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Chapter 8—Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is one of the two dimensions of child-rearing patterns?

a. sensitivity-aloofness
b. friendship-guardianship
c. hands-on unrestrictedness
d. restrictiveness-permissiveness
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: LO1
KEY: WWW BLM: Higher Order
2. Which of the following behaviours distinguishes warm parents?

a. They are less likely to use physical punishment.
b. They are less likely to hug or kiss their children.
c. They are less affectionate overall than other parents.
d. They are more likely to blame the child for his or her actions.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
3. Which parents are most likely to raise a child who develops in a socially and emotionally healthy
manner?
a. permissive parents
b. restrictive parents
c. warm parents
d. controlling but warn parents
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: LO1
4. Which of the following children does NOT "have a mind of his own"?
a. a child who misbehaves
b. a child who is stubborn
c. a child whose parents are proud of his independence
d. a child who is aggressive to others
BLM: Higher Order
5. Which of the following statements best describes children raised by warm parents?
a. They develop a sense of conscience.
b. They are perceived as being naughty.
c. They act aggressively with other children.
d. They have been given no guidelines, they lack self-control.
BLM: Remember
Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-1

Chapter 8 Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development HDEV 1CE TB
6. Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between parenting practices from one
generation to the next?
a. Some degree of imitation may exist.
b. No degree of imitation has been determined.
c. Despite research studies, no conclusive results exist.
d. No research has been conducted on this topic.
BLM: Remember
7. Which of the following statements best represents the current thinking on whether parents should
restrict their children's behaviour?
a. Parents should restrict their children’s behaviour as much as possible.
b. The extent of restrictions depends on the child's temperament.
c. The extent of the restrictions depends on how "restrictiveness" is defined.
d. Parent should avoid restrictions, which can hamper their child’s development.
BLM: Higher Order
8. How would a parenting expert respond to the statement that "parents who are strict and demand mature
behaviour wind up with rebellious children"?
a. This statement is true.
b. This statement is NOT true.
c. This statement is true for girls, but NOT for boys.
d. This statement is true, especially regarding children younger than five.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
9. What is a defining characteristic of permissive parents?

a. They are less loving than other parents.
b. They impose few rules and do NOT supervise closely.
c. They use more physical punishment than other parents.
d. They are indifferent and uninvolved with their children.
KEY: WWW BLM: Remember
10. What type of parenting uses consistent control and firm enforcement of rules, combined with strong
support and affection?
a. inductive parenting
b. restrictive parenting
c. authoritative parenting
d. authoritarian parenting
BLM: Conceptual

11. What parenting method provides children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable
behaviour patterns?
a. the power method
b. the inductive method
c. the deductive method
d. the love withdrawal method
BLM: Remember
12. Matt, who is 2 years old, reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying “Don't do
that. It hurts.” What approach did Matt’s mother use?
a. an inductive technique
b. a power-assertive method
c. restrictive parenting
d. a withdrawal of love method
BLM: Higher Order
13. Five-year-old Raymond grabbed the cake from grandmother’s plate and accidentally kicked his
grandfather in the shin. His mother commented, “Isn’t he cute? He is a good problem solver and rather
assertive.” What type of parent is Raymond’s mother?
a. an authoritarian parent
b. a permissive parent
c. an authoritative parent
d. an uninvolved parent
14. Which of the following is an example of an inductive technique?

a. punishing a child for doing something wrong
b. telling a child that what she is doing is wrong
c. withdrawing love if the child does NOT do what is right
d. explaining to a child why she should NOT do something
BLM: Higher Order
15. Which of the following phrases is a power-assertive parent most likely to say?
a. "Kids will be kids."
b. "Because I said so."
c. "Defiance is normal."
d. "Spare the rod, spoil the child."
BLM: Higher Order

16. Which word best describes power-assertive parents?

a. indulgent
b. permissive
c. authoritative
d. authoritarian
BLM: Remember
17. Which of the following is NOT associated with the parental technique of power assertion?
a. lower acceptance by peers
b. higher rates of antisocial behaviour
c. interpersonal problems
d. increased ability to self-regulate
BLM: Higher Order
18. Which of the following represents the best way to get preschoolers to stop doing something?
a. punish them
b. reward them
c. involve them in doing something else
d. warn them that you will punish them if they do NOT stop
19. What is the most appropriate method of regulating a preschooler's behaviour?

a. using physical punishment
b. giving the child a direct request
c. threatening to withdraw your love
d. withdrawing the child's privileges
BLM: Higher Order
20. Which of the following are you most likely to hear from an authoritarian parent?
a. “Because I said so.”
b. "Children have opinions too."
c. "Children can be reasoned with."
d. "Children should be involved in their own rearing."
BLM: Higher Order
21. Mary and John practise an authoritative parenting style. Which statement would you NOT hear them
state?
a. "Children should be involved in their own rearing."
b. "Children have opinions too."
c. "Children can be reasoned with."
d. "Children can be irrational to deal with."
BLM: Higher Order

