her family in a tract development in the suburbs
d) Gabe, whose family lives in urban conditions below the poverty line
Answer: D
preschool years.
7.18. Which outcome is considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?
a) lower intelligence and problems with verbal and auditory language processing
b) low weight and inadequate growth
c) loss of appetite
d) depression
Answer: a
preschool years.
7.19. By age 5, a child’s brain weighs __________ of an average adult’s brain.
a) 90 percent
b) 75 percent
c) 60 percent
d) 50 percent
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 7.2 Summarize how preschool children’s brains develop.
Topic: The Growing Brain
8
7.20. What is the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the
transmission of electrical impulses?
a) reticular formation
b) corpus callosum
c) myelin
d) cerebellum
Answer: C
7.21. By the end of the preschool period, the brain’s __________ has grown significantly
because it has become considerably thicker in connecting the hemispheres.
a) cerebral cortex
b) frontal lobe
c) hypothalamus
d) corpus callosum
Answer: D
7.22. __________ refers to the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in
one hemisphere of the brain than in the other.
a) Cross-referencing
b) Lateralization
c) Hemispheric transference
d) Transmission
Answer: B
9
7.23. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in
which of the following areas?
a) spatial relationships
b) music
c) reading
d) gross motor skills
Answer: C
Skill Level: Remember the Fact
7.24. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in
which of the following areas?
a) comprehension of spatial relationships

b) reading
c) thinking and reasoning
d) language production
Answer: A
7.25. The left hemisphere of the brain processes information __________, whereas the right
hemisphere of the brain processes information __________ .
a) globally; sequentially
b) sequentially; globally
c) sequentially; one piece of data at a time
d) reflecting on it as a whole; sequentially
Answer: B
10
7.26. Boys show a greater lateralization of language in the __________ hemisphere, whereas
girls tend to develop language in __________.
a) right; the right hemisphere

b) left; the right hemisphere
c) left; both hemispheres
d) right; both hemispheres
Answer: C
7.27. Neuroscientists have discovered growth spurts in the brains of children who are age
__________ years, a time associated with the development of language abilities.
a) 3 to 4
b) 1½ to 2
c) 2 to 3
d) 1 to 3
Answer: B
7.28. Which area of the brain associated with attention and concentration is completely
myelinated by the time a child is about age 5?
a) corpus callosum
b) cerebral cortex
c) cerebellum
d) reticular formation
Answer: D
11
7.29. Which area of the brain associated with memory is completely myelinated in the preschool
years?
a) corpus callosum
b) hippocampus
c) cerebral cortex
d) cerebellum
Answer: B
7.30. During the preschool years, which part of the brain, responsible for balance and movement,
shows considerable growth?
a) cerebellum
b) cerebral cortex
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus
Answer: A
7.31. During the preschool years, which part of the brain, responsible for sophisticated
information processing, shows considerable growth?
a) cerebral cortex
b) cerebellum
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus
Answer: A
12
7.32. By what age would a child be expected to have first mastered jumping, hopping on one
foot, skipping, and running?
a) 5 years
b) 2 years
c) 3 years
d) 1½ years
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain how preschool children’s motor skills develop.
Topic: Motor Development
7.33. Which game would a child age 4 likely have enough fine motor skills to play?
a) throwing a ball
b) tossing a ring around a peg
c) competing in bike races
d) potato sack racing
Answer: A
7.34. Which gross motor skill would a child, age 5 possess?
a) very high vertical jump

b) climbing a ladder
c) tossing a ring around a hoop 15 feet away
d) manipulating a pencil
Answer: B
13
7.35. Which developmental period describes a time when children’s general level of activity is
extraordinarily high?
a) infancy
b) adolescent years
c) preschool years
d) K to 12 school years
Answer: C
7.36. Which developmental researcher advocated a flexible approach to toilet training,

suggesting that it be put off until the child shows signs of readiness?
a) Eleanor Emmons Maccoby

b) Mary Salter Ainsworth
c) R. C. French
d) T. Berry Brazelton
Answer: D
7.37. Research indicates that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.
In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?
a) 82 percent
b) 92 percent
c) 75 percent
d) 65 percent
Answer: B
14
7.38. Research indicates that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.
Currently, the average age of toilet training is around __________.
a) 30 months
b) 24 months
c) 18 months
d) 12 months
Answer: A
7.39. Which indicator signals that a child is ready to begin toilet training?
a) A child stays dry for 2 hours at a time during the day.

