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Focus 2: Molecules
1. Use the expression for the Coulomb potential energy to calculate the energy for
formation of 1 mole of sodium chloride ion-pairs, that is, the energy change for the
following reaction:
Na+(g) + Cl(g) Na+Cl(g)
Use r12 = 283 pm.
Ans: 491 kJmol1
2. If 491 kJmol1 is released in the reaction Na+(g) + Cl(g) Na+Cl(g), what is the
energy change for the reaction Na(g) + Cl(g) Na+Cl(g)? (Hint: See the discussion in
the text and apply Hess's Law.)
Ans: 346 kJmol1
3. If 346 kJmol1 is released in the reaction Na(g) + Cl(g) Na+Cl(g), is the energy
change for the reaction Na+Cl(g) NaCl(s) endothermic or exothermic?
Ans: Exothermic
5. Use the expression for the Coulomb potential energy to calculate the energy for
formation of 1 mole of rubidium chloride ion-pairs, that is, the energy change for the
following reaction:
Rb+(g) + Cl(g) Rb+Cl(g)
Use r12 = 330 pm.
Ans: 421 kJmol1
Page 17
10. An element, E, has the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s23p1. Write the formula of its
compound with sulfate.
Ans: E2(SO4)3
13. Which of the following metal ions has the ground-state electron configuration [Ar]3d6?
A) Ni3+ B) Fe2+ C) Mn2+ D) Cu+ E) Ca2+
Ans: B
14. For the ground-state ion Pb2+, what type of orbital do the electrons with highest energy
reside in?
A) 6p B) 5p C) 4f D) 6s E) 5d
Ans: D
15. For the ground-state ion Sn4+, what type of orbital do the electrons with highest energy
reside in?
A) 4p B) 5p C) 4f D) 4d E) 5s
Ans: D
16. For the ground-state ion Bi3+, what type of orbital do the electrons with highest energy
reside in?
A) 5d B) 6s C) 4f D) 5p E) 6p
Ans: B
17. For the ground-state ion I, what type of orbital do the electrons with highest energy
reside in?
A) 4d B) 6s C) 5p D) 5d E) 5s
Ans: C
Page 18
Chapter 3: Chemical Bonds
18. Because of the octet rule, the gaseous O2 ion is stable. True or false?
Ans: False
19. All the following elements exist as diatomic gases at room temperature and atmospheric
pressure except
A) H. B) Ar. C) N. D) Cl. E) O.
Ans: B
20. How many lone pairs of electrons are found in the Lewis structure of the interhalogen
compound ICl3?
A) 10 B) 4 C) 8 D) 6 E) 7
Ans: A
21. How many lone pairs of electrons are found in the Lewis structure of urea, (NH2)2CO?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 6 D) 4 E) 8
Ans: D
22. How many lone pairs of electrons are found in the Lewis structure of hydrazine,
H2NNH2?
A) 8 B) 4 C) 1 D) 0 E) 2
Ans: E
23. Draw the Lewis structure of xenon difluoride and give the number of lone pairs
electrons around the central atom.
Ans: Three
24. Draw the Lewis structure of the formate ion and indicate whether resonance forms are
possible.
Ans: Two resonance forms are possible.
25. Draw the “best” Lewis structures of hydrogen azide, HN1N2N3, and the azide ion,
N1N2N3 . The subscripts are used for identification. For each, match the following
bond lengths to the correct N–N bond. The bond lengths can be used more than once.
N–N bond Bond length, pm
hydrogen azide N1–N2 113
N2–N3 116
azide ion N1–N2 124
N2–N3
Ans: hydrogen azide: N1–N2, 124 pm; N2–N3, 113 pm; azide ion: N1–N2, 116 pm; N2–
N3, 116 pm
Page 19
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argumentando, como respondendo. Deve pois argumentar com razoens, e
nam com palavras: fugindo de sofismas, como indignos de um Filozofo,
que sinceramente ama a verdade. Se quizer servir-se do-silogismo para
argumentar, pode fazèlo. Digo porem, que muitas vezes sem silogismo,
exporá melhor as suas razoens: servindo-se de um metodo de dialogo curto,
e claro.
