Essentials of Criminal Justice 7th

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Chapter 6—Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What term is used to describe the phenomena where black officers must deal with the expectation that
they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time they experience overt racism
from their police colleagues?
a. The black curtain
b. Double marginality
c. Inherent role conflict
d. Toxic race relations
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 OBJ: 06-01

2. Today, approximately ____ percent of all officers are racial minorities.

a. 5
b. 15
c. 25
d. 35
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 OBJ: 06-01

3. What city was the first to hire and award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910?
a. Chicago
b. Boston
c. Los Angeles
d. New York City
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 179 OBJ: 06-01

4. Minority female officers account for approximately ____ percent of the police force?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 15
d. 22
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 179 OBJ: 06-01

5. Which of the following is false regarding education and the police?

a. Educated officers are better able to communicate with the public.
b. Administrators believe that educated officers generate fewer citizen complaints.
c. Educated officers have greater disciplinary problems due to job boredom.
d. Higher educated officer have greater self-confidence and assurance.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 181 OBJ: 06-02

6. The blue curtain is a term used to describe:

a. police reluctance to express personal feelings with each other.
b. the police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room when
confidential information is disseminated at roll call.
c. the secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police
subculture.
d. the sheet used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.
 ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 182 OBJ: 06-03

7. Which of the following is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture?
a. Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else.
b. The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules.
c. No one else understands the nature of police work.
d. All of the above are core beliefs in the police culture.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 182 OBJ: 06-03

8. Which of the following traits is said to be found on all levels of policing?

a. Anger
b. Racism
c. Dogmatism
d. Cynicism
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 182 OBJ: 06-03

9. An officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, she checks everyone's ID and arrests all who
are underage. This example best typifies which officer style?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

10. An officer approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, drinking beer. She checks them
for gang symbols and calls into the station to ascertain if any of them have active warrants. This officer
typifies which officer style?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p.184 OBJ: 06-04

11. Which officer's style involves acting as problem solvers and is therefore well suited for community
policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

12. Which style of policing prefers to ignore or treat informally issues of concern, unless the social or
political order is being jeopardized?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

13. Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion?

 a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

14. Which of the following factors bests fits under the heading of extralegal discretionary factors?
a. Peer pressure in policing
b. Racial profiling
c. Offender demeanor
d. The working and living environment
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 187 OBJ: 06-05

15. Which of the following is a source of stress in policing?

a. 24 hour duty
b. Poor training
c. Department politics
d. All the above are sources of stress.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 188 OBJ: 06-06

16. Stress reduction programs may include which of the following?

a. Diet information
b. Biofeedback
c. Meditation
d. All the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 189 OBJ: 06-06

17. Court decisions that limit police discretion are an example of a(n):
a. external stressor.
b. organizational stressor.
c. duty stressor.
d. individual stressor.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 186 OBJ: 06-05

18. The inconvenience and physical strains that come from rotating shift work are examples of:
a. external stressors.
b. organizational stressors.
c. duty stressors.
d. individual stressors.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 189 OBJ: 06-06

19. What pattern does research reveal regarding officers' involvement in use-of-force incidents?
a. There is little evidence that use-of-force incidents are racially motivated.
b. A small portion of officers account for a sizable portion of the abuses.
c. Problem officers tend to be young and inexperienced members of the force.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p.190 OBJ: 06-07
20. Overall, about ____ out of 10 persons who had contact with police in 2005 felt the police acted
properly.
a. 1
b. 3
c. 6
d. 9
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 190 OBJ: 06-07

21. Justification of the use of deadly force via the "fleeing felon" rule can be traced to:
a. English Common Law.
b. the landmark Tennessee v. Garner case.
c. the landmark Graham v. Conner case.
d. the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) guidelines.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 195 OBJ: 06-07

22. Which of the following is not commonly identified as a factor related to police shootings?
a. Firearms availability in the community
b. Administrative policies
c. Social conflict
d. Poverty levels
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 OBJ: 06-07

23. What U.S. Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and non-dangerous
fleeing felon an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment?
a. Tennessee v. Garner
b. Graham v. Conner
c. Gregg v. Georgia
d. U.S. v. Weeks
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 195 OBJ: 06-08

24. What U.S. Supreme Court decision set forth the "reasonable officer" standard for police use of deadly
force?
a. Williams v. New York
b. Graham v. Connor
c. Sherman v. California
d. Tennessee v. Garner
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 OBJ: 06-08

25. What is the lowest level of reasonable officer response mapped out in the Federal Law Enforcement
Training Center's use-of-force model?
a. Contact controls
b. Verbal commands
c. Compliance techniques
d. Defensive tactics
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 194 OBJ: 06-08

26. What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in New York City in the
1970s?
a. Warren Commission
b. Knapp Commission
 c. Christopher Commission
d. Mollen Commission
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 191 OBJ: 06-06

27. What is the term used to describe those that aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by
demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals?
a. Grass eaters
b. Meat eaters
c. Active criminality
d. Selective enforcement or non-enforcement
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 191 OBJ: 06-06