22. Caroline is considered to be a self-reliant child. What type of parents is she most likely to have?
a. indulgent parents
b. permissive parents
c. authoritarian parents
d. authoritative parents
BLM: Higher Order
23. Alice sets clear limits for her son, and she has tried to explain her reasons for those limits. Alice also
sets goals for her son and encourages him to achieve these goals. According to Baumrind, what term
describes Alice’s parenting style?
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. authoritative
d. uninvolved
BLM: Higher Order
24. What type of parents most likely raised a child who is restrained, irritable, and anxious in social
interactions?
a. authoritative parents
b. a permissive mother and an authoritative father
c. authoritarian parents
d. permissive father and authoritative mother
25. Which of the following statements best describes permissive-indulgent parents?

a. They are high in nurturance.
b. They place high demands on their children.
c. They establish clear rules for behaviour.
d. They establish clear rules but don’t enforce them.
BLM: Higher Order
26. What term describes unresponsive parents who place low demands on their children for mature
behaviour?
a. authoritarian
b. authoritative
c. rejecting-neglecting
d. permissive-indulgent
BLM: Higher Order

27. Which of the following statements best describes a positive outcome of permissive-indulgent
parenting?
a. The children tend to be high in self-confidence.
b. The children are less likely than other children to engage in substance abuse.
c. The children are actually better behaved and more likely to follow rules than other
children.
d. The children are more likely than other children to commit to goals and follow through.
BLM: Higher Order
28. Which of the following statements best describes parenting styles?

a. They are easy.
b. They are difficult.
c. They are a one-way street.
d. They are a two-way street.
BLM: Higher Order
29. When are parents most likely to use power-assertive techniques?

a. when children are being aggressive
b. when children are NOT able to act appropriately
c. when children don't understand what rule they have violated
d. when children are behaving badly in an attempt to get attention
BLM: Remember
30. Which of the following best describes the nature of sibling relationships?
a. Their interactions are mostly negative.
b. Their interactions are usually unemotional.
c. There are no consistent findings in sibling relationships.
d. There are both positive and negative aspects to sibling relationships.
31. What is the behaviour of most siblings in their early years?

a. They demonstrate strong rivalry.
b. They rarely demonstrate sibling rivalry.
c. They provide little support of any kind toward each other.
d. They may spend more time with each other than with their parents.
BLM: Higher Order

32. Which of the following statements does NOT describe older siblings’ behaviour toward younger
siblings?
a. They are nurturing of their younger siblings.
b. They are dominant over their younger siblings.
c. They are role models for their younger siblings.
d. They show little interest in their younger siblings.
33. By what age does a child’s aggression become more person-directed and hostile?
a. by age 3
b. by age 4
c. by age 5
d. by age 6
34. What is the typical experience for the older sibling when a new sibling is born?
a. The older sibling is rarely resentful.
b. The older sibling will have a negative experience.
c. The older sibling tends to receive more attention from the parents.
d. The older sibling may experience both positive and negative emotions.
BLM: Higher Order
35. Which of the following statements best describes siblings’ relationships in many cultures?
a. Older brothers typically take care of younger siblings.
b. As siblings reach adolescence, their conflict increases.
c. The influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence.
d. Younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable.
BLM: Higher Order
36. Which situation will most likely lead to greater conflict between siblings?
a. The parents show favouritism.
b. Greater harmony exists between the parents.
c. The siblings have "easy" temperaments.
d. Cognitive differences are significant.
BLM: Higher Order
37. What is the impact of the birth of a sibling on the existing children in the family?
a. It usually has little impact on the other children.
b. It has mostly positive impacts on the other children.
c. It has both positive and negative impacts on the other children.
d. There is little impact, unless the family already has more than one sibling.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Remember

38. What is an example of regression when another sibling is born?

a. The older sibling wants to help mommy take care of the new baby.
b. The older sibling has toilet accidents, even after having been potty trained.
c. The younger sibling attempts to imitate the older sibling.
d. The older sibling refuses to cooperate with the parents.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Higher Order
39. Which of the following responses is NOT characteristic of siblings after the birth of a new sibling?
a. They may react with increased independence.
b. They may react with increased anger.
c. They may have increased toilet accidents.
d. They may begin to stutter.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Remember
40. Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?
a. They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings.
b. Their peers feel sorry for them.
c. Their parents force them to interact with other children.
d. They are ignored by their own siblings and require outside relationships.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142 OBJ: LO2
41. By what age will most children show preferences for a small group of playmates?
a. by age 6 months
b. by age 1 year
c. by age 18 months
d. by age 2 years
BLM: Remember
42. Which of the following describes the stability of children’s early friendships?
a. Friendships are NOT stable before 3 years of age.
b. Even 1-year-olds have shown stable friendships.
c. The stability generally doesn't last longer than 6 months.
d. Children are too young to form attachment bonds that last.
43. What is the role of dramatic play?