b) A child who is not yet 1 year old.
c) A child who shows no distress at having a soiled diaper.
d) A child who does not want to wear underwear.
Answer: A
7.40. After a child is toilet trained during the day, it can take __________ or __________ before
children achieve elimination control at night.
a) weeks; months
b) months; years
c) days; weeks
d) hours; days
Answer: B
APA LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
15
7.41. Which general approach is effective in treating delayed toilet training?
a) ignoring the problem

b) operant conditioning techniques
c) surgery
d) child psychotherapy
Answer: B
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
7.42. Which fine motor skill would a child, age 3, be able to perform?
a) drawing a person that looks like a person

b) folding paper into triangular designs
c) fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes
d) throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it
Answer: C
7.43. Approximately at what age does a child first show signs of preference for the use of one
hand over another?
a) 4 years
b) 5 years
c) 2 years
d) infancy
Answer: D
16
7.44. Jean Piaget believed that the __________ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive
development that he called the __________ stage.
a) preschool years; operational

b) preschool years; preoperational
c) school years; concrete
d) school years; operational
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize how Piaget explains cognitive development during the
preschool years.
Topic: Piaget’s Stage of Preoperational Thinking
7.45. Piaget believed that children from age__________ fall into the __________ stage.
a) 5 to 7; preoperational
b) 2 to 7; concrete operational
c) 5 to 7; concrete operational
d) 2 to 7; preoperational
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 7.4 Summarize how Piaget explains cognitive development during the
preschool years.
7.46. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development occurs between approximately
ages 2 to 7 years, in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges,
and the use of concepts increases?
a) concrete operational
b) preoperational
c) abstract connectionist
d) symbolic functioning
Answer: B
preschool years.
17
7.47. According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of the preoperational stage?
a) the ability to use symbolic functions

b) organized, formal, logical mental processes
c) increased memory for object placements
d) increased fine motor skill development
Answer: A
preschool years.
7.48. Which statement best describes Piaget’s notion of a “symbolic function”?
a) A child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean

something.
b) A child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to represent something
that is not physically present.
c) A child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes.
d) A child is able to describe the contents of her or his imagination.
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.49. According to Piaget, __________ are at the heart of _________, which is a major advance
for preschool children.
a) symbolic functions; language use

b) concrete operations; language use
c) symbolic functions; postoperational thinking
d) symbolic functions; concrete operational reasoning
Answer: A
preschool years.
18

7.50. Which term describes the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and
ignoring other aspects?
a) symbolic functioning
b) language acquisition
c) centration
d) concrete operations
Answer: C
preschool years.
7.51. Madelaine is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter Eliza how to count. She places ten
pennies in one row with very little space between the pennies, and eight pennies in another row
with more space between the pennies. Then Madelaine asks Eliza which row has more pennies.
Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that ten is more than eight. What is Eliza’s
response an example of?
a) symbolic functioning
b) concrete operations
c) formal operational functioning
d) centration
Answer: D
preschool years.
19
7.52. Morris, age 4, is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk
that is left in the carton into the children’s glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both
glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Morris and
half into a slender, taller glass in front of Morris’s sister. Immediately, Morris complains that his
sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the
same amount, Morris insists he is right. In this example, Morris is demonstrating a lack of
development in the area of __________.
a) egocentrism
b) conservation
c) concrete operational thought
d) post-abstract thought
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.53. How did Piaget explain why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors
on tasks requiring conservation?
a) Preschool-age children’s neural-visual network is not fully matured.

