Exploring Psychology 9th Edition Myers Test Bank Download

Exploring Psychology 9th Edition
Myers Test Bank

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1. Psychologists define learning as the process of
A) adapting to the environment.
B) responding to external stimuli.
C) reinforcing behavioral responses.
D) acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
2. Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of

A) extrinsic motivation.
B) instinctive drift.
C) learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
3. If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted
with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This
best illustrates
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) associative learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.
4. Conditioning is the process of

A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) learning associations.
D) observational learning.
5. In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

A) triggers imitation.
B) signals a reinforcer.
C) elicits operant behavior.
D) evokes a response.
6. Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

A) intermittent reinforcement.
C) operant chamber.
D) stimulus.
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7. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food
illustrate
A) shaping.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) classical conditioning.
8. Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of
a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
A) intrinsic motivation.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
9. The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or

through language is called
A) classical conditioning.
B) cognitive learning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) shaping.
10. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the
first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
A) shaping.
C) respondent behavior.
11. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

A) John B. Watson.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Ivan Pavlov.
12. John B. Watson considered himself to be a

A) physiological psychologist.
B) cognitive psychologist.
C) behaviorist.
D) psychoanalyst.
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13. John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to
scientifically study whether
A) consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements.
B) worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates.
C) academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.
D) aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.
14. Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to
administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the
following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every
time she smells rubbing alcohol?
A) negative reinforcement
B) classical conditioning
C) latent learning
D) operant conditioning
15. The “psychic secretions” that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were
A) unconditioned responses.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned reinforcers.
16. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called
a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) secondary reinforcer.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) primary reinforcer.
17. Prior to learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled an impending bee
sting, Sara experienced no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the
sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)
A) primary reinforcer.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) secondary reinforcer.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
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18. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A) playing jump rope
B) running through a maze to get a food reward
C) sweating in hot weather
D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
19. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

A) a tone.
B) salivation to the sound of a tone.
C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.
20. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are
repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
21. In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the
taste of food was a(n)
A) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.
22. In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation
to the sound of a tone was a(n)
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
23. A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

D) unconditioned response.
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24. A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated
with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n)
B) primary reinforcer.
D) immediate reinforcer.
25. A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were
eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the
property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
A) US.
B) CS.
C) UR.
D) CR.
26. Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the
light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light
is established and gradually strengthened is called
A) shaping.
B) acquisition.
C) generalization.
27. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of
A) latent learning.
B) a conditioned reinforcer.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) operant behavior.
28. In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the
impending occurrence of the ________.
A) US; CS
B) UR; CR
C) CS; US
D) CR; UR
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29. Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly
associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the
red light was a
A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.
30. A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly
A) after an appropriate UR.
B) after an appropriate US.
C) before an appropriate UR.
D) before an appropriate US.
31. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

A) UR; CR
B) CS; UR
C) US; UR
D) CS; US
32. At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent
repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually
faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates
A) delayed reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) shaping.
33. Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane
crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has
undergone
B) extinction.
C) generalization.
D) discrimination.
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34. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
A) generalization.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) shaping.
35. After a fear-provoking biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes
by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his
previously extinguished fear when Alex rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later
best illustrates
A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) instinctive drift.
36. The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction

A) the CS is eliminated.
B) the CR is eliminated.
C) the CS is suppressed.
D) the CR is suppressed.
37. In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned
response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
B) primary reinforcer.
D) conditioned reinforcer.
38. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when
stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates
B) continuous reinforcement.
C) latent learning.
D) generalization.
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39. Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and
motorcycles. This best illustrates
A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
40. Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse
show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best
illustrates
A) shaping.
B) generalization.
C) the law of effect.
D) negative reinforcement.
41. Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of
the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to
her therapist best illustrate the importance of
A) latent learning.
B) generalization.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) shaping.
42. Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood
bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital
arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate
A) shaping.
B) generalization.
D) secondary reinforcement.
43. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal
an unconditioned stimulus is called
A) acquisition.
B) discrimination.
C) generalization.
D) latent learning.
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44. Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are
approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
A) shaping.
B) discrimination.
C) extrinsic motivation.
45. Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the
sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of
A) shaping.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) discrimination.
46. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A) it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.
B) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically
conditioned.
C) it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.
D) all learning depends on reinforcement.
47. Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an
immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune
response. This best illustrates
A) the law of effect.
B) latent learning.
D) instinctive drift.
48. To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers
conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air
directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a
A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.
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49. Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
A) can interfere with the process of learning.
B) can be used as negative reinforcers.
C) are acquired through observational learning.
D) may be produced through classical conditioning.
50. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a
rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) shaping.
51. After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin
became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for
Colin's fear.
A) negative reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) secondary reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
52. The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to
________.
A) Pavlov; Skinner
B) Bandura; Skinner
C) Skinner; Bandura
D) Bandura; Pavlov
53. In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

