Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Test Bank

171
Chapter 11 – The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K

Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT among the 7. Which of the following is NOT a form of
features of the fat-soluble vitamins? vitamin A?
a. Require bile for absorption a. Retinol
b. Found in the fat and oily parts of foods b. Retinal
c. Transported permanently to the liver and c. Retinoic acid
adipose tissue d. Retinoquinone
d. Pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity
than water-soluble vitamins 8. Which of the following is responsible for
transporting vitamin A from the liver to other
2. What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble tissues?
vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the a. Albumin
circulation? b. Rhodopsin
a. Albumin c. Retinol-binding protein
b. Cholesterol d. Transcarotenoid protein
c. Chylomicrons
d. Liposoluble binding proteins 9. As far as is known, vitamin A does not play an
important role in which of the following
3. Which of the following is a property of the fat- processes?
soluble vitamins? a. Blood clotting
a. Most of them are synthesized by intestinal b. Growth of bones and teeth
bacteria c. Synthesis of visual pigment
b. Intestinal transport occurs by way of the d. Maintaining mucous membranes
portal circulation
c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to 10. Retinol-binding protein is required to transport
develop on a poor diet vitamin
d. Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K a. A.
than for other fat-soluble vitamins b. E.
c. K.
4. If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of d. D.
the following tissues can use it to form vitamin
A? 11. What form of vitamin A supports reproduction
a. Eyes but not growth?
b. Kidneys a. Retinal
c. Adipose cells b. Retinol
d. Intestinal cells c. Retinoic acid
d. Retinyl esters
5. Which of the following food substances can be
converted to vitamin A in the body? 12. What form of vitamin A supports vision but not
a. Tryptophan growth?
b. Chlorophyll a. Retinal
c. Xanthophyll b. Retinol
d. Beta-carotene c. Retinoic acid
d. Retinyl esters
6. How many different forms of vitamin A are
active in the body? 13. What do retinal and unsaturated fatty acids have
a. 1 in common?
b. 2 a. Neither is found in animal fats
c. 3 b. Neither is transported by chylomicrons
d. 5 c. They may exist in the cis or trans form
d. They are both needed to prevent erythrocyte
hemolysis
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14. With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in 20. What tissue contains the majority of the body’s
the body? store of vitamin A?
a. A a. Liver
b. B1 b. Adipose
c. C c. Retinal cells
d. D d. Intestinal mucosal cells
15. What are the known effects of raising animals on 21. Which of the following describes the primary
diets containing retinoic acid as the only source function of vitamin A in bone health?
of vitamin A? a. It stimulates uptake of calcium from the
a. Growth is stunted intestines
b. Blindness develops b. It promotes synthesis of specific bone
c. Retinal synthesis is stimulated proteins involved in the mineralization
d. Retinol synthesis is stimulated process
c. It assists enzymes that degrade certain
16. Which of the following describes an association regions of the bone, thereby allowing
between vitamin A and vision? remodeling to occur
a. Retinoic acid is the form required for d. It inhibits oxidation of bone
synthesis of retinoblasts mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving
b. Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a bone crystal integrity and promoting growth
trans configuration
c. Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in 22. If a normal, healthy adult were to begin
the corneal membrane consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately
d. Pigment molecules in the retina are how much time would pass before the first
composed of a molecule of vitamin A bound deficiency symptoms would appear?
to an omega-3 fatty acid a. 2 weeks
b. 1 to 2 months
17. Which of the following is the name of the c. 6 months
vitamin A compound that is active in the visual d. 1 to 2 years
response?
a. Opsin 23. Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot
b. Keratin every day to ensure that he’s consuming enough
c. Retinal vitamin A. Today he said he didn’t eat any
d. Carotene carrots and is worried that there is not enough
vitamin A in his system. What would you say to
18. Which of the following describes an event in the Greg to allay his fear?
visual response process? a. “Take a vitamin A supplement as soon as
a. Light energy strikes the retina and excites you can!”
pigments to release retinal b. “As long as you eat some chicken tonight
b. Light energy strikes the cornea and excites you will not develop chicken eyes.”
pigments to release retinoic acid c. “Well, there isn’t any vitamin A in carrots
c. Visual pigments deep in the brain are so you probably haven’t consumed vitamin
excited by light transmitted through the A for some time now.”
