Developmental Mathematics 3rd Edition

Martin Gay Solutions Manual

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 Chapter 7
Section 7.1 Practice Exercises 7. Class
Interval Class Frequency
1. a. Spanish has 8 symbols and each symbol
(Credit Tally (Number of
represents 50 million speakers, so Spanish is
Card Months)
spoken by 8(50) = 400 million or
Balances)
400,000,000 people.
$0−$49 ||| 3
b. Arabic has 4.5 symbols, or
4.5(50) = 225 million speakers. So, $50−$99 |||| 4
400 million − 225 million = 175 million or
175,000,000 more people speak Spanish $100−$149 || 2
than Arabic.
$150−$199 | 1
2. a. The European Space Agency corresponds to
1.5 symbols and each symbol represents $200−$249 | 1
8 solar system exploration missions, so the
European space Agency has undertaken $250−$299 | 1
approximately 1.5(8) = 12 solar system
exploration missions.
8.
b. Japan corresponds to 1 symbol, or 8 solar
system exploration missions. Thus, the
European Space Agency and Japan have
undertaken approximately 12 + 8 = 20 solar
system exploration missions.

3. a. The height of the bar for amphibians is 18,

so approximately 18 endangered species are
amphibians.
9. a. The lowest point on the graph corresponds
b. The shortest bar corresponds to arachnids, to January, so the average daily temperature
so arachnids have the fewest endangered is the lowest during January.
species.
b. The point on the graph that corresponds to
4. 25 is December, so the average daily
temperature is 25°F in December.

c. The points on the graph that are greater than

70 are June, July, and August. So, the
average daily temperature is greater than
70°F in June, July, and August.

Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.1

1. A bar graph presents data using vertical or

horizontal bars.

5. The height of the bar for 80−89 is 12, so 12 2. A pictograph is a graph in which pictures or
students scored 80−89 on the test. symbols are used to visually present data.

6. The height of the bar for 40−49 is 1, for 50−59 is 3. A line graph displays information with a line that
3, for 60−69 is 2, for 70−79 is 10. So, connects data points.
1 + 3 + 2 + 10 = 16 students scored less than 80
on the test.

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

4. A histogram is a special bar graph in which the width of each bar represents a class interval and the height of each
bar represents the class frequency.

5. Count the number of symbols and multiply this number by how much each symbol stands for (from the key).

6. A bar graph lets you visually see and compare the data.

7. A histogram is a special kind of bar graph.

8. 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013

Exercise Set 7.1

2. Colorado and Washington have the (same) least number of wheat symbols, so the least amount of wheat acreage
was planted in the states of Colorado and Washington.

4. Kansas is represented by 9.5 wheat symbols, and each symbol represents 1 million acres, so there were
approximately 9.5(1 million) = 9.5 million or 9,500,000 acres of wheat planted in Kansas.

6 million
6. Each wheat symbol represents 1 million acres, so find the state that has = 6 wheat symbols. Texas and
1 million
North Dakota have 6 wheat symbols, so they each have about 6,000,000 acres of wheat.

8. Oklahoma is represented by 5.5 wheat symbols and Washington is represented by 2 wheat symbols. Oklahoma
has 5.5 − 2 = 3.5 more wheat symbols than Washington, so 3.5 million or 3,500,000 more acres of wheat were
planted in Oklahoma.

10. 2006 has 8 flames and each flame represents 12,000 wildfires, so there were approximately
8(12,000) = 96,000 wildfires in 2006.

72, 000
12. Since each flame represents 12,000 wildfires, look for the years that have more than = 6 flames. The
12, 000
years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 had more than 72,000 wildfires.

14. 2006 has 8 flames and 2012 has 5.5 flames, which is 2.5 fewer. Thus, the decrease in the number of wildfires
from 2006 to 2012 was 2.5(12,000) = 30,000.

16. answers may vary

18. The shortest bar corresponds to November, so the month in which the fewest hurricanes made landfall is
November.

20. The length of the bar for September is 104, so approximately 104 hurricanes made landfall in September.

1
22. One of 51 hurricanes made landfall in October 2012. The percent is ≈ 0.0196 or about 2%.
51

24. The bar between 26 million and 27 million corresponds to Jakarta, Indonesia, and the length of the bar is about
26.4 million. So the city whose population is between 26 million and 27 million is Jakarta, Indonesia and its
population is about 26.4 million or 26,400,000.

26. The two bars that are approximately the same length correspond to Delhi, India and Mexico City, Mexico. Thus,
Mexico City, Mexico and Delhi, India are the two cities whose populations are approximately the same.

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

28. The bar corresponding to Guangzhou, China has length 31.8 and the bar corresponding to Karachi, Pakistan has
length 22.8. Thus, the population of Guangzhou, China is about 31.8 − 22.8 ≈ 9 million or 9,000,000 larger than
that of Karachi, Pakistan.

30.

32.

34. The height of the bar for 200−249 miles per week is 9, so 9 of the adults drive 200−249 miles per week.

36. 9 of the adults drive 200−249 miles per week and 21 of the adults drive 250−299 miles per week, so
9 + 21 = 30 of the adults drive 200 miles or more per week.

38. 9 of the adults drive 150−199 miles per week and 9 of the adults drive 200−249 miles per week, so 9 + 9 = 18 of
the adults drive 150−249 miles per week.

