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1. Briefly describe the first three stages of sensorimotor intelligence, including the months
of age that each stage covers. For each stage, give an example of an infant's behavior.
2. Briefly describe stages four through six of sensorimotor intelligence, including the
months of age that each stage covers. For each stage, give an example of an infant's
behavior.
3. Your friend has a 10-month-old infant. She's considering buying an expensive set of
infant learning software to train her baby's cognitive ability. What advice would you
give your friend about the wisdom of buying such a program? Give at least two reasons
for your recommendation.
5. Define object permanence and tell when it begins. Describe how it is measured in
laboratory settings and how it can be revealed in informal settings. Why is this concept
considered a major milestone in cognitive development?
6. Describe the five stages of spoken language development from birth until the first
birthday.
7. Describe the five stages of spoken language development from 12 to 24 months of age.
8. Explain the characteristics of child-directed speech. Why is it used all over the world?
9. How do the views of B. F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky differ in their explanations of
infant language acquisition? Explain each view, and then defend the one that seems
more convincing to you.
10. Explain two ways in which parents can help to ensure that their baby develops good
language skills.
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11. Explain what the Gibsons meant by an affordance and give an example.
12. Identify the four basic theories of language learning and describe them.
13. According to Piaget, the first period of cognitive development is the _____ period,
which lasts from birth until about age 2.
14. The first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are _____ circular reactions.
15. Stage four of the sensorimotor period is known as “new adaptation and _____.”
16. A psychologist who hides a toy under a blanket to see if an infant will try to uncover it
wants to see if the child understands _____.
17. If a toddler sees an object hidden first in one place and then in another, he or she will
continue to search in the first place. This error is known as _____.
18. Noting that children between 12 and 18 months of age engage in extensive
experimentation and exploration, Piaget described the toddler of this age as the _____.
19. In the final stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve
simple problems by using _____ combinations.
20. One way to determine whether an infant recognizes something is to use a(n) _____
study.
21. The perspective of cognition that is modeled on computer functioning is called _____
theory.
22. Infants can recognize that some situations _____ different opportunities than other
situations do.
23. One way to test infants' awareness of height is to use the _____ cliff.
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24. Research with 3-month-old infants demonstrates that _____ sessions can help a baby to
recollect an idea, thing, or experience without necessarily testing whether he or she
remembers it at the moment.
25. Adults may not remember information that was stored in infancy because adults tend to
rely on _____ memory.
27. The distinct form of language used by adults to communicate with babies is called
child-directed speech, or _____.
30. A single-word utterance that expresses a complete thought is called a(n) _____.
31. When two-word combinations begin around 21 months, it is apparent that a toddler has
begun to comprehend _____ rules.
32. The fact that variations in a child's vocabulary size correlate with the amount of
language that child has heard underlies the _____ theory of language learning.
33. The _____ theory of language learning stresses that infants are social beings who learn
language in order to communicate with other people.
34. The acronym LAD stands for _____, a mental structure proposed by Chomsky as an
explanation for infants' ability to learn to speak.
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35. Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____.
A) sensorimotor intelligence
B) adaptation
C) object awareness
D) imitative learning
36. During the sensorimotor stage, _____ are the raw materials for infant cognition.
A) words and language
B) past and future events
C) senses and motor skills
D) logic and critical thinking
37. Piaget's stages reveal that he believed children begin cognitive development at _____.
A) birth
B) 3 months
C) 1 year
D) 18 months
39. When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget,
Justine is in stage _____ of the sensorimotor period.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
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41. Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to
use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one. But Freddy rejects the pacifier and continues
to suck his thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of
sensorimotor development.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
42. Three-month-old Everett sucks vigorously on a breast when he is eating a meal, pressing
the nipple against the roof of his mouth to maximize the milk in his mouth. He sucks
firmly and rhythmically when sucking on a pacifier to fall asleep, with less pressure
from his tongue. These sucking adaptations imply that Everett is in Piaget's stage _____.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
43. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants seek to make interesting events last?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four
44. “Do you want to play patty-cake?” Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by
clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four
45. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more
deliberate in responding to people and objects?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four
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46. Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to
engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs
mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage
of sensorimotor development?