retina d. “Don’t worry; fat-soluble vitamins are
d. Epithelial cells on the surface of the eye stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than
respond to light energy by transmitting opsin one day to develop any adverse effects.”
molecules along nerve pathways to the brain
24. Which of the following vitamins is most
19. Approximately what percentage of the body’s associated with promoting synthesis of
vitamin A stores are found in the liver? gastrointestinal mucus?
a. 20 a. A
b. 50 b. B12
c. 70 c. E
d. 90 d. Pantothenic acid
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25. What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in 32. Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating
common? which of the following conditions?
a. Both act as antioxidants a. Acne
b. Both are found in animal fats b. Rickets
c. Neither is involved in free radical control c. Osteomalacia
d. Neither is involved in synthesis of retinal d. Night blindness
26. Approximately how many children worldwide 33. The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most
have vitamin A deficiency? severe in what population group?
a. 5 million a. Adults
b. 25 million b. Elderly
c. 250 million c. Newborns
d. 500 million d. Adolescents
27. Why does vitamin A status depend on the 34. Which of the following is most likely to occur
person’s protein status? from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin
a. Adequate protein intake is a marker for A?
liberal intake of the vitamin a. Osteomalacia
b. Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the b. Osteoporosis
vitamin’s GI tract transporter c. Xerophthalmia
c. Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for d. Prolonged blood-clotting time
infection from bacteria that degrade the
vitamin 35. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A
d. Transport of the vitamin within the body nutrition?
requires sufficient protein to synthesize a. Deficiency is common in both the United
retinol-binding protein States and many developing countries
b. Toxicity occurs from excess intakes of
28. Studies in developing countries have preformed vitamin A as well as beta-
demonstrated that the mortality rate of children carotene
with measles can be significantly reduced by c. Supplements are recommended for certain
providing supplements of groups of infants and children infected with
a. iron. the measles in the United States
b. vitamin A. d. In poor countries, supplements prevent and
c. folic acid. cure night blindness but offer little
d. phylloquinone. protection against malaria and lung disease
29. Which of the following functions is shared by 36. Keratinization is the result of
beta-carotene and vitamin E? a. toxicity of vitamin A.
a. Inhibition of oxidation b. toxicity of vitamin D.
b. Prevention of keratinization c. deficiency of vitamin A.
c. Inhibition of bone calcium loss d. deficiency of vitamin D.
d. Prevention of hemolytic anemia
37. What part of the body is affected most by
30. The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency keratomalacia?
is usually a. Bone
a. xerosis. b. Liver
b. xerophthalmia. c. Cornea
c. night blindness. d. Immune cells
d. corneal keratinization.
38. Keratinization of lung cells may result from
31. Which of the following is associated with the a. toxicity of vitamin A.
condition known as xerosis? b. toxicity of beta-carotene.
a. Toxicity of vitamin A c. deficiency of vitamin A.
b. Toxicity of beta-carotene d. deficiency of vitamin D.
c. Deficiency of vitamin A
d. Deficiency of vitamin D
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39. Which of the following features are shared by 46. On average, one retinol activity equivalent is
Retin-A and Accutane? equal to about how many international units?
a. They are teratogenic a. 3
b. They are highly toxic b. 5
c. They are usually taken orally c. 8
d. They have chemical structures similar to d. 10
vitamin A
47. Which of the following is the most likely side
40. What population group is most vulnerable to effect for a person who regularly consumes large
vitamin A toxicity? quantities of carrots or carrot juice?
a. Children a. Bone pain
b. Adolescents b. Dermatitis
c. Adults c. Skin yellowing
d. Elderly d. Vitamin A toxicity
41. Which of the following is a feature of taking 48. Why shouldn’t a woman who is 7 months
high-dose supplements of vitamin A? pregnant be prescribed Accutane?
a. They increase teratogenic risk a. It may aggravate existing edema
b. They are effective in treating acne b. It may lead to prolongation of labor
c. They lead to keratinization of tissue c. It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the
d. They reduce risk for neural tube defects baby
d. It contains high concentrations of vitamin D
42. The preferred unit of expression of vitamin A is that can cause birth defects
the
a. milligram. 49. In which of the following individuals would
b. global unit. vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur?
c. international unit. a. Adolescent women
d. retinol activity equivalent. b. Overweight adults
c. Those taking vitamin A supplements
43. Which of the following is a feature of Accutane? d. Those consuming more than 100 g of carrots
a. It is effective in treating rickets daily
b. It is less toxic than pure vitamin A
c. It is known to be effective in treating mild 50. To decrease risk for vitamin A toxicity-related
but not severe acne birth defects, it is suggested that pregnant
d. It is known to cause birth defects when used women limit vitamin A supplements to less than
by pregnant women a. 5,000 RAE.
b. 10,000 RAE.
44. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic c. 4 times the RDA.
of excess consumption of beta-carotene? d. 10 times the RDA.
a. Overconsumption from foods is harmless
b. Overconsumption from supplements is 51. The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately
harmless a. 400 mg.
c. Drinking alcohol worsens the adverse b. 1,000 mg.
effects of supplements c. 800 retinol activity equivalents.
d. Smoking cigarettes aggravates the d. 5,000 retinol activity equivalents.
detrimental effects of supplements
52. Which of the following is likely to induce
45. How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene vitamin A toxicity in adults?
are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent? a. Eating beef liver once a month
a. 2 b. Consuming high-dose vitamin A
b. 4 supplements
c. 8 c. Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified
d. 12 milk daily
d. Consuming large amounts of dark green and
deep orange vegetables
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53. Which of the following is a characteristic of 58. Which of the following is a characteristic of
carotenoids in foods? vitamin A in foods?
a. They are found in many vegetables and a. Fast foods are generally considered good
fruits sources of vitamin A
b. Most carotenoids can be converted to b. A regular intake of chicken liver is known to
vitamin A induce toxicity in children
c. Carotenoid absorption is inhibited by foods c. Xanthophylls in certain vegetables can be
rich in chlorophyll converted to active vitamin A in the liver
d. The carotenoid with the highest conversion d. Chlorophyll in vegetables can be converted
rate to vitamin A is lycopene to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells
54. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A 59. Which of the following provides the least
in foods? amount of precursor vitamin A?
a. Anthocyanin in beets masks the presence of a. Corn
beta-carotene b. Spinach
b. Margarine made from corn oil is a poor c. Carrots
source of vitamin A d. Cantaloupe
c. Most carotenoids can be converted in the
body to active vitamin A 60. The plant version of vitamin D is known as
d. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables a. ergocalciferol.
masks the presence of beta-carotene b. foliocalciferol.
c. cholecalciferol.
55. Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps d. phyllocalciferol.
and will be working on ways to improve the
nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once 61. The animal version of vitamin D is known as
there, she saw that many of the children and a. ergocalciferol.
some adults suffer from night blindness. Which b. foliocalciferol.
of the following foods should she recommend be c. cholecalciferol.
incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help d. phyllocalciferol.
prevent future generations from developing this
condition? 62. Which of the following organs is NOT required
a. Sweet potato for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin
b. Orange juice D?
c. Peanut butter a. Skin
d. Powdered skim milk b. Liver
c. Kidney
56. A person seeking good sources of vitamin A d. Small intestine
would select all of the following EXCEPT
a. liver. 63. Which of the following compounds serves as the
b. bananas. major precursor for the body’s synthesis of
c. apricots. vitamin D?
d. sweet potatoes. a. Cholesterol
b. Tryptophan
57. Which of the following foods is a very good c. Beta-carotene
source of vitamin A? d. Eicosapentanoic acid
a. Corn
b. Pumpkin pie 64. What percentage of the U.S. population is
c. Baked potato deficient in vitamin D?
d. Whole-grain bread a. 5
b. 10
c. 20
d. 30
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65. What percentage of the U.S. population shows 72. Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?
marginal or deficient vitamin D status? a. Liver
a. 5 b. Kidneys
b. 10 c. Intestine
c. 20 d. Chylomicrons
d. 35
73. Which of the following is NOT a known risk
66. Which of the following can the body use to factor for development of rickets in the United
synthesize vitamin D? States?
a. Bone a. Obese
b. Carotene b. Female
c. Tryptophan c. African-Americans
d. Exposure to sunlight d. Lacto-ovo vegetarian
67. In what tissue(s) must a molecule of vitamin D 74. A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in
be chemically altered to yield a compound that is vitamin
fully active? a. A.
a. Liver only b. K.
b. Kidney only c. E.
c. Liver and kidney d. D.
d. Liver and intestines
75. What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency
68. All of the following are other names for vitamin disease in adults?
D EXCEPT a. Rickets
a. calcitriol. b. Osteomalacia
b. calciferol. c. Keratomalacia
c. calcitonin. d. Hyperkeratosis
d. cholecalciferol.
