Children 12th Edition Santrock Test Bank

Children 12th Edition Santrock Test
Bank
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Book Title: Children, 12e
Author: John Santrock
Chapter Six: Cognitive Development in Infancy
Learning Goals
1. Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of infant development.

2. Describe how infants learn, remember, and conceptualize.
3. Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
4. Describe the nature of language and how it develops in infancy.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is true with regard to Piaget’s theory of infant

development?
A. Piaget’s theory represents a biologically based understanding of cognition in
infants and toddlers.
B. Piaget’s theory strengthens the view that one’s genetic material is the primary
determinant of one’s cognitive abilities.
C. Piaget’s theory posits the view that biology and experience sculpt cognitive
development in children.
D. Piaget’s theory takes a purely ecological approach to understand cognitive
development in infants and children.
Answer: C
Learning Goal: 06-01
Topic: Preview
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 172
Explanation: Piaget’s theory is a general, unifying story of how biology and
experience sculpt cognitive development.
2. In the context of Piaget’s theory, _____ is the process of adjusting to new

environmental demands.
A. adaptation
B. evolution
C. involution
D. attention
Answer: A
Topic: Preview
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 172
Explanation: Adaptation involves adjusting to new environmental demands.
3. Piaget stressed that:

A. children are passive recipients of information from the environment.
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B. the sole determinant of a child's cognitive development is the culture in which he is
born.
C. children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
D. the cognitive development of children has a purely biological basis.
Answer: C
Topic: Preview
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 172
Explanation: Piaget stressed that children actively construct their own cognitive
worlds; information is not just poured into their minds from the environment.
4. In Piaget’s theory, _____ are actions or mental representations that organize

knowledge.
A. schemes
B. engrams
C. modes
D. morphemes
Answer: A
Topic: Cognitive Processes
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: In Piaget’s theory, schemes are actions or mental representations that
organize knowledge.
5. A baby’s schemes are structured by _____ that can be performed on objects, such
as sucking, looking, and grasping.
A. complex behavior
B. diverse actions
C. mental strategies
D. simple actions
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: A baby’s schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed
on objects, such as sucking, looking, and grasping.
6. In Piaget’s theory, mental schemes first develop in _____.

A. infancy
B. childhood
C. adolescence
D. adulthood
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: In Piaget’s theory, mental schemes develop in childhood.
7. Assimilation occurs when children:

A. adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
B. develop one scheme that applies to all information and experiences they encounter.
C. prevent the incorporation of new environmental experiences and information.
D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal
with new information or experiences.
8. In Piaget’s theory, _____ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their

schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
A. assimilation
B. accommodation
C. evolution
D. externalization
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 173
Explanation: Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new
information and experiences into account.
9. _____ in Piaget’s theory is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a
higher-order system.
A. Clustering
B. Screening
C. Organization
D. Natural selection
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a
higher-order system or into a more smoothly functioning cognitive system is known
as organization.
10. In trying to understand the world, the child is constantly faced with
inconsistencies and counterexamples to his or her existing schemes. This phenomenon
is defined as _____.
A. disequilibrium
B. deconstruction
C. reactance
D. disruption
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: In trying to understand the world, the child inevitably experiences
cognitive conflict, or disequilibrium.
11. For Piaget, an internal search for equilibrium is most likely to result in:
A. the child retaining old and dysfunctional schemes permanently.
B. the child displaying delays in learning language and social behavior.
C. the child failing to develop new schemes after a point.
D. the child experiencing renewed motivation to change and adapt.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: For Piaget, an internal search for equilibrium creates motivation for
change. The child assimilates and accommodates, adjusting old schemes, developing
new schemes, and organizing and reorganizing the old and new schemes. Eventually,
the organization is fundamentally different from the old organization; it is a new way
of thinking.
12. A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of
thought to the next is known as _____.
A. vocalization
B. equilibration
C. conceptualization
D. causation
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 173
Explanation: Equilibration is a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how
children shift from one stage of thought to the next.
13. Samantha, a two-week-old infant, sucks instinctively when her lips are touched or
stroked. She achieves this by:
A. moving beyond self-preoccupation.
B. coordinating schemes for vision and touch with intentionality.
C. coordinating sensation and action through reflexive behavior.
D. experimenting with new behavior.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Page: 174
Refer to: Fig. 6.1
Explanation: Simple reflexes represent the first sensorimotor substage, corresponding
to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated
primarily through reflexive behaviors, such as rooting and sucking.
14. Richard is a five-month old baby. His parents frequently sit by his side to cuddle
him or to speak to him in loud and affectionate tones. Richard seems to enjoy this
attention very much and makes cooing sounds in response to his parents’ warm
interactions with him. Richard’s act of cooing to obtain parental attention is a function
of the _____ substage given by Piaget.
A. secondary circular reactions
B. simple reflexes
C. internalization of schemes
D. first habits and primary circular reactions
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 174
Refer to: Fig. 6.1
Explanation: In the secondary circular reactions substage, infants become more
object-oriented, moving beyond self-preoccupation; repeat actions that bring
interesting or pleasurable results.
15. Wayne’s father hung a bright yellow tennis ball over his crib and dangled it
whenever he stood by him. Within a day or two of doing this, Wayne was seen
kicking his legs in the air to reach the ball successfully. Wayne’s action is an example
of the _____ substage given by Piaget.
A. simple reflexes
B. tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. internalization of schemes
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 174
Refer to: Fig. 6.1
Explanation: Coordination of secondary circular reactions substage involves the
coordination of vision and touch—hand-eye coordination; coordination of schemes
and intentionality.
16. In the context of Piaget's sensorimotor development, a _____ is a scheme based