40. 29 of the adults drive 0−49 miles per week and 17 of the adults drive 50−99 miles per week, so 29 − 17 = 12 more
adults drive 0−49 miles per week than 50−99 miles per week.

17
42. 17 of the 100 adults surveyed drive 50−99 miles per week, so the ratio is .
100

44. The shortest bar in the histogram represents the 85 plus age range, so the 85 plus age range will be the smallest
population group in 2020.

46. The population of 45-to-64 year olds is expected to be 84 million in 2020.

48. The population of 5-to-19 year olds is expected to be 66 million in 2020.

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

50. The population of 20-to-44 year olds is expected
to be 109 million and the population of
45-to-64 year olds is expected to be 84 million,
so 109 – 84 = 25 million more 20-to-44 year
olds are expected to be there than 45-64 year
olds in 2020.
70. Since the point corresponding to 2009 is greater
than the point corresponding to 2008, the total
score in the Super Bowl increased between 2008
and 2009.
72. 45% of 120 is 0.45 ⋅ 120 = 54.

Class Class Frequency 74. 95% of 50 is 0.95 ⋅ 50 = 47.5.

Interval Tally (Number of
(Scores) Games) 2 2 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 20
76. = ⋅100% = % = 40%
5 5 5
52. 80−89 |||| 4
9 9 9 ⋅10 ⋅10
54. 100−109 || 2 78. = ⋅100% = % = 90%
10 10 10

80. The point on the low temperature graph

Class corresponding to Thursday is 74, so the low
Interval Class Frequency temperature reading on Thursday was 74°F.
(Account Tally (Number of
Balances) People) 82. The highest point on the graph of high
temperature corresponds to Tuesday. The high
56. $100−$199 |||| | 6 temperature on Tuesday was 86°F.

58. $300−$399 |||| 4 84. The difference between the graphs is the least for
Friday. The high temperature was 76°F and the
60. $500−$599 | 1 low temperature was 70°F, so the difference is
76 − 70 = 6°F.

62. 86. Kansas is represented by 9.5 wheat symbols, and

each symbol represents 1 million acres, so there
were approximately 9.5(1 million) = 9.5 million
or 9,500,000 acres of wheat planted in Kansas.
This represents 24% of the wheat acreage in the
9.5 million
U.S., so ≈ 40 million acres of wheat
0.24
were planted in the U.S.

Section 7.2 Practice Exercises

1. Eight of the 100 adults prefer golf. The ratio is

adults preferring golf 8 2
64. The point on the line graph corresponding to = =
2013 is 65, so the total points scored in the Super total adults 100 25
Bowl in 2013 was 65.
2. Add the percents corresponding to Europe, Asia,
66. The highest point on the line graph corresponds and South America.
to 2013, so the highest total points scored in the 18.7% + 12.5% + 9.5% = 40.7%.
Super Bowl was in 2013.
3. amount = percent ⋅ base
68. Since the point corresponding to 2012 is less = 0.213 ⋅ 67, 000,000
than the point corresponding to 2011, the total = 14, 271, 000
score in the Super Bowl decreased between 2011
Thus, 14,271,000 tourists might have come from
and 2012.
Mexico in 2012.

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

Degrees in 4. 124 of the 700 total students live in off-campus

4. Year Percent rentals.
Sector
124 31
30% of 360° =
700 175
Freshmen 30% = 0.30(360°)
31
= 108° The ratio is .
175
27% of 360°
Sophomores 27% = 0.27(360°) 6. 124 of the students live in off-campus rentals
= 97.2° while 320 live in a parent or guardian’s home.
124 31
25% of 360° =
Juniors 25% 320 80
= 0.25(360°)
31
= 90° The ratio is .
80
18% of 360°
Seniors 18% = 0.18(360°) 8. The smallest sector corresponds to Australia.
= 64.8° Thus, the smallest continent is Australia.

10. 16% + 12% = 28%

28% of the land on Earth is accounted for by
North and South America.

12. South America accounts for 12% of the land on

Earth.
12% of 57,000,000 = 0.12 ⋅ 57, 000, 000
= 6,840, 000
South America is 6,840,000 square miles.

14. Europe accounts for 7% of the land on Earth.

Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.2
1. In a circle graph, each section (shaped like a
piece of pie) shows a category and the relative
size of the category.
2. A circle graph contains pie-shaped sections, each
called a sector.
3. The number of degrees in a whole circle is 360.
4. If a circle graph has percent labels, the percents
should add up to 100.
5. 100%
6. 360°
Exercise Set 7.2
2. The smallest sector corresponds to the category
“own off-campus housing,” thus the least of
these college students own off-campus housing.
7% of 57,000,000 = 0.07 ⋅ 57, 000, 000
= 3,990, 000
Europe is 3,990,000 square miles.
16. Add the percent for nonfiction (25%) to the
percent for reference (17%).
25% + 17% = 42%
Thus, 42% of books are nonfiction or reference.
18. The third-largest sector corresponds to children’s
fiction, so the third-largest category of books is
children’s fiction.
20. Reference accounts for 17% of the books.
17% of 125,600 = 0.17 ⋅125, 600 = 21, 352
The library has 21,352 reference books.
22. Adult’s fiction accounts for 33% of the books.
33% of 125,600 = 0.33 ⋅125, 600 = 41, 448
The library has 41,448 adult fiction books.
24. Nonfiction or other accounts for
25% + 3% = 28% of the books.
28% of 125,600 = 0.28 ⋅ 125,600 = 35,168
The library has 35,168 nonfiction or other books.