76. What population group is at highest risk for
69. Which of the following compounds is known to osteomalacia?
function as a hormone? a. Infants
a. Vitamin D b. Elderly men
b. Vitamin K c. Adult women
c. Phylloquinone d. Children ages 2-12 years
d. Alpha-tocopherol
77. In what system would the effects of a vitamin D
70. Which of the following is NOT a major target deficiency be most readily observed?
organ for the action of activated vitamin D? a. Nervous
a. Liver b. Skeletal
b. Bone c. Muscular
c. Kidney d. Circulatory
d. Intestine
78. Which of the following symptoms would
71. What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D? indicate a vitamin D deficiency?
a. Promotes secretion of calcitonin a. Bowed legs
b. Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol b. Rupture of red blood cells
c. Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and c. Frequent respiratory infections
controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins d. Abnormally high blood calcium level
d. Promotes calcium and phosphorus
absorption and promotes calcium
mobilization from bone
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79. Which of the following conditions or diseases 85. Your old friend from high school has just moved
are known to be caused by a deficiency of the to Northern Canada to do full-time research on
same nutrient? bats in caves. She typically works in the caves
a. Osteomalacia and rickets during the day when the bats are there and leaves
b. Xerophthalmia and breath pentane release at sundown when the bats are active. Since your
c. Kwashiorkor and fibrocystic breast disease friend only purchases organic and all-natural
d. Hemolytic anemia and large-cell type foods, which of the following would you most
anemia likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery
store?
80. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a. Whole-grain bread
vitamin D deficiency? b. Vitamin D-fortified milk
a. It causes a calcium deficiency c. Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice
b. It causes excess iron absorption d. Omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk
c. It leads to overt signs only rarely
d. It may result from breastfeeding without 86. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?
supplementation a. The bioavailability of vitamin D from soy
milk is low
81. All of the following are characteristics of vitamin b. Lifeguards on southern beaches have
D nutrition EXCEPT increased risk for vitamin D toxicity
a. deficient intake may lead to altered bone c. Most adults living in the southern United
composition. States need small amounts of dietary vitamin
b. excessive intake may lead to mineral D
deposits in the kidneys. d. The average consumption in the United
c. fortified milk is the major dietary source in States does not meet the recommended
the U.S. population. intake
d. the requirement is increased in most people
who are exposed to the sun. 87. Which of the following is a characteristic of
vitamin D nutrition?
82. Which of the following is NOT known to a. Vitamin D deficiency may be created by a
promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly? calcium deficiency
a. Consumption of little or no milk b. Only about one-half of the world’s
b. Excessive use of hypertension medications population relies on sunlight to maintain
c. Wearing protective clothing and using adequate vitamin D nutrition
sunscreen while outdoors c. Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the
d. Diminished capacity of liver and kidney vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing
synthesis of activated vitamin D vitamin D toxicity
d. In people living in northern U.S. cities,
83. Which of the following is NOT known to vitamin D stores from synthesis during the
increase the risk for vitamin D deficiency with summer are usually sufficient to meet the
advancing age? needs during the winter
a. Reduced exposure to sunlight
b. Lower milk intake of older people 88. Which of the following enables much of the
c. Diminished absorption of dietary vitamin D world’s population to maintain adequate vitamin
d. Less activation of vitamin D by the kidneys D status?
a. Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight
84. Which of the following may result from b. Wide availability of low-cost fish products
excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults? c. Wide availability of food assistance
a. Increased bone density programs
b. Increased bone calcification d. World Health Organization distribution of
c. Deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull vitamin D capsules
d. Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the
kidney
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89. Which of the following conditions is known to 94. Which of the following is NOT a feature of
lead to formation of mineral deposits in the vitamin D nutrition?