on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.
A. secondary circular reaction
B. simple reflex
C. tertiary circular reaction
D. primary circular reaction
Answer: D
Topic: The Sensorimotor Stage
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 175
Explanation: Primary circular reaction is a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce
an event that initially occurred by chance.
17. Ruella and Raymond are amazed at the range of new things their six month old
daughter seems to be learning every day. Recently, while playing with a toy, Anna,
their daughter, tossed it out of the crib. Immediately, Ruella picked it up and placed it
in Anna’s hand and talked to her for a bit. Ever since this incident, Anna keeps
throwing her toys out of the crib expecting one of her parents to give her toy back to
her and to cuddle her a bit. From the scenario, we can say that Anna is in the
sensorimotor substage of _____.
A. internalization of schemes
B. tertiary circular reactions
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. secondary circular reactions
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 175
Explanation: Secondary circular reactions is the third sensorimotor substage, which
develops between 4 and 8 months of age. In this substage, the infant becomes more
object-oriented, moving beyond preoccupation with the self. In this stage, an infant
may repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results.
18. On Dora’s first birthday, one her aunts brought a set of lego basic bricks that she
absolutely loves. Dora spends hours building, breaking, and rebuilding towers from
the blocks and smiles widely whenever she discovers something new she can do with
them. Dora’s preoccupation with manipulating the building blocks in different ways
reflects a function of the sensorimotor substage of _____.
A. secondary circular reactions
B. tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
C. first habits and primary circular reactions
D. simple reflexes
Answer: B
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 175
Explanation: Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity is Piaget’s fifth
sensorimotor substage, which develops between 12 and 18 months of age. In this
substage, infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many
things that they can make happen to objects.
19. According to Piaget, which of the following is true about the life of a newborn?
A. There is no differentiation between the self and the world.
B. The ability to use primitive symbols is completely developed in newborns.
C. Newborns understand that objects have a separate and permanent existence.
D. The newborn is aware of the existence of its mother when she disappears.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 176
Explanation: According to Piaget, infants cannot differentiate between the self and
world; for infants, objects have no separate, permanent existence.
20. _____ is defined as the understanding that objects continue to exist even when
they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
A. Concept formation
B. Object orientation
C. Deferred imitation
D. Object permanence
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 176
Explanation: Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist
even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
21. Which of the following situations testifies that the infant has developed a sense of
object permanence?
A. If the infant assumes that an object that is out of sight does not exist
B. If the infant shows no reaction when an interesting object is taken away
C. If the infant searches for an interesting object when it disappears
D. If the infant tries to grab an interesting object with his whole hand
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 176
Explanation: The principal way that object permanence is studied is by watching an
infant’s reaction when an interesting object disappears. If infants search for the object,
it is assumed that they believe it continues to exist.
22. Which of the following mistakes is common in infants who are in the coordination
of secondary circular reactions substage?
A. Type I error
B. A-not-B error
C. Equilibration
D. Type II error
Answer: B
Topic: Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 176
Explanation: A-not-B error occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the
familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) as they progress into
the fourth substage in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
23. Which of the following is an example of an A-not-B error?

A. Dora had a fall while climbing a chair and complained to her mother that the chair
is “bad” and began hitting it.
B. Dennis cannot comprehend that a ball made out of his clay modelling set can also
be used to make a box or a tower.
C. Devon’s mother taught him to say “Dad” and he now uses the term to refer to any
male he comes across irrespective of age or familiarity.
D. Daniel always looks below the bed when he cannot find his toy because that was
the first place where his father had hidden his toy.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 176
Explanation: A-not-B error occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the
familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) as they progress into
the fourth substage in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
24. Research by Renée Baillargeon found that infants as young as 3 to 4 months

expect objects to be _____.
A. substantial
B. temporary
C. intangible
D. transient
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 178
Explanation: Research by Renée Baillargeon documents that infants as young as 3 to
4 months expect objects to be substantial and permanent.
25. Which of the following states that infants are born with domain-specific innate
knowledge systems?
A. The epigenetic approach
B. The constructivist approach
C. The generalized knowledge approach
D. The core knowledge approach
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 178
Explanation: The core knowledge approach states that infants are born with domain-
specific innate knowledge systems.
26. Which of the following is a critique of the core knowledge approach?