a. It contributes to social development.
b. It is an outlet for uncontrolled impulses.
c. It contributes to cognitive development, but no other type of development.
d. It is a sign that a child needs more social interactions with peers.
BLM: Higher Order

44. Which adjective does NOT describe play?

a. meaningful
b. pleasurable
c. goal-orientated
d. voluntary
45. You and your niece watch children playing in the park. Your niece asks you whether play serves a
function. How are you most likely to respond?
a. Play serves many functions.
b. Play has no function; it is just a simple pleasure of childhood.
c. Play has no function because NOT all children in all cultures demonstrate play.
d. Play has no function until the age of 3, when the child can learn from it cognitively.
46. Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course.
What would Piaget call this type of play?
a. symbolic play
b. formal games
c. functional play
d. constructive play
BLM: Higher Order
47. According to Piaget, in which stage of play do children create settings, characters, and scripts?
a. formal games
b. symbolic play
c. functional play
BLM: Higher Order
48. Martha likes to push her ball, watch it roll, and then make it roll again. What type of play is Martha
demonstrating?
a. formal games
b. symbolic play
c. functional play
BLM: Higher Order

49. Which type of play is NOT categorized as either solitary play or onlooker play?
a. non-interactive play
b. nonsocial play
c. play as a joint activity
d. independent play
50. When Elizabeth, a preschooler, is asked what she likes about their friends, what is she most likely to
say?
a. Her friends are girls, too.
b. Her parents are friends, too.
c. Her friends like to do the same things and play with the same toys.
d. Her brothers and sisters are friends, too.
BLM: Remember
51. According to The Canadian Toy Association’s 2012 holiday season “hot toy list,” arts and crafts
remain on the top toy list. What type of play do these toy support?
a. constructive play
b. formal games
c. symbolic play
d. functional play
BLM: Higher Order
52. What life difficulty is the focus of the Canadian government’s publication Because Life Goes On?
a. the death of a parent
b. the death of a sibling
c. a parent’s chronic illness
d. parental divorce
53. Which theorist focused on the relationships between parenting styles and the development of
competent behaviour in children?
a. Diana Baumrind
b. Eric Erikson
c. Jean Piaget
d. Lawrence Kohlberg
BLM: Remember

54. What term refers to pretend play, imaginative play, or dramatic play?
b. functional play
c. formal games
d. symbolic play
BLM: Higher Order
55. The Smith children play board games every Friday night. What type of play are they demonstrating?
b. functional play
c. formal games
d. symbolic play
56. Which of the following children are more likely to be involved in vigorous play in groups of five or
more?
a. early elementary-school boys
b. early elementary-school girls
c. middle childhood boys
d. middle childhood girls
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 142-143 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Remember
57. Two children are wrestling outside. Based on the research findings on play, what are most likely the
genders of these children?
a. both girls
b. both boys
c. a boy and a girl
d. siblings of either gender
BLM: Higher Order
58. Eight 5-year-olds are playing together. Based on the research findings on play, what is most likely the
gender mix of these children?
a. They are likely to be girls.
b. They are likely to be boys.
c. They are likely a mix of boys and girls.
d. The gender mix depends on how their parents raised them.
BLM: Higher Order

59. What is the best explanation for why boys and girls might show gender-stereotyped preferences for
toys and activities?
a. The source is biological; a child’s DNA directs toy and activity preferences.
b. Their parents may encourage preferences through their toy purchases and their actions.
c. They watch television shows that portray gender-neutral models.
d. Their parents use an authoritarian approach to play.
BLM: Higher Order
60. Which statement best explains why children often prefer playmates of their own sex?
a. They probably share similar interests.
b. This is a fallacy; children play with friends of all ages.
c. The television shows they watch determine their preference.
d. Biology determines their preferences.
BLM: Higher Order
61. What term is synonymous with prosocial behaviour?

a. altruism
b. empathy
c. sympathy
d. non-centrism
BLM: Remember
62. Josh’s daughter, Candace, is sensitive to the feelings of others. What type of child is Candace?
a. a prosocial child
b. an altruistic child
c. an empathetic child
d. a sympathetic child
BLM: Higher Order
63. What is the relationship between gender and the capacity for empathy?
a. Boys are less empathetic than girls early on, but more empathetic in later childhood.
b. Boys are more empathetic than girls early on, but less empathetic in later childhood.
c. Girls are more empathetic than boys.
d. Boys are more empathetic than girls.
BLM: Higher Order

64. Alyssa’s son, Daniel, CANNOT take someone else's perspective. Which of the following does NOT
describe Daniel?
a. He is egocentric.
b. He is probably more aggressive than his peers.
c. He assumes that everyone views the world the way he does.
d. He is between the ages of 2 and 5.
BLM: Higher Order
65. A day-care worker asks an expert about the appropriateness of teaching prosocial behaviours to
children aged 3 and older. How would the expert most likely respond?
a. These children can be taught prosocial behaviours.
b. Girls can usually be taught prosocial behaviours, but boys usually cannot.
c. These children are NOT yet cognitively prepared for the thinking required by prosocial
behaviours.
d. Prosocial behaviours are triggered by maturational processes so they CANNOT be taught
to young children.
BLM: Higher Order
66. What type of child is most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviour?

a. a child whose parents explain how her behaviour affects others
b. a child who is insecurely attached to her parents
c. a child whose parents use power-assertive techniques of discipline
d. a child who did NOT have the opportunity to experience non-interactive play
67. Which of the following characterizes aggression in preschoolers?

a. It is virtually non-existent.
b. It is usually person-oriented.
c. It is usually possession-oriented.
d. It is usually used just to get attention.
BLM: Remember
68. What is the effect of age on the development of aggression in children?

a. Aggression tends to diminish with age.
b. Aggression and age have no correlation.
c. Aggression tends to increase with age, regardless of gender.
d. Aggressive younger children tend to become aggressive older children.

69. What theory perceives aggression as a result of reinforcement and observational learning?
a. evolutionary theory
b. social cognitive theory
c. Freudian psychoanalytic theory
d. Piagetian cognitive-developmental theory
BLM: Higher Order
70. What is the conclusion of studies on aggressiveness in children?

a. Aggressiveness tends to decrease across time.
b. Aggressive tendencies tend to be stable over time.
c. Girls tend to be more physically aggressive than boys across time.
d. Non-aggressive children tend to become aggressive as they get older.
71. Which of the following does research evidence suggest about aggression?
a. Aggression has no biological influences.
b. Children may learn to be aggressive by watching others.
c. Aggression directed at another person does not exist until a child is approximately 10
years old.
d. No relationship exists between aggressive behaviour and violent television.
BLM: Remember
72. What is the relationship between genetics and aggression?

a. Aggression is linked to chromosome 21.
b. Aggression is linked to blood type and environment.
c. Aggression may be passed on through testosterone.
d. There is no evidence that genetics is linked to aggression.
BLM: Remember
73. According to genetics-based theories of aggression, genes may contribute to aggression through which
sex hormones?
a. the male sex hormone testosterone
b. the male sex hormone progesterone
c. the female sex hormone estrogen
d. both the male sex hormones of testosterone and progesterone
BLM: Remember

74. Which of the following distinguishes aggressive children from their peers?
a. They are less egocentric.
b. They are more empathetic.
c. They are less able to take the perspective of others.
d. They are more cognitively accurate in interpreting the intentions of others.
75. Which of the following statements reflects the concept of habituation?

a. Viewing violence increases arousal.
b. Punishment inhibits aggressive behaviour.
c. Viewing violence primes aggressive behaviour.
d. The more exposed we are to a stimulus, the less sensitive we become to it.
BLM: Higher Order
76. Bobby watches a lot of televised violence. How does his television viewing affect the likelihood of his
helping a victim of violence?
a. He is less likely to take action.
b. He is more likely to intervene.
c. He is likely to have an increased awareness of the violence.
d. The arousal he feels will decrease, causing him to be more likely to be calm and to know
what to do.
BLM: Higher Order
77. What is the relationship between media violence and aggression?

a. Media violence decreases levels of arousal.
b. Media violence may disinhibit aggressive behaviour.
c. A relationship has been found for boys, but NOT for girls.
d. Children who see more media violence are less likely to use violence themselves.
BLM: Higher Order
78. Which of the following is an example of one's categorical self?

a. girl
b. pretty
c. honesty
d. friendly
BLM: Higher Order

79. Ben says, “I am a boy.” What term refers to Ben’s concept of himself?
a. the social self
b. the prosocial self
c. the categorical self
d. the cognitive competent self
80. Which statement best describes children who are 3 years of age?
a. They have no self-concept.
b. They tend to have poor self-esteem.
c. They focus on their social competence.
d. They can identify their categorical characteristics.
BLM: Remember
81. How is a 4-year-old most likely to evaluate her self-esteem?

a. “I have a lot of friends, but I am NOT a good runner.”
b. “I have a lot of friends who like to play with me.”
c. “I have a fun personality so I do everything good.”
d. “I do a lot of fun things.”
BLM: Higher Order
82. Joey is striving on his own to learn a new skill. According to Erikson, what stage is Joey in?
a. He is in the trust versus guilt stage.
b. He is in the initiative versus guilt stage.
c. He is in the trust versus initiative stage.
d. He is in the industry versus initiative stage.
BLM: Higher Order
83. According to Erik Erikson, what activities can parents use to encourage a sense of initiative in their
children?
a. They can use physical punishment.
b. They can hug and kiss their children.
c. They can encourage attempts to explore and learn.
d. They can perform tasks for their children so they will NOT be disappointed if they fail.
BLM: Higher Order
84. The preschool period is marked by a decline of some fears. What fear does NOT decline?
a. the fear of loud noises
b. the fear of falling
c. the fear of darkness
d. the fear of strangers
BLM: Remember