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

26. Color Distribution of M&M’s Milk Chocolate

Color Percent Degrees in Sector

Blue 22.1% 22.1% of 360°

= 0.221(360°) ≈ 80°

Orange 16.7% 16.7% of 360°

= 0.167(360°) ≈ 60°

Green 16.7% 16.7% of 360°

= 0.167(360°) ≈ 60°

Red 16.7% 16.7% of 360°

= 0.167(360°) ≈ 60°

Brown 16.7% 16.7% of 360°

= 0.167(360°) ≈ 60°

Yellow 11.1% 11.1% of 360°

= 0.111(360°) ≈ 40°

28. Number of Times the “Are We There Yet?” Question

is Asked to Parents During Road Trips
Number Percent Degrees in Sector

Never 20% 20% of 360°

= 0.20(360°) = 72°

Once 11% 11% of 360°

= 0.11(360°) ≈ 40°

36% 36% of 360°

2−5 times
= 0.36(360°) ≈ 130°

14% 14% of 360°

6−10 times
= 0.14(360°) ≈ 50°

More than 10 times 19% 19% of 360°

= 0.19(360°) ≈ 68°

30. 25 = 5 ⋅ 5 = 52

32. 16 = 4 ⋅ 4 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 24

34. 105 = 3 ⋅ 35 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7

36. Arctic; answers may vary

38. Atlantic Ocean:

26% ⋅ 264, 489, 800 = 0.26 ⋅ 264, 489, 800
= 68, 767, 348 square
kilometers

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

40. Arctic Ocean:
4% ⋅ 264, 489, 800 = 0.04 ⋅ 264, 489, 800
= 10, 579, 592 square
kilometers
42. 59.8% ⋅ 2800 = 0.598 ⋅ 2800 ≈ 1674 respondents
44. 59.8% + 18.7% = 78.5%
0.785 ⋅ 2800 = 2198 respondents
percent of respondents who spend $0-$15
46.
percent of respondents who spend $15-$175
21.5
=
59.8
21.5 ⋅10
=
59.8 ⋅10
215
= 13. Whole milk accounts for 35% of the milk
598
48. true; answers may vary
Integrated Review
1. Registered nurses has 14 figures and each figure
represents 50,000 workers. Thus, the increase in
the number of registered nurses is projected to be
14(50,000) = 700,000.
2. General office clerks has 10 figures and each
figure represents 50,000 workers. Thus the
increase in the number of general office clerks is
projected to be 10(50,000) = 500,000.
3. Registered nurses, retail salespersons, and home
health aides each have 14 figures, so these
occupations are projected to have approximately
the same increase between the years shown.
4. Food workers has the least number of figures, so
the least increase is expected for food workers.
5. The tallest bar corresponds to the Oroville dam.
Its height is about 755 feet.
6. The only bar whose top is between the 625 and
650 foot levels is the one for the New Bullards
Bar dam. Its height is about 635 feet.
8. There are 4 dams whose bars extend above the
700 foot level on the graph, namely Oroville,
Hoover, Dworshak, and Glen Canyon.
9. The highest points on the graph correspond to
Thursday and Saturday. The high temperature on
those days was about 100°F.
10. The lowest point on the graph corresponds to
Monday. The high temperature on Monday was
about 82°F.
11. The high temperature was below 90°F on
Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday.
12. The high temperature was above 90°F on
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
consumed.
35% of 200 quarts = 0.35 ⋅ 200 quarts
= 70 quarts
About 70 quart containers of whole milk are sold
per week.
14. Skim milk accounts for 26% of the milk
consumed.
26% of 200 quarts = 0.26 ⋅ 200 quarts
= 52 quarts
About 52 quart containers of skim milk are sold
per week.
15. Buttermilk accounts for 1% of the milk
consumed.
1% of 200 quarts = 0.01 ⋅ 200 quarts
= 2 quarts
About 2 quart containers of buttermilk are sold
per week.
16. Flavored reduced fat and skim milk accounts for
3% of the milk consumed.
3% of 200 quarts = 0.03 ⋅ 200 quarts
= 6 quarts
About 6 quart containers of flavored reduced fat
and skim milk are sold per week.

7. The height of Hoover Dam is about 725 feet and

the height of Glen Canyon Dam is about
710 feet. So Hoover Dam is about
725 − 710 = 15 feet higher than Glen Canyon
Dam.

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

17. Class Class Frequency 4 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 5 + 1 ⋅ 2 + 4 ⋅ 2 40

2. gpa = = ≈ 2.67
Interval Tally (Number of 2+4+5+2+2 15
(Scores) Quizzes)
3. Because the numbers are in numerical order, and
50−59 || 2 there are an odd number of items, the median is
the middle number, 24.