A. Infants come into the world with knowledge systems for space, number sense,
object permanence, and language.
B. Infants come into the world with "soft biases to perceive and attend to different
aspects of the environment, and to learn about the world in particular ways.”
C. Infants have an innate sense of the world when they are born that is independent of
environmental experiences.
D. The core domains provide a foundation from which infants manifest their
genetically hardwired manner of understanding the world and develop more mature
cognitive functioning and learning.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Hard
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 178
Page:179
Explanation: In criticizing the core knowledge approach, British developmental
psychologist Mark Johnston says that infants likely come into the world with “soft
biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment, and to learn
about the world in particular ways.”
27. The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive
processing on many tasks is defined as _____.
A. sensation
B. attention
C. perception
D. transduction
Answer: B
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 180
Explanation: Attention is the focusing of mental resources on select information that
improves cognitive processing on many tasks.
28. _____ allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as
it becomes familiar.
A. Investigative process
B. Orienting attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
Answer: C
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 180
Explanation: Sustained attention allows infants to learn about and remember
characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.
29. _____ is defined as the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated
presentations of the stimulus.
A. Orientation
B. Investigation
C. Habituation
D. Imitation
Answer: C
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 181
Explanation: Habituation is the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated
presentations of the stimulus.
30. _____ is defined as the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

A. Dishabituation
B. Generalization
C. Inhibition
D. Introspection
Answer: A
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 181
Explanation: Dishabituation is the increase in responsiveness after a change in
stimulation.
31. Infants’ attention to objects is strongly governed by the _____ and habituation.
A. obscurity of the object
B. frequency of interactions with the object
C. familiarity with the object
D. novelty of the object
Answer: D
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 181
Explanation: Infants’ attention is strongly governed by novelty and habituation.
32. Research on habituation has shown that:

A. continual stimulation over extended periods of time using the same object is the
best way to elicit a child’s attention.
B. the extent to which infants can see, hear, smell, taste, and experience touch cannot
be empirically studied.
C. it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the
infant stops responding.
D. habituation is inadequate as a variable to study an infant’s maturity and well-being.
Answer: C
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 181
Explanation: In parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things
and to repeat them often until the infant stops responding. The parent stops or changes
behaviors when the infant redirects his or her attention.
33. _____ occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to
track each other’s behavior; one individual directs another’s attention, and reciprocal
interaction is present.
A. Orienting attention
B. Joint attention
C. Investigative attention
D. Covert attention
Answer: B
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 181
Explanation: Joint attention occurs when individuals focus on the same object or
event and are able to track each other’s behavior; one individual directs another’s
attention, and reciprocal interaction is present.
34. Which of the following is a prerequisite condition for joint attention to occur?
A. Reciprocal interaction
B. Multiple caregivers
C. Infant’s ability to use abstract thought
D. Infant’s ability to use two-word utterances
Answer: A
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 181
Explanation: Joint attention requires (1) an ability to track another’s behavior, such as
following someone’s gaze; (2) one person directing another’s attention; and
(3) reciprocal interaction.
35. Attention plays an important role in memory as part of a process called _____,
which is the process by which information gets into memory.
A. encoding
B. maintaining
C. filtering
D. inhibiting
Answer: A
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Explanation: Attention plays an important role in memory as part of a process called
encoding, which is the process by which information gets into memory.
36. _____ is a central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of

