Exploring Psychology in Modules 10th

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Design an experiment to show how the process of habituation can help us to

demonstrate human infants' capacities for perception, learning, and memory.

2. Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________ changes

throughout the human life span.
A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) genetic
D) social

3. Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is
most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

4. Efforts to identify the interactive influences of inherited personality traits and culturally
prescribed educational practices on the intellectual development of children is most
central to the major issue of
A) stability and change.
B) extraversion and introversion.
C) continuity and stages.
D) nature and nurture.

5. Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences
between cultural groups.
B) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial
groups.
C) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from
differences in life experiences.
D) developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different
cultures.

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 6. One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology involves a focus on
A) conception and prenatal development.
B) continuity and stages.
C) embryonic and fetal development.
D) stimulation and habituation.

7. Distinguishing between very gradual and very abrupt developmental changes over the
life span is most central to the major issue of
A) prenatal and postnatal development.
B) stability and change.
C) continuity and stages.
D) nature and nurture.

8. Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost

imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of
A) nature and nurture.
B) genes and environment.
C) continuity and stages.
D) stability and change.

9. Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages

generally believe that ________ is (are) the same for everyone.
A) both the order and the timing of the stages
B) the order but not the timing of the stages
C) the timing but not the order of the stages
D) neither the order nor the timing of the stages

10. Theories of human development have been most susceptible to criticism for
overemphasizing
A) discrete age-linked stages.
B) the interaction of nature and nurture.
C) maturation during adolescent development.
D) cognitive changes during adult development.

11. A belief that adult personality is completely determined in early childhood would be
most relevant to the issue of
A) stability and change.
B) nature and nurture.
C) cognition and morality.
D) conception and prenatal development.

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12. A child's temperament is likely to be
A) difficult to observe.
B) stable over time.
C) a product of parenting style.
D) a reflection of his or her thinking.

13. Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be fearful or relaxed adults
most directly highlight the issue of
A) continuity and stages.
B) stability and change.
C) identity and temperament.
D) nature and nurture.

14. The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as
adolescents is most relevant to the issue of
A) continuity and stages.
B) childhood and life-span development.
C) stability and change.
D) habituation and attention.

15. As compared with the production of egg cells, sperm cell production
A) begins later in life.
B) involves a jellylike outer covering.
C) begins earlier in life.
D) occurs at a slower rate.

16. Human females begin forming all the eggs they will ever have during
A) conception.
B) prenatal development.
C) early childhood.
D) puberty.

17. Human sperm cells ________ than egg cells.

A) are larger
B) contain more genes
C) are smaller
D) contain fewer genes

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18. During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)
A) zygote and finally develops into an embryo.
B) embryo and finally develops into a fetus.
C) zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
D) fetus and finally develops into an embryo.

19. Cell division and differentiation begin during the ________ stage of prenatal
development.
A) fetal
B) placental
C) zygotic
D) embryonic

20. The organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo is called the
A) ovary.
B) zygote.
C) placenta.
D) teratogen.

21. The placenta develops from many of the outer cells of the
A) ovary.
B) zygote.
C) fetus.
D) embryo.

22. When a placenta is first developed, it transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to
A) egg cell.
B) fetus.
C) embryo.
D) zygote.

23. During a routine prenatal exam, Janet's obstetrician detected the heartbeat of her future
baby. The earliest possible period of development medically indicated at this point
would be the ________ period.
A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) fetal
D) epigenetic

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24. Immediately after birth, newborns prefer their own mother's voice to another woman's
voice. This is best explained by the interaction of heredity and environment that takes
place inside the
A) mother's egg.
B) placenta.
C) teratogen.
D) uterus.

25. A preference for our mother's voice over our father's voice has been detected
A) during embryonic development.
B) immediately after birth.
C) one week after birth.
D) one month after birth.

26. At about 30 hours old, American and Swedish newborns were observed to pause more
in their pacifier sucking when listening to
A) familiar vowels from their mother's language.
B) unfamiliar words from their father's language.
C) the voice sounds of a sibling.
D) musical instruments over a radio.

27. Just after birth, the cries of newborns typically bear the intonation of
A) identity.
B) an epigenetic effect.
C) habituation.
D) their mother's native language.

28. Four weeks after having been exposed to a vibrating, honking device placed on its
mother's abdomen, a fetus demonstrates
A) habituation.
B) a stress response.
C) an epigenetic effect.
D) impulsiveness.

29. A teratogen is a(n)

A) fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.
B) unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities.
C) chromosomal abnormality.
D) substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child.

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30. Melissa suffered a severe viral infection during her fourth month of pregnancy that
caused her baby to be born with an abnormal heart valve. In this instance, the virus was
clearly a(n)
A) stress hormone.
B) digestive enzyme.
C) teratogen.
D) zygote.

