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TOTAL Chapter
ASSESSMENT Chapter 6
19
Social and Personality Development
GUIDE Death and Dying
in Infancy
357
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Chapter 6
MULTIPLE CHOICE
6-1. Expressions of emotion called nonverbal ___________ are fairly consistent among people
of all ages.
a) emergence
b) discrimination
c) encoding
d) communication
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Page: 178
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-2. One-month-old Albert is upset and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is
an example of
a) nonverbal specificity.
b) nonverbal expression of emotion.
c) communication.
d) emergence.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 178
Skill: Applied
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
358
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6-3. Which of the following is NOT a facial expression exhibited by babies who are one month
of age?
a) interest
b) disgust
c) distress
d) jealousy
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 178
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-4. Who was the author of the 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
and argued that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions?
a) Izard
b) Darwin
c) Benson
d) Sroufe
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 178
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-5. Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research studies conducted with
mothers of 1-month-old infants indicate
a) they observed little emotional expression in infants younger than 6 months old.
b) only joy was observed.
c) most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy.
d) most infants had no recognizable emotions during the first 2 months.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 178
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
359
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6-6. What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering
an unfamiliar person?
a) fear
b) suspicion
c) stranger anxiety
d) distress
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 180
Skill: Factual
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-7. Baby Polly is usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When
her parents take her to a family reunion, though, her behavior changes. Her face crinkles up in a
frown and she stares at strangers with suspicion. Baby Polly is demonstrating
a) distress.
b) nonverbal encoding.
c) stranger anxiety.
d) emotion.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 180
Skill: Applied
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-8. What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider
departs?
a) nonverbal encoding
b) separation anxiety
c) stranger anxiety
d) nonverbal decoding
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 180-181
Skill: Factual
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
360
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6-9. Baby Sally’s mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Sally’s behavior
changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her
mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating
a) nonverbal encoding.
b) stranger anxiety.
c) separation anxiety.
d) nonverbal decoding.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 180-181
Skill: Applied
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-10. Four-month-old Baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his Dad. Baby Timmy is
demonstrating a
a) social smile.
b) nonverbal encoding.
c) nonverbal decoding.
d) communication.
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 179-180
Skill: Applied
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-11. By what age are children purposefully using smiling to communicate positive emotions?
a) 1 year
b) 6 months
c) 1.5 years
d) 2 years
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 179-180
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
361
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6-12. When an infant uses his/her abilities to interpret others’ facial and vocal expressions that
carry emotional meaning, this is called
a) nonverbal encoding.
b) nonverbal decoding.
c) social smile.
d) communication.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 182-183
Skill: Factual
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-13. By what age do most infants demonstrate the ability to discriminate happy and sad vocal
expressions in others?
a) 3 months
b) 12 months
c) 5 months
d) 9 months
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 182
Skill: Factual
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-14. What is the term that means the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to
help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?
a) social smile
b) nonverbal decoding
c) social referencing
d) nonverbal encoding
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 181-182
Skill: Factual
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
362
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6-15. At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?
a) 12 months
b) 6 months
c) 18 months
d) 8 or 9 months
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 182
Skill: Factual
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-16. Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to
squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her
mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile, too. This is an
example of
a) nonverbal decoding.
b) social referencing.
c) nonverbal encoding.
d) social smile.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 182
Skill: Applied
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
363
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6-17. Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha
barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister,
Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length
bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 183
Skill: Applied
LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-18. What is the term that refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how
the mind affects behavior?
a) learning theory
b) social referencing
c) theory of mind
d) self-awareness
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 184
Skill: Factual
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
364
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6-19. When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie, and
that his mother will behave under her own power and will respond to his request, then Jarrod
sees his mother as a(n)
a) good parent.
b) compliant agent.
c) social reference.
d) independent agent.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 184
Skill: Applied
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-20. At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others, such as comforting
and showing concern for others?
a) 12 months
b) 24 months
c) 14 months
d) 6 months
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 185
Skill: Factual
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
365
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6-21. Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given
cookies for dessert. Duane’s older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins
crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane has reached the point where
he is able to demonstrate
a) empathy.
b) trust.
c) self-awareness.
d) kindness.
