American Government Institutions and Policies 14th Edition Wilson Test Bank

American Government Institutions And
Policies 14th Edition Wilson Test Bank

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CHAPTER 10
Elections and Campaigns
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Originally, presidential candidates were chosen by
a. lottery.
b. conventions.
c. congressional caucus.
d. state legislatures.
e. governors.
ANS: C REF: 219 NOT: F OBJ: LO1
2. After party caucuses when national nominating conventions dominated, the real power, in selecting
presidential nominees, was wielded by
a. the voters in primary elections.
b. local party leaders.
c. political pundits.
d. nonpartisan groups that sought to pick the best candidates.
e. the voters in caucus elections.
ANS: B REF: 219 NOT: F OBJ: LO1
3. When Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1968, he did so
a. without spending money on advertising.
b. with considerable assistance from Republican voters.
c. without raising money.
d. in spite of opposition from party bosses.
e. without competing in a single state primary.
ANS: E REF: 219 NOT: F OBJ: LO1
4. By the time the 2012 presidential election was completed, the Obama campaign and the Romney
campaign, together with a dozen other contenders for the presidency, had raised and spent
approximately
a. $600 million.
b. $4 billion.
c. $1.3 billion.
d. $800 million.
e. $500 million.
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distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for
classroom use.
Chapter 10: Elections and Campaigns 155
5. Most of the money that individual candidates spend during the course of a campaign is directed toward
a. media-related activities.
b. campaign staff and advisors.
c. travel-related expenses.
d. campaign literature.
e. the national convention.
ANS: A REF: 220 NOT: F OBJ: LO1
6. A comprehensive study on political advertisements found that the largest number emphasized
a. stirring positive emotions.
b. voters’ fears.
c. civic duty.
d. nonpartisan cooperation.
e. candidates’ personal qualities.
7. The text suggests that the term campaigning has become a synonym for
a. calculating.
b. mobilizing.
c. communicating.
d. reflecting.
e. fundraising.
8. A major difference between presidential campaigns and congressional campaigns is that

a. fewer people vote in presidential elections.
b. presidential incumbents can better serve their constituents.
c. presidential incumbents can more easily avoid responsibility.
d. presidential races are generally more competitive.
e. congressional incumbents are more likely to be defeated.
ANS: D REF: 222 NOT: C OBJ: LO5
9. Which of the following statements best summarizes the value of presidential coattails to congressional
candidates of the same party?
a. They have never been a significant factor.
b. They remain a significant factor today.
c. They are increasingly significant for the Republicans.
d. They are becoming more significant today.
e. They are becoming much less significant today.
classroom use.
156 Chapter 10: Elections and Campaigns
10. Voters tend to prefer a presidential candidate that has served in this type of elected office.
a. Governor
b. Member of the House of Representatives
c. Ambassador
d. Member of the Senate
e. Supreme Court justice
11. In 2000, George Bush chose __________ as a theme for his campaign.
a. the need for change
b. trust
c. compassionate conservatism
d. competence
e. strength
12. Each state is entitled to two U.S. Senators that serve __________ terms.
a. six-year
b. two-year
c. four-year
d. five-year
e. life
13. Who decides the number of U.S. House of Representatives?

a. Congress
b. The Supreme Court
c. The President
d. State legislatures
e. Party leaders
ANS: A REF: 224 NOT: C OBJ: LO3
14. The apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives is detailed in

a. Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution.
b. Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution.
c. Article IV, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution.
d. Article I, Section 5 of the U.S. Constitution.
e. Article III, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution.
15. When a district is so unequal that the votes of citizens are significantly diluted, it is
a. malapportioned.
b. reapportioned.
c. regressed.
d. gerrymandered.
e. disbarred.
classroom use.
16. Since 1962, over __________ of House incumbents who sought reelection have won it.
a. 60 percent
b. 65 percent
c. 75 percent
d. 80 percent
e. 90 percent
17. When a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is

a. malapportioned.
b. reapportioned.
c. regressed.
d. gerrymandered.
e. disbarred.
ANS: D REF: 224, 225 NOT: C OBJ: LO3
18. After the last two census adjustments, which state has benefited the most by gaining the highest
number of seats in the House?
a. California
b. New York
c. Florida
d. Texas
e. Illinois
ANS: D REF: 225 NOT: F OBJ: LO3
19. Who said, “All politics is local”?