b) Preschool-age children have not lived long enough to accrue enough experience
spotting the differences between quantities.
c) Preschool-age children’s tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on
other relevant features of a situation.
d) Preschool-age children have not developed numerical understanding; therefore,
different amounts are meaningless.
Answer: C
preschool years.
20
7.54. __________ is the understanding that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical
appearance of objects.
a) Assimilation
b) Conservation
c) Centration
d) Actuation
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.55. If a child age 4 1/2 is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has
fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure
lying in the horizontal position with no other intermediate pictures to demonstrate the person
falling. This child would be showing a lack of understanding __________.
a) egocentric thought
b) intuitive thought
c) conservation
d) transformation
Answer: D
preschool years.
APA LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
7.56. Which term did Jean Piaget use to describe the process in which one state is changed into
another?
a) transformation
b) conservation
c) centration
d) concrete operations
Answer: A
preschool years.
21

7.57. Thinking that does not take into account other viewpoints is called __________.
a) conservation
b) centrated thinking
c) intuitive thought
d) egocentric thought
Answer: D
preschool years.
7.58. On Christmas morning, Hugo, age 3, opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a
new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Hugo frowns and throws the sweater aside in front
of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Hugo is demonstrating __________.
a) centration
b) egocentric thought
c) conservation
d) intuitive thought
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.59. Age 3, Ping Li occasionally talks to himself in front of others, and ignores his mother’s
instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. Ping Li is demonstrating __________.
a) childhood psychosis
b) conservation of thought
d) egocentric thought
Answer: D
22
preschool years.
7.60. Wendy, age 3, is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of
running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes and
stands in place. Wendy is demonstrating __________.
a) intuitive thought
b) egocentrism
c) centration
d) conservation
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.61. Which term do developmentalists use to describe preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning
and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?
a) egocentric thought
b) centration
d) conservation
Answer: C
preschool years.
23
7.62. When Amanda was age 4, her preschool class had a group discussion focusing on
airplanes. After that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew
everything there was to know about the subject, even though she was unable to provide a
reasonable explanation about why she thought she knew so much. Amanda is demonstrating
__________.
a) actuation
b) intuitive thought
c) egocentric thought
d) centration
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.63. By the conclusion of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that
actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns. This is called
__________.
a) identity diffusion
b) functionality
d) egocentrism
Answer: B
preschool years.
24
7.64. In the later years of the preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain
things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance. This is called
__________.
a) identity
b) functionality
d) summarization
Answer: A
preschool years.
7.65. Most people have unambiguous and seemingly accurate memories dating as far back as age
__________.
a) 5 years
b) 4 years
c) 3 years
d) 6 months
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 7.5 Summarize the information processing approaches to cognitive
development in the preschool years.
Topic: Information Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
25
7.66. Paco, age 4, has been given six different toys, and his mother is working with him to learn
to count using the toys. According to research conducted by developmental psychologist Rochel
Gelman, which behavior would Paco exhibit?
a) show his mother that each toy is assigned the same number as other similar toys
b) count the toys when they are not visible to him
c) show that even though he gets the “names” of the numbers wrong, he would do so
consistently
d) count the number of toys flawlessly and with precision
Answer: C
7.67. Which term describes a memory of particular events from one’s own life?
a) picture memory
b) visual memory
c) autobiographical memory
d) biographical memory
Answer: C
26
7.68. Preschoolers’ memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order
in which they occur, called __________.
a) autobiographical memory
b) biographical memory
c) scripts
d) intuitions
Answer: C
7.69. The memory of a __________ is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion, and
therefore perhaps the least reliable.
a) senior citizen
b) middle-aged adult
c) school-aged child
d) preschool-aged child
Answer: D
27
7.70. Which developmental psychologist argued that cognitive development is a result of social
interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to
solve problems?
a) Edwin Morehouse
b) Jean Piaget
c) Frank Baum
d) Lev Vygotsky
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 7.6 Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool
years.
Topic: Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development: Taking Culture into Account
7.71. Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between
children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lev Vygotsky
c) Mary Ainsworth
d) Harry Harlow
Answer: B
years.
28
7.72. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task
independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?
a) post-formal reasoning
b) script enactment
c) zone of proximal development
d) scaffold construction
Answer: C
years.
7.73. According to Vygotsky, if a child receives assistance, she or he may improve substantially
more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by
others is what Vygotsky called __________.
a) successive approximations
b) scaffolding
c) scripting
d) mentoring
Answer: B
years.
7.74. Which term describes Vygotsky’s idea of the support for learning and problem solving that
encourages independence and growth?
a) scaffolding
b) scripting
c) schema division
d) mentoring
Answer: A
years.
29