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 185
Skill: Applied
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-22. What is the term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another
person?
a) caring
b) pity
c) emotion
d) empathy
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Page: 185
Skill: Factual
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
366
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6-23. What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a
particular individual?
a) parent
b) caregiver
c) attachment
d) reliance
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 186
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-24. When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person
when in distress, it is said that the child has
a) made a friend.
b) formed an attachment.
c) found a parental figure.
d) learned not to be lonely.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 186
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-25. The experiment involving newborn goslings, which have an innate tendency to follow the
first moving object they see after being hatched, was developed by what developmental
researcher?
a) Ainsworth
b) Skinner
c) Bowlby
d) Lorenz
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 186
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
367
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6-26. What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of
attachment between child and (typically) his/her mother?
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 187
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-27. When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a “home
base” and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, and
then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is called the
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 187
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-28. A child who does not seek proximity to the mother, and, after she leaves the room, the
child who does not look distressed is exhibiting
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
368
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6-29. What is the term that refers to a style of attachment in which children do not seek
proximity to the mother and, after the mother has left, seem to avoid her when she returns as if
they are indifferent to her behavior?
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-30. Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a
combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when
the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit
and kick her.
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
369
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6-31. Alex is playing in a room where his mother is sitting nearby. Alex becomes distressed
when a stranger enters the room and hardly leaves his mother’s side. Later, when his mother and
the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex begins to wail and cry. However, when his
mother returns, he runs up to her, and instead of giving her a hug/kiss, he begins to punch her in
the arm. This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern?
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Applied
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
a) 10–15%
b) 15–20%
c) 5–10%
d) 5–15%
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
370
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6-33. Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent,
contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not
looking at her.
a) ambivalent
b) disorganized-disoriented
c) avoidant
d) secure
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 187-188
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-34. What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?
a) The child never cries and is secure enough to not demand face-to-face interactions
with the mother.
b) The mother responds to the child constantly to the point of being overly-
responsive.
c) The mother is sensitive to the child’s needs, is aware of the child’s moods, can
discriminate the infant’s signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate.
d) The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that he/she is equally
comfortable with unfamiliar adults and the mother.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 189
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
371
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6-35. When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child’s
emotional states match, this is called
a) secure attachment.
b) ambivalent attachment pattern.
c) face-to-face interactions.
d) interactional synchrony.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 188-189
Skill: Factual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-36. What research could a developmental psychologist rely on when explaining to parents
infant interaction and adult attention to children’s faces?
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 192
Skill: Factual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-37. When applying the Strange Situation, which child is most likely to demonstrate avoidant
attachment?
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 191
Skill: Factual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
372
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6-38. When applying the Strange Situation, which child is most likely to demonstrate the
appearance of being less securely attached to his/her mother?
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 191
Skill: Factual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-39. Nine-month-old Baby Luke and ten-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area
together at the day care center. They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each
other. This behavior is called
a) modeling.
b) infant sociability.
c) reciprocal socialization.
d) the mutual regulation model.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 193
Skill: Applied
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-40. What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior, but also
whenever that child simply observes others around him/her who are carrying out the same
behavior?
a) neural ganglia
b) cerebral cortex
c) cerebellum
d) mirror neurons
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 194
Skill: Factual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
373
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6-41. The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders
involving theory of the mind as well as autism.
a) attachment
b) mirror neurons
c) the cerebral cortex
d) the cerebellum
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 194
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-42. What is the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from
another?
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 195
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-43. Erikson’s approach to personality development suggests that an infant’s early experiences
(nurturing, feeding, cuddling, etc.) are responsible for shaping whether or not they become
____________ individuals later in life.
a) agitated
b) trusting
c) lazy
d) motivated
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 195
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
374
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6-44. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers
a) how an adult can maintain memories from when he/she was an infant that affect life
as an adult.
b) how an infant’s perception of self can be assessed.
c) how children develop independence from their parents.
d) how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’ and their
own behavior(s).