85. What distinguishes children’s fears during middle childhood from their fears during early childhood?
a. They are mostly related to people.
b. They are more realistic.
c. They are more imaginary.
d. They are less linked to anxiety.
86. Which of the following best describes the experience of childhood fears?
a. More girls than boys report fears.
b. Fears become more unrealistic with age.
c. Fears increase in number throughout childhood.
d. Children report fewer fears about school performance and social anxiety as they get older.
BLM: Remember
87. Your friend says that “all women are emotional." What is most likely to be your response?
a. This statement is accurate.
b. This statement is NOT based on fact.
c. This statement is a gender stereotype.
d. This statement is consistent across cultures.
BLM: Higher Order
88. Which of the following statements describes children’s gender-role stereotyping?

a. Children become more traditional in their gender-role stereotyping of activities.
b. Gender-role stereotyping does NOT typically begin until approximately age 6.
c. Gender-role stereotyping is more common among girls than boys.
d. Gender-role stereotyping happens less frequently than the media portrays.
BLM: Higher Order
89. Which of the following is a characteristic of sex differences?

a. They are nonexistent.
b. They are small and inconsistent.
c. They prove that gender-role stereotyping is accurate.
d. They are greater than people tend to believe possible.
BLM: Remember
90. Which of the following statements does NOT describe gender differences?
a. Other than anatomical differences, such differences are small.
b. Men and women use parts of their brains differently.
c. Gender differences exist because of the differences in the cerebellum and motor ability.
d. Gender differences may be caused by differences in the levels of sex hormones.
BLM: Higher Order

91. What is the relationship between evolutionary theory and gender differences?
a. Evolutionary theory shows that gender differences are insignificant.
b. Evolutionary theory has no support from research on gender differences.
c. Evolutionary theory suggests that gender differences are a result of natural selection.
d. Evolutionary theory supports the notion that males and females learn by observing others.
BLM: Higher Order
92. Mary has begun her first step in gender typing. What has she attained?
a. her gender expression
b. her gender identity
c. her gender stability
d. her gender constancy
93. Which of the following statements best represents gender typing in children?
a. Siblings seem to play little or no role in gender typing.
b. Girls are more likely to become gender-typed than boys.
c. Primary schoolchildren show less gender-typing when their mothers perform more
traditionally masculine tasks.
d. Daughters of employed mothers are more likely to become traditionally gender-typed than
daughters with stay-at-home mothers.
94. Which statement best represents Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental view of gender typing?
a. Gender is "stamped" into the wiring of the brain and how it processes information.
b. Children play an active role in their own gender typing by forming concepts of gender and
then fitting their behaviour to those concepts.
c. Parents and other caregivers are the sole determining force in the gender typing of
children.
d. Daughters of employed mothers are more likely to become traditionally gender-typed than
daughters with stay-at-home mothers.
BLM: Higher Order
95. What was a finding of research on Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental view of gender-role

development?
a. Boys develop their gender roles later than girls.
b. The order of development put forward by Kohlberg was supported.
c. The timing of development put forward by Kohlberg was supported.
d. Gender-role development is NOT sequential but based on environmental experiences.
BLM: Remember

96. What is the definition of gender stability?

a. It is one's knowledge of being male or female.
b. It recognizes that people retain their gender for a lifetime.
c. It is the internalization of the roles and expectations of one's gender.
d. It recognizes that gender does NOT change, even if one's appearance changes.
BLM: Higher Order
97. What is the definition of gender constancy?

a. It is one's knowledge of being male or female.
b. It recognizes that people retain their gender for a lifetime.
c. It is the internalization of the roles and expectations of one's gender.
d. It recognizes that gender does NOT change, even if one's appearance changes.
BLM: Remember
98. What is the main principle of the gender-schema theory?

a. Gender identity, stability, and constancy occur in a predictable order.
b. It proposes a concept called "conservation of gender."
c. Gender is a category around which children organize their world.
d. It recognizes that children retain their gender for a lifetime.
BLM: Remember
99. What condition is known as psychological androgyny?

a. being high on both masculine and feminine personality dimensions
b. being low on both masculine and feminine personality dimensions
c. being confused over one's gender identity
d. being high on masculine personality dimensions
BLM: Remember