18. 4. Write the numbers in numerical order:

Class Class Frequency
36, 65, 71, 78, 88, 91, 95, 95
Interval Tally (Number of Since there are an even number of scores, the
(Scores) Quizzes) median is the mean of the two middle numbers.
60−69 | 1 78 + 88
median = = 83
2

5. Mode: 15 because it occurs most often, 3 times.

19. Class Class Frequency
Interval Tally (Number of 6. Median: Write the numbers in order.
(Scores) Quizzes) 15, 15, 15, 16, 18, 26, 26, 30, 31, 35
Median is mean of middle two numbers,
70−79 ||| 3
18 + 26
= 22.
2
Mode: 15 because it occurs most often, 3 times.
20. Class Class Frequency
Interval Tally (Number of Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.3
(Scores) Quizzes)
1. Another word for “mean” is average.
80−89 |||| | 6
2. The number that occurs most often in a set of
numbers is called the mode.

21. Class Class Frequency 3. The mean (or average) of a set of number items
Interval Tally (Number of sum of items
is .
(Scores) Quizzes) number of items
90−99 |||| 5
4. The median of a set of numbers is the middle
number. If the number of numbers is even, it is
the mean (or average) of the two middle
22.
numbers.

5. An example of weighted mean is a calculation of

grade point average.

6. The answer is not exact; it’s an approximation

since we rounded to the nearest tenth.

7. Place the data numbers in numerical order (or

verify that they already are).
Section 7.3 Practice Exercises
8. All occurrences of a number will be grouped
87 + 75 + 96 + 91 + 78 427 together, making it easier to locate and count
1. Mean = = = 85.4 numbers that occur more than once.
5 5

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

Exercise Set 7.3

45 + 36 + 28 + 46 + 52 207
2. Mean: = = 41.4
5 5
Median: Write the numbers in order:
28, 36, 45, 46, 52
The middle number is 45.
Mode: There is no mode, since each number occurs once.

4.9 + 7.1 + 6.8 + 6.8 + 5.3 + 4.9 35.8

4. Mean: = ≈ 6.0
6 6
Median: Write the numbers in order:
4.9, 4.9, 5.3, 6.8, 6.8, 7.1
5.3 + 6.8
Median is mean of middle two: = 6.05
2
Mode: Since 6.8 and 4.9 occur twice, there are two modes, 6.8 and 4.9.

0.6 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.8 + 0.1

6. Mean:
9
4.8
=
9
≈ 0.5
Median: Write the numbers in order:
0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.8
The middle number is 0.6.
Mode: Since 0.6 and 0.8 occur twice, there are two modes, 0.6 and 0.8.

451 + 356 + 478 + 776 + 892 + 500 + 467 + 780

8
4700
8. Mean: =
8
= 587.5
Median: Write the numbers in order:
356, 451, 467, 478, 500, 776, 780, 892
478 + 500
The mean of the middle two: = 489
2
Mode: There is no mode, since each number occurs once.

10. Because the numbers are in numerical order, the median height is the middle number (of the top 5), 1667 feet.

2717 + 1972 + 1667 + 1614 + 1588 + 1483 + 1483 + 1476 14, 000
12. Mean: = = 1750 feet
8 8

14. answers may vary

1 ⋅1 + 0 ⋅1 + 2 ⋅ 4 + 3 ⋅ 5 24
16. gpa = = ≈ 2.18
1+1+ 4 + 5 11

3 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 3 39
18. gpa = = = 3.0
2+ 2+3+3+3 13

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

20. Median: Write the numbers in order. 1

2
4.7, 6.9, 6.9, 7.0, 7.5, 7.8 3 12 outcomes
H
6.9 + 7.0 4
The mean of the middle two: = 6.95 5
2 6
2.
1
93 + 85 + 89 + 79 + 88 + 92 526 2
22. Mean: = ≈ 87.67 3
6 6 T
4
5
24. Mode: There is no mode, since each number 6
occurs only once.
3. The possibilities are:
26. Median: Write the numbers in order. H, H, H, H, H, T, H, T, H, H, T, T,
64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, T, H, H, T, H, T, T, T, H, T, T, T
82, 86 T, H, T is one of the 8 possible outcomes, so the
The middle number is 71. 1
probability is .
8
28. The mean is 73 (from Exercise 25). There were
6 pulse rates higher than the mean. They are 75, 4. A 2 or a 5 are two of the six possible outcomes.
77, 78, 80, 82, and 86.
2 1
The probability is = .
12 4 ⋅ 3 3 6 3
30. = =
20 4 ⋅ 5 5
5. A blue is 2 out of the 4 possible marbles. The
2 1
4 4 ⋅1 1 probability is = .
32. = = 4 2
36 4 ⋅ 9 9
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.4
35 5⋅7 7
34. = =
100 5 ⋅ 20 20 1. A possible result of an experiment is called an
outcome.
36. Since the mode is 21, 21 must occur at least
twice in the set. Since there are an odd number 2. A tree diagram shows each outcome of an
of numbers in the set, the median, 20 is in the experiment as a separate branch.
set. Therefore the missing numbers are 20, 21,
21. 3. The probability of an event is a measure of the
likelihood of it occurring.
38. answers may vary
4. Probability is calculated by number of ways that
Section 7.4 Practice Exercises the event can occur divided by number of
possible outcomes.
H
H
H
T 5. A probability of 0 means that an event won’t
T
H occur.
T
1.
H 6. A probability of 1 means that an event is certain
H
T to occur.
T
H
T
T 7. The number of outcomes equals the ending
8 outcomes number of branches drawn.

8. 0; Having the die land on a 7 is impossible, and

the probability of something impossible is 0.

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

Exercise Set 7.4 18. Five of the six possible outcomes are less than 6.
5
a The probability is .
e 6
1 i
o
u 20. A 3 is one of three possible outcomes. The
2. a
10 outcomes 1
e probability is .
2 i 3
o
u 22. Not 3 is a 1 or a 2, which are two of three
2
1 possible outcomes. The probability is .
4. 2
4 outcomes
3
3
4
24. An even number is a 2, which is one of three
Red 1
Red Blue possible outcomes. The probability is .
Yellow 3
Red
6. Blue Blue 9 outcomes 26. One of the seven marbles is blue. The probability
Yellow 1
Red is .
Yellow Blue 7
Yellow
28. Three of the seven marbles are green. The
Red
1 Blue 3
Yellow
probability is .
7
Red
2 Blue
8. Yellow 30. Three of the seven marbles are either blue or
12 outcomes
Red 3
3 Blue yellow. The probability is .
Yellow 7
Red
4 Blue 32. The blood pressure was lower for 152 of the
Yellow
152 19
200 people. The probability is = .
H 200 25
Red
T
38 152 10 200
10. Blue
H
6 outcomes 34. + + = = 1; answers may vary
T
200 200 200 200
H
Yellow 7 2 7 2 2 7 4 7−4 3
T 36. − = − ⋅ = − = =
10 5 10 5 2 10 10 10 10
12. A 9 is zero of the six possible outcomes. The
7 2 7 5 7⋅5 7⋅5 7 3
0 38. ÷ = ⋅ = = = or 1
probability is = 0. 10 5 10 2 10 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 4 4
6
3 3 10 3 ⋅10 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 6
14. A 2 or a 3 are two of the six possible outcomes. 40. ⋅10 = ⋅ = = = =6
2 1 5 5 1 5 ⋅1 5 ⋅1 1
The probability is = .
6 3
42. One of the 52 cards is the 10 of spades. The
16. Three of the six possible outcomes are odd. The 1
probability is .
3 1 52
probability is = .
6 2

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ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

44. Four of the 52 cards are 10s. The probability is Tree diagram for 50.−52.
Die 2 Sum
4 1
= . Die 1 1 2
52 13 2 3
1
3 4
46. Thirteen of the 52 cards are clubs. The
4 5
13 1
probability is = . 5 6
52 4
6 7

48. Eight of the cards are queens or aces. The 1 3

8 2
probability is = . 2
2 4
52 13 3 5
4 6
5 7
6 8

1 4
2 5
3
3 6
4 7
5 8
6 9

1 5
2 6
3 7

4 4 8
5 9
6 10

1 6
2 7
3 8

5 4 9
5 10
6 11

1 7
2 8
3 9

6 4 10
5 11
6 12

36 outcomes

50. Three of the 36 sums are 10. The probability is

3 1
= .
36 12

1
52. One of the 36 sums is 2. The probability is .
36

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Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability
54. answers may vary
Chapter 7 Vocabulary Check
1. A bar graph presents data using vertical or
horizontal bars.
2. The mean of a set of number items is
sum of items
. for the regions with
number of items
3. The possible results of an experiment are the
outcomes.
4. A pictograph is a graph in which pictures or
symbols are used to visually present data.
5. The mode of a set of numbers is the number that
occurs most often.
6. A line graph displays information with a line that
connects data points.
7. The median of an ordered set of numbers is the
middle number.
8. A tree diagram is one way to picture and count
outcomes.
9. An experiment is an activity being considered,
such as tossing a coin or rolling a die.
10. In a circle graph, each section (shaped like a
piece of pie) shows a category and the relative
size of the category.
11. The probability of an event is
number of ways that the event can occur
. 962 medals awarded at the Summer Olympics in
number of possible outcomes
12. A histogram is a special bar graph in which the
width of each bar represents a class interval and
the height of each bar represents the class
frequency.
Chapter 7 Review
1. Midwest has 2.5 houses, and each house
represents 500,000 homes, so there were
2.5(500,000) = 1,250,000 new homes
constructed in the Midwest.
2. West has 3 houses, and each house represents
500,000 homes, so there were
3(500,000) = 1,500,000 new homes constructed
in the West.
254 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
ISM: Developmental Mathematics
3. South has the greatest number of houses, so the
most new homes were constructed in the South.
4. Northeast has the least number of houses, so the
fewest new homes were constructed in the
Northeast.
5. Each house represents 500,000 homes, so look
3, 000, 000
= 6 or more
500, 000
houses. The South had 3,000,000 or more new
homes constructed.
6. Each house represents 500,000 homes, so look
for the regions with fewer than
3, 000, 000
= 6 houses. The Northeast, West,
500, 000
and Midwest had fewer than 3,000,000 new
homes constructed.
7. The height of the bar representing 1972 is 12.
Thus, approximately 12% of persons had
completed four or more years of college in 1972.
8. The tallest bar corresponds to 2012. Thus, the
greatest percent of persons completing four or
more years of college was in 2012.
9. The bars whose height is at a level of 20 or more
are 1992, 2002, and 2012. Thus, 20% or more
persons had completed four or more years of
college in 1992, 2002, and 2012.
10. answers may vary
11. The point on the graph corresponding to 2012 is
about 962. Thus, there were approximately
2012.
12. The point on the graph corresponding to 2000 is
about 927. Thus, there were approximately
927 medals awarded at the Summer Olympics in
2000.
13. The points on the graph corresponding to 2000
and 2004 are at the same level, so the number of
medals awarded at the Summer Olympics were
the same in 2000 and 2004.
14. The points on the graph corresponding to 1996
and 2000 are the farthest apart, so the number of
medals awarded at the Summer Olympics
changed the most from 1996 to 2000.
ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