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four
47. The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with
something else is _____.
A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage five
48. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) deliberate
B) experimental
C) creative
D) anxious
49. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.
A) goal-oriented
B) redundant
C) stubborn
D) unintentional
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52. Stage three of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an
experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
53. Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh
does not search for them. Piaget would say that this is because Hugh does not
understand _____.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) egocentrism
D) affordances
54. _____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
A) Object permanence
B) Acquired adaptation
C) Mental representation
D) Object continuity
56. In full view of the baby, Piaget would cover an interesting toy with a cloth to test _____.
A) primary circular reactions
B) the stage of making interesting events last
C) object permanence
D) reflexes
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57. Mary hides Ramy's favorite toy under a blanket while Ramy watches. Ramy removes
the blanket and squeals when he sees the toy. Mary again hides the toy, but this time
under a different blanket. Even though Ramy saw where Mary hid his toy, he still looks
under the first blanket before removing the second blanket and retrieving the toy. Ramy
has displayed _____.
A) lack of centration
B) lack of object permanence
C) habituation
D) the A-not-B error
58. One benefit for parents of their infant's lack of object permanence is that _____.
A) they can put a desirable object out of sight, and their infant will forget about it
B) the infant will not desire any specific objects
C) different objects can serve as security objects
D) parents can permanently delay the onset of materialistic attitudes
59. Annette, a 6-month-old human infant, and Dash, a 4-year-old Border collie, are both
interested in a squeaky toy. When the toy is hidden from view, what will Annette and
Dash do?
A) Annette will forget about it; Dash will search for it.
B) Annette will search for it; Dash will forget about it.
C) Both Annette and Dash will forget about it.
D) Both Annette and Dash will search for it.
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62. Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a
stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage
is Tia in?
A) stage three
B) stage four
C) stage five
D) stage six
63. Which research method do toddlers use during stage five of cognitive development?
A) survey
B) case study
C) trial and error
D) correlational
64. Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of _____.
A) mental combinations
B) interesting observations
C) primary reactions
D) new adaptation and anticipation
65. Dashiel is 20 months old. His mother tells him that he must not touch the candle that she
just lit, and then she turns her back to continue tidying the room. When she turns back
around, she sees Dashiel trying to dip his finger in the melted wax under the flame.
What best explains Dashiel's behavior?
A) Dashiel is demonstrating early evidence of a deviant personality.
B) Dashiel's actions were driven by curiosity.
C) Dashiel may have a hearing problem.
D) Stubbornness is part of Dashiel's personality.
66. Penny, who is in Piaget's sixth stage of cognitive development, observed her older sister
using a curling iron. Later, when she was alone, Penny tried to use the curling iron and
burned her hand. Penny has displayed _____.
A) primary reaction
B) interesting observations
C) deferred imitation
D) new adaptation and anticipation
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67. During Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to enjoy playing
with inanimate objects as if they were real. This is the beginning of _____ play.
A) pretend
B) parallel
C) rough-and-tumble
D) cognitive
68. Research indicates that infants reach the milestones of stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor
intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.
A) earlier than
B) later than
C) at the same time as
D) in a different sequence than
69. Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect the
difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no
dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away
while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows Mariska the circle with two dots in
it and records how long she stares at it. What research method is being used?
A) observation
B) habituation
C) implementation
D) visualization
70. Callie is 5 months old. She sees her mother's cell phone and reaches for it. Callie's
mother understands the progression of object permanence, so she realizes that the
easiest way to protect her phone and to keep Callie from getting upset is to _____.
A) give the phone to Callie to play with
B) place the phone out of Callie's sight
C) tell Callie “no” in a stern voice
D) give Callie something else to play with
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72. Johanna watches while her mother hides a toy under a blanket. Her mom asks, “Where
is it?” Then Johanna jerks away the blanket to reveal the toy. About how old is
Johanna?
A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 8 months
D) 16 months
74. Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, “Mama!”
Information-processing theorists would call his exclamation an example of _____.