information over time.
A. Emotion
B. Memory
C. Consciousness
D. Intuition
Answer: B
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Explanation: Memory is a central feature of cognitive development, involving the
retention of information over time.
37. Which of the following refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?
A. Non-declarative memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Implicit memory
D. Explicit memory
Answer: D
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Explanation: Explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and
experiences.
38. Which of the following would come under the domain of implicit memory?
A. Ability to drive a car
B. Ability to recite a poem
C. Ability to name the President
D. Ability to recall complex formulas
Answer: A
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page: 182
Explanation: Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—
memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. In
contrast, explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.
39. Which of the following would come under the domain of explicit memory?
A. Ability to play a musical instrument
B. Ability to do type with high speed and accuracy
C. Ability to play soccer
D. Ability to name the people present at a recent party
Answer: D
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page: 182
Explanation: Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—
memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. In
contrast, explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.
40. From about 6 to 12 months of age, _____ make the emergence of explicit memory
possible.
A. the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex
B. the maturation of the olfactory bulb and the ventral areas of the frontal lobe
C. the maturation of the pons and the surrounding areas of the brainstem
D. the maturation of the medulla oblongata and the surrounding areas of the brainstem
Answer: A
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Explanation: From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the hippocampus
and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes the emergence
of explicit memory possible.
41. Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life.
This reflects the operation of _____.
A. infantile amnesia
B. infantile psychosis
C. juvenile dementia
D. infantile neurosis
Answer: A
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 182
Explanation: Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of
their life. This is called infantile, or childhood, amnesia.
42. One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events from their
infancy and early childhood years is that:
A. during these early years, the primary somatosensory cortex is undeveloped.
B. during these early years, the occipital lobe of the brain is in the process of
developing.
C. during these early years, the sensory and motor association areas are immature.
D. during these early years, the prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature.
Answer: D
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Page: 183
Explanation: One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events
from their infant and early childhood years is that during these early years the
prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature; this area of the brain is believed to play an
important role in storing memories of events.
43. According to Andrew Meltzoff, the infant’s imitative abilities are _____.
A. indiscriminate and generalized
B. inflexible and rigid
C. biologically based
D. unseen till two years after birth
Answer: C
Topic: Imitation
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 183
Explanation: Infant development researcher Andrew Meltzoff emphasizes that the
infant’s imitative abilities are biologically based, because infants can imitate a facial
expression within the first few days after birth. He also emphasizes that the infant’s
imitative abilities do not resemble a hardwired response but rather involve flexibility
and adaptability.
44. Carol was about a year and a half old when her father, who was babysitting her for
the day, noticed that she was brushing her hair with a rattle just the way his wife
brushed her hair before she left about three hours back. Carol’s father was sure this
was something new she had learnt. This is an example of _____.
A. concept formation
B. deferred imitation
C. centration
D. perceptual organization
Answer: B
Topic: Imitation
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 183
Explanation: Deferred imitation is imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days.
Carol is displaying deferred imitation here.
45. _____ are defined as cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or
ideas.
A. Data
B. Scripts
C. Concepts
D. Records
Answer: C
Topic: Concept Formation
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 183
Explanation: Concepts are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or
ideas.
46. Infants who classify birds as animals and airplanes as vehicles even though the
objects are perceptually similar are engaging in:
A. conceptual categorization.
B. perceptual categorization.
C. surface-level categorization.
D. superficial categorization.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 184
Explanation: It is not until about 7 to 9 months of age that infants form conceptual
categories rather than just making perceptual discriminations between different
categories. In one study of 9- to 11-month olds, infants classified birds as animals and
airplanes as vehicles even though the objects were perceptually similar—airplanes
and birds with their wings spread.
47. In the context of concept formation, which of the following is likely to be the
subject of intense interest among girls?
A. Dinosaurs
B. Trucks
C. Books/readings
D. Balls
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 184
Explanation: Categorization of boys’ intense interests focused on vehicles, trains,
machines, dinosaurs, and balls; girls’ intense interests were more likely to involve
dress-ups and books/reading.
48. In the context of testing and assessment of infant development, the most important
early contributor was _____.
A. A S Kaufman
B. Patricia Kuhl
C. Nancy Bayley
D. Arnold Gesell
Answer: D
Topic: Measures of Infant Development
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 186
Explanation: The most important early contributor to the testing of infants was Arnold
Gesell. He developed a measure that helped to sort out potentially normal babies from
abnormal ones.
49. An overall score that combines the subscores in the four domains of Gesell
assessment of infants is known as the _____.
A. deviation quotient
B. developmental quotient
C. clinical quotient
D. intelligence quotient
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 186
Explanation: An overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive,
and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants is known as
developmental quotient.
50. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed in order to:
A. evaluate the child’s heart and lung functioning at birth.
B. assess infant behavior and predict later development.
C. differentiate potentially normal babies from abnormal ones.
D. combine the height and weight of the infant into a singular metric.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 186
Explanation: The widely used Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed
by Nancy Bayley in order to assess infant behavior and predict later development.
51. When compared to intelligence tests of older children, tests for infants are
characterized by:
A. greater emphasis on measures of verbal intelligence.
B. lesser emphasis on perceptual-motor development.
C. greater emphasis on social interaction in infants.
D. lesser emphasis on relationship with the infant's caregiver(s).
Answer: C
Topic: Predicting Intelligence
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 187
Explanation: The infant-testing movement grew out of the tradition of IQ testing.
However, IQ tests of older children pay more attention to verbal ability. Tests for
infants contain far more items related to perceptual-motor development and include
measures of social interaction.
52. The _____ is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

A. Apgar Scale
B. Gesell test
C. Fagan test
D. Bayley scale
Answer: C
Topic: Predicting Intelligence
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 187
Explanation: Unlike the Gesell and Bayley scales, the Fagan test is correlated with
measures of intelligence in older children.
53. _____ is a form of communication that is based on a system of spoken, written or