15. The points on the graph corresponding to 1996 27. Add the amounts for mortgage payment and
and 1992 are 842 and 815, respectively. Thus, utilities. Thus, $975 + $250 = $1225 is budgeted
there were 842 − 815 = 27 more medals awarded for the mortgage payment and utilities.
in 1996 than in 1992.
28. Add the amounts for savings and contributions.
16. The points on the graph corresponding to 2012 Thus, $400 + $300 = $700 is budgeted for
and 1996 are 962 and 842, respectively. Thus, savings and contributions.
there were 962 − 842 = 120 more medals
awarded in 2012 than in 1996. mortgage payment $975 39 ⋅ 25 39
29. = = =
total $4000 160 ⋅ 25 160
17. The height of the bar corresponding to 41−45 is 39
1. Thus, 1 employee works 41−45 hours per The ratio is .
week. 160

18. The height of the bar corresponding to 21−25 is food $700 7 ⋅100 7
30. = = =
4. Thus, 4 employees work 21−25 hours per total $4000 40 ⋅100 40
week. 7
The ratio is .
19. Add the heights of the bars corresponding to 40
16−20, 21−25, and 26−30. Thus, 31. The sector corresponding to Asia is 46.2%.
6 + 4 + 8 = 18 employees work 30 hours or less
46.2% of 65 = 0.462 ⋅ 65 ≈ 30
per week.
Thus, 30 tall buildings were located in Asia.
20. Add the heights of the bars corresponding to
32. The sector corresponding to North America is
36−40 and 41−45. Thus, 8 + 1 = 9 employees 18.5%.
work 36 or more hours per week.
18.5% of 65 = 0.185 ⋅ 65 ≈ 12
Thus, 12 tall buildings were located in North
Class Interval Class America.
(Temperatures) Tally Frequency
(Number of 33. The sector corresponding to the Middle East is
Months) 32.3%
21. 5 32.3% of 65 = 0.323 ⋅ 65 ≈ 21
80°−89° |||| Thus, 21 tall buildings were located in the
Middle East.
22. 90°−99° ||| 3
34. The sector corresponding to Europe is 1.5%.
23. 100°−109° |||| 4 1.5% of 65 = 0.015 ⋅ 65 ≈ 1
Thus, 1 tall building was located in Europe.
24. 13 + 23 + 33 + 14 + 6 89
35. Mean: = = 17.8
5 5
Median: Write the numbers in order.
6, 13, 14, 23, 33
The middle number is 14.
Mode: There is no mode, since each number
occurs once.
36. Mean:
45 + 86 + 21 + 60 + 86 + 64 + 45 407
= ≈ 58.1
25. The largest sector corresponds to the category 7 7
“Mortgage payment,” thus the largest budget Median: Write the numbers in order.
item is mortgage payment. 21, 45, 45, 60, 64, 86, 86
The middle number is 60.
26. The smallest sector corresponds to the category Mode: 45 and 86 are the mode, since they occur
“Utilities,” thus the smallest budget item is twice each.
utilities.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 255

Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

14, 000 + 20, 000 + 12, 000 + 20, 000 + 36, 000 + 45,000 147, 000
37. Mean: = = 24,500
6 6
Median: Write the numbers in order.
12,000, 14,000, 20,000, 20,000, 36,000, 45,000
20, 000 + 20, 000
The mean of the middle two numbers is = 20, 000.
2
Mode: 20,000 is the mode, since it occurs twice.

560 + 620 + 123 + 400 + 410 + 300 + 400 + 780 + 430 + 450 4473
38. Mean: = = 447.3
10 10
Median: Write the numbers in order.
123, 300, 400, 400, 410, 430, 450, 560, 620, 780
410 + 430 840
The mean of the middle two numbers is = = 420.
2 2
Mode: 400 is the mode, since it occurs twice.

4 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅1 39
39. GPA = = = 3.25
3 + 3 + 2 + 3 +1 12

3 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 1⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 36
40. GPA = = ≈ 2.57
3+ 4+ 2+ 2+3 14
1
2
H 3
4
5
41. 1
10 outcomes
2
T 3
4
5

H
Red
T
42. 4 outcomes
H
Blue
T

256 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

1 48. A 4 is one of the five possible outcomes. The

2
1 3 1
4
probability is .
5
5
1
2 49. A 3 is one of the five possible outcomes. The
2 3 1
4 probability is .
5 5
1
2 50. 1, 3, and 5 are three of the five possible
43. 3 3 25 outcomes
4 3
5
outcomes. The probability of a 1, 3, or 5 is .
5
1
2
4 3 51. 2 and 4 are two of the five possible outcomes.
4 2
5 The probability of a 2 or 4 is .
1
5
2
5 3 52. There are three even numbers on a standard die,
4 2, 4, and 6. They account for three of the six
5
possible outcomes, so the probability of an even
Red 3 1
Red number is = .
Blue 6 2
44. 4 outcomes
Red
Blue 53. There are three numbers greater than 3 on a
Blue
standard die, 4, 5, and 6. They account for three
Red of the six possible outcomes, so the probability
1 3 1
Blue of a number greater than 3 is = .
Red 6 2
2
Blue
73 + 82 + 95 + 68 + 54 372
Red 54. Mean: = = 74.4
45. 3 10 outcomes 5 5
Blue
Median: Write the numbers in order.
Red 54, 68, 73, 82, 95
4
Blue The middle number is 73.
Mode: There is no mode, since each number
Red
5 occurs once.
Blue
25 + 27 + 32 + 98 + 62 244
46. A 4 is one of the six possible outcomes. The 55. Mean: = = 48.8
5 5
1
probability is . Median: Write the numbers in order.
6 25, 27, 32, 62, 98
The middle number is 32.
47. A 3 is one of the six possible outcomes. The Mode: There is no mode, since each number
1 occurs once.
probability is .
6

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 257

Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

750 + 500 + 427 + 322 + 500 + 225 2724

56. Mean: =
6 6
= 454
Median: Write the numbers in order.
225, 322, 427, 500, 500, 750
427 + 500 927
The mean of the middle two numbers is = = 463.5
2 2
Mode: 500 is the mode, since it occurs twice.

952 + 327 + 566 + 814 + 327 + 729 3715

57. Mean: =
6 6
≈ 619.17
Median: Write the numbers in order.
327, 327, 566, 729, 814, 952
566 + 729 1295
The mean of the middle two numbers is = = 647.5.
2 2
Mode: 327 is the mode, since it occurs twice.

2 1
= .
58. There are 2 blue marbles in a bag of 8 marbles, so the probability of choosing a blue marble is 8 4

3
59. There are 3 yellow marbles in a bag of 8 marbles, so the probability of choosing a yellow marble is .
8

2 1
60. There are 2 red marbles in a bag of 8 marbles, so the probability of choosing a red marble is = .
8 4

1
61. There is 1 green marble in a bag of 8 marbles, so the probability of choosing a green marble is .
8

Chapter 7 Test

1
1. There are 4 dollar symbols for the second week. Each dollar symbol corresponds to $50.
2
1 9 $450
4 ⋅ $50 = ⋅ $50 = = $225
2 2 2
$225 was collected during the second week.

2. Week 3 has more dollar symbols than any other week, so the most money was collected during week 3. There are
7 symbols for week 3, each representing $50, so the amount collected in week 3 was 7 ⋅ $50 = $350.

3. The number of dollar symbols for all 5 weeks is 3 + 4.5 + 7 + 5.5 + 2 = 22. Each symbol represents $50, so the
total amount collected was 22 ⋅ $50 = $1100.

4. The bars for June, August, and September extend above the 9 cm level, so the normal amount of precipitation is
more than 9 cm during those months.

5. The shortest bar corresponds to February. The normal monthly precipitation in February in Chicago is
3 centimeters.

6. The tops of the bars for March and November are at the 7 cm level, so 7 cm of precipitation normally occurs in
those months.

258 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

7.

8. The point on the graph corresponding to 2011 is at about 3.0. Thus, the annual inflation rate in 2011 was about
3.0%.

9. The line graph is above the 3 level for 2004, 2005, and 2007. Thus the inflation rate was greater than 3% in 2004,
2005, and 2007.

10. Look for the sets of years where the line graph is increasing. During the sets 2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2006−2007,
2008−2009, and 2010–2011, the inflation rate was increasing.

85 17
11. 85 of the 200 people prefer rock music, so the ratio is = .
200 40

62 31
12. 62 people prefer country music, and 44 prefer jazz, so the ratio is = .
44 22

13. The percent of visitors from Canada was 34.1%.

34.1% of 66,700,000 = 0.341 ⋅ 66, 700, 000
= 22, 744, 700
In 2012, approximately 22,744,700 foreign visitors were from Canada.

14. The percent of visitors from Asia was 12.5%.

12.5% of 66,700,000 = 0.125 ⋅ 66, 700, 000
= 8, 337, 500
In 2012, approximately 8,337,500 foreign visitors were from Asia.

15. The top of the bar marked 5'8" − 5'11" is halfway between the levels marked 8 and 10, so 9 students are
5'8" − 5'11" tall.

16. 5 students are 5'0" − 5'3" tall and 6 students are 5' 4" − 5'7" tall, so 5 + 6 = 11 students are 5'7" or shorter.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 259

Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

22. Red
17. Class Class Frequency Blue
Red
Interval (Number of Green
(Scores) Tally Students) Yellow
Red
40−49 ⎥ 1 Blue Blue
Green
50−59 ⎥⎥⎥ 3 Yellow
Red
60−69 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 4 Green Blue
Green
Yellow
70−79 |||| 5
Red
Blue
Yellow
80−89 8 Green
|||| ||| Yellow
16 outcomes
90−99 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 4
23. H
H
18. T
H
T
T
4 outcomes

24. 6 is one of the ten possible outcomes, so the

1
probability of choosing a 6 is .
10

25. A 3 or a 4 are two of the ten possible outcomes.

26 + 32 + 42 + 43 + 49 192
19. Mean: = = 38.4 2 1
5 5 The probability is = .
10 5
Median: The numbers are already in order, and
the middle number is 42.
Cumulative Review Chapters 1−7
Mode: There is no mode, since each number
occurs once.
1. (8 − 6)2 + 23 ⋅ 3 = 22 + 23 ⋅ 3
20. Mean: = 4 + 8⋅3
8 + 10 + 16 + 16 + 14 + 12 + 12 + 13 101 = 4 + 24
= = 12.625
8 8 = 28
Median: Write the numbers in order.
8, 10, 12, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16 2. 48 ÷ 8 ⋅ 2 = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12
The mean of the middle two numbers is
12 + 13 25 30 6⋅5 5
= = 12.5. 3. = =
2 2 108 6 ⋅18 18
Mode: 12 and 16 are the mode, since they occur
twice. 19 3 19 12 7
4. − = − =
40 10 40 40 40
4 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 4 + 4 ⋅1 43
21. GPA = = ≈ 3.07
3 + 3 + 3 + 4 +1 14 5. 1
4
1
8
5 10
4 4
1 5
+2 +2
2 10
13 3 3
7 = 7 +1 = 8
10 10 10

260 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Developmental Mathematics Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability

1 1 16 17 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅17 34 1 373 R 24
6. 5 ⋅ 2 = ⋅ = = = 11
3 8 3 8 3⋅8 3 3 14. 28 10468
−84
1 1 206
7. A = ⋅ b ⋅ h = ⋅ 5.6 ft ⋅ 3 ft = 8.4 sq ft −196
2 2
108
−84
8. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
24
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 2 ⋅ ⎜ 3 m ⎟ + 2 ⋅ ⎜1 m ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 15. 187
= 7 m+3 m × 33
= 10 m 561
5610
9. a. 12 − 9 = 3 6171
Check: 3 + 9 = 12 The total cost is $6171.
b. 22 − 7 = 15 16. The total length is
Check: 15 + 7 = 22 21
4800
c. 35 − 35 = 0 3270
Check: 0 + 35 = 35 2761
+ 5760
d. 70 − 0 = 70 16591
Check: 70 + 0 = 70 16,591 feet
10. a. 20 ⋅ 0 = 0 5
17. 3 15
b. 20 ⋅ 1 = 20
3 45
c. 0 ⋅ 20 = 0
45 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 32 ⋅ 5
d. 1 ⋅ 20 = 20
18. 64 = 8, since 8 ⋅ 8 = 64.
11. To round 248,982 to the nearest hundred, notice
that the digit in the tens place is 8. Since this 19. 4.6% = 4.6 ⋅ 0.01 = 0.046
digit is at least 5, we add 1 to the digit in the
hundreds place. 248,982 rounded to the nearest 20. 0.29% = 0.29 ⋅ 0.01 = 0.0029
hundred is 249,000.
21. 190% = 190 ⋅ 0.01 = 1.9
12. To round 248,982 to the nearest thousand, notice
that the digit in the hundreds place is 9. Since 22. 452% = 452 ⋅ 0.01 = 4.52
this digit is at least 5, we add 1 to the digit in the
thousands place. 248,982 rounded to the nearest 1 40 20 ⋅ 2 2
thousand is 249,000. 23. 40% = 40 ⋅ = = =
100 100 20 ⋅ 5 5
13. a. 25
1 27
× 8 24. 27% = 27 ⋅ =
200 100 100

b. 246 1 1 1 100 1 1
25. 33 % = 33 ⋅ = ⋅ =
× 5 3 3 100 3 100 3
1230
1 1 1 428 1 428 107
26. 61 % = 61 ⋅ = ⋅ = =
7 7 100 7 100 700 175

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 261

Chapter 7: Statistics and Probability ISM: Developmental Mathematics

27. Let n be the unknown percent. 34. The supplement of a 48° angle has measure
5 = n ⋅ 20 180° − 48° = 132°.

28. The base is 20 and the amount is 5. The percent 1 1 1 1 1

is unknown, call it p. 35. = because ⋅ = .
36 6 6 6 36
5 p
=
20 100
1 1 1 1 1
36. = because ⋅ = .
29. 7.5% of $85.50 = 0.075 ⋅ $85.50 = $6.4125 25 5 5 5 25
The tax (rounded to the nearest cent) is $6.41
and the total price is $85.50 + $6.41 = $91.91. 37. 14 and 77 are the mode, since each of them
occurs twice in the list, while the other numbers
30. 7% of $23,000 = 0.07 ⋅ $23,000 = $1610 occur only once.
Her commission is $1610.
38. The numbers are already listed in order, and
31. simple interest = principal ⋅ rate ⋅ time there are an odd number of them, so the median
= $2000 ⋅ 0.10 ⋅ 2 is the middle number, 56.
= $400 39. Tossing heads on the first toss, then heads again
total amount = principal + interest on the second toss is one of the four equally
= $2000 + $400 likely outcomes of tossing a coin twice, so the
= $2400 1
She will have $2400 from her investment. probability is .
4
28 + 35 + 40 + 32 135 40. Red marbles account for three of the five
32. Mean = = = 33.75
4 4 possible outcomes, so the probability of
3
33. The complement of a 48° angle has measure choosing a red marble is .
5
90° − 48° = 42°.

262 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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