31. One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is

A) blood.
B) oxygen.
C) testosterone.
D) alcohol.

32. When pregnant rats drink alcohol, their young offspring later display a(n)
A) immunity to fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) aversion to the taste of alcohol.
C) unusually rapid development of bladder control.
D) liking for the taste and odor of alcohol.

33. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include
A) visual impairments.
B) mental abnormalities.
C) habituation.
D) hearing problems.

34. Alcohol may cause fetal damage by leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch genes
abnormally on or off. This best illustrates
A) habituation.
B) reflexive rooting.
C) an epigenetic effect.
D) neural networking.

35. If a pregnant woman experiences extreme stress, the stress hormones flooding her body
may threaten survival of the fetus and trigger a premature birth. In this situation, the
mother's stress hormones are most clearly
A) enzymes.
B) neural networks.
C) placentas.
D) teratogens.

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36. A reflex refers to
A) decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimulation.
B) an epigenetic effect that is observable at birth.
C) an automatic response to sensory stimulation.
D) the consistency of temperament over time.

37. Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
A) withdraw a limb to escape pain.
B) turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.
C) open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
D) look longer at face-like images.

38. Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the
A) foot.
B) knee.
C) arm.
D) cheek.

39. Habituation refers to the

A) awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
B) decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed.
C) adjustment of current thinking to make sense of new information.
D) the tendency to gaze longer at face-like images.

40. With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond
with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates
A) an epigenetic effect.
B) a reflex.
C) habituation.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

41. Infant visual preferences have been discovered by assessing infants'

A) reflexes.
B) habituation.
C) genetic inheritance.
D) stage of development.

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42. Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a
A) rectangular shape.
B) circular shape.
C) bull's-eye pattern.
D) face-like image.

43. When placed between a gauze breast pad from their nursing mother's bra and one from
another nursing mother, week-old nursing babies are likely to
A) move their eyes in a visual search for their mother.
B) turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad.
C) open their mouth in a vigorous search for a nipple.
D) habituate more quickly to the smell of the pad taken from another nursing mother.

44. French toddlers preferred playing with chamomile-scented toys if

A) they had never before smelled chamomile.
B) they had been diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) their mothers had once used a skin balm with a chamomile scent.
D) their fathers were devoted chamomile tea drinkers.

45. Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices
on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n)
________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

46. Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be
overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of
A) continuity and stages.
B) stability and change.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) nature and nurture.

47. Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the
A) embryo.
B) ovaries.
C) teratogens.
D) placenta.

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48. If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm
to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n)
A) habituation.
B) stress hormone.
C) digestive enzyme.
D) teratogen.

49. When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively

A) retract their arms.
B) open their mouths.
C) close their eyes.
D) cry.

50. Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady
shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of
A) continuity and stages.
B) nature and nurture.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) stability and change.

51. Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because
A) their reflexes are naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds.
B) they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices.
C) they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.
D) they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast feeding.

52. Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to
A) habituation.
B) zygotes.
C) teratogens.
D) reflex responses.

53. The best evidence that newborns possess visual memory capabilities comes from
research on
A) epigenetic effects.
B) infant reflexes.
C) prenatal development.
D) habituation.

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54. By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' ________
and that of another nursing mother.
A) face
B) smell
C) temperament
D) tender touch

55. The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, cognitive, and
social changes that occur throughout the human life span is called
A) social psychology.
B) personality psychology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) biological psychology.

56. Professor Conrad is a research specialist in the study of identity formation during
adolescence. It is most likely that the professor is a ________ psychologist.
A) developmental
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) clinical

57. Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial
groups.
B) developmental processes are highly similar among individuals raised in different
cultures.
C) differences among cultural groups are greater than person-to-person differences
within cultural groups.
D) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from
differences in life experience.

58. Ross believes that personality development is a matter of sudden qualitative changes at
various turning points in the life span. His viewpoint is most directly relevant to the
issue of
A) stability and change.
B) nature and nurture.
C) stimulation and habituation.
D) continuity and stages.

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59. Researchers who emphasize learning and experience tend to view development as
A) a continuous process, while those who emphasize maturation often view
development as a sequence of stages.
B) a sequence of stages, while those who emphasize maturation often view
development as a continuous process.
C) a cognitive process, while those who emphasize maturation often view
development as a social process.
D) a social process, while those who emphasize maturation often view development as
a cognitive process.

60. A stage theory of development was advanced by

A) Lawrence Kohlberg.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) all of these psychologists.

61. Stage theories of adult development are most likely to be criticized for exaggerating the
A) importance of social influence.
B) predictability of development.
C) importance of epigenetic effects.
D) interaction of nature and nurture.

62. One of the three major issues in developmental psychology involves a focus on
A) stimulation and habituation.
B) conception and prenatal development.
C) embryonic and fetal development.
D) stability and change.

63. Exceptionally timid and cautious infants tend to become shy and unassertive
adolescents. This best illustrates the long-term stability of
A) temperament.
B) reflex responses.
C) teratogens.
D) habituation.

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64. One research team observed that out-of-control 3-year-olds were the most likely to
become out-of-control adult gamblers. This finding is most central to the issue of
A) stability and change.
B) habituation and attention.
C) continuity and stages.
D) nature and nurture.

65. As boys with explosive tempers grow older, they are especially likely to have difficulty
maintaining good jobs and happy marriages. This fact is most relevant to the issue of
A) nature and nurture.
B) cognitive or social development.
C) stability and change.
D) continuity or stages.

66. Sperm cells release ________ that eat away a mature egg cell's protective coating.
A) placentas
B) teratogens
C) enzymes
D) zygotes

67. Boys first begin producing sperm during

A) embryonic development.
B) fetal development.
C) the first year after birth.
D) puberty.

68. Mature eggs first begin to be released from the ovaries of human females a short time
after the onset of
A) conception.
B) habituation.
C) puberty.
D) fetal development.

69. A fertilized egg is called a(n)

A) embryo.
B) zygote.
C) teratogen.
D) fetus.

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70. From 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception, the human organism is known as a(n)
A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ovum.

71. Many of the outer cells of the zygote become the

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) placenta.
D) brainstem.

72. The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is known as
a(n)
A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ovum.

73. Responsiveness to sound begins during ________ development.

A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) ovular
D) fetal

74. Research indicates that newborns can distinguish

A) their mother's voice from another woman's voice.
B) differences in light intensity but not differences in shape.
C) their mother's face from another woman's face.
D) differences in sound intensity but not differences in sound quality.

75. Learning the rising or falling intonations of spoken language begins during
A) conception.
B) the first week after birth.
C) the embryonic stage.
D) the fetal period.

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76. Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing
fetus are called
A) embryos.
B) placentas.
C) teratogens.
D) zygotes.

77. Cocaine use during Shanda's pregnancy damaged her developing fetus. The cocaine was
a(n)
A) enzyme.
B) teratogen.
C) zygote.
D) placenta.

78. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a

A) teratogen.
B) placenta.
C) digestive enzyme.
D) stress hormone.

79. Noticeable facial misproportions and cognitive abnormalities are most likely to be
associated with severe cases of
A) hypertension.
B) habituation.
C) diabetes.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

80. Substantial prenatal stress exposure puts a child at increased risk for
A) obesity.
B) heart disease.
C) psychiatric disorders.
D) all of these outcomes.

81. An unlearned, automatic response to a sensory stimulus is called a

A) neural network.
B) synapse.
C) teratogen.
D) reflex.

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82. Automatically withdrawing our limbs to escape pain illustrates
A) habituation.
B) the influence of teratogens.
C) an epigenetic effect.
D) a reflex response.

83. When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was
touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the reflex to
A) root for a nipple.
B) avoid pain.
C) habituate to touch.
D) facilitate social interaction.

84. A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation is called

A) a reflex response.
B) FAS.
C) habituation.
D) epigenetics.

85. Three-month-old Andrew was obviously startled by the first ring of the telephone, but
with each subsequent ring he seemed to become less reactive. This best illustrates the
process of
A) vocal intonation.
B) reflexive responding.
C) biological maturation.
D) habituation.

86. As newborns, we turn our heads in the direction of human voices and we gaze longer at
more face-like images. This best illustrates that we are born preferring sights and sounds
that facilitate
A) development through distinct stages.
B) continuity of personality.
C) epigenetic effects.
D) social responsiveness.

87. Research on the perceptual abilities of newborns indicates that they

A) see nothing for the first 12 hours.
B) see only differences in brightness.
C) recognize the outlines of objects but none of the details.
D) look more at a face-like image.

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Page 16
Answer Key
1.
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. B
14. C
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. C
21. B
22. C
23. A
24. D
25. B
26. A
27. D
28. A
29. D
30. C
31. D
32. D
33. B
34. C
35. D
36. C
37. C
38. D
39. B
40. C
41. B
42. D
43. B
44. C

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45. B
46. B
47. D
48. D
49. B
50. A
51. C
52. C
53. D
54. B
55. C
56. A
57. B
58. D
59. A
60. D
61. B
62. D
63. A
64. A
65. C
66. C
67. D
68. C
69. B
70. A
71. C
72. B
73. D
74. A
75. D
76. C
77. B
78. A
79. D
80. D
81. D
82. D
83. A
84. C
85. D
86. D
87. D

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