A) a linguistic supplier
B) habituation
C) an output
D) a calculation
75. Piaget's theory asserts that development occurs in stages, and information-processing
theory asserts that development _____.
A) occurs in stages
B) occurs in bursts
C) occurs continuously
D) occurs in sudden leaps
76. Timo pays attention to voices, developing expectations of the rhythm of spoken words,
as revealed by a habituation test. Timo is at least how old?
A) 4 months
B) 6 months
C) 8 months
D) 12 months
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77. Justin is a 6-month-old infant. He focuses intently on new stimuli and quickly becomes
habituated. What can we infer about Justin's cognitive abilities?
A) He habituates quickly because he doesn't understand the stimulus.
B) His tendency to focus intently indicates that he might develop
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) He habituates quickly because he has trouble paying attention.
D) His behaviors might indicate greater intelligence.
78. The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived.
These opportunities are known as _____.
A) affordances
B) cognitions
C) habituations
D) clarifications
79. Geraldo loves to climb, and there are many opportunities for him to do so around his
home: on the bookshelf in the living room, the decorative rocks in the front yard, and
the ladder for the slide at the park. Each of these opportunities is _____ for climbing.
A) suitable
B) habituating
C) an affordance
D) a motivator
81. To test an infant's depth perception, mothers attempt to lure their infants to cross a(n)
_____.
A) bridge
B) visual cliff
C) elevated platform
D) crowded room
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82. Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his
mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it
without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?
A) His experience with crawling has led him to understand that crawling over an edge
affords falling.
B) His visual system has matured sufficiently to detect depth.
C) He has developed an insecure attachment with his mother.
D) He must have fallen from an elevated height since his last test on the visual cliff.
83. Research has shown that 6-month-olds can distinguish whether a person whose face is
covered is happy or angry, based on body movements alone. This accuracy is due to
_____.
A) babies' experiences with television characters
B) emotional affordances
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) habituation
86. Babies who were taught “baby signs” by way of their parents reading a book to them, or
by a video lesson presenting the signs, revealed that babies learn language best from
_____.
A) video lessons, because of the eye-catching movement and colors
B) video lessons, because of the baby's innate interest in information coming from a
screen
C) parents, because of the direct interaction
D) both – the lesson plan was the same, so it was equally effective.
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87. _____ memory is not verbal and begins by 3 months of age.
A) Explicit
B) Implicit
C) Declarative
D) Semantic
88. Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with
one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her
crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking.
One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot, and hang the mobile
above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this
experiment demonstrate?
A) Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.
B) Three-month-olds can relearn the kicking strategy very quickly at the second test.
C) Kicking behavior is very easy to learn.
D) Mobiles are very interesting to 3-month-olds.
89. Research on infants' long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the
researchers _____.
A) use situations that are different from real life
B) do not let the baby move during the memory event
C) use highly emotional events
D) use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminder sessions
90. The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they
learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.
A) 3 months
B) 5 months
C) 7 months
D) 9 months
91. Implicit memory begins by 3 months; _____ memory takes longer to emerge, because it
depends on language.
A) linguistic
B) immediate
C) explicit
D) recognition
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92. According to theorists who believe that infants teach themselves language, infants are
primed to learn associations between parts of speech due to the infants' _____.
A) pattern of reinforcements from their parents
B) powerful social motivation to communicate
C) innate base for learning
D) transition from babbling to reflexive language
94. Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to
his mother's language over any other language. Harris _____.
A) understands the words in his mother's language
B) comprehends his mother's language
C) recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language
D) is designed to specifically learn his mother's language
95. What role does an infant's attention to mouth movements play in his or her
understanding of language?
A) Mouth movements are irrelevant to understanding spoken language.
B) Babies do not pay attention to mouth movements of speakers.
C) When there is a mismatch between mouth movements and word meaning, babies
will rely on the word meaning.
D) When there is a mistiming between the mouth movements and the audio, babies
will notice the mistiming.
96. During the newborn period, the primary means of communication is _____.
A) meaningful
B) reflexive
C) babbling
D) cooing
97. The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.
A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words
B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes
D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words
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98. Peyton is a deaf baby whose parents have been communicating with him in American
Sign Language. At about what age will Peyton express his first signs?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months
99. Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200
101. Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events every day. This rapid
increase in vocabulary is referred to as the _____ explosion.