signed symbols.
A. Proprioception
B. Haptics
C. Telepathy
D. Language
Answer: D
Topic: Defining Language
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 188
Explanation: Language is a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or
signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
54. Which of the following is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful
sentences using a fixed set of words and rules?
A. Parsing
B. Chunking
C. Universal language acquisition
D. Infinite generativity
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 188
Explanation: Infinite generativity is the ability to produce an endless number of
meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
55. Lillian gave her class of twelve students a sentence making exercise in her English
class. She provided the students with seven words and instructed them to create as
many sentences as they could with this set of words only. Lillian’s exercise tests
_____.
A. infinite generativity
B. perceptual organization
C. emotional intelligence
D. postconventional reasoning
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page: 188
Explanation: Infinite generativity is the ability to produce an endless number of
meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
56. Which of the following is defined as the sound system of the language?
A. Morphology
B. Phonology
C. Semiotics
D. Grammar
Answer: B
Topic: Language’s Rule Systems
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 188
Explanation: Phonology is the sound system of the language, including the sounds
that are used and how they may be combined.
57. In English, the sound represented by the letter p, as in the words pot and spot, is a
_____.
A. scheme
B. word
C. morpheme
D. phoneme
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 188
Explanation: A phoneme is the basic unit of sound in a language; it is the smallest unit
of sound that affects meaning. For example, in English the sound represented by the
letter p, as in the words pot and spot, is a phoneme.
58. _____ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

A. Morphology
B. Phonology
C. Graphology
D. Philology
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 189
Explanation: Morphology refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.
59. _____ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and
sentences.
A. Semiotics
B. Syllable
C. Syntax
D. Haptics
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 189
Explanation: Syntax involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases
and sentences.
60. The appropriate use of language in different contexts is known as _____.

A. haptics
B. pragmatics
C. semiotics
D. generativity
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 189
Explanation: The appropriate use of language in different contexts is known as
pragmatics.
61. Patricia Kuhl’s research has demonstrated that from birth up to about 6 months of
age, infants are “citizens of the world”. In the context of Kuhl's research, what does
this expression convey?
A. Infants recognize when sounds change most of the time irrespective of the
language being spoken.
B. Infants are exclusively sensitive to the language their parents speak between birth
and six months of age.
C. Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of
vocalizations in order to specifically imitate the language their parents speak.
D. Infants respond quickly to polite speech in their native language between birth and
six months of age.
Answer: A
Topic: How Language Develops
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 190
Explanation: Kuhl’s research has demonstrated that from birth up to about 6 months
of age, infants are “citizens of the world”: they recognize when sounds change most
of the time, no matter what language the syllables come from.
62. The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of

the first year is called _____.
A. crying
B. labeling
C. cooing
D. babbling
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 191
Explanation: In the middle of the first year babies babble—that is, they produce
strings of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ba, ba, ba, ba.”
63. The gurgling sound made in the back of the throat by babies usually to express
pleasure during interaction with the caregiver is known as _____.
A. cooing
B. crying
C. babbling
D. murmuring
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 191
Explanation: The gurgling sound made in the back of the throat by babies usually to
express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver is known as cooing.
64. Receptive vocabulary comprises of:

A. the words that the child speaks but does not understand.
B. the first words a child uses to speak as a sentence.
C. the words that the child understands but cannot speak.
D. the first words that the child babbles to his caregivers.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 191
Explanation: Receptive vocabulary consists of the words that the child understands. In
infancy receptive vocabulary (words the child understands) considerably exceeds
spoken vocabulary (words the child uses).
65. Which of the following represents a rapid increase in the number of words
children know that begins at approximately 18 months?
A. Overextension
B. Spontaneous vocalization
C. First words
D. Vocabulary spurt
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 191
Explanation: The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months
is called the vocabulary spurt.
66. Rachel looks at their neighbour walking their dog and exclaims “not monkey” in a
loud and urgent tone. This is an example of:
A. two-word utterances.
B. word of mouth.
C. babbling.
D. pragmatics.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page: 192
Explanation: By the time children are 18 to 24 months of age, most of their
communication consists of two-word utterances. To convey meaning with just two
words, the child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context.
67. _____ is defined as the use of content words without grammatical markers such as
articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
A. Gesture
B. Elaborative speech
C. Receptive speech
D. Telegraphic speech
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 192
Explanation: Telegraphic speech is the use of content words without grammatical
markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
68. _____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing
words.
A. Zona incerta
B. Broca’s area
C. Reticular formation
D. Wernicke’s area
Answer: B
Topic: Biological and Environmental Influences
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 193
Explanation: Broca’s area in the left frontal lobe of the brain is involved in producing
words.
69. When an individual experiences brain damage affecting his Broca’s area or
Wernicke’s area, it leads to specific language deficiencies that are collectively
referred to as _____.
A. anoxia
B. ataxia
C. aphasia
D. amnesia
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 193
Explanation: Broca’s area, an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain involved in
producing words, and Wernicke’s area, a region of the brain’s left hemisphere
involved in language comprehension. Damage to either of these areas produces types
of aphasia, which is a loss or impairment of language processing.
70. Lily was five when a car accident damaged a crucial portion of her brain that
controlled language functioning. Following the accident, Lily was unable to speak
though she could understand the meaning of the words being spoken to her. From the
information provided in the scenario, we can infer that the brain damage Lily suffered
affected her _____.
A. Wernicke’s area
B. limbic system
C. Broca’s area
D. amygdala
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 193
of aphasia, which is a loss or impairment of language processing. Individuals with
damage to Broca’s area have difficulty producing words correctly; individuals with
damage to Wernicke’s area have poor comprehension and often produce
incomprehensible speech.
71. Jason fell of his bicyle and hit his head against the pavement when he was six
years old.
Though the doctors did their best to repair any brain damage he incurred, Jason
sustained severe injuries that left him unable to understand language. Jason is able to
speak but his sentences make no sense and do not aid communication. From the
information provided in the scenario, we can infer that the brain damage Jason
suffered affected his _____.
A. reticular formation
B. Broca’s area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. tegmentum
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page: 193
of aphasia, which is a loss or impairment of language processing. Individuals with
damage to Broca’s area have difficulty producing words correctly; individuals with
damage to Wernicke’s area have poor comprehension and often produce
incomprehensible speech.
72. Which of the following statements reflects the views of Noam Chomsky on
language?
A. The LAD is a physical part of the brain and not a theoretical construct.
B. Children do not have an innate ability to detect the sounds of language.
C. Children are born with an innate device to learn language.
D. Language acquisition in humans is an environmentally conditioned process that
starts at birth.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 193
Explanation: Linguist Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are biologically
prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way. He said that children
are born into the world with a language acquisition device (LAD), a biological
endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language,
including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
73. _____ is a term devised by Noam Chomsky that describes a biological endowment
that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including
phonology, syntax, and semantics.
A. Language acquisition device
B. Linguistic relativity tendency
C. Infinite generativity potential
D. Genetic imprinting potential
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 193
Explanation: Language acquisition device is a term devised by linguist, Noam
Chomsky that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the
features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
74. Which of the following is an important function of child-directed speech?