blood vessels and kidney? a. A dietary source is oily fish
a. Excessive intake of vitamin D b. The DRI fails to account for skin synthesis
b. Inadequate intake of vitamin D of vitamin D
c. Excessive intake of tocopherols c. Excessive exposure to the sun increases risk
d. Inadequate intake of tocopherols for vitamin D toxicity
d. People who are not outdoors are advised to
90. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? drink at least 2 cups of vitamin D-fortified
a. Toxicity from vitamin D may result from milk daily
overexposure to the sun
b. Requirements are much higher in the elderly 95. What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance
due to degenerative bone diseases for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of
c. Fortification of milk with the vitamin is age?
common in order to provide people with a a. 5 μg
reliable source b. 10 μg
d. Absorption from most food sources is very c. 15 μg
poor, necessitating the enrichment of grain d. 20 μg
products
96. Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements
91. Which of the following is the most reliable is markedly improved when they are taken
source of vitamin D in the diet? a. with a large meal.
a. Meat b. with a small meal.
b. Fortified milk c. with orange juice.
c. Fruits and vegetables d. on an empty stomach.
d. Enriched breads and cereals
97. Which of the following vitamins has been noted
92. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D as preventing the oxidation of low-density
synthesis? lipoproteins?
a. Tanning lamps and tanning booths do not a. A
stimulate vitamin D synthesis b. E
b. Sunscreens with sunburn protection factors c. K
of 2 and above prevent synthesis of vitamin d. D
D
c. The ultraviolet rays of the sun are able to 98. The main function of vitamin E in the body is to
easily pierce heavy clouds and smog to act as a(n)
promote vitamin D synthesis a. peroxide.
d. Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight b. coenzyme.
exposure than light-skinned people to c. antioxidant.
synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D d. free radical.
93. Which of the following is a naturally occurring 99. What is the role of vitamin E in the metabolism
food source of vitamin D? of free radicals?
a. Egg yolks a. Carrier
b. Red meats b. Promoter
c. Tomato juice c. Eliminator
d. Whole-wheat bread d. Synthesizer
100. Which of the following features do vitamins C

and E share?
a. Both function as antioxidants
b. Both require bile for absorption
c. Neither participates in protein synthesis
d. Neither is affected by the processing of
foods
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101. How is vitamin E thought to play a role in 108. There is some evidence for benefits from vitamin
reducing the risk of heart disease? E supplements in all of the following groups
a. It inhibits absorption of dietary cholesterol EXCEPT
b. It slows oxidation of low-density a. premature infants.
lipoproteins b. people with intermittent claudication.
c. It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the c. women with fibrocystic breast disease.
liver d. people with problems of sexual impotence.
d. It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by
the liver 109. Which of the following conditions may improve
with vitamin E therapy?
102. The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the a. Diabetes
destruction of b. Pernicious anemia
a. lysosomes. c. Muscular dystrophy
b. free radicals. d. Intermittent claudication
c. mucopolysaccharides.
d. polyunsaturated fatty acids. 110. To convert the number of tocopherol equivalents
to alpha-tocopherol, multiply by the factor
103. What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E a. 0.8.
activity in the human body? b. 1.4.
a. Alpha c. 2.0.
b. Beta d. 3.3.
c. Gamma
d. Delta 111. Which of the following is a property of the
tocopherols?
104. Which of the following vitamins is least a. Easily destroyed by air and oxygen
associated with the process of bone remodeling? b. Act as precursors for the menaquinones
a. A c. May dissolve from foods into cooking water
b. K d. Absorbed from the intestines into the portal
c. E circulation
d. D
112. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E
105. Which of the following disorders may result in foods?
from vitamin E deficiency in people? a. Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat
a. Rickets b. Most convenience foods are poor sources of
b. Xerophthalmia vitamin E
c. Muscular dystrophy c. Saturated oils are the major dietary sources
d. Erythrocyte hemolysis of vitamin E
d. The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is
106. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E? underestimated
a. Functions as a hormone-like substance
b. Toxicity symptoms include bone 113. Which of the following are major sources of
abnormalities vitamin E in the diet?
c. Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb a. Meats
dietary lipids b. Citrus fruits
d. Important food sources include enriched c. Vegetable oils
breads and pasta d. Milk and dairy products
107. Why are primary vitamin E deficiencies rarely 114. Which of the following is an especially rich
observed in human beings? source of vitamin E?