28. What is the term used to describe those police officers that accept payoffs when their everyday duties
place them in a position to be solicited by the public?
a. Grass eaters
b. Meat eaters
c. Passive criminality
d. Selective enforcement or non-enforcement
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 191 OBJ: 06-06

29. When police routinely use excessive force against suspects, it is considered:
a. Mooching
b. Abuse of power
c. Chiseling
d. Grappling
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 191 OBJ: 06-07

30. The Mollen Commission is an example of what type of effort to control police corruption?
a. Outside review board or special prosecution
b. Civil litigation
c. Citizen review board
d. Internal review board
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 193 OBJ: 06-06

TRUE/FALSE

1. The higher the percentage of black officers on the police force, the higher the arrest rates for crimes
such as assault.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 OBJ: 06-01

2. The watchman style of policing is characterized by officers devoted to the profession of police work
and who are most likely to aspire to command rank.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

3. Factors such as the living and working environment of the officer often affect their discretion.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 186 OBJ: 06-05

 4. More than 50 percent of citizens who experience force at the hands of the police report an injury.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 190 OBJ: 06-07

5. Administrative policies have little or no impact on level of police shootings.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 OBJ: 06-08

6. In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme court outlawed deadly use of force by
police.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 197 OBJ: 06-08

7. The Knapp Commission concluded that the vast majority of police officers involved in police
corruption are meat eaters.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 191 OBJ: 06-06

8. A search is considered unreasonable when it exceeds the scope of police authority or is highly invasive
of personal privacy, even if it reveals incriminating evidence.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 202 OBJ: 06-10

9. In 1914, in Weeks v. United States, the Court established the exclusionary rule.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 204 OBJ: 06-10

10. The Supreme Court has created a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule which indicates that
evidence is admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court
approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 204 OBJ: 06-10

COMPLETION

1. In his classic 1969 book, African Americans in Blue, Nicholas Alex pointed out that African American
officers of the time suffered from what he called ____________________.

ANS: double marginality

PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 OBJ: 06-01

2. The ____________________ style of policing is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining public

order.

ANS: watchman

PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

3. The ____________________ style of policing thinks of officers as troubleshooters who repair the
social fabric of society.

ANS: social agent

 PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

4. The ____________________ style of policing views the investigation and apprehension of serious
crime as the most important aspect of policing.

ANS: crime fighter

PTS: 1 REF: p. 184 OBJ: 06-04

5. Racial profiling would be considered an ____________________ decision-making factor.

ANS: extra-legal

PTS: 1 REF: p. 187 OBJ: 06-05

6. The ____________________ rule is the oldest deadly use of force standard, dating back to English
Common Law times.

ANS: fleeing felon

PTS: 1 REF: p. 195 OBJ: 06-07

7. In the case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court deemed the use of deadly force against an
unarmed, non-dangerous fleeing felon to be a violation of the ____________________ Amendment.

ANS: Fourth

PTS: 1 REF: p. 195 OBJ: 06-08

8. The Court created a reasonableness standard for the use of force in the case of
____________________.

ANS: Graham v. Connor

PTS: 1 REF: p. 195 OBJ: 06-08

9. In the case of ____________________, the Supreme Court created objective standards for questioning
by police after a defendant has been taken into custody.

ANS: Miranda v. Arizona

PTS: 1 REF: p. 199 OBJ: 06-10

10. The most controversial issue revolving around the Court's control of police behavior is commonly
known as the ____________________.

ANS: exclusionary rule

PTS: 1 REF: p. 204 OBJ: 06-10

ESSAY
1. Describe how the role of police is of concern to the public.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 182-184 OBJ: 06-03

2. Explain the changes that have occurred in the hiring of minority and female officers. What are some of
the problems experienced by these two groups of officers?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 177-181 OBJ: 06-01

3. Using a juvenile assault as an example, compare and contrast the four major styles of police work.
Explain how these styles influence police discretion.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 183-184 OBJ: 06-04

4. Explain the different factors that commonly influence an officer's use of discretion.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 185-188 OBJ: 06-05

5. Identify and describe the distinct categories of stressors that impact police officers.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 188-190 OBJ: 06-06

6. Identify and describe the factors that have been related to police shootings.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 194-197 OBJ: 06-07

7. Compare and contrast the "fleeing felon" and Tennessee v. Garner rules as they relate to police use of
deadly force.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 195-196 OBJ: 06-08

8. Discuss the various types of police corruption. What causes such behavior? How can it be controlled?
 ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 191-193 OBJ: 06-06

9. The Supreme Court has used case law to define the boundaries of the Miranda warning since its
inception. Discuss recent case law which appears to have narrowed the scope of Miranda.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 199-200 OBJ: 06-10

10. The most controversial issue revolving around the Court's control of police behavior is what is
commonly known as the exclusionary rule. Summarize the basics of this rule and discuss its current
status and controversy.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 202-204 OBJ: 06-10