A. It captures the infant's attention and maintains communication.
B. It reduces the occurrence of infantile amnesia for the earliest memories of infancy.
C. It reduces the need for reciprocal interaction between caregivers and children.
D. It assists in prolonging REM sleep in infants.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 194
Explanation: Child-directed speech has the important function of capturing the
infant’s attention and maintaining communication.
75. Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences
to communicate meaningfully and clearly is known as _____.
A. elaborative speech
B. abstract speech
C. telegraphic speech
D. child-directed speech
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 194
Explanation: Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and
sentences is known as child-directed speech.
76. _____ is rephrasing something the child has said by turning it into a question or
restating the child’s immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.
A. Recasting
B. Relearning
C. Labeling
D. Overextending
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 195
Explanation: Recasting is rephrasing something the child has said, perhaps turning it
into a question or restating the child’s immature utterance in the form of a fully
grammatical sentence.
77. _____ is a strategy used to increase children’s acquisition of language by restating

the telegraphic speech of a child in a linguistically sophisticated form.
A. Screening
B. Labelling
C. Expanding
D. Identifying
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 196
Explanation: Expanding is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a
child has
said. For example, a child says, “Doggie eat,” and the parent replies, “Yes, the doggie
is eating.”
78. _____ a strategy used to increase children’s acquisition of language by identifying

the names of objects.
A. Rephrasing
B. Labelling
C. Expanding
D. Restating
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 196
Explanation: Labeling is identifying the names of objects.
79. An interactionist view emphasizes that both _____ and experience contribute to
language development.
A. culture
B. parenting style
C. ecological context
D. biology
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 196
Explanation: An interactionist view emphasizes that both biology and experience
contribute to language development.
80. Which of the following actions is desirable for parents to encourage language
development in children?
A. Parents should help infants and toddlers by supplying them with words and
thoughts they cannot communicate.
B. Parents should speak to infants and toddlers in abstract and high-level ways.
C. Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different
speeds.
D. Parents should actively discourage any idiosyncrasies the child shows while
communicating.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 197
Explanation: Parents should be aware of the ages at which their child reaches specific
milestones (such as the first word, first 50 words), but refrain from measuring this
development rigidly against that of other children.
Short Answer Questions
81. Name the different processes delineated by Piaget to explain how children
construct their understanding of the world.
Answer: Piaget developed several concepts to explain how children construct their
knowledge of the world; especially important among these concepts are schemes,
assimilation, accommodation, organization, equilibrium, and equilibration.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 172
Page: 173
82. What are Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor development?

Answer: Piaget’s six substages of sensorimotor development are as follows:
• Simple reflexes
• First habits and primary circular reactions
• Secondary circular reactions
• Coordination of secondary circular reactions
• Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
• Internalization of schemes
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 174
Page: 175
83. What are the milestones of the sixth sensorimotor substage given by Piaget?
Answer: Internalization of schemes is Piaget’s sixth and final sensorimotor substage,
which develops between 18 and 24 months of age. In this substage, the infant
develops the ability to use primitive symbols. For Piaget, a symbol is an internalized
sensory image or word that represents an event. Primitive symbols permit the infant to
think about concrete events without directly acting them out or perceiving them.
Moreover, symbols allow the infant to manipulate and transform the represented
events in simple ways.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 175
84. What is object permanence?