A) naming
B) vocabulary
C) object
D) cognitive
102. Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or
phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of
_____.
A) long, grammatically correct sentences
B) a variety of high and low tones
C) child-directed speech
D) babbling
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103. Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also
referred to as _____.
A) motherese
B) echolalia
C) holophrastic speech
D) telegraphic speech
106. Tony is 8 months old, and he settles down quickly and listens raptly while his mom
sings “The Itsy Bitsy Spider.” What factor accounts for Tony's interest in this nursery
rhyme?
A) He remembers the story and loves how it ends.
B) He doesn't remember the story, so the end is always exciting.
C) He loves the rhymes and repetition.
D) He loves the simple plot line.
107. Which is a language development that requires the understanding of another person's
perspective?
A) babbling
B) cooing
C) naming
D) pointing
108. Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called _____.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling
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109. Britta has begun repeating syllables such as “da-da-da-da” and “me-me-me-me-me.”
Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.
A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling
110. On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24
111. Brodie just started saying single words such as “mama” and “doggie.” About how old is
Brodie likely to be?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months
112. Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g., “Dada!”). About how old is Geoff
likely to be?
A) 3 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 2 years old
114. James says “more” to mean “I want another cookie.” In this case, “more” is a _____.
A) holophrase
B) preverbal communication
C) babble
D) reflexive communication
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115. After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, spoken vocabulary
will build _____ over the next several months.
A) slowly
B) rapidly
C) sequentially
D) deliberately
116. As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.
A) nouns
B) verbs
C) pronouns
D) adjectives
117. Between 18 and 24 months, when toddlers begin to put words together, they reveal their
understanding of _____ rules.
A) social
B) intentional
C) grammar
D) interaction
118. At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word
sentences?
A) 10–11 months
B) 12–14 months
C) 16–18 months
D) 18–24 months
119. Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as “Dada home” and “Doggie go.”
About how old is Eric likely to be?
A) 10–11 months
B) 12–14 months
C) 16–18 months
D) 18–24 months
120. Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword
sentence at around _____.
A) 12 months
B) 16 months
C) 21 months
D) 27 months
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121. The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech
is known as _____.
A) grammar
B) sentence structure
C) speech patterns
D) syntax
122. Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker.
He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in
English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be
affected by this early experience?
A) He will be able to understand one language but not the other.
B) He will often mix the two languages together and be unable to differentiate them.
C) He will soon speak both languages.
D) His cognitive skills will lag behind those of similar-aged monolingual children.
123. _____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
A) Jean Piaget
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Leo Vygotsky
124. By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would
have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to _____.
A) his unusually high I.Q.
B) an unusual language-acquisition talent
C) the amount his parents talk to him
D) rapid physical development
125. Andrew uses incorrect word forms such as “ain't” and incorrect grammar such as “I
don't got none.” What would Skinner say was the source of Andrew's poor language
development?
A) lack of intelligence
B) lack of innate language ability
C) parents rewarded incorrect language use
D) parents role modeled incorrect language use
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126. Which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by
parents and caregivers?
A) Vygotsky
B) Chomsky
C) Skinner
D) Erikson
129. Heidi is a 12-month-old who communicates with a few one-word holophrases. When
she wants a cookie, she gets her mother's attention, looks directly at her face, and says,
“Cuh-cuh!” while pointing at the kitchen. Heidi's seems to be very interested in ensuring
that her mother understands what she is trying to communicate. Which theory would
account for Heidi's motivation to be understood?
A) behaviorism
B) evolutionary
C) social-pragmatic
D) information-processing
130. Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning? Toddlers
learn new words _____.
A) by hearing an adult say a new word as they play with an unrelated object
B) when they are taught in person
C) in a group setting
D) by watching others talk
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131. Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby sit in front of the television watching
episodes of Sesame Street. What is Janice likely learning from the episodes she
watches?
A) how to count
B) how to read
C) new vocabulary words
D) very little
132. When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her
native language?