a. The vitamin is not essential a. Butter
b. The vitamin is widespread in foods b. Carrots
c. Most people take vitamin E supplements c. Milk fat
d. The vitamin can be synthesized by the body d. Wheat germ oil
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115. In comparison with the RDA for vitamin E, 122. What feature is shared by vitamins E and K?
about how many fold higher is the Tolerable a. Deficiencies of either lead to anemia
Upper Intake Level? b. Both have strong antioxidant properties
a. 2 c. Neither is involved in bone development
b. 10 d. Supplements of either may interfere with
c. 25 anticlotting medications
d. 65
123. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
116. Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in a. It participates in synthesis of bone proteins
the diet increases the need for vitamin b. Large amounts can be stored in adipose
a. A. tissue
b. E. c. Good food sources are legumes and raw
c. K. fruits
d. D. d. Intestinal bacterial synthesis provides over
90% of the body’s need for most people
117. Which of the following is characteristic of the
tocopherols? 124. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
a. Good food sources include lean meats and a. A deficiency increases the risk for
dairy hemophilia
b. The various tocopherols perform similar b. A deficiency leads to keratinization of the
roles in the body cornea
c. They are usually found in foods high in c. Bacteria in the intestines synthesize
polyunsaturated fats bioavailable vitamin K
d. The various tocopherol compounds can be d. There are multiple forms in the diet, of
converted to the active alpha-tocopherol which menadione is the naturally occurring
form
118. Which of the following properties do vitamins D
and K share? 125. Which of the following is a feature of
a. Both are synthesized in the body osteocalcin?
b. Both are required for normal vision a. It activates lysosomes involved in
c. Neither has an effect on bone metabolism remodeling bone
d. Neither has an effect on erythrocyte function b. It binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance
absorption
119. What is prothrombin? c. It requires vitamin K to bind to bone-
a. A storage protein for vitamin K forming minerals
b. A transport protein for vitamin E d. It works synergistically with the kidneys to
c. A protein needed for bone formation reduce urinary calcium excretion
d. A protein needed for blood clot formation
126. Of the following, which would most readily
120. Which of the following is known to require induce a vitamin K deficiency?
vitamin K for its synthesis? a. Achlorhydria
a. Albumin b. Antibiotic therapy
b. GI mucosa c. Presence of oxalic acid in food
c. Prothrombin d. Insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables
d. Mucopolysaccharides
127. Jennifer has just had a baby. When she brings
121. In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? Thomas home, she regales you with the details
a. Blood clotting of her hospital stay. She mentions that shortly
b. Energy metabolism after the birth, Thomas received an intramuscular
c. Calcium utilization injection of vitamin K, and she wondered why
d. Epithelial tissue renewal this was done, as it made him cry. You explained
that it
a. was needed to prevent eye disease.
b. prevented possible bleeding events.
c. protected the baby from lipid oxidation.
d. was needed to promote good bone growth.
181
128. Which of the following is a characteristic of 134. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
vitamin K nutrition? a. Deficiencies lead to intravascular clotting
a. Deficiency may lead to hemophilia b. Major dietary sources are whole grains and
b. Toxicity may increase risk for hemophilia legumes
c. Absorption is inhibited when bile production c. No adverse effects have been reported with
diminishes high intakes
d. Supplements are highly effective against d. Primary deficiencies are more common than
osteoporosis secondary deficiencies
129. All of the following are features of vitamin K in 135. Which of the following is a major form of
nutrition EXCEPT vitamin K in foods?
a. infants frequently require a supplement at a. Ergodione
birth. b. Ergoquinone
b. good food sources are plants of the cabbage c. Tocopherone
family. d. Phylloquinone
c. risk of deficiency is increased in people
taking antibiotics for prolonged periods. 136. Approximately what percentage of the body’s
d. gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract
amounts to meet the needs of most healthy bacterial synthesis?
adults. a. Less than 5
b. 25
130. Which of the following vitamins is synthesized c. 50
by intestinal bacteria? d. 85
a. A
b. E 137. What is the adult AI for vitamin K?
c. K a. 45-60 µg
d. D b. 90-120 µg
c. 150-300 µg
131. Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose d. 500-550 µg
to newborns?
a. Vitamin A 138. Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble
b. Vitamin E vitamin?