Answer: Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even
when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Acquiring the sense of object
permanence is one of the infant’s most important accomplishments, according to
Piaget. The principal way that object permanence is studied is by watching an infant’s
reaction when an interesting object disappears. If infants search for the object, it is
assumed that they believe it continues to exist.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 176
85. What are the salient features of the core knowledge approach?
Answer: The core knowledge approach states that infants are born with domain-
specific innate knowledge systems. Among these domain-specific knowledge systems
are those involving space, number sense, object permanence, and language. Strongly
influenced by evolution, the core knowledge domains are theorized to be prewired to
allow infants to make sense of their world. In this approach, the innate core
knowledge domains form a foundation around which more mature cognitive
functioning and learning develop.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 178
86. Describe the nature-nurture controversy in relation to the cognitive development

of infants?
Answer: The proponents of nature theory (like Elizabeth Spelke) endorse the core
knowledge approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate
knowledge systems. Strongly influenced by evolution, the core knowledge domains
are theorized to be prewired to allow infants to make sense of their world. On the
other hand, the proponents of the nurture theory consider that infants learn from the
environment. According to Mark Johnston, infants likely come into the world with
“soft biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment, and to
learn about the world in particular ways.” Although debate about the cause and course
of infant cognitive development continues, most developmentalists today agree that
Piaget underestimated the early cognitive accomplishments of infants and that both
nature and nurture are involved in infants’ cognitive development.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 178
Page: 179
87. Describe attention in the first year of the infant's life.

Answer: Attention is the focusing of mental resources on select information. Attention
in the first year of life is dominated by an orienting/investigative process. This process
involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment (that
is, where) and recognizing objects and their features (such as color and form). From 3
to 9 months of age, infants can deploy their attention more flexibly and quickly.
Another important type of attention is sustained attention, also referred to as focused
attention. New stimuli typically elicit an orienting response followed by sustained
attention. It is sustained attention that allows infants to learn about and remember
characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 180
88. Distinguish habituation from dishabituation. What is the significance of these

concepts in the context of cognitive development in infants?
Answer: Closely linked with attention are the processes of habituation and
dishabituation. Habituation is the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after
repeated presentations of the stimulus. On the other hand, dishabituation is the
increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation. Knowing about habituation
and dishabituation can help parents interact effectively with infants. Wise parents
sense when an infant shows an interest and realize that they may have to repeat
something many times for the infant to process information. But if the stimulation is
repeated often, the infant stops responding to the parent. In parent-infant interaction, it
is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant
stops responding.
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 181
89. What is joint attention? Give an example of how joint attention plays an important
role in many aspects of infant development.
Answer: Joint attention is seen when individuals focus on the same object or event.
Joint attention requires (1) an ability to track another’s behavior, such as following
someone’s gaze; (2) one person directing another’s attention; and (3) reciprocal
interaction. Joint attention plays important roles in many aspects of infant
development and considerably increases infants’ ability to learn from other people.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in observations of interchanges between
caregivers and infants as infants are learning language. When caregivers and infants
frequently engage in joint attention, infants say their first word earlier and develop a
larger vocabulary.
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 181
90. Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory.

Answer: Memory involves the retention of information over time. Implicit memory
refers to memory without conscious recollection—memories of skills and routine
procedures that are performed automatically. In contrast, explicit memory refers to the
conscious memory of facts and experiences.
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
91. What is infantile amnesia? Explain any one causal factor of infantile amnesia.
Answer: Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their
life. This is called infantile, or childhood, amnesia. The few reported adult memories
of life at age 2 or 3 are at best very sketchy. Elementary school children also do not
remember much of their early childhood years. One reason older children and adults
have difficulty recalling events from their infant and early childhood years is that
during these early years the prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature; this area of the
brain is believed to play an important role in storing memories of events.
Topic: Memory
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 182
Page: 183
92. What are Meltzoff’s views on imitation in infants?

Answer: Infant development researcher Andrew Meltzoff sees infants’ imitative
abilities as biologically based, because infants can imitate a facial expression within
the first few days after birth. He also emphasizes that the infant’s imitative abilities do
not resemble a hardwired response but rather involve flexibility and adaptability. He
argues that beginning at birth, there is an interplay between learning by observing and
learning by doing. Meltzoff also studied deferred imitation, which occurs after a time
delay of hours or days. Piaget held that deferred imitation doesn’t occur until about 18
months of age. Meltzoff’s research suggested that it occurs much earlier, around 9
months of age.
Topic: Imitation
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 183
93. What is perceptual categorization?