A) when the person learns a second language
B) when the person is able to read and write
C) when the person starts using two-word sentences
D) once the person's sentences contain a subject, verb, and object
134. Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _____.
A) all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
B) all grammar rules are the same across all languages
C) some rules of grammar are present in all languages
D) all parents reinforce correct use of grammar
135. The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain _____.
A) children's vocabulary spurts
B) the difference between surface structure and deep structure
C) the systematic differences among languages
D) children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively
136. Which theory of language acquisition would say that some 5-year-olds are far more
verbal than others because they were born to be so?
A) behaviorism
B) evolutionary
C) sociocultural
D) information-processing
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137. Which theory of language acquisition would say that some 3-year-olds are far more
verbal than others because they have heard more language?
A) behaviorism
B) evolutionary
C) sociocultural
D) information-processing
138. Susan is a 21-month-old who has just begun to make two-word sentences. Her sentences
already reveal the grammar of her native language, as she produces her nouns and verbs
in the order that mature speakers of her language use. Chomsky would attribute Susan's
quick acquisition of grammatical rules to her _____.
A) intelligence
B) parents' correct use of grammar
C) language acquisition device
D) receiving reinforcement for proper language use
141. The statement “Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early
language learning” supports the _____ theory of language learning.
A) behavioral
B) epigenetic
C) hybrid
D) social impulse
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142. Infants learn language to accomplish a variety of goals, so some aspects of language
learning are best explained by one theory at one age and other aspects by another theory
at another age. This fact supports the _____ theory of language learning.
A) behavioral
B) epigenetic
C) hybrid
D) social impulse
144. According to Piaget, the period of sensorimotor intelligence comes to an end shortly
after the first birthday.
A) True
B) False
145. One of the first acquired adaptations is an accommodation of reflexes—for example, the
reflexes involved in sucking a pacifier.
A) True
B) False
146. A baby in Piaget's stage three of the sensorimotor period will attempt to make
interesting events last.
A) True
B) False
148. The fourth stage of Piaget's sensorimotor period is often referred to as ends to the mean.
A) True
B) False
149. Babies in the fourth stage of sensorimotor development work to achieve their goals.
A) True
B) False
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150. Eighteen-month-old babies display object permanence, but they also display the
A-not-B error.
A) True
B) False
151. Deferred imitation is a kind of memory that infants begin to exhibit at about 18 to 24
months of age.
A) True
B) False
152. The stage of tertiary circular reactions is when infants begin experimenting with thought
and deed.
A) True
B) False
154. Babies in the stage of tertiary circular reactions explore the world, actively
experimenting on their environment.
A) True
B) False
155. After completing all of Piaget's six stages of sensorimotor development, the main
cognitive development left for babies to achieve is to learn to use their imaginations.
A) True
B) False
156. Piaget's theory has been criticized for being based on too large of a sample.
A) True
B) False
157. Habituation research is a technique that Piaget developed for testing his theories.
A) True
B) False
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158. Habituation research has revealed that babies are more advanced than Piaget believed.
A) True
B) False
159. New methods of measuring infant brain activity have provided excellent support for
Piaget's theories about the timing of infant cognitive skill acquisition.
A) True
B) False
160. Toddlers enjoy squeezing all of the toothpaste from the tube because they are naturally
naughty during Piaget's stage five.
A) True
B) False
161. The visual cliff is used to determine whether infants recognize that height affords
falling.
A) True
B) False
163. Reminder sessions can prolong a young infant's memory of earlier events.
A) True
B) False
164. Infants tend to have more language-based explicit memories than adults do.
A) True
B) False
165. The sequence in which language development occurs depends upon which language is
spoken.
A) True
B) False
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166. The sequence of early language development is universal.
A) True
B) False
167. Motherese refers to the sounds made by babies and imitated by parents in the first few
weeks after birth.
A) True
B) False
168. Babies whose caregivers use child-directed speech learn language more slowly than
babies whose caregivers use adult patterns in their speech.
A) True
B) False
169. Preverbal infants show a preference for child-directed over ordinary adult speech.
A) True
B) False
171. A child's first word combinations—for example, “More cookie,” or “My toy”—are
called holophrases.