7.75. Vygotsky called the physical items that a child uses to learn, as well as the intellectual and
conceptual framework that the child uses to learn __________.
a) memory aids
b) definition aids
c) cultural tools
d) learning aids
Answer: C
years.
7.76. Which term refers to the way an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?
a) pragmatic speech
b) grammar
c) private speech
d) syntax
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 7.7 Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.
Topic: Language Development
7.77. From the later months of age 2 and into the middle of their third year, the number of ways
children combine words and phrases to form sentences __________ each month.
a) triples
b) doubles
c) remains steady
d) quadruples
Answer: B
30
7.78. By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around __________ words.
a) 30,000
b) 8,000
c) 3,000
d) 14,000
Answer: D
7.79. Which term describes instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after
only a brief encounter?
a) encoding
b) egocentric speech
c) fast mapping
d) private speech
Answer: C
7.80. Which term describes the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be
expressed?
a) egocentric speech
b) fast mapping
c) private speech
d) grammar
Answer: D
31
7.81. At approximately what age can a child first follow the principles of grammar most of the
time?
a) 5 years
b) 3 years
c) 4 years
d) 6 years
Answer: B
7.82. When young children use speech that is spoken aloud and directed toward themselves, this
is called __________.
a) scaffolded speech
b) syntactic resonance
c) fast mapping
d) private speech
Answer: D
7.83. Which term describes the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and
appropriately with others?
a) syntax
b) fast mapping
c) pragmatics
d) private speech
Answer: C
32
7.84. When a young child learns how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give
appropriate responses such as “please” and “thank you,” the child is demonstrating knowledge of
__________.
a) egocentric speech
b) pragmatics
c) social speech
d) fast mapping
Answer: B
7.85. Which term is used for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood
by that person?
a) social speech
b) pragmatics
c) syntax
d) private speech
Answer: A
7.86. Before age 3, most children are unable to effectively demonstrate __________ speech.
a) pragmatic
b) private
c) egocentric
d) social
Answer: D
33
7.87. Approximately how many hours per day is the average preschool child exposed to screen
time, such as watching television or using computers?
a) 10
b) 7
c) 4
d) 1
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 7.8 Summarize the effects television and other media have on preschoolers.
Topic: Learning from the Media: Television and Internet
7.88. Preschoolers who watch more than __________ hours of TV per day have a higher risk of
__________.
a) 2; obesity
b) ½ hour; headaches
c) 1 hour; vision problems
d) 15 minutes; learning disabilities
Answer: A
7.89. Arlo watched Sesame Street and similar educational programming during his preschool
years. Now, at age 7, how is he likely to perform on academic measures compared to agemates
who did not watch such programs?
a) Arlo will score slightly lower than agemates on measures of verbal skills, but higher
on measures of math ability.
b) Arlo is likely to spend more time reading, and perform higher on measures of verbal
and math ability.
c) Arlo’s performance on measures of verbal skills will be significantly lower, and his
performance on math ability significantly higher, compared to his agemates.
d) Arlo’s academic performance is likely to be similar to non-watching peers.
Answer: B
34