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 195
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-45. According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 195
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
375
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6-46. Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay
home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months
of a child’s life, it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and
give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary’s decision comes at a good time
to address what stage of her child’s development?
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Page: 195
Skill: Applied
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-47. Erikson believed that we all enter the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage at what
time in our lives?
a) beginning of infancy
b) when we are around 5 years old
c) when we turn to adolescents
d) at the end of infancy around 18 months to 3 years
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 195
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
376
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6-48. What is Erikson’s term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years)
develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and
self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected?
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 190
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-49. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an
individual are called
a) personality.
b) temperament.
c) genetic predisposition.
d) inherited characteristics.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 195-196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-50. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New
York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “easy babies”?
a) 40%
b) 50%
c) 25%
d) 35%
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
377
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6-51. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive
disposition, whose bodily functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?
a) difficult babies
b) easy babies
c) slow-to-warm babies
d) low intensity babies
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-52. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New
York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “difficult babies”?
a) 20%
b) 10%
c) 30%
d) 5%
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-53. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods,
are slow to adapt to new situations, and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation?
a) slow-to-warm babies
b) easy babies
c) difficult babies
d) low intensity babies
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
378
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6-54. Which of the following are examples of temperament in babies?
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 196-197
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-55. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the
proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods that are demonstrated by a baby?
a) rhythmicity
b) intensity of reaction
c) distractibility
d) activity level
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-56. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the
baby’s response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation
or withdraws from it?
a) quality of mood
b) intensity of reaction
c) approach-withdrawal
d) rhythmicity
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
379
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6-57. Babies who do not adapt quickly to new situations and have a generally negative mood,
though are also relatively calm, are described as _____________ babies.
a) slow-to-warm
b) easy babies
c) difficult babies
d) inconsistent
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 197
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-58. Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats, sleeps, remains awake,
and even the baby’s excretions. They are keeping track of the baby’s
a) threshold of responsiveness.
b) rhythmicity.
c) activity level.
d) adaptability.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 196
Skill: Applied
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-59. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New
York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “slow-to-warm babies”?
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 15%
d) 5%
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 197
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
380
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6-60. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, show relatively
calm reactions to their environment, have moods that are generally negative, and withdraw from
new situations, adapting slowly?
a) difficult babies
b) distractible babies
c) slow-to-warm babies
d) limited-response babies
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 197
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-61. With regard to a child’s temperament, the child’s long-term adjustment depends on the
__________ of their particular temperament and the nature and demands of their environment.
a) adaptability
b) goodness-of-fit
c) intensity of reaction
d) quality
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 197
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-62. What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the
degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the
environment in which they are being raised?
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 197
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
381
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6-63. Maria has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety. She is concerned that her
newborn child may develop these disorders. A developmental psychologist informs her that
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 198
Skill: Applied
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6-64. What is the term that relates to one’s sense of being male or female?
a) social perceptions
b) gender
c) sex
d) gender roles
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 198
Skill: Factual
LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years
of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-65. Research suggests that by ___ years of age, boys behave more independently and less
compliantly than girls.
a) 5
b) 6
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 199
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years
of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
382
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
6-66. What percentage of children up to age 17 live with two married parents?