No-que toca a responder, se o arguente se-servir de silogismos, com boas
razoens, pode seguir o mesmo metodo: se pois ele comesar com o sofisma,
é melhor reduzilo fóra da-Fórma, para lhe-ensinar a argumentar. Em todo o
cazo nam se-deve deixar pasar propozisam oscura, que nam se-explique. Se
V.P. obriga a explicar-se um sofista, e pòr em pratos limpos, o que quer
dizer nesta, ou naquela propozisam; acabou-se o sofisma. Esta nam é ideia
nova, de que se-devam admirar os Dialeticos: eles o-praticam todos os dias
argumentando, e respondendo. Se o que distingue uma propozisam, uza de
termos incognitos; ou se o que argumenta, se-serve de semelhantes
propozisoens; verá V. P. que os mais advertidos Peripateticos, sam os
primeiros a dizer-lhe, que explique a propozisam, ou distinsam. Julgo pois,
que o mesmo deve fazer qualquer defendente, que tem a infelicidade, de ter
um Dialetico por-arguente. Ponha-se o estudante neste primeiro principio,
de nam deixar pasar palavras confuzas, como fazem os Geometras; e verá
que se-acabam, todas as disputas: as quais comumente versam, sobre a
diversa inteligencia dos-termos; e nam tem mais forsa, que aquela que lhe-
dá, a dispozisam artificial do-silogismo. Desorteque reduzido a proza
corrente, o que estava armado em silogismo, nam tem forsa alguma.
Tenho dado em breve a V.P. uma ideia da-Logica, que pode ser util neste
mundo, para todos os empregos. Isto necesitava ser provado, com mais
extensam; mas iso excede o metodo de uma carta. Do-que aponto,
compreende V. P. muito bem, como se-deve dispor a Logica, para servir em
todo o genero, de bom discurso. Digno é de admirasam, que aja quem
intenda, que a Logica somente deve servir, para a Teologia: e que por-iso a-
encham, de todos aqueles termos, que se-acham na Escolastica comua: e
fasam uma Logica, que nam serve para coiza alguma. Como se os omens
somente na Fizica, ou Teologia devesem discorrer bem; e nas outras coizas
mal! Persuado-me, que importa igualmente discorrer bem, em todas as
materias da-vida civil, que naquelas duas. A maior parte dos-Omens, nam
seguem aquela profisam, mas outras diferentes, e nam menos utis à
Republica; tanto nos-empregos altos, como baixos; e asim é necesario, que
tenham regras, para se-regular em todos os seus empregos; quero dizer na
politica publica, e privada, a que chamam vulgarmente Economia. Cuido,
que a Logica que apontei a V. P. suministra meios proprios, para nam se-
inganar em ideia alguma, quanto é posivel ao Omem evitar os inganos,
nesta vida mortal: e que por-este principio se-deve preferir, a todas as
outras. Toda a dificuldade oje consiste em determinar, qual destas
modernas, (porque das-Peripateticas nenhuma se-deve ler) posa suministrar,
as ideias que procuramos. Nisto direi a V. P. o meu parecer, no-qual tenho
alguns companheiros: vem aser, que ainda até aqui nam tem aparecido
alguma, que satisfasa inteiramente, ao que dezejamos. Tenho lido quazi
todas as modernas impresas, algumas bem raras, e tambem algumas
manuscritas: e achei que muitos copiáram-se fielmente. Dos-outros que
podemos chamar autores, todos tem coizas boas, e deles se-pode tirar
muito; mas nem tudo neles é bom: alem diso algum deles é só para omens
consumados, e nam para rapazes: e sam mui difuzos. Onde para os
principiantes, asento, que ainda nam apareceo, a Logica dezejada. E asim
será necesario, servirse de alguma das-melhores, emendando-lhe os
defeitos. Chegando eu aqui, veio vizitar-me o Senhor * * * e proguntando-
lhe com confiansa de amigo, se sabia de alguma boa Logica; me respondeo,
que o * * compoz ultimamente toda a Filozofia, por-um modo excelente,
que ele tinha visto. Proguntei-lhe que me-explicáse, o metodo da-Logica: e
despois de o-ouvir, e considerar, asento que se-uniforma muito, à minha
opiniam: e pode ser que seja ainda mais claro, e mais util para os
principiantes, que este que asima apontei. Comque tem V. P. a Logica que
dezejava: sabe V. P. mui bem, de que pezo é o juizo deste amigo. Dise-me
que vencidas certas dificuldades ** faz conta impremila. Deus o-permita.
Isto é o que me-ocorre por-agora dizer a V. P. pedindo ao Senhor, o-
conserve por-muitos anos.
NOTAS DE RODAPÉ:
[82] In Logica, de Signis disp. . in Prooemio.
FIM
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