7.90. How much television programming does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend
that children younger than 18 months old be allowed to watch?
a) 2 hours per day

b) 1 hour per day
c) 1 hour per day of children’s programming
d) no television at all
Answer: D
7.91. After age 2, how many hours per day of media does the American Academy of Pediatrics
suggest is appropriate for children?
a) 3 to 4 hours
b) 2 hours per day
c) 1 hour or less of high-quality programming
d) 1 hour per day
Answer: C
7.92. Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in
some form of __________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at ages 5 or
6 in the United States.
a) computer video intake

b) rudimentary child care
c) educational activity
d) socialization with peers
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 7.9 Distinguish the educational programs available to children in the
preschool years.
Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the “Pre” out of the Preschool Period
35

7.93. How effective are child care programs for children compared to at-home care?
a) Child care programs produce intellectual benefits but not social ones.
b) High-quality child care results in intellectual, social, and economic benefits.
c) High-quality child care produces children who feel entitled, privileged, and unique.
d) Any form of external child care produces more benefits than at-home care.
Answer: B
preschool years.
7.94. Which attribute helps to define “high-quality” child care?
a) a quiet environment where children can be by themselves

b) a child-teacher ratio of 17:1
c) a large collection of donated board games and teen-reader books
d) carefully planned curriculum
Answer: D
preschool years.
7.95. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a
different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?
a) academic head start

b) developing a sense of independence
c) experience of being a member of a group
d) learning about the child’s family history
Answer: C
preschool years.
36

different way. What do Chinese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

Answer: A
preschool years.
different way. What do U.S. parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

Answer: B
preschool years.
7.98. Each year, how many U.S. children between the ages of 3 and 4 are enrolled in Head Start
programs?
a) 1 million
b) 6 million
c) 12 million
d) 23 million
Answer: A
preschool years.
37
7.99. What conclusion should be reached about the effectiveness of Head Start programs?
a) Head Start programs show few short-term gains for students, with benefits not
recognizable until high school.
b) Despite decades of research, no demonstrable gains have been demonstrated for Head
Start programs.
c) Across both short- and long-term periods, the evidence of benefits is mixed.
d) Head Start programs show clear short-term benefits, and these become stronger
through the middle school years.
Answer: C
preschool years.
7.100. Which situation represents a developmentally appropriate educational practice?
a) Lia receives rote memorization tasks in her 6th grade classroom.

b) Yulya is given lesson plans suited to her age, but also challenging books to capitalize
on her individual love of reading.
c) Erin’s teachers push her to master material at a higher cognitive level than she’s used
to, in order to “train her mind.”
d) Tanya is allowed to study whatever she feels like, regardless of the intended audience
for the material.
Answer: B
preschool years.
38
ESSAY QUESTIONS
7.101. Explain how children can become exposed to lead, and how lead poisoning can harm
children.
• Despite legal restrictions on the amount of allowable lead in paint and gasoline, lead is
still found on painted walls and window frames in older homes, and in ceramics, lead-
soldered pipes, and automobile and truck exhaust.
• Exposure to lead has been linked to lower intelligence, problems in verbal and auditory
processing, and hyperactivity.
• High lead levels have also been linked to higher levels of antisocial behavior, including
aggression and delinquency.
• At even higher levels, lead poisoning results in illness and death.
preschool years.
39
7.102. Briefly discuss when and how children should be toilet trained, and indicators that
training should begin.
• Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton suggests that there is no single time to begin toilet
training and that it should begin only when children are ready. Signs of readiness include
• Staying dry at least two hours at a time during the day or waking up dry after naps
• Regular, predictable bowel movements
• An indication, through facial expressions or words, that urination or a bowel movement is
about to occur
• The ability to follow simple directions
• The ability to get to the bathroom and undress alone
• Discomfort with soiled diapers
• Asking to use the toilet
• Desire to wear underwear.
• Children must not only be ready physically, but also emotionally, and if they show strong
signs of resistance to toilet training, it should be put off.
7.103. Give an example how recent research refutes some of Piaget’s understanding of preschool
children’s abilities.
• Developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman found that children as young as age 3 can
easily tell the difference between rows of two and three toy animals regardless of the
toys’ spacing.
• Gelman concludes that children have an innate ability to count, akin to learning language
This is at odds with Piagetian notions, which suggest that children’s numerical abilities
do not blossom until after the preoperational period.
preschool years.
7.104. What are the primary criticisms of Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach to cognitive
development?
40
• Critics point to a lack of precision in Vygotsky’s conceptualization of cognitive growth,