a. Will Rodgers
b. William Jennings Bryan
c. Henry Lodge
d. Huey Long
e. “Tip” O'Neill
20. To win the presidential nomination as opposed to the general election, candidates generally present
themselves as
a. more conservative.
b. more liberal.
c. more liberal if Republican, more conservative if Democratic.
d. more liberal if Democratic, more conservative if Republican.
e. moderate.
classroom use.
21. The first real test of a candidate vying for the nomination comes in
a. Florida.
b. California.
c. Pennsylvania.
d. Rhode Island.
e. Iowa.
22. Democrats who participate in the Iowa caucus tend to be

a. more liberal than Democrats generally.
b. more conservative than Democrats generally.
c. less likely to win the nomination compared to other candidates who do not participate.
d. more moderate than Democrats generally.
e. None of the above is true.
23. In the 1980 presidential election, many people voted for Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter as a vote
against Carter, not out of loyalty to Reagan. Such a vote is referred to as a(n)
a. spin vote.
b. “clothespin” vote.
c. prospective vote.
d. informed vote.
e. inclined vote.
ANS: B REF: 227 NOT: C OBJ: LO3
24. A __________ issue is one in which the rival candidates have opposing views on a question that also
divides the voters.
a. valence
b. primary
c. secondary
d. residual
e. position
ANS: E REF: 228 NOT: C OBJ: LO3
25. To be president, a person must be

a. a natural born citizen.
b. 45 years old.
c. a legalized citizen.
d. 40 years old.
e. a veteran.
classroom use.
26. Nearly everyone is in agreement over a __________ issue, and the candidate fully supports the
public’s view.
a. valence
b. primary
c. secondary
d. position
e. residual
27. To be a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be

a. 20 years old.
b. 25 years old.
c. 30 years old.
d. 35 years old.
e. 40 years old.
28. The following is an example of a valence issue.

a. Richard Nixon being more supportive of anticrime measures than his rival
b. Jimmy Carter appearing to favor honesty in government more than his opponent
c. Ronald Reagan being more closely identified with a strong economy than his opponent
d. George H. W. Bush being more closely linked to patriotism than his opponent
e. All of above are true.
ANS: E REF: 229 NOT: A OBJ: LO3
29. __________ issues have increased in importance in campaigns over the last half-century.
a. Valence
b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. Position
e. Residual
30. Disputed congressional elections are decided by

a. the Supreme Court.
b. the state supreme courts.
c. Congress.
d. the state legislatures.
e. state governors.
classroom use.
31. Members of the House and Senate can remove fellow members by a __________ vote.
a. plurality
b. majority
c. two-thirds
d. three-fourths
e. unanimous
32. The Constitution’s doctrine of “privileged speech” has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean
a. that members of Congress cannot be sued or prosecuted for anything that they say or write
in connection with their legislative duties.
b. that members of Congress do not have privileged status protecting their legislative speech.
c. that members of Congress can issue press releases that are libelous.
d. that members of Congress can issue press releases with information from
classified documents.
e. that members of Congress can be sued or prosecuted for what they have read into the
Congressional Record.
33. In recent elections, candidates have relied increasingly on

a. appearances at malls to reach potential voters.
b. large parades and rallies to reach potential voters.
c. whistlestop train tours to reach potential voters.
d. appearances at factories to reach potential voters.
e. broadcasting to reach potential voters.
34. Short television ads are called

a. visuals.
b. networking.
c. spots.
d. message pieces.
e. packaging.
35. You must declare in advance that you are a registered member of a political party in a(n) __________
primary.
a. blanket
b. open
c. closed
d. runoff
e. static
ANS: C REF: 231 NOT: C OBJ: LO1
classroom use.
36. In a(n) __________ primary, you decide when you enter the voting booth which party’s primary you
wish to participate in.
a. blanket
b. open
c. closed
d. runoff
e. static
ANS: B REF: 231 NOT: C OBJ: LO1
37. In a(n) __________ primary, you can vote for candidates of either party.
a. blanket
b. open
c. closed
d. runoff
e. static
38. Of the following states, which has a blanket primary?