c. Vitamin K a. Retinol
d. Vitamin B12 b. Tocopherol
c. Phylloquinone
132. Knowing the role of vitamin K in the body, in d. Cyanocobalamin
what organ would you expect to find it in large
quantities? 139. What is a free radical?
a. Liver a. An antioxidant substance that prevents
b. Pancreas accumulation of cell-damaging oxides
c. Gallbladder b. A substance in food that interacts with
d. Small intestine nutrients to decrease their utilization
c. A nutrient in excess of body needs that the
133. What population group has the highest risk for body is free to degrade with no consequence
vitamin K deficiency? d. A molecule that is unstable and highly
a. Adults reactive because it contains unpaired
b. Elderly electrons
c. Newborns
d. Teenagers 140. Which of the following is a characteristic of free
radicals?
a. They are destroyed by cigarette smoking
b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions
c. They typically stop chain reactions
associated with the production of peroxides
d. They are known to accumulate even in the
presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients
182
141. Substances that promote oxidation are usually 143. Which of the following is a feature of
termed antioxidants and health?
a. prooxidants. a. Dietary antioxidants protect against free
b. antioxidants. radical formation but not against DNA
c. free radical generators. damage
d. reactive electron oxidants. b. Beta-carotene supplements have actually
been shown to increase the risk of lung
142. Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer in smokers
vitamin C and vitamin E? c. Diet surveys show that most of the U.S.
a. Both protect against LDL oxidation population consumes recommended
b. Neither reduces arterial inflammation amounts of antioxidant nutrients
c. Neither participates in regulating blood d. People who eat foods rich in vitamin E still
clotting have the same level of atherosclerotic
d. Both act as prooxidants at physiological plaques as consumers who don’t
intakes
Matching
1. Transport protein of vitamin A

2. Promotes bone dismantling prior to bone growth
3. Condition that results from severe vitamin A deficiency
4. The protein of hair and nails
5. Chronic inflammation of skin follicles and oil-producing glands
6. Pigment in carrots and pumpkins
7. Precursor for vitamin D synthesis
8. Vitamin D deficiency disease in children
9. Vitamin D deficiency disease in adults
10. A vitamin K-dependent transport protein
11. May be beneficial for treating fibrocystic breast disease
12. Vitamin E deficiency disorder in premature infants
13. Typical food source of vitamin E
14. Type of anemia prevented by vitamin E
15. Substance that promotes synthesis of prothrombin
16. Another term for blood clotting
17. Use of this increases risk for vitamin K deficiency
18. Substance that prevents clotting of the blood
19. Composition of a blood clot
20. Food source of vitamin K
A. Acne H. Vitamin K O. Anticoagulant

B. Rickets I. Cholesterol P. Fibrin
C. Keratin J. Coagulation Q. Vegetable oils
D. Hemolytic K. Antibiotics R. Erythrocyte hemolysis
E. Carotene L. Osteomalacia S. Green leafy vegetables
F. Vitamin A M. Calbindin T. Retinol-binding protein
G. Vitamin E N. Xerophthalmia
Essay
1. Outline the interconversions of the different forms of vitamin A, and the chief functions of each form.
2. Explain why vitamin A and vitamin D may function as hormones rather than as vitamins.
3. Explain the mechanism associated with the function of vitamin A in the visual response.
183
4. Explain the role of vitamin A in growth and reproduction.
5. What is the role of vitamin A supplementation for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases,
especially measles, in developing countries?
6. Distinguish between the roles of vitamin A in preventing night blindness and permanent blindness.
7. Why is the eye especially vulnerable to vitamin A degradation at night?
8. Why are children more likely than others to be affected by vitamin A toxicity?
9. Under what circumstances and for what reasons may intake of beta-carotene become harmful?
10. Discuss the availability of preformed and precursor vitamin A.
11. Describe how the body can synthesize active vitamin D with the help of sunlight.
12. How does vitamin D function to raise blood levels of calcium and phosphorus?
13. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the two deficiency diseases osteomalacia and rickets.
14. What population groups are prone to vitamin D deficiency and why?
15. Why do the elderly have increased risk for deficiency of vitamin D?
16. Discuss risk for vitamin D toxicity from the diet, supplements, and sunlight exposure.
17. Explain the difficulties in obtaining the recommended amounts of vitamin D from the diet.
18. Why does overexposure to the sun not result in vitamin D toxicity?
19. Discuss factors that inhibit the synthesis of vitamin D.
20. List the different forms of vitamin E found in the diet as well as their vitamin E activity in the body. What are
the major food sources of vitamin E?