such as the zone of proximal development.
• Vygotsky’s theories do not lend themselves to experimental tests.
• Vygotsky did not provide information regarding how basic cognitive processes (such as
attention and memory) unfold in children.
• He did not focus on how individual bits of information are processed and synthesized.
years.
7.105. Summarize how living in poverty affects language development.
• A longitudinal study examined the relationship between living in poverty and language
development in children.
• As levels of affluence increased, parents spent more time talking to their children.
• Children of families receiving welfare assistance were exposed to 13 million fewer words
by age 4 compared to families with professional occupations.
• Children of families receiving welfare assistance were twice as likely to hear prohibitions
compared to children in more affluent families.
• The greater the number and variety of words heard during development, the better
children’s performance on measures of intellectual achievement.
7.106. Describe the varieties of early education.
• Child care centers (previously known as day-care centers) typically care for children
outside of the home. Their purpose is to provide a warm, safe environment that includes
some intellectual stimulation but mostly social and emotional rather than cognitive
stimulation.
• Family child care centers are small operations run in private homes where the quality of
care may not be as high as in center-based care facilities.
• Preschools are explicitly designed to provide intellectual and social experiences for
children, typically 3 to 5 hours per day.
41
• School child care refers to pre-kindergarten programs for 4-year-olds funded by local
school systems.
preschool years.
Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the “Pre” Out of Preschool
42
TRUE/FALSE
7.107. By age 2, the average child in the United States weighs 25 to 30 pounds and is close to 36
inches tall.
Answer: True
preschool years.
7.108. Preschool-age children must rely on their parents to help them determine the appropriate
amount of food intake that they need.
Answer: False
preschool years.
7.109. The prevalence of obesity in older preschool children has decreased dramatically in the
past 20 years.
Answer: False
preschool years.
7.110. Parents should expose preschool children to all types of foods by forcing them to eat large
amounts until they get used to the taste and texture of the food.
Answer: False
preschool years.
43
7.111. Because of stringent legal restrictions on the amount of lead in paint and gasoline, lead
poisoning is no longer a significant danger to children.
Answer: False
preschool years.
7.112. Lead is only toxic if ingested in large quantities at a very young age.
Answer: False
preschool years.
7.113. The two hemispheres of the brain process information differently; therefore, they work
and process information independently of each other.
Answer: False
7.114. Muscle strength development for preschool boys and girls is the same.
Answer: False
7.115. Preschool-age boys surpass preschool-age girls in games such as jumping jacks and
hopscotch because they have superior muscle development.
Answer: False
44

7.116. A child who sees his or her mother’s car keys and then asks “Go to store?” demonstrates
symbolic thinking.
Answer: True
preschool years.
7.117. Conservation refers to the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and
physical appearance of objects.
Answer: True
preschool years.
7.118. By age 4, most children understand conservation.
Answer: False
preschool years.
7.119. Egocentric thought refers to how children in the preoperational stage intentionally think in
a selfish or inconsiderate manner.
Answer: False
preschool years.
45
7.120. The average preschooler is not able to count in a fairly systematic, consistent manner.
Answer: False
7.121. The information processing perspective emphasizes quantitative changes in cognitive