a. Minnesota
b. Georgia
c. Kentucky
d. Vermont
e. Alaska
39. In __________, voters pick delegates and indicate their preferences among presidential candidates, but
the delegates are not legally bound to observe these preferences.
a. Delegate selection only
b. Delegate selection with advisory presidential preference
c. Binding presidential preference
d. Nonpartisan delegate
e. Jungle election
40. In 1981, the Supreme Court ruled that _________ have the right to decide how delegates to national
conventions are selected.
a. political parties
b. state legislatures
c. Congress
d. governors
e. secretaries of state
classroom use.
41. In 2012, this Republican candidate for the Senate decided to “go digital” by extensively using
Facebook and other social media in his campaign.
a. Rafael Edward “Ted” Cruz
b. Chris Christie
c. John McCain
d. Marco Rubio
e. Howard Dean
42. It was somewhat unusual for Richard Nixon to agree to debate John Kennedy in 1960 because
a. the setting and guiding rules gave a strong advantage to Kennedy.
b. the number of viewers was almost certain to be low.
c. the Republican Party objected to the debates.
d. polls indicated Nixon was well ahead of Kennedy.
e. Kennedy was less well known than Nixon.
43. Based on research, presidential debates seem to

a. determine elections.
b. be pivotal events.
c. be watched by only a few insiders.
d. have little effect on election results.
e. help incumbents.
44. In 1976, President Ford had a slip of tongue when he erroneously implied
a. that inflation was low.
b. that budget deficit was not growing.
c. that Poland was not part of the Soviet bloc.
d. that Congress was not controlled by Democrats.
e. that Reagan was the Governor of Texas.
45. An advantage of direct-mail appeals is that they

a. cost very little.
b. can be directed at specific subgroups of the population.
c. can blanket the entire electorate.
d. reach only the literate.
e. can convince strong partisans to change their perspectives.
ANS: B REF: 232, 233 NOT: F OBJ: LO3
classroom use.
46. Funding of congressional elections comes from

a. public sources only.
b. private sources only.
c. party sources only.
d. a combination of public, party, and private sources.
e. the parties and public sources.
47. The campaign finance law created in the 1970s was the direct by-product of
a. the Watergate scandal.
b. the passage of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment.
c. decreasing vote turnout.
d. wage and price controls.
e. riots in Chicago.
48. Most of the money for congressional candidates comes from

a. PACs.
b. major corporations.
c. small businesses.
d. multinational corporations.
e. individuals.
49. Soft money is money that is obtained by

a. political parties.
b. incumbents.
c. challengers.
d. party leaders.
e. party leaders’ PACs.
50. The experience with 527 organizations in the 2004 elections suggests that campaign finance laws
a. are an effective way to minimize interest group participation.
b. are an effective way to reduce campaign spending.
c. facilitate coordination of efforts between candidates and groups.
d. are not likely to take money out of politics.
e. have restricted speech considerably.
51. Which of the following does the text suggest is a critical factor in presidential elections?
a. The vice-presidential nominee
b. Political reporting
c. The religion of the candidates
d. The candidates’ positions on abortion
e. None of the above is true.
classroom use.
52. One advantage that incumbents always have over challengers is