A) True
B) False
172. One word plus gestures, facial expressions, and nuances of tone, loudness, and cadence
make up a holophrase.
A) True
B) False
173. The first two-word sentence appears between 18 and 24 months of age.
A) True
B) False
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174. A child's grammar use becomes obvious when he or she begins to produce holophrases.
A) True
B) False
175. According to Skinner, a grandfather who smiles whenever the baby says “pa-pa” is
providing reinforcement for talking.
A) True
B) False
176. Reading to infants has no effect on their language learning since they do not understand
most words used in children's books.
A) True
B) False
177. According to Skinner, toddlers with smaller vocabularies have parents who do not talk
to them very much.
A) True
B) False
178. Language acquisition device is a term Chomsky used to refer to the infant's inborn
ability to learn language.
A) True
B) False
180. The social-pragmatic theory says that babies learn language because they are social
beings.
A) True
B) False
181. Piaget's first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called _____.
A) object permanence
B) secondary circular reactions
C) primary circular reactions
D) goal-directed behavior
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182. The difference between primary and secondary circular reactions is that _____.
A) primary circular reactions involve the infant responding to people and objects
B) secondary circular reactions involve the infant's own body
C) secondary circular reactions involve the infant reacting to people and objects
D) primary circular reactions involve the infant anticipating
185. Modern research that includes new technology indicates that infants _____.
A) do not respond to child-directed speech
B) have neurons that lack functional electrical activity
C) make some cognitive advances earlier than Piaget proposed
D) have “infantile amnesia”
187. Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if _____.
A) they try hard enough
B) they are rewarded for correct performance
C) they are in the same environment or context as the initial experience
D) researchers establish a supportive environment for study
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188. When do infants begin learning language?
A) before birth
B) at birth
C) around 2 to 4 months
D) at 12 months
193. Behaviorists believe that a mother who _____ will stimulate her child's communication
skills.
A) uses sign language
B) uses reinforcement
C) ignores mistakes
D) points out mistakes
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194. The social-pragmatic theory of language development highlights the importance of
_____.
A) impulsive teaching
B) brain maturation
C) social interaction
D) innate traits
195. Scientists have attempted to integrate the three main theories of language development
into one theory known as a _____.
A) hybrid theory
B) universal grammar
C) cognitive theory
D) language acquisition device
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Answer Key
1. Stage One: Reflexes. These include all of the reflex actions apparent at birth (such as
rooting, sucking, and grasping). This stage lasts for the first month of life. The infant
gains information about the world through the repeated use of these reflexes.
Stage Two: First Acquired Adaptations (or First Habits). This stage lasts from ages 1 to
4 months and includes behaviors such as thumb sucking, through which the infant
learns the limits of his or her own body.
Stage Three: Making Interesting Things Last. This stage covers 4 to 8 months of age.
The behaviors include those through which the infant interacts with things in the
environment, such as shaking a rattle, clapping hands, and kicking to make a crib
mobile move.
Stage Five: New Means Through Active Experimentation (Little Scientist). This stage
lasts from 12 to 18 months of age. It includes trial-and-error learning behaviors such as
squeezing toothpaste tubes, flushing things in the toilet, and taking something apart
to see what's inside.
Stage Six: New Means Through Mental Combinations. In this stage, lasting from 18 to
24 months of age, toddlers are able to think about the consequences of various
actions mentally without actually having to perform them (such as recalling that
they got in trouble the last time they flushed a teddy bear down the toilet and thus
refrain from flushing something else). At this stage toddlers can pretend and engage in
deferred imitation. This means they copy behavior that they observed hours or even
days earlier.
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Describe stages four Names the three Describes two of the Does not describe at
through six of stages, gives the age three stages and gives least two stages or
sensorimotor ranges, and describes their age ranges name them
intelligence what occurs in each without including the
stage name of each stage
Give an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of
what an infant does what an infant does in what an infant does in what an infant does in
in each stage (shown each stage two stages one or no stages
in boldface above)
3. I would discourage her from making the software purchase. First of all, 1) the
Association of Pediatricians recommends NO screen time for children prior to the age of
2. In addition, I would stress 2) the limitations of infant memory. I'd also emphasize that
3) infants learn the most and the fastest by interacting with a teacher. Plus, 4) time spent
with the software would reduce the time the baby spends using his or her senses and
motor skills to explore the environment. Such behaviors are necessary for normal
developmental milestones to occur on schedule.