A) observational learning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning
54. Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she
sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of
A) generalization.
B) classical conditioning.
C) latent learning.
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55. Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed
puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed.
This illustrates
A) latent learning.
B) the law of effect.
56. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

A) shaping.
B) observational learning.
D) latent learning.
57. A Skinner box is a(n)

A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable
behaviors.
B) “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human
gambling practices.
C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
D) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational
learning.
58. An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
C) reinforcement.
59. If bears find insects after they move decaying logs, they more frequently move decaying
logs. This most clearly indicates that finding insects is a
A) reinforcement.
D) discriminative stimulus.
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60. Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as
A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) latent learning.
D) intrinsic motivation.
61. Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

A) latent learning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) observational learning
62. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
A) fear cars in the street.
B) dislike the taste of dead birds.
C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited.
D) retrieve sticks and balls.
63. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives
the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the
ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
A) successive approximations.
B) delayed reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.
64. Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone.
To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only
for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using
the method of
A) secondary reinforcement.
D) shaping.
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65. A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal
organisms can perceive different colors.
A) mirror neurons
B) modeling
C) a cognitive map
D) shaping
66. An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n)
A) cognitive map.
C) primary reinforcer.
D) discriminative stimulus.
67. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of
a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that
a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n)
B) partial reinforcement.
C) discriminative stimulus.
D) primary reinforcer.
68. Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers,
his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be
informed of the value of
A) generalization.
B) modeling.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
69. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called
a(n)
C) positive reinforcer.
D) negative reinforcer.
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70. Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his
father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
A) positive reinforcer.
C) conditioned response.
71. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
C) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
D) reinforcement; punishment
72. Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers
________ the rate of operant responding.
A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) increase; increase
D) have no effect on; decrease
73. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called
a(n)
C) positive reinforcer.
74. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level
of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
A) positive
B) negative
C) conditioned
D) partial
75. Primary reinforcers could best be described as

A) cognitive maps.
B) conditioned stimuli.
C) conditioned reinforcers.
D) innately satisfying stimuli.
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76. The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.
A) positive
B) negative
C) primary
D) conditioned
77. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary
reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
A) delayed
B) negative
C) partial
D) conditioned
78. Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

A) applause for an excellent piano recital
B) a spanking for eating cookies before dinner
C) a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day
D) termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire
79. Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n)
A) primary reinforcer.
C) conditioned reinforcer.
80. The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.
A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
C) discrimination; generalization
D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
81. Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other
incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates
A) respondent behavior.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) immediate reinforcement.
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82. To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use
A) classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.
B) partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
C) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
D) negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.
83. Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester
because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates
that human behavior is influenced by
A) classical conditioning.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) latent learning.
D) delayed reinforcers.
84. Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid
$2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion
of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________
reinforcers.
A) primary
B) negative
C) immediate
D) partial
85. A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired
under conditions of
A) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
B) primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.
86. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

A) delayed
B) intermittent
C) conditioned
D) negative
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87. The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
C) generalization.
D) shaping.
88. Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery
store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently.
Research suggests that Della will
A) soon give up asking for a treat entirely.
B) come to ask for a treat only occasionally.
C) continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
D) ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the
grocery store.
89. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only

after a(n)
A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses have been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.
90. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays
rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of
reinforcement.
A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
91. A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable

number of responses is a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
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92. Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every
five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells,
regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a
________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) variable-ratio; fixed-ratio
B) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
C) fixed-ratio; variable-interval
D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio
93. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________
schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
94. Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
95. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only

after a(n)
A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B) specified time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses has been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
96. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the
same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The
employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and
while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on
a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-ratio
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97. A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an
unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
98. On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop
quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying
for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
99. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________
schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
100. Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than
an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked
to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.
A) higher; less
B) lower; more
C) higher; more
D) lower; less
101. Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This
best illustrates the effects of
A) negative reinforcers.
B) generalization.
D) punishment.
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102. The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant
stimulus is to ________.
A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B) acquisition; extinction
C) reinforcement; punishment
D) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
103. Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments
________ the rate of operant responding.
A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) have no effect on; decrease
104. Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by

A) moderate levels of punishment.
B) swiftly delivered punishment.
C) severe levels of punishment.
D) an unpredictable level of punishment.
105. A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this
behavior. In this case, the spanking is a
B) negative reinforcer.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.
106. Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a
A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) negative punishment.
D) positive punishment.
107. Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior
and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a
behavior.
A) pleasant; pleasant
B) aversive; aversive
C) pleasant; aversive
D) aversive; pleasant
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108. A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the
child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
B) negative reinforcer.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.
109. A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school
playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative
of
C) discrimination.
D) extinction.
110. The use of physical punishment may

A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior.
B) model aggression as a way of coping with problems.
C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
D) have all of these results.
111. For purposes of effective child rearing, most psychologists favor the use of
A) shaping over modeling.
B) reinforcement over punishment.
C) classical conditioning over operant conditioning.
D) primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.
112. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

A) external influences.
B) emotions.
C) unconscious motives.
D) conscious thoughts.
113. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized
A) inherited predispositions.
B) fear and greed.
C) faulty child-rearing practices.
D) a weak internalized conscience.
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114. B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's
A) personal freedom.
B) early childhood experiences.
C) pleasure-seeking tendencies.
D) cultural background.
115. B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because
they allow for both
A) continuous reinforcement and latent learning.
B) positive reinforcement and punishment.
C) shaping and immediate reinforcement.
D) observational learning and spontaneous recovery.
116. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of

effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
A) respondent behavior
B) immediate reinforcement
C) operant behavior
D) shaping
117. Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short
shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning
strategy best illustrates the process of
A) observational learning.
D) shaping.
118. Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a
profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semiannual bonuses based on the
company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has
nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
A) latent learning.
B) operant conditioning.
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119. When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper
tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training
experts would suggest that his mother should
A) threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums.
B) offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves
himself.
C) continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.
D) return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.
120. To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists
are most likely to recommend that you
A) specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
B) congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals.
C) never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals.
D) avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific
weekly period.
121. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

A) associative learning.
122. An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of
D) shaping.
123. Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

A) studying for a test.
B) blushing when embarrassed.
C) thanking someone for their help.
D) sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor.
124. A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to

A) operant conditioning.
B) latent learning.
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125. A learned association between two stimuli is central to
A) shaping.
B) negative reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.
126. Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called
A) respondent behaviors.
B) prosocial behaviors.
C) operant behaviors.
D) conditioned responses.
127. An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,

culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most
clearly provided by
A) Pavlov's experiments.
B) Watson's behaviorism.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the law of effect.
128. The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by
A) Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
B) Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.
C) Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.
D) Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children.
129. Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

A) loud sounds.
B) bright lights.
C) novel tastes.
D) high-pitched sounds.
130. Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical
conditioning is constrained by
A) cognitive processes.
B) biological predispositions.
C) continuous reinforcement.
D) latent learning.
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131. In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable
when their photos were framed in
A) black.
B) yellow.
C) violet.
D) red.
132. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a
food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
A) primary reinforcers
B) generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) biological predispositions
133. Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed
behaviors. This is an example of
A) latent learning.
134. After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs
subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best
illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
A) conditioned reinforcement
B) latent learning
C) generalization
D) biological predispositions
135. The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the
importance of
B) cognitive processes.
C) associative learning.
D) discrimination.
Page 25
136. The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial
for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
A) shaping
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) cognitive processes
137. Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning.
This suggests that associative learning involves
B) cognitive processes.
D) shaping.
138. A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that
classical conditioning depends on
A) an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation.
B) the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US.
C) how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US.
D) an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
139. Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her
annual pay raises. Consequently, she puts little effort into her job, even though she
really wants a big raise. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant
conditioning of work habits.
A) primary reinforcers
B) biological predispositions
C) spontaneous recovery
D) cognitive processes
140. Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior
will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of
________ in operant conditioning.
A) secondary reinforcers
B) cognitive processes
C) biological predispositions
D) intrinsic motivation
Page 26
141. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of
the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
A) cognitive map.
B) discriminative stimulus.
C) law of effect.
D) fixed-interval schedule.
142. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run
the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good
performance demonstrates
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
D) modeling.
143. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by
studies of
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
D) online testing.
144. Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

C) cognitive processes.
D) conditioned reinforcers.
145. The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
involves
A) latent learning.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) delayed reinforcers.
Page 27
146. Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely
to inhibit
B) latent learning.
147. Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory
psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would
boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of
________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.
A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
C) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response
D) a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule
148. Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates
B) prosocial behavior.
C) operant conditioning.
149. Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of “Superman” on television.
Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying.
What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
A) delayed reinforcement
B) observational learning
C) immediate reinforcement
D) classical conditioning
150. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does
so. This illustrates the importance of
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) modeling.
D) shaping.
Page 28
151. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
A) punishing.
B) discriminating.
C) modeling.
D) generalizing.
152. In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated
Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the
importance of
153. We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
A) conditioned responses.
B) extrinsically motivated.
C) followed by reinforcement.
D) violent or antisocial.
154. The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing
best illustrates the influence of
A) prosocial behavior.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) vicarious reinforcement.
155. When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child, Adam also
discontinued hitting other children. This best illustrates the impact of
B) vicarious punishment.
C) instinctive drift.
Page 29
156. It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into
its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into
their mouths.
A) prosocial behaviors
B) intrinsic motives
C) cognitive maps
D) mirror neurons
157. Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for
D) extrinsic motivation.
158. Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar
with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates
C) negative reinforcement.
D) overimitation.
159. Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning.
Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to
A) mirror neuron activity.
C) latent learning.
160. Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally
simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized
A) intrinsic motives.
B) cognitive maps.
C) operant chambers.
D) mirror neurons.
Page 30
161. Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him
frown. Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation
of
A) instinctive drift.
B) extrinsic motives.
C) mirror neurons.
D) cognitive maps.
162. Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling
sad illustrates an ability known as
A) modeling.
B) latent learning.
D) theory of mind.
163. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many
ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the
value of observational learning for promoting
A) conditioned responses.
B) prosocial behavior.
164. Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become
preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of
D) respondent behavior.
165. Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before
meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to
A) practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.
B) practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.
C) neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.
D) preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
Page 31
166. Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This
illustrates the importance of
A) delayed reinforcement.
B) observational learning.
D) shaping.
167. Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of
A) modeling.
C) immediate reinforcement.
168. Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in
which an attractive person commits
A) justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
B) unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
C) justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
D) unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
169. Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________
increased rates of violent behavior.
A) inhibits
B) causes
C) is unrelated to
D) predicts
170. Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

C) the violence-viewing effect.
D) instinctive drift.
171. Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely
to lead Fred to
A) react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school
playground.
B) perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
C) be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.
D) overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.
Page 32
Page 33
Answer Key
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. C
25. B
26. B
27. C
28. C
29. C
30. D
31. D
32. C
33. B
34. B
35. D
36. D
37. C
38. D
39. A
40. B
41. B
42. B
43. B
44. B
Page 34
45. C
46. B
47. C
48. C
49. D
50. B
51. D
52. A
53. C
54. D
55. B
56. C
57. C
58. C
59. A
60. A
61. B
62. D
63. A
64. D
65. D
66. D
67. C
68. C
69. C
70. A
71. A
72. C
73. D
74. B
75. D
76. C
77. D
78. A
79. C
80. B
81. D
82. C
83. D
84. C
85. A
86. B
87. B
88. C
89. C
90. A
Page 35
91. B
92. B
93. D
94. D
95. B
96. A
97. D
98. C
99. C
100. C
101. D
102. C
103. A
104. B
105. C
106. C
107. D
108. D
109. C
110. D
111. B
112. A
113. C
114. A
115. C
116. A
117. D
118. B
119. C
120. A
121. A
122. C
123. B
124. A
125. D
126. C
127. C
128. A
129. C
130. B
131. D
132. D
133. B
134. D
135. B
136. D
Page 36
137. B
138. D
139. D
140. B
141. A
142. B
143. B
144. C
145. B
146. D
147. B
148. D
149. B
150. C
151. C
152. C
153. C
154. D
155. B
156. D
157. C
158. D
159. A
160. D
161. C
162. D
163. B
164. C
165. D
166. B
167. A
168. A
169. D
170. C
171. B
Page 37

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Exploring Psychology 9th Edition

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2. Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of

4. Conditioning is the process of

5. In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

6. Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

9. The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or

11. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

12. John B. Watson considered himself to be a

19. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

23. A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

31. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

36. The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction

46. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

53. In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

56. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

57. A Skinner box is a(n)

58. An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

61. Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

71. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

75. Primary reinforcers could best be described as

78. Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

86. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

89. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only

91. A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable

95. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only

104. Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by

110. The use of physical punishment may

112. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

116. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of

121. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

123. Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

124. A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to

127. An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,

129. Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

144. Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

170. Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

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31. Extinction occurs when a is no longer paired with a .

71. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as is to .