abilities rather than qualitative changes.
Answer: True
46
The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel
for Development Across the Life Span Ninth Edition.
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOM Quiz Question 7.1.1
The greatest risk that preschoolers face comes from ____________________.
a) cancer
b) domestic abuse
c) accidents
d) heart disease
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.1: Describe a child’s bodily growth and overall health risks during the preschool years.
During the preschool period, a child’s ______________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the
body.
a) brain
b) heart
c) muscles
d) lungs
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.2: Summarize how preschool children’s brains develop.
47
As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized
in a process called ______________________.
a) hemispheric preference
b) lateralization
c) sequential processing
d) resiliency
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
_______________________ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _________________ is

an example of a fine motor skill.
a) Throwing a ball with accuracy; riding a bicycle

b) Jumping a distance; skipping
c) Using a fork and spoon; hopping on one foot
d) Climbing stairs; tying one’s shoelaces
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.3: Explain how preschool children’s motor skills develop.
48
By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference
for using one hand over the other.
a) partiality
b) dexterity
c) handedness
d) directionality
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
During the _____________ period, children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning
emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
a) preoperational
b) operational
c) post-operational
d) centration
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Intellectual Development
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.4: Summarize how Piaget explains cognitive development during the preschool years.
49
________________ refers to preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition
of knowledge about the world.
a) Egocentric thought
b) Symbolic function
c) Intuitive thought
d) Transformative thought
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
Memory of specific events from one’s own life, which is called _____________ __________,
grows increasingly accurate as children age.
a) cognitive recall
b) historical memory
c) narrative recall
d) autobiographical memory
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.5: Summarize the information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the
preschool years.
50
Vygotsky argues that the focus of cognitive development should be on a child’s __________ and
cultural world.
a) familial
b) social
c) mental
d) physical
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.6: Describe Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development in the preschool years.
The ____________________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a
task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
a) zone of proximal development

b) scaffolding level
c) region of independent thought
d) pre-mastery level
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
51
The way in which words and phrases are combined to form sentences, known as __________,
increases at a steady pace during the preschool years.
a) composition
b) syntax
c) communication
d) grammar
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: The Growth of Language and Learning
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.7: Explain how children’s language develops in the preschool years.
The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter is
called _____________.
a) fast mapping
b) language association
c) accelerated processing
d) vocabulary acquisition
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
___________________ is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.
a) Social speech
b) Independent dialogue
c) Private speech
d) Personal communication
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
52
The positive effects of Sesame Street viewing ___________________.
a) are particularly strong for boys, African Americans, and children from
disadvantaged backgrounds
b) have yet to be demonstrated by research
c) are particularly strong for girls
d) appear primarily in homes with multiple televisions
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.8: Summarize the effects television and other media have on preschoolers.
The outcomes of participation in Head Start ___________________.
a) are totally clear in producing positive benefits

b) are thought to be generally positive, although the evaluation research is mixed
c) are generally negative
d) show the program has little effect, either positive or negative
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.9: Distinguish the typical educational programs available to children in the preschool years.
EOC Quiz Question 7.1
Developmentalists define the preschool period as ages __________.
a) three to five
b) two to five
c) two to six
d) two to four
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
53
From age three to age five, a child has __________ minor respiratory illnesses each year.
a) seven to ten
b) two to three
c) five to seven
d) twelve to fifteen
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
What is the most hazardous threat to the health of children under age six?
a) injury from accidents

b) infectious diseases, such as mumps and measles
c) lead poisoning
d) physical abuse
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Difficulty Level:
What likely accounts for the rise in the average age of toilet training over the past 50 years?
a) increased obesity rates in children

b) time demands on working mothers
c) social emphasis on child readiness
d) nutritional changes creating poor muscle control
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Difficulty Level: Analytical
54
Rita and Don are watching their four-year-old son Jacob play. Rita thinks Jacob is “left-brained,”
and Don thinks he is “right-brained.” Although these terms are not scientifically valid, Rita and
Don are referring to the _________ of the brain.
a) division
b) lateralization
c) demarcation
d) division of labor
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Difficulty Level:
Myelin protects the __________ of the brain.
a) neurons
b) neocortex
c) hemispheres
d) laterals
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
Jumping, hopping on one foot, skipping, and running are examples of __________.
a) scripts
b) evidence of handedness
c) fine motor skills
d) gross motor skills
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
55
Which of the following is a hallmark of Piaget’s preoperational stage?
a) the ability to consider all information about a stimulus