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Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Define object Defines object Defines object Does not define object
permanence and permanence and when permanence or tells permanence or when
when it starts it starts when it starts it starts
Describe how it is Describes how it is Describes how it is Does not describe how
measured measured in a lab and measured in a lab or it is measured in a lab
seen in an informal seen in an informal or seen in an informal
setting setting setting
Explain its Explains its Is vague about why Does not explain its
importance importance to object permanence is importance to
language learning important language learning
6. Newborn: Reflexive—cries, movements, facial expressions
2 months: Meaningful noises—cooing, fussing, crying, laughing
3–6 months: New sounds—squeals, growls, croons, trills, vowel sounds
6–10 months: Babbling—consonant and vowel sounds in repeated syllables
10–12 months: Comprehension of simple words; speechlike intonations; specific
vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well. (Deaf babies
express their first signs; hearing babies also use specific gestures—e.g., pointing—to
communicate.)
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Child-directed speech is used worldwide because it features language adaptations that
are best suited for communication with infants and fostering language acquisition.
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Define affordance Defines affordance Defines affordance Does not define
(first sentence above) without giving the affordance
and lists the four four factors
factors (last sentence
above)
Give an example Gives an example Gives a vague Does not give an
such as the running example example
example above
12. 1) Skinner said that infants need to be taught language through association and
reinforcement. Children associate the names of objects and events with their meaning,
and caregivers provide reinforcement for utterances that are close to real language (e.g.,
babbling “ma-ma-ma-ma” is rewarded with smiles). Skinner assumed that children who
use language better are those whose caregivers spoke to them the most.
3) Chomsky said that learning language is innate or inborn and that adults do not need to
directly teach it. Children's innate drive to imitate, combined with a predisposition to
derive the patterns in spoken language (thanks to a structure he referred to as a language
acquisition device, or LAD), enable children to acquire the language to which they are
exposed.
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23. visual
24. reminder
25. explicit
26. higher
27. motherese
28. Motherese (motherese)
29. babbling
30. holophrase
31. grammar
32. behavioral
33. sociocultural (social-pragmatic)
34. language acquisition device
35. A
36. C
37. A
38. A
39. A
40. B
41. B
42. B
43. C
44. C
45. D
46. D
47. C
48. A
49. A
50. B
51. D
52. C
53. B
54. A
55. D
56. C
57. D
58. A
59. A
60. C
61. D
62. C
63. C
64. A
65. B
66. C
67. A
68. A
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69. B
70. B
71. C
72. C
73. B
74. C
75. C
76. A
77. D
78. A
79. C
80. B
81. B
82. A
83. B
84. B
85. C
86. C
87. B
88. A
89. D
90. D
91. C
92. C
93. A
94. C
95. D
96. B
97. B
98. B
99. B
100. C
101. A
102. C
103. A
104. C
105. B
106. C
107. D
108. D
109. D
110. C
111. C
112. C
113. B
114. A
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115. B
116. A
117. C
118. D
119. D
120. C
121. A
122. C
123. B
124. C
125. C
126. C
127. A
128. C
129. C
130. B
131. D
132. C
133. B
134. A
135. D
136. B
137. A
138. C
139. A
140. B
141. C
142. C
143. B
144. B
145. A
146. A
147. A
148. B
149. A
150. A
151. A
152. A
153. A
154. A
155. B
156. B
157. B
158. A
159. B
160. B
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Test Bank for Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 11th by Berger
161. A
162. B
163. A
164. B
165. B
166. A
167. B
168. B
169. A
170. B
171. B
172. A
173. A
174. B
175. A
176. B
177. A
178. A
179. A
180. A
181. C
182. C
183. D
184. B
185. C
186. D
187. C
188. A
189. A
190. D
191. C
192. B
193. B
194. C
195. A
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