MATCHING
a. displays stereotypical gender roles

b. a brother or a sister
c. associated with authoritarian parenting
d. children create settings, characters, and scripts
e. more sociable than their siblings
f. gender identity
g. perform better academically than siblings
h. games with rules include board games
i. associated with permissive-indulgent parenting
j. often serves as a source of support
k. consistent rules and concern for a child's feelings
l. use objects or materials to draw something or make something
m. male and female behaviours result from natural selection
n. a couple who wanted to fight conformity to gender stereotypes
o. dimension of parenting
p. decreased sensitivity after repeated exposure
q. altruism
r. one's awareness of being male or female
s. associated with authoritative parenting
t. "because I told you to do it, that's why"
1. Authoritative style
2. Constructive play
3. Gender-typed
4. First-born children
5. Habituation
6. Gender identity
7. Restrictiveness-permissiveness
8. Prosocial behaviour
9. Immaturity
10. Formal games
11. High self-esteem
12. Symbolic play
13. Later-born children
14. Authoritarian
15. Peer
16. High hostility
17. Sibling
18. Baby Storm
19. Knowing one is male or female
20. Evolutionary theory

1. ANS: K PTS: 1
2. ANS: L PTS: 1
3. ANS: A PTS: 1
4. ANS: G PTS: 1
5. ANS: P PTS: 1
6. ANS: R PTS: 1
7. ANS: O PTS: 1
8. ANS: Q PTS: 1
9. ANS: I PTS: 1
10. ANS: H PTS: 1
11. ANS: S PTS: 1
12. ANS: D PTS: 1
13. ANS: E PTS: 1
14. ANS: T PTS: 1
15. ANS: J PTS: 1
16. ANS: C PTS: 1
17. ANS: B PTS: 1
18. ANS: N PTS: 1
19. ANS: F PTS: 1
20. ANS: M PTS: 1
TRUE/FALSE
1. Reasoning with a child is a power-assertive parenting technique.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: LO1

2. Parental beliefs and genetic factors affect parental warmth.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

BLM: Higher Order
3. Warm parents are less likely than cold parents to use physical discipline.

BLM: Higher Order
4. The children of parents who are cold and domineering are more likely to develop internal standards of
conduct, a moral sense, or conscience.

BLM: Higher Order

5. Inductive parenting methods aim to teach knowledge that will enable children to generate desirable
behaviour on their own.

BLM: Higher Order
6. Spanking a child is an example of a power-assertive technique.

BLM: Higher Order
7. The two broad dimensions of child rearing are easy and difficult.

8. Parents who are strict and demand mature behaviour will have rebellious children.

BLM: Higher Order
9. Parenting that is “restrictive,” involving physical punishment, interference, or intrusiveness, can give
rise to disobedience, rebelliousness, and lower levels of cognitive development.

BLM: Higher Order
10. Permissive parenting leads to children with little moral sense.

11. Parenting that uses withdrawal of love to enforce restrictions may foster compliance but also instill
guilt and anxiety.

BLM: Remember
12. Preschoolers more readily comply when asked to do something than when asked to stop doing
something.

BLM: Remember
13. Authoritarian parents are highly restrictive, but also respect their children and are warm toward them.

BLM: Higher Order

14. Permissive parents value obedience for its own sake.

BLM: Higher Order
15. Authoritarian, but NOT authoritative parents are highly restrictive.

BLM: Higher Order
16. Research has shown the sons of authoritarian parents to be relatively hostile and defiant and the
daughters to be low in independence and dominance.

BLM: Remember
17. Rejecting–neglecting parents are low in their demands for mature behaviour and in their attempts to
control their children and low in support and responsiveness.

BLM: Higher Order
18. The children of neglectful parents are the least competent, least responsible, and least mature children.

BLM: Remember
19. The best child outcomes are associated with authoritative parenting.

BLM: Remember
20. Conflict between siblings can enhance social competence.

BLM: Remember
21. First-born children tend to be more aggressive than later-born children.

BLM: Remember
22. By age 2, children show preferences for a few particular playmates.

BLM: Remember
23. According to Piaget, drawing a picture is an example of constructive play.

BLM: Remember

24. Girls may choose NOT to play with boys to protect themselves from boys' aggression.

BLM: Remember
25. Development of prosocial behaviour is linked to the development of empathy and perspective taking.

26. In most cultures, older brothers are expected to care for their younger siblings.

BLM: Remember
27. Siblings are most likely to get along well when their relationship with their parents is troubled.

BLM: Remember
28. When a new sibling is born, older siblings may experience regression and also higher levels of
independence.

BLM: Remember
29. Birth order is unrelated to school performance and personality characteristics.

BLM: Higher Order
30. Preschool children tend to view friends in terms of the toys and activities they share.

BLM: Remember
31. In symbolic play children create settings, characters, and scripts.

BLM: Higher Order
32. Riding a tricycle is an example of functional play.

BLM: Higher Order
33. A Canadian organization called The Canadian Toy Association publishes a “hot toy list” each year.

BLM: Remember

34. Girls show more empathy than boys.

BLM: Remember
35. Infants cry in response to the crying of others because they feel bad about the others’ distress.

BLM: Remember
36. Children with better developed perspective-taking ability also show more prosocial behaviour and less
aggressive behaviour among their peers.

BLM: Remember
37. The best way to get children to act prosocially is to reward them for doing so.

BLM: Higher Order
38. Parents of prosocial children are least likely to use power-assertive techniques.