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 200
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-67. The average family size today is ___________ persons per household.
a) 3.5
b) 3.1
c) 2.5
d) 1.8
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 200
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-68. Almost one in _______ children under the age of 18 lives in a low-income household in the
United States.
a) two
b) three
c) eight
d) twenty
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 200
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
383
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6-69. Two-year-old Baby Angela attends day care five days a week because she has a single
mother who works. This means that Angela falls into the group of close to _____ of children
between the ages of 4 months and 3 years who are cared for by other adults.
a) 50%
b) 75%
c) 25%
d) 66%
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 201
Skill: Applied
LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
a) peer learning
b) less parental responsibility
c) increased disruptiveness
d) greater dependence
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 201
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-71. Children who spend __________ a week in group child care for a year or more have a(n)
____________ probability of being disruptive in class, and that effect continues through the sixth
grade.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 202
Skill: Factual
LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
384
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ESSAY QUESTIONS
Answer: The first 18 months of life involve resolving issues around trust during the trust vs.
mistrust stage. Infants learn whether or not to trust that their needs will be met by caregivers. If
their needs are met, they often experience a sense of hope, but if mistrust develops, there can be
difficulties in forming close bonds with others. Between 18 months and 3 years, children enter
the autonomy-versus shame and doubt stage. During this stage, children develop independence
and autonomy so long as parents encourage exploration and freedom. However, children who are
overly protected often feel shame, self-doubt, and unhappiness.
Level: Difficult
Page: 195-196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-73. Briefly highlight the concerns of how infant childcare affects later development.
Answer: The newest research from a long-term Study of Early Child Care and Youth
Development suggests that there may be unanticipated consequences to long-term participation
in day care as follows: 1) Infants placed in low-quality child care may be somewhat less secure.
2) Children who spend long hours in child care have a lower ability to work independently and
have less effective time-management skills. 3) Children who spend 10 or more hours a week in
group child care for a year or more have an increased probability of being disruptive in class, and
this continues through the sixth grade.
Level: Difficult
Page: 200-202
Skill: Factual
LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
TRUE/FALSE
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 178
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
385
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6-75. Chinese infants are generally more expressive than European, American, and Japanese
infants.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 178
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-76. Mary Ainsworth devised the “Strange Situation” that contains four categories.
Answer: False
Level: Difficult
Page: 187
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-77. The quality of attachment style in a child has nothing to do with the quality of relationships
the child forges as an adult.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 188
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-78. Ainsworth argued that attachment depends upon how the infant acts upon the mother’s
emotional cues.
Answer: False
Level: Difficult
Page: 187
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
386
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6-79. Research has shown that human attachment is not as culturally universal as Bowlby
predicted.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 187
Skill: Factual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 192
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6-81. When we speak of personality, we mean that from the time a baby is born until he/she
grows up, there will be stable traits and behaviors that lead to their development as distinct
individuals.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 195
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 196
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
387
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
6-83. The term “gender” means the same thing as “sex.”
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 198
Skill: Factual
LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years
of life.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Page: 200
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequence for children.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6-85. The number of adolescents giving birth has increased over the last 5 years.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 200
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequence for children.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
388
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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
a) stranger anxiety
b) nonverbal encoding
c) separation anxiety
d) nonverbal attachment
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life
__________________ anxiety typically appears around six months, while separation anxiety
usually begins at about seven or eight months.
a) Stranger
b) Personal
c) Attachment
d) Social
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
389
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EOM Quiz Question 6.1.3
__________________, which first occurs around the age of eight or nine months, is the
intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain
circumstances and events.
a) Self-awareness
b) Social gauging
c) Self-assessment
d) Social referencing
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
The realization that we exist independently from others and the larger world, called
_________________, begins to develop around the age of 12 months.
a) self-awareness
b) identity-formation
c) self-concept
d) identity-concept
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.
390
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EOM Quiz Question 6.1.5
A child’s ______________ is his or her knowledge and beliefs about the mental world.
a) empathy
b) self-awareness
c) theory of mind
d) self-concept
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
__________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular,
special individual.
a) Security
b) Recognition
c) Dependency
d) Attachment
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
391
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EOM Quiz Question 6.2.2
One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: _______, avoidant, ambivalent, and
disorganized-disoriented.
a) content
b) organized
c) secure
d) dependent
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
a) interactional synchrony
b) intermittent reinforcement
c) secure attachment
d) mutual symmetry
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
392
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EOM Quiz Question 6.2.4
a) reciprocal socialization
b) mutual regulation
c) secure attachment
d) emotional interaction
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
At ______ months of age, infants generally learn to present and accept toys.
a) 4–6
b) 6–9
c) 9–12
d) 12–15
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
According to Erikson, during the first 18 months of life, infants pass through the
_______________________ stage.
a) trust-versus-mistrust
b) concrete-operational
c) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
d) formal-operational
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
393
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EOM Quiz Question 6.3.2
__________ encompasses patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring
characteristics of an individual.
a) Attitude
b) Moodiness
c) Temperament
d) Personality
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Factual
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
a) Sex
b) Identity
c) Gender
d) Self-awareness
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Factual
LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years
of life.
394
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
EOM Quiz Question 6.3.4
______ percent of U.S. children under the age of 18 live with two married parents, down from 77
percent in 1980, and _______ percent live in low-income households.
a) 64; 45
b) 45; 65
c) 62; 56
d) 70; 40
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Factual
LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first-century families and their consequences for children.
The main factor in whether outside-the-home child care will be beneficial or not is the
_________ of the child-care provider.
a) personality
b) experience
c) attitude
d) quality
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Factual
LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.
a) facial-directed emotion
b) nonverbal encoding
c) nonverbal emotion
d) advanced behavior
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.
395
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EOC Quiz Question 6.2
Mary brought her eight-month-old daughter Diana to work one morning. She had done so before,
and the baby had loved all the attention. But this time, Diana wouldn’t look at anyone and clung
tightly to Mary. What is Diana experiencing?
a) separation anxiety
b) stranger anxiety
c) social anxiety disorder
d) social distancing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Applied
LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.
Martin is visiting a daycare center with his mom. He has never seen so many children together,
and now they are playing a loud clapping game. He doesn’t know what to think and is ready to
cry, but he feels better when he uses __________ to look at mom and sees her smiling.
a) guided attention
b) social cueing
c) social referencing
d) infant-directed behavior
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Applied
LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.
396
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
EOC Quiz Question 6.4
_________ is the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the
meaning of uncertain circumstances and events.
a) Sympathy
b) Reciprocity
c) Social referencing
d) Cueing
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Factual
LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.
The understanding that people think about things and can plan actions to achieve an outcome is
called __________.
a) theoretical awareness
b) theory of mind
c) empathy
d) theory of cognition
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity
by the age of two.
397
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
EOC Quiz Question 6.6
What social characteristic developed in infancy can influence the quality of our relationships
throughout life?
a) stranger anxiety
b) attachment
c) reciprocal socialization
d) temperament
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
An infant who is distressed when his mother leaves but may embrace or shun her when she
returns is displaying the __________ attachment pattern.
a) ambivalent
b) avoidant
c) secure
d) disorganized-disoriented
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.
398
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
EOC Quiz Question 6.8
Mothers whose communication involves interactional synchrony are more likely to produce
__________.
a) avoidant attachment
b) ambivalent attachment
c) secure attachment
d) disorganized-disoriented attachment
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.
Infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and respond
appropriately through a process called the __________.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Conceptual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
399
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
EOC Quiz Question 6.11
The collection of enduring characteristics that define each person is called __________.
a) temperament
b) personality
c) demeanor
d) behavior
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Forming Relationships
Skill: Factual
LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.
Four-month-old Vinnie tends to be a cranky baby. When he is brought into a new situation, he
tends to pull back and almost scowl, which makes his mother laugh because he’s just like his
father. Vinnie’s temperament would be categorized as __________.
a) easy
b) irritable
c) difficult
d) slow-to-warm
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Differences among Infants
Skill: Applied
LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.
400
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
orage qui semblait devoir le détruire, se retrouvait à peu près au
complet dans ces pacifiques assises: les persécuteurs avaient perdu
leurs peines, l'œuvre d'Euric croulait derrière lui! Après avoir prié
solennellement à genoux pour le roi Alaric, «leur très glorieux et très
magnifique seigneur», les Pères du concile se mirent à l'œuvre sans
désemparer, et les quarante-sept canons authentiques qu'ils ont
laissés sont la preuve éloquente de l'énergie tranquille avec laquelle,
au sortir de la fournaise, l'Église des Gaules reprenait le travail
civilisateur interrompu depuis une génération. Le concile était plein
de confiance et de vitalité: avant de se séparer, il décida qu'une
nouvelle réunion se tiendrait l'année suivante à Toulouse, et que les
prélats d'Espagne y seraient invités[97].
[95] Le nom de son délégué figure au bas des actes du concile d'Agde, en 506.
Voir Sirmond, Concilia Galliæ, t. I, p. 174.
[96] Vita Sancti Cæsarii, c. 13, p. 640.
[97] Sirmond, o. c., I, pp, 160-174. Sur le concile de 507, qui devait se tenir à
Toulouse, voir le canon 71 d'Arles et la lettre de saint Césaire à Ruricius, dans
l'édition de Krusch, p. 274.
On ne peut donc pas contester qu'à un moment donné, la cour de
Toulouse ait renoncé formellement à la politique du règne précédent,
et essayé de se réconcilier avec les populations catholiques. Mais
toutes ces mesures qui, prises à temps, auraient peut-être conjuré
l'orage, avaient le défaut de tout ce que les gouvernements font
malgré eux: elles venaient trop tard. Dans les relations publiques,
comme dans la vie privée, la pente de la désaffection ne se remonte
pas, et on ne regagne point la confiance une fois qu'elle a été
gaspillée. Les liens étaient rompus, les sympathies avaient émigré,
tous les regards catholiques étaient tournés avec admiration et
enthousiasme d'un autre côté. Partout Clovis était attendu, partout
les cœurs se portaient au-devant de son peuple, et, comme dit
Grégoire de Tours, dans son naïf langage, on désirait ardemment la
domination des Francs[98].
[98] Grégoire de Tours, ii, 35.
III
LA CONQUÊTE DE L'AQUITAINE
Rien de tout ce qui se passait au delà de la Loire n'échappait à
Clovis. Il se rendait parfaitement compte du rôle qu'il était appelé à
jouer dans ce royaume d'Aquitaine, où les fautes du gouvernement
avaient fait de l'intervention étrangère le seul remède à une situation
désespérée. Nul, d'ailleurs, n'était mieux qualifié que lui pour
présenter au roi des Visigoths des observations sévères sur sa
politique intérieure. Roi catholique, il était en Gaule le représentant
de tous les intérêts de l'orthodoxie; souverain des Francs, il ne
pouvait pas tolérer que dans son voisinage des hommes fussent
maltraités pour le seul crime de trop aimer son peuple. Il se voyait
donc, par la force des choses, placé à la tête du parti franc et
catholique chez les Visigoths; tout au moins il en était le patron et le
protecteur-né. Nul doute que la crainte de Clovis n'ait été un des
principaux mobiles du revirement de la politique religieuse des
Visigoths. Vainqueur de tous ses ennemis et ayant pour alliés les
Burgondes eux-mêmes, Clovis pouvait réclamer justice pour ses
coreligionnaires: en la leur rendant spontanément, on lui enlevait
tout prétexte à intervention.
Cela suffisait-il, et n'était-il pas trop tard pour apaiser les populations
catholiques frémissantes, qui voyaient le désarroi se mettre parmi
les bourreaux et Clovis apparaître en libérateur? Ne se produisit-il
pas dès lors, parmi elles, des mouvements destinés à préparer ou à
hâter une intervention franque? Ou, tout au moins, l'irritation
populaire ne se traduisit-elle pas, en certains endroits, par de
véritables soulèvements? A la distance où nous sommes placés de
ces événements, et avec les faibles lumières que nous fournissent
les sources, il est impossible de répondre à cette question, et nous
ne l'aurions pas même soulevée, si quelques lