Essential Calculus Early

Transcendentals 2nd Edition James

Stewart Test Bank
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Essential Calculus Early Transcendentals 2nd Edition James Stewart Test Bank

Stewart_Essential Calc_2ET ch02sec01

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola at the point .

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.3
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

2. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the point .

a.
b.
c.
d.
e. None of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.4
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

3. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point .

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.5
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

4. If an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the point where

a.

b.

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 c.

d.

e. None of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.17
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

5. Use the definition of the derivative to find

a.
b.
c.
d.
e. does not exist
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.25
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

6. The cost (in dollars) of producing x units of a certain commodity is

Find the instantaneous rate of change with respect to x when (This is called the
marginal cost.)

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.26
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 2.1

NUMERIC RESPONSE

1. Find the derivative of the function.

ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.41a

MSC: Numerical Response NOT: Section 2.1
Essential Calculus Early Transcendentals 2nd Edition James Stewart Test Bank

2. The cost (in dollars) of producing x units of a certain commodity is

Find the average rate of change with respect to x when the production level is changed from

ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.41b

MSC: Numerical Response NOT: Section 2.1

3. If a cylindrical tank holds gallons of water, which can be drained from the bottom of
the tank in an hour, then Torricelli's Law gives the volume of water remaining in the tank
after t minutes as

Find the rate at which the water is flowing out of the tank (the instantaneous rate of change
of V with respect to t) as a function of t.

ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2.1.42

MSC: Numerical Response NOT: Section 2.1

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Political and commercial
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POLITICAL

AND COMMERCIAL GEOLOGY AND THE WORLD'S MINERAL
RESOURCES ***
 Please see the Transcriber’s Notes at
the end of this text.
New original cover art included with
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POLITICAL AND
COMMERCIAL
GEOLOGY
AND THE

WORLD’S MINERAL RESOURCES

 McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS FOR
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POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL
GEOLOGY
AND THE

WORLD’S MINERAL RESOURCES

A SERIES OF STUDIES BY SPECIALISTS

J. E. SPURR, E

F E
S I

Royalties received from the sale of this book will be

assigned to an institution of learning to finance
further studies along the lines followed in the volume.
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, I .
NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE
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1920

C , 1920,
M G -H B C ,I .

THE MAPLE PRESS YORK PA.

 PREFACE
The purpose of the accompanying series of studies is to shed light
upon the vast importance of commercial control of raw materials by
different powers, or by the citizens of those powers, through invested
capital. The question of domestic and foreign governmental policies of
the United States is closely involved. It appeared to many of us who
were engaged (as all the authors of these papers were) in studying the
mineral problems during the war, that our Government had never
grasped the vast political significance of commercial domination, and
especially of the control of mineral wealth; and that other more seasoned
nations had done so, and thereby affected the interests of America and
her policy very deeply, without her being aware of the circumstance.
With the rapid increase of the world’s population and the exploring
and exploiting of the hitherto undeveloped natural resources, competition
for this wealth has become and will still become keener. In past ages war,
pestilence, and starvation held down the earth’s population; and in the
last few years all these grim spectres have returned in force, suggesting
the possibility of a permanent return of the old primitive days.
Nevertheless, modern science and organization, if not quenched by vast
social disorders, will so safeguard life, as in recent times, that the world
is in a fair way to become crowded. All of us, like Germany, yearn for
our “place in the sun,” and our share of comfort and power. Of all the
fundamental necessities for this, nothing is so much in the nature of a
fixed and unmultipliable quality as the metals; they constitute the basis
and foundation of our modern civilization and power over man and
natural forces. Other raw materials are of vegetable or animal origin;
they propagate and duplicate themselves in successive incarnations
according to the law of life; they are born in some magical fashion of air
and water, with a minimum of the earth, and they return their loans
faithfully to air and water and earth with the passing of each generation
and the dawning of a new. There is the hint of such a law of growth in
the mineral kingdom, but it is so vastly slow that the evanescent animal
man has no personal interest in it; for all his purposes and by all his
standards of measurement it is inert, and these riches, once dug and used,
will never again be available. The treasures of commercially valuable
ore-deposits have been hid by nature whimsically throughout the earth,
here and there, by no rule of geography or latitude, and with a great
disregard of equality. A nation’s needs or desires for mineral wealth have
no stated relation to its actual mineral possessions; what it needs is often
in the territory of another nation which does not need it. Commerce is
thus born, and the nation which must have the metal or ore in question
backs up its commerce and helps it to fasten its claims for permanent
control of the deposits in question, by legislation, by diplomacy, and, if
need be, by war. In the case of war, the metallic prize falls to the
strongest—usually the nation which before, through its necessities,
exercised only commercial control, but which, as the result of the trial of
strength, now frankly asserts its sovereignty.
Have we as Americans realized these forces? Absolutely not, I should
say. How many realize that the Alsace-Lorraine question is and was not a
sentimental one, but a struggle for the greatest iron deposits of Europe
and the second largest in the world, which gave Germany her immense
growth and power, and may now transfer that wealth and power to
France? That the dispute between Poland and Germany as to Upper
Silesia is not a question of nationality, sentiment, or even territory, but
concerns the greatest coal field of Europe as well as great deposits of
lead and zinc? If Poland gets this, she may rival Germany in wealth and
importance; if Germany loses it, she may drop into the position of a
second-rate power, now that she has also had to give up Alsace-Lorraine.
To submit such a question to the vote of the native population is of the
same order of fitness as tossing a coin for it; but how many of us have
understood this? Population shifts and changes, swells or shrinks, may be
at one time predominantly Polish and at another time mainly German;
but the coal deposits are fixed. To clarify these things we should in place
of Silesia say Coal, in the place of Alsace-Lorraine, Iron, and so on.
The reason we have not realized these facts is on account of our own
vast mineral wealth, so abundant that not till recently has American
capital and enterprise found it necessary to adventure into the outside
world, as the European nations had long ago done. Their natural wealth
was limited so that they have become familiar with those fundamental
principles and laws of which we have been unconscious. From this has
arisen European foreign policies, the protection of their national
commerce and national capital in foreign enterprises and consequently at
home; governmental participation in business combinations, as in
Germany, England, France, and Italy; while the United States has been
engaged in “trust-busting” and has neglected the protection of its
investors in foreign countries. This illustrates the difference between
European diplomacy and American guilelessness. How well this played
into the hands of foreign powers it is unnecessary to explain. The
spectacle of the United States maintaining a Monroe Doctrine of
protection over Latin-American republics which she took no vigorous
steps to unite with her by the powerful bonds of commerce, must well
have excited the amusement of those European commercial nations like
Germany who have been strengthening themselves in those countries by
the closest commercial, and hence political, ties.
This volume simply takes up the study of the actual situation, as to the
distribution and ownership of mineral supplies in the world, and the
author of each chapter is a well-known specialist.
First is considered the question of petroleum, source of power and
light, the key to the mastery of the air, and, on account of its fluid and
easily transportable condition, of extraordinary future importance. Next
are taken up the great fuel mineral, coal, and its ally, the great metallic
mineral, iron, which must go together for the manufacture of iron and
steel, the backbone of all our mechanical achievements. Next come those
metals indispensable in steel making and in the manufacture of specially
hard or tough steels. These are of great importance, and include
manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, antimony,
molybdenum, uranium, and zirconium. Radium is closely associated
with uranium and is considered with it. Closely allied with zirconium are
thorium and mesothorium, and their treatment therefore closely follows
that of zirconium.
The next great group is that of the major metals, other than iron and
the ferro-alloy metals: copper, lead, zinc, tin and mercury, and
aluminum. Aluminum ores are used not only as sources of the metal, but
for the manufacture of refractories and abrasives. Therefore they are
classed partly with the metallic and partly with the non-metallic
minerals; and the other non-metallic minerals, used likewise for
abrasives, refractories, and other uses—such minerals as emery and
corundum, magnesite, graphite, mica, and asbestos—follow.
The next great group is that of the fertilizer minerals—phosphate rock,
potash, nitrates and nitrogen, and pyrite and sulphur, all essential for
agriculture.
The last group is that of the precious metals, gold, silver, and
platinum, essential for coinage and in the arts.
These various studies are essentially both inclusive and elementary:
together they form almost the first contribution to the branch of
investigation—that of the relation of geology to industry, commerce, and
political economy—which they cover; and it is natural that beginnings
should be rather crude. Moreover, many of the chapters were written a
year or more previous to the publication of the volume, and although
brought to date to the extent possible in the brief time available, are
considered inadequate by the authors themselves. Apologies for
shortcomings and possible inaccuracies are therefore very much in order.
Nevertheless, it is felt that the volume merits publication, and that the
beginning here made is far better than no start at all.
J E S .
 CONTENTS

P v
C
I. P , J D. N 1
II. C , G S. R F F. G 22
III. I , E. C. H F. T. E 55
IV. M , D. F. H 90
V. C , E. C. H 109
VI. N , C. S. C 129
VII. T , F L. H 142
VIII. V , R. B. M 163
IX. A , H. G. F D. A. H 172
X. M , R. B. M 191
XI. R U , R. A. F. P ,J . 201
XII. Z , H. C. M 209
XIII. M ,T , M , R.
B. M 216
XIV. C , F. W. P 223
XV. L , F B. H 261
XVI. Z , F B. H 294
XVII. T , J M. H 317
XVIII. M , F. L. R 337
XIX. B A , J M. H 349
 XX. E C , F J. K 356
XXI. M , R. W. S 363
XXII. G , H. G. F ,F F. G ,
G D. D 372
XXIII. M , D A. H 380
XXIV. A , O B 388
XXV. P R , R. W. S 402
XXVI. P , H S. G A. W. S 411
XXVII. N , C G. G 421
XXVIII. P S , A. G. W 447
XXIX. G , J E. O 462
XXX. S , F. W. P 495
XXXI. P , J M. H 506
XXXII. W O E ? J. E. S 522
POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL GEOLOGY
AND THE

WORLD’S MINERAL RESOURCES

 CHAPTER I
PETROLEUM
[1]
B J D. N

[1] In this article, prepared in June, 1918, by Mr. Northrop, have been incorporated
certain notes and additions; as, for example, information furnished by E. Russell
Lloyd, of the United States Geological Survey; A. G. White and W. E. Perdue, of the
Bureau of Mines, and others. (J. E. S.)

INTRODUCTION
B J. E. S
Coal and iron are the backbone of industrial civilization, and should be
considered first in any attempt to analyze the ownership and control, as
between nations, of the world’s mineral resources. Kin to coal in
growing importance, however, is the lighter, fluid and volatile mineral
substance, petroleum, whose significance is vast and as yet not wholly
defined. More easily transportable than coal, and yielding refined
products whose explosive action in internal-combustion engines
furnishes greater power in proportion to weight than was once deemed
possible, petroleum and its products, apart from their immense direct
economic importance, may, in the automobile, the submarine, and the air
plane, and through numerous other applications, control strategically,
from a nationalistic standpoint, the more inert foundations of civilization.
Moreover, the use of crude petroleum as fuel, especially for ships, is of
the most vital importance in these days of greater competitive plans for
expanding world-wide commerce, and establishing the strength and
ready efficiency of navies. Great maritime nations must have, for their
oil-burning ships, oil-bunkering stations under their own control in all
parts of the world where they wish their commerce to dominate, and
their navies to protect their interests efficiently.
The recognition by certain strong and aggressive nationalities of this
critical factor has brought about a situation that is perhaps unparalleled
in the mineral history of the world. Coal and iron have always been
decidedly static as to control—they have remained largely under the
supervision and direction of the countries in which they occur.
Transportation costs, the conjunction of iron and coal deposits, and other
factors have prevented these minerals, in spite of their vast importance,
from being fully used as a world commodity. By contrast, petroleum is
coming to be universal, like gold, in its acceptance and applicability; but,
unlike gold, it is essential in the highest degree to the advance of modern
civilization. The fluidity of this mineral, its consequent amazingly cheap
transportation and handling by pipe lines, the completeness with which it
can be utilized, all combine toward making it in the future the crucial
factor of commercial and of political control. Moreover, this fluidity of
form and ease of application facilitate the control of petroleum by vast
commercial organizations, like the Standard Oil of America, and others
in various parts of the world; and even make its world control feasible
and probable. Recognizing this tendency, many nations, like England,
France, Holland, Argentina, and Mexico, have taken steps looking
toward a partial nationalization of their petroleum resources, in order to
protect themselves against foreign commercial aggression in this
particular. England has gone farthest in this direction, and has reached
and is reaching out aggressively into other countries to secure, through
commercial control, backed where necessary by political pressure, a
world empire of petroleum to serve her world-wide colonial empire. The
United States, on the other hand, has dominated the world’s petroleum
industry through her own vast resources, worked by interests which have
grown without conscious governmental help or even in spite of
governmental and popular opposition, and have reached out and secured
footholds in other countries.
In the past the mineral development of the world has led to great
changes in political sovereignty. Important as these have been, the events
that may result from the nationalistic competitive exploitation and
control of the world’s petroleum supply bid fair to exceed in importance
all similar changes of the past. The perception of the problem and of the
necessity, and the advantage of the initiative, naturally belongs to those
nations with restricted area and resources, that have grown great by
trading and by exploiting the resources of other countries. Such a nation,
for example, is England, a country that is fortunately the natural ally of
the United States. By contrast, in the United States, a nation concerned
hitherto only with the development of its own vast resources,
commercial enterprise in foreign countries has been backed by no fixed
national policy, and indeed has often been treated as unworthy. In the
new international era that was initiated by the World War, however, this
policy of Chinese self-sufficiency and exclusion can not be safely
continued, and the United States must not only perceive clearly the
tendencies and movements of other nationalities, but consider how best
to direct its own commercial and political plans so as to uphold its
independence and power. Such a policy would naturally lead to
international agreements as to the distribution and division of petroleum
lands, resources, and production, and probably no one thing would
contribute more to the promotion of frank understanding between nations
and the removal of obstacles to permanent peace.
Mr. Northrop’s paper follows:

USES OF PETROLEUM
In its crude or semi-refined state, petroleum is extensively utilized as
fuel under locomotive and marine boilers and to a small extent in
internal-combustion engines of the Diesel type. Certain grades of
petroleum are utilized in the crude state as lubricants.
The principal use of petroleum is for the manufacture of refined
products, of which the number and uses are legion. The lightest gravity,
etherial products are employed as anaesthetics in surgery. The gasolines
are the universal fuels of internal-combustion engines, and the naphthas
are widely used as solvents and for blending with raw casinghead
gasoline in the manufacture of commercial gasoline. The kerosene group
includes a variety of products utilized primarily as illuminants, but in
annually increasing quantities as fuel in farm tractors. The lubricating
oils and the greases derived from petroleum are indispensable to the
operation of all types of machinery. The waxes derived from petroleum
of paraffin base are utilized in many forms as preservatives and as
sources of illumination, and in the last three years have become
indispensable constituents of surgical dressings in the treatment of burns.
Petroleum coke, because of its purity, is in demand for use in certain
metallurgical processes and for the manufacture of battery carbons and
arc-light pencils. Fuel oils obtained as by-products of petroleum refining
satisfy the fuel needs of many industrial plants, railroads and ocean
steamers. Road oils, as the name implies, are employed for minimizing
dust on streets and highways; and artificial asphalt, a product of certain
types of petroleum, has in many localities superseded the use of other
forms of asphalt for paving purposes.
Substitutes.
—For petroleum as a fuel under boilers in the generation of steam there
are numerous substitutes, including wood, charcoal, coal, peat, natural
gas, artificial gas, and electricity; as a fuel in internal-combustion
engines some demonstrated substitutes are natural gas, artificial gas,
benzol, and alcohol, and in the Diesel type of engine certain vegetable
and fish oils can be utilized.
For illuminating purposes, animal fats, oils distilled from coal, natural
gas, artificial gas, acetylene gas and electricity may be substituted for
kerosene.
For certain types of lubrication carefully refined vegetable and mineral
oils are acceptable, but for lubricating high-speed bearings and for all
lubrication in the presence of high temperature and of steam no
satisfactory substitutes for mineral lubricants derived from petroleum are
known.
Substitutes for petroleum asphalt are available in the form of native
asphalts, bituminous rocks, and coal-tar residues. For petrolatum, animal
fats and vegetable oils can be substituted, and for paraffin wax, ozokerite
might be made to satisfy such essential requirements as could not be met
by refrigeration or by vegetable and animal oils.

CHANGES IN PRACTICE
Probable changes in practice that may be expected to affect the
petroleum industry within the next ten years include an increased
dependence by oil producers on geologic investigations in advance of
drilling, the development of methods for deeper drilling than is now
practicable, and the more efficient handling of individual wells and of
entire properties, with a view to the ultimate recovery, at minimum cost,
of a higher percentage of the oil originally present.
The tendency toward amalgamation of individual producing,
transporting, refining and marketing interests into strong units capable of
competition in domestic and foreign markets on relatively equal terms
with each other and with pre-existing combinations of equivalent
strength will doubtless increase, and with the growing strength of the
several units will come an efficient and thorough quest for petroleum in
all parts of the world.
In the refining of petroleum it is probable that methods will be devised
and perfected for recovering more of the light-gravity products from
low-grade petroleum and for the conversion of the less-salable products
of petroleum into products of greatest current demand. Moreover, it is
believed that internal-combustion engines will be so modified as to run
successfully on petroleum products of lower volatility than gasoline. The
use of petroleum as railroad, marine, and industrial fuel is destined to
increase enormously in the next decade.
Although an important contributor to the oil-supply of Great Britain,
the shale-oil industry has received little attention in recent years outside
of Scotland. Investigations by the United States Geological Survey have
demonstrated that the United States contains vast deposits of oil shale in
Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and Nevada, much of which will average
higher in oil content than the Scottish shale. Efforts already begun to
develop methods for the recovery of shale oil on a commercial scale in
the United States will undoubtedly result in the establishment of a shale-
oil industry in this country within the next two or three years. The future
growth of this industry will depend largely on the rapidity of the decline
in the domestic production of petroleum.

GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION
Commercial accumulations of petroleum are everywhere restricted to
strata of sedimentary origin. In the United States petroleum is produced
commercially from strata of all periods from Cambrian to Quaternary,
the most prolific sources being in strata of the Carboniferous and
Tertiary systems. The geological age of the chief sources of petroleum
production in each of the other oil-producing countries of the world is
indicated in the table following:

T 1.—G A P - F
Country System
North America
Canada Silurian and Devonian
Mexico Cretaceous and basal Tertiary
Alaska Tertiary (?)
West Indies
Trinidad Tertiary
Cuba Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous
South America
Colombia Cretaceous and Tertiary
Venezuela Cretaceous and Tertiary
Peru Tertiary
Argentina Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary
Europe