BLM: Higher Order
39. Anger and aggression in preschoolers usually causes other preschoolers to reject them.

BLM: Remember
40. Aggression during childhood is rarely associated with aggression during adulthood.

BLM: Remember
41. Criminal and antisocial behaviour may be caused by genetic factors.

BLM: Remember
42. Social cognitive explanations of aggression focus on environmental factors such as reinforcement and
observational learning.

43. Children rarely learn to be aggressive from watching others.

BLM: Higher Order

44. Media violence and aggressive video games increase viewers’ level of arousal.

BLM: Remember
45. Watching aggressive media causes aggressive behaviour in children.

BLM: Remember
46. Children who watch more violence on television tend to accept it less in real life.

BLM: Higher Order
47. Saying you are honest is an example of the categorical self.

BLM: Remember
48. Erikson referred to the stage of early childhood as initiative versus guilt.

BLM: Remember
49. Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.

BLM: Remember
50. Preschool children begin to make evaluative judgments about their cognitive and physical competence
and their social acceptance of themselves by the age of 4.

BLM: Remember
51. Children have few fears until middle childhood.

BLM: Remember
52. Younger children are more likely to have realistic fears than older children.

BLM: Remember
53. Gender stereotypes are usually true.

BLM: Higher Order

54. Sex differences during infancy are consistently large.

BLM: Remember
55. Evolutionary theory states that gender differences are a result of learning processes.

BLM: Higher Order
56. Hormones affect males and females differently beginning in late childhood.

BLM: Higher Order
57. Peers, parents, television, and other media influence the gender behaviour of males and females.

BLM: Remember
58. Kohlberg’s theory of gender-role development has NOT been supported by research.

BLM: Higher Order
59. According to gender schema theory, as soon as children understand the labels “girl” and “boy,” they
seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.

BLM: Higher Order
60. Children learn to label the sexes as either "boy" or "girl" by age 2 to 21/2.

BLM: Remember
61. Sex hormones and other chemical substances stoke the prenatal differentiation of sex organs

BLM: Remember
62. Gender constancy is the knowledge that one is male or female.

BLM: Remember
63. Androgyny is defined as scoring higher on feminine traits than masculine traits.

BLM: Remember

SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe the differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Be sure to include some of
what is known about the outcomes of each form of parenting.
ANS:
Authoritarian parents place strict rules on children and tend to believe in the "spare the rod, spoil the
child" approach to parenting. To these parents, obedience is a virtue in its own right. Authoritative
parents transmit their expectations clearly, but also take the child's viewpoint into account.
Authoritarian parents expect their children to obey them without question. Children of authoritarian
parents tend to be hostile and have lower self-esteem than children of authoritative parents. Children of
authoritative parents are more self-reliant, have higher self-esteem, and are more independent than
children of authoritarian parents.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Higher Order
2. How do power-assertive techniques differ from other types of parenting behaviours aimed at
restricting children’s behaviour?
ANS:
Power-assertive techniques involve the assertion of control over a child rather than an inductive
process that supports the internalizing of moral behaviour and fosters prosocial behaviour.
Power-assertive techniques tend NOT to show respect for the child’s needs. Power-assertive
techniques tend to work less well than inductive techniques in fostering positive behaviours from a
child.
3. What are the two dimensions of child rearing? How are they combined in the four parenting styles?
ANS:
The two broad dimensions of child rearing are warmth–coldness and restrictiveness–permissiveness.
Parents who are high in warmth and restrictiveness are considered authoritative. Parents who are high
in warmth, but low in restrictiveness are known as permissive–indulgent. Parents low in warmth, but
high in restrictiveness are authoritarian. Parents who are low in warmth and restrictiveness are
considered rejecting–neglecting.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 139-140 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Higher Order

4. Describe the kinds of play identified by Jean Piaget.
ANS:
a) Functional play. Beginning in the sensorimotor stage, the first kind of play involves repetitive
motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and laughing.
b) Symbolic play. Also called pretend play, imaginative play, or dramatic play, symbolic play
emerges toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and increases during early childhood. In
symbolic play, children create settings, characters, and scripts
c) Constructive play. Children use objects or materials to draw something or make something, such
as a tower of blocks.
d) Formal games. Games with rules include board games, which are sometimes enhanced or
invented by children, and games involving motor skills, such as marbles and hopscotch, ball
games involving sides or teams, and video games. Such games may involve social interaction as
well as physical activity and rules. People play such games for a lifetime.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 OBJ: LO2 BLM: Remember
5. How are later-born children different from first-born children?
ANS:
Later-born children may sometimes act more aggressively to compete for the attention of their parents.
Later-born children also need to reconcile the fact that they did NOT come first. As a result, the
self-concepts of later-born children tend to be lower than those of first-born children. However, the
social skills they acquire from dealing with their family position translate into personality
characteristics such as being more rebellious, more liberal, and more agreeable, all of which can make
them popular with their peers.
6. Does viewing aggressive media cause aggression? Why is it difficult to answer this question
definitively?
ANS:
Causal relationships are difficult to assess between variables such as violent television viewing and
aggressive behaviour because most research is correlational, NOT experimental. It is difficult to know
whether children who watch violent television or play violent video games are just more aggressive to
begin with and are thus attracted to such media. On the other hand, experiments that have shown
violent television or a model acting aggressively toward an object have shown increased aggressive
behaviour in randomly assigned children.

7. How do young children first view themselves? How are self-views related to childhood fears?
ANS:
Young children develop an awareness of self almost as soon as they can speak. Initially, children
describe themselves in categorical terms. In other words, they describe categories that they belong to,
such as "boy" or "child." During the early years of self-development, children also begin to develop a
sense of self-worth. Typically, these feelings centre on cognitive and physical competence and on
social acceptance by peers and family. As children get older, aspects of their personality (traits)
become more important to them. For example, they may describe themselves as "honest" or "caring."
An awareness of self precipitates some fears. The more aware children are of themselves in relation to
a larger world, the more they have to fear about the world. Erikson described the period of early
childhood social development as one of "initiative versus guilt." As children further define their notion
of self, they move increasingly into the world and take initiative in learning how to do new things.
8. Discuss what is known about the development of gender typing.
ANS:
Gender-typing starts with gender identity, which is the basic awareness that one is either female or
male. At first, this awareness has little meaning to children other than to function as a label. Quickly,
however, the child receives messages about what is expected from girls and boys (gender stereotypes).
Parents, media, and other children all communicate gender roles to children such as saying that "girls
play with dolls" and "boys play with trucks." Some evidence supports that males and females use their
brains differently, which may account for some gender differences. Kohlberg suggested that gender
typing (the internalization of gender stereotypes) involves three emerging concepts. In addition to
gender identity, he noted gender stability (the recognition that one has the same gender for a lifetime),
and gender constancy (the understanding that changes in appearance, such as a woman cutting her hair
short, do NOT change one's gender).
9. How do the social cognitive and evolutionary theories differ in how they explain gender-role
development?
ANS:
Social cognitive theory explains gender-role development as a result of reinforcement, punishment,
and observational learning. Children may receive positive reactions to traditional gender behaviours,
such as girls playing with dolls receiving praise. Children who cross gender traditions, on the other
hand, may experience ridicule and hostility from parents and peers. Children also learn to behave in
gender-traditional or non-traditional from watching their parents, as evidenced by the fact that children
of working mothers tend to have more flexible senses of gender-appropriate behaviour. Television and
other media also provide models for children’s learning of gender roles.
Evolutionary theory explains gender-role development as a result of biological factors, stemming from
natural selection. Thus, males may place more value on physical appearance of a potential mate, which
has been associated with increased fertility and parental fitness. Females, on the other hand, may place
more value on the ability of the male to provide sufficient material goods for support of a family.

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HDEV Canadian 2nd edition Rathus

1. Which of the following is one of the two dimensions of child-rearing patterns?

2. Which of the following behaviours distinguishes warm parents?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-1

9. What is a defining characteristic of permissive parents?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-2

14. Which of the following is an example of an inductive technique?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-3

16. Which word best describes power-assertive parents?

19. What is the most appropriate method of regulating a preschooler's behaviour?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-4

25. Which of the following statements best describes permissive-indulgent parents?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-5

28. Which of the following statements best describes parenting styles?

29. When are parents most likely to use power-assertive techniques?

31. What is the behaviour of most siblings in their early years?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-6

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-7

38. What is an example of regression when another sibling is born?

43. What is the role of dramatic play?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-8

44. Which adjective does NOT describe play?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-9

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-10

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-11

61. What term is synonymous with prosocial behaviour?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-12

66. What type of child is most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviour?

67. Which of the following characterizes aggression in preschoolers?

68. What is the effect of age on the development of aggression in children?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-13

70. What is the conclusion of studies on aggressiveness in children?

72. What is the relationship between genetics and aggression?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-14

75. Which of the following statements reflects the concept of habituation?

77. What is the relationship between media violence and aggression?

78. Which of the following is an example of one's categorical self?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-15

81. How is a 4-year-old most likely to evaluate her self-esteem?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-16

88. Which of the following statements describes children’s gender-role stereotyping?

89. Which of the following is a characteristic of sex differences?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-17

95. What was a finding of research on Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental view of gender-role

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-18

96. What is the definition of gender stability?

97. What is the definition of gender constancy?

98. What is the main principle of the gender-schema theory?

99. What condition is known as psychological androgyny?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-19

a. displays stereotypical gender roles

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-20

1. Reasoning with a child is a power-assertive parenting technique.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: LO1

2. Parental beliefs and genetic factors affect parental warmth.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 8-21

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

6. Spanking a child is an example of a power-assertive technique.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: LO1

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: LO1