a. their larger share of federal campaign monies.
b. the political advantage of riding the president’s coattails.
c. their use of free mailings, or franks.
d. their freedom from FEC regulations.
e. their freedom from libelous laws.
53. Many scholars argue that the foremost factor in determining how people vote is
a. debate performance.
b. perception of the best candidate.
c. campaign spending.
d. a candidate’s image.
e. party identification.
54. Democrats could be predicted to win every presidential election if the only factor were
a. candidate appeal.
b. campaign issues.
c. debate performance.
d. money spent.
e. party identification.
55. Which party tends to be more loyal to its candidate in presidential elections?
a. Democratic
b. Republican
c. Independent
d. Green
e. No clear-cut difference exists among the parties.
56. When a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considers more likely to do a better job in office,
that voting is referred to as
a. “clothespin” voting.
b. ideological voting.
c. prospective voting.
d. retrospective voting.
e. sociotropic voting.
classroom use.
57. Which type of voting requires a lot of information about candidates and issues?
a. Issueless voting
b. Ideological voting
c. Prospective voting
d. Retrospective voting
e. Sociotropic voting
58. The text suggests that political junkies are more likely to engage in __________ voting.
a. issueless
b. ideological
c. prospective
d. retrospective
e. sociotropic
59 The text suggests that elections are decided by __________ voters.

a. “clothespin”
b. ideological
c. prospective
d. retrospective
e. sociotropic
60. The text argues that the U.S. constitutional system was designed to make the adoption of radical
departures in policy
a. efficient.
b. easy.
c. impossible.
d. unnecessary.
e. difficult.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Presidential candidates were first nominated by national conventions.
ANS: F REF: 219 OBJ: LO1
2. Presidential campaigning has changed drastically; and fundraising has lost its importance.
3. In the 1800s, most people voted straight party ticket.

ANS: T REF: 219 OBJ: LO3
classroom use.
4. Most of the money that candidates spend today is media related.

5. Research has found that highly emotional ads have the most effect on people who know the least
about politics.
6. In Israel and the Netherlands, the names of candidates for the legislature do not even appear on
the ballot.
7. In recent decades, most successful presidential candidates were former governors.

8. The authors suggest that the four Ts of developing a campaign strategy are tone, theme, timing,
and targets.
9. If you run for a seat in the House against the incumbent, the odds are very much against you.
10. The Constitution says nothing about congressional districts.

11. Malapportionment is when districts are drawn for pure political reasons.
12. The current size of the House at 435 members was set in the year 1911.
13. States were generally aggressive about malapportionment until courts restricted their ability to address
the problem.
14. The text suggests that members of Congress run for Congress by running against it.
15. A position issue is an issue that does not divide voters.

16. Since 1860, many of the great party realignments have been based on differing position issues.
classroom use.
17. A U.S. Senator must be at least 30 years old.

18. Valence issues have increased in importance in recent years.

19. The type of primary that allows a voter the greatest freedom to vote for candidates of different parties
is the blanket primary.
20. A higher percentage of Democrats than Republicans vote in elections.

ESSAY
1. Discuss how presidential candidates have to fundraise more today than in the past. Be sure to reference
the 2012 election.
ANS:
By mid-2012, President Obama had attended more than 100 fundraising events. This was more
than three times as many as his Republic predecessor. In 2012, Obama along with Romney
and other candidates raised over $1.3 billion.
REF: 219 OBJ: LO2
2. Identify and define the types of consultants hired to work on political campaigns.
ANS:
• Media consultants who create advertisements and buy airtime from stations and
networks.
• Direct-mail firms that design and produce mailings to promote the candidate or
solicit money.
• Polling firms to survey voters on their attitudes toward issues and candidates and to
run focus groups.
• Political technology firms to supply services such as Web site design, online
advertising, online fundraising, and voter-targeting.
REF: 219 OBJ: LO4
classroom use.
3. Compare and contrast presidential and congressional campaigns.

ANS:
• Presidential races are more competitive.
• Voter turnout tends to be higher when there is a presidential election (contra mid-
term election).
• Members of Congress can serve constituents and claim credit in ways that presidential
candidates cannot.
• Congressional candidates can separate themselves from the messes in Washington
(they run for Congress by running against Congress).
REF: 222 OBJ: LO5
4. Explain the restrictions that federal law places on contributions to candidates by individuals and PACs
and the rules of eligibility for federal matching grants.
ANS:
• Individuals can contribute up to $2,000 to candidates in each election.
• PACs can contribute up to $5,000 to candidates in each election.
• For matching funds, a candidate must raise $5,000 in each of 20 states, by amounts of
$250 or less.
REF: 223 OBJ: LO2
5. Define gerrymandering and malapportionment in Congressional districts.