21. Distinguish between hemolytic anemia and erythrocyte hemolysis.
22. Describe the known functions of vitamin E and proposed therapeutic treatment for specific disorders.
23. How is vitamin E thought to prevent hemolytic anemia?
24. Discuss food sources and stability of vitamin E.
25. Discuss the role of vitamin K in bone metabolism.
26. What are the major food and non-food sources of vitamin K? What factors may adversely affect vitamin K
nutrition in the body?
27. Discuss the conditions under which deficiencies of vitamin K are most likely to occur.
28. Compare and contrast the risks for toxicity among the fat-soluble vitamins.
29. Discuss the beneficial and adverse effects of free radicals.
30. Explain the relationship between free radicals and degenerative diseases.
31. Discuss the beneficial effects of antioxidant supplements on risk for cancer and heart disease.
32. Discuss the scientific evidence for the role of dietary antioxidants in reducing risk for chronic diseases.
33. How are supplements of vitamins C and E thought to benefit individuals who have risk factors for heart
disease?
34. Discuss the similarities between vitamins C and E in defending against heart disease.
35. Discuss the advantages of increasing the intake of phytochemicals from food rather than from supplements.
36. Discuss the pros and cons of taking antioxidant supplements.
37. Why can antioxidants behave differently in the body depending upon their level of intake?
184
Answer Key (ANS = correct answer, REF = page reference, DIF = difficulty, OBJ = learning objective)
Multiple Choice
1. ANS: c REF: 339 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.0
2. ANS: c REF: 339 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.0
4. ANS: d REF: 340 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
5. ANS: d REF: 340 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
9. ANS: a REF: 340-342 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
10. ANS: a REF: 340 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
11. ANS: b REF: 341 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
29. ANS: a REF: 342|353 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1|11.3
31. ANS: c REF: 343-344 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
32. ANS: d REF: 343-344 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
33. ANS: c REF: 342-343 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
34. ANS: c REF: 343-344 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
51. ANS: c REF: 344|347 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
52. ANS: b REF: 344|345-346 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
185
55. ANS: a REF: 345 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
56. ANS: b REF: 345-346 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1
57. ANS: b REF: 345-346 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
62. ANS: d REF: 347|348 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.2
66. ANS: d REF: 347|350-351 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.2
70. ANS: a REF: 347-348 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
71. ANS: d REF: 347-348 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
80. ANS: b REF: 348-349 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
85. ANS: b REF: 350 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.2
95. ANS: c REF: 350|352 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
107. ANS: b REF: 353|354 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.3
186
118. ANS: a REF: 350|354 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2|11.4
122. ANS: d REF: 354|355-356 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.3|11.4
132. ANS: a REF: 354-355|356 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.4
138. ANS: d REF: 340|353|356 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1|11.2|11.4
Matching
1. ANS: T REF: 340 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
2. ANS: F REF: 342 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
3. ANS: N REF: 343 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
4. ANS: C REF: 344 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
5. ANS: A REF: 344 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
6. ANS: E REF: 345 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
7. ANS: I REF: 348 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
8. ANS: B REF: 349 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
9. ANS: L REF: 349 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
10. ANS: M REF: 348 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
11. ANS: G REF: 353 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.3
12. ANS: R REF: 353 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.3
13. ANS: Q REF: 354 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.3
14. ANS: D REF: 353 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.3
15. ANS: H REF: 354 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
16. ANS: J REF: 354 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
17. ANS: K REF: 355 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
18. ANS: O REF: 356 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
19. ANS: P REF: 355 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
20. ANS: S REF: 356 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.4
187
Essay
1. REF: 340-342 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
2. REF: 342|347 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 11.1|11.2
3. REF: 341 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
7. REF: 341|343 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1
14. REF: 348-349|350 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.2
28. REF: 344|350|353|355-356 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 11.1|11.2|11.3|11.4

Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Test Bank

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Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Test Bank

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171

Chapter 11 – The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K

100. Which of the following features do vitamins C

1. Transport protein of vitamin A

A. Acne H. Vitamin K O. Anticoagulant

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