Answer: Using habituation experiments, some researchers have found that infants as
young as 3 to 4 months of age can group together objects with similar appearances,
such as animals. These early categorizations are best described as perceptual
categorization. That is, the categorizations are based on similar perceptual features of
objects, such as size, color, and movement, as well as parts of objects, such as legs for
animals.
Topic: Concept formation
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 183
Page: 184
94. How is Gesell's measurement of infant development used? Name the four
categories of behavior in the current version of the Gesell test.
Answer: Arnold Gesell developed a measure that helped to differentiate between
potentially normal babies from abnormal ones. Gesell’s examination was used widely
for many years and still is frequently employed by pediatricians to distinguish
between normal and abnormal infants. The current version of the Gesell test has four
categories of behavior: motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social. The
developmental quotient (DQ) combines subscores in these categories to provide an
overall score.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 186
95. Describe the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

Answer: The widely used Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed by
Nancy Bayley (1969) in order to assess infant behavior and predict later development.
The current version, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development— Third
Edition (Bayley-III), has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and
adaptive (Bayley, 2005). The first three scales are administered directly to the infant,
the latter two are questionnaires given to the caregiver. The Bayley-III is more
appropriate for use in clinical settings than the two previous editions.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 186
96. What is the relationship between language and phonology?

Answer: Language is a form of communication—whether spoken, written, or
signed—that is based on a system of symbols. Language consists of the words used
by a community and the rules for varying and combining them. Every language is
made up of basic sounds. Phonology is the sound system of the language, including
the sounds that are used and how they may be combined. Phonology provides a basis
for constructing a large and expandable set of words out of two or three dozen
phonemes. A phoneme is the basic unit of sound in a language; it is the smallest unit
of sound that affects meaning.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 188
97. Describe the nature and function of pragmatics with an example.
Answer: A final set of language rules involves pragmatics, the appropriate use of
language in different contexts. It is a system of using appropriate conversation and
knowledge of how to effectively use language in context. An example of pragmatics
is using polite language in appropriate situations, such as being mannerly when
talking with one’s teacher. Taking turns in a conversation involves pragmatics.
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Page: 189
Page: 190
Refer to: Fig. 6.11
98. Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of
vocalizations. What are the functions of these vocalizations?
Answer: The functions of these early vocalizations in infants are to practice making
sounds, to communicate, and to attract attention. Babies’ sounds go through this
sequence during the first year:
• Crying: Babies cry even at birth. Crying can signal distress, but different types of
cries signal different things.
• Cooing: Babies first coo at about 1 to 2 months. These gurgling sounds are made in
the back of the throat and usually express pleasure during interaction with the
caregiver.
• Babbling: In the middle of the first year babies babble—that is, they produce strings
of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ba, ba, ba, ba.”
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 190
Page: 191
99. Explain the role of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area with regard to language.
Answer: Two regions involved in language were first discovered in studies of brain-
damaged individuals: Broca’s area, an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain
involved in producing words, and Wernicke’s area, a region of the brain’s left
hemisphere involved in language comprehension. Damage to either of these areas
produces types of aphasia, which is a loss or impairment of language processing.
Individuals with damage to Broca’s area have difficulty producing words correctly;
individuals with damage to Wernicke’s area have poor comprehension and often
produce incomprehensible speech.
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 193
100. What is labeling?

Answer: Labeling is identifying the names of objects. Young children are forever
being asked to identify the names of objects. Roger Brown (1958) called this “the
original word game” and claimed that much of a child’s early vocabulary is motivated
by this adult pressure to identify the words associated with objects.
Difficulty: Easy
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Page: 196

Children 12th Edition Santrock Test Bank

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Children 12th Edition Santrock Test Bank

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Children 12th Edition Santrock Test

1. Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of infant development.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is true with regard to Piaget’s theory of infant

2. In the context of Piaget’s theory, _____ is the process of adjusting to new

3. Piaget stressed that:

4. In Piaget’s theory, _____ are actions or mental representations that organize

6. In Piaget’s theory, mental schemes first develop in _____.

7. Assimilation occurs when children:

8. In Piaget’s theory, _____ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their

16. In the context of Piaget's sensorimotor development, a _____ is a scheme based

23. Which of the following is an example of an A-not-B error?

24. Research by Renée Baillargeon found that infants as young as 3 to 4 months

26. Which of the following is a critique of the core knowledge approach?

30. _____ is defined as the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

32. Research on habituation has shown that:

36. _____ is a central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of

52. The _____ is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

53. _____ is a form of communication that is based on a system of spoken, written or

58. _____ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

60. The appropriate use of language in different contexts is known as _____.

62. The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of

64. Receptive vocabulary comprises of:

74. Which of the following is an important function of child-directed speech?

77. _____ is a strategy used to increase children’s acquisition of language by restating

78. _____ a strategy used to increase children’s acquisition of language by identifying

Short Answer Questions

82. What are Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor development?

84. What is object permanence?

86. Describe the nature-nurture controversy in relation to the cognitive development

87. Describe attention in the first year of the infant's life.

88. Distinguish habituation from dishabituation. What is the significance of these

90. Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory.

92. What are Meltzoff’s views on imitation in infants?

93. What is perceptual categorization?

95. Describe the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

96. What is the relationship between language and phonology?

100. What is labeling?

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