b) the reduction in mental reasoning
c) the decrease of egocentric thought
d) the application of concepts
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Difficulty Level:
Piaget considered language to be an application of __________.
a) centration
b) symbolic function
c) concrete operations
d) social learning
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
A preschooler’s broad representations of events and timelines in memory are called __________.
a) scripts
b) recollections
c) scenes
d) vignettes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.5: Summarize the information-processing approaches to cognitive development in the
preschool years.
56
What completes the scaffolding process for a particular learning task?
a) framing the task

b) modeling the task
c) providing scaffold clues to the solution
d) removing the scaffolds
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Difficulty Level:
Once children can combine words and phrases to form sentences, they are beginning to use
__________.
a) grammar
b) syntax
c) symbols
d) social speech
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Difficulty Level:
__________ is the process through which children learn the meaning of new words after brief
exposure.
a) Pragmatic translation
b) Fast mapping
c) Quick comprehension
d) Social speech
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
57
Test Bank for Development Across the Life Span 9th Edition Feldman
On an average day, approximately __________ of preschoolers and toddlers watch TV in the

United States.
a) 40 percent
b) 60 percent
c) 80 percent
d) 90 percent
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.8: Summarize the effects television and other media have on preschoolers.
Four-year-old Luis is attending an educational program created by the U.S. government nearly
50 years ago. This program is called __________.
a) the Montessori method

b) Head Start
c) the Reggio Emilia approach
d) school childcare
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Difficulty Level:
LO 7.9: Distinguish the typical educational programs available to children in the preschool years.
58
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Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

a) twice; injury; illness

a) parental neglect, parents working full-time, lack of supervision

a) an Asian American boy

a) quality child care

Difficulty Level: Easy

a) painted walls and window seals in older homes

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

7.17. Which child is likely to be especially susceptible to lead poisoning?

7.18. Which outcome is considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?

7.19. By age 5, a child’s brain weighs __________ of an average adult’s brain.

a) comprehension of spatial relationships

a) right; the right hemisphere

7.34. Which gross motor skill would a child, age 5 possess?

a) very high vertical jump

7.36. Which developmental researcher advocated a flexible approach to toilet training,

a) Eleanor Emmons Maccoby

a) A child stays dry for 2 hours at a time during the day.

7.41. Which general approach is effective in treating delayed toilet training?

a) ignoring the problem

a) drawing a person that looks like a person

a) preschool years; operational

a) the ability to use symbolic functions

7.48. Which statement best describes Piaget’s notion of a “symbolic function”?

a) A child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean

a) symbolic functions; language use

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

a) Preschool-age children’s neural-visual network is not fully matured.

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

a) 2 hours per day

a) computer video intake

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.94. Which attribute helps to define “high-quality” child care?

a) a quiet environment where children can be by themselves

a) academic head start

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

a) academic head start

a) academic head start

7.100. Which situation represents a developmentally appropriate educational practice?

a) Lia receives rote memorization tasks in her 6th grade classroom.

• Critics point to a lack of precision in Vygotsky’s conceptualization of cognitive growth,

7.105. Summarize how living in poverty affects language development.

7.106. Describe the varieties of early education.

Topic: Motor Development

7.118. By age 4, most children understand conservation.

7.121. The information processing perspective emphasizes quantitative changes in cognitive

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.1

The greatest risk that preschoolers face comes from ____________________.

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.2

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.3

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.4

_______________________ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _________________ is

a) Throwing a ball with accuracy; riding a bicycle

EOM Quiz Question 7.1.5

_______ is an example of a gross motor skill, while _ is