ANS:
• Malapportionment results from having districts of very unequal size. If one district is
twice as populous as another, twice as many votes are needed in the larger district to
elect a representative.
• Gerrymandering is drawing a district boundary in some bizarre or unusual shape to
make it easy for the candidate of one party to win election in that district.
REF: 224, 225 OBJ: LO5
6. What is the sophomore surge? Discuss the explanations that the author offers for this aspect of
elections.
ANS:
The sophomore surge refers to the difference in the votes that sophomores get in reelection
compared to when they were originally elected. The difference is usually 8 to 10 percent
greater. This is especially true for members of the House of Representatives. Explanation:
Members run personal campaigns, make use of free mail, trips home, radio and television and
constituency service.
REF: 225, 226 OBJ: LO5
classroom use.
7. Explain the difference between position issues and valence issues. Summarize the trends regarding
each in recent elections.
ANS:
• Position issues: Candidates have opposing issues on a question that also divide the
voters.
• Valence issues: Candidates try to mirror public opinion on questions about which
nearly everyone agrees.
Campaigns often involve both, but the importance of valence issues has increased in recent
campaigns.
REF: 228, 229 OBJ: LO3
8. Summarize the qualifications for members of the House and Senate.

ANS:
• House: Must be 25 years of age, must be a citizen of the United States for seven
years, and must live in the state from which elected.
• Senate: Must be 30 years of age, must be a citizen of the United States for nine years,
and must live in the state from which elected.
REF: 229 OBJ: LO5
9. Identify and explain four types of primary elections.

ANS:
• Closed: Must declare party membership well in advance.
• Open: Voters decide when they enter the booth which party they intend to vote for.
• Blanket (or “free love”): Ballots contain candidates from all parties.
• Runoff: Held if no candidate gets a majority of the votes.
REF: 231 OBJ: LO1
10. If voting were only a matter of party identification, the Democrats would just about always win
presidential elections. Why hasn’t this been the case?
ANS:
Democrats are less firmly wed to their party, support it less enthusiastically. Republicans have
often done better with self-described independent voters. Republicans are more likely to turn
out to vote.
REF: 241–243 OBJ: LO3
classroom use.

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American Government Institutions And

Policies 14th Edition Wilson Test Bank

8. A major difference between presidential campaigns and congressional campaigns is that

13. Who decides the number of U.S. House of Representatives?

14. The apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives is detailed in

17. When a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is

19. Who said, “All politics is local”?

22. Democrats who participate in the Iowa caucus tend to be

25. To be president, a person must be

27. To be a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be

28. The following is an example of a valence issue.

30. Disputed congressional elections are decided by

33. In recent elections, candidates have relied increasingly on

34. Short television ads are called

38. Of the following states, which has a blanket primary?

43. Based on research, presidential debates seem to

45. An advantage of direct-mail appeals is that they

46. Funding of congressional elections comes from

48. Most of the money for congressional candidates comes from

49. Soft money is money that is obtained by

52. One advantage that incumbents always have over challengers is

59 The text suggests that elections are decided by __________ voters.

3. In the 1800s, most people voted straight party ticket.

4. Most of the money that candidates spend today is media related.

7. In recent decades, most successful presidential candidates were former governors.

10. The Constitution says nothing about congressional districts.

15. A position issue is an issue that does not divide voters.

17. A U.S. Senator must be at least 30 years old.

18. Valence issues have increased in importance in recent years.

20. A higher percentage of Democrats than Republicans vote in elections.

REF: 219 OBJ: LO2

REF: 219 OBJ: LO4

3. Compare and contrast presidential and congressional campaigns.

REF: 222 OBJ: LO5

REF: 223 OBJ: LO2

5. Define gerrymandering and malapportionment in Congressional districts.

REF: 224, 225 OBJ: LO5

REF: 228, 229 OBJ: LO3

8. Summarize the qualifications for members of the House and Senate.

REF: 229 OBJ: LO5

9. Identify and explain four types of primary elections.

REF: 231 OBJ: LO1

REF: 241–243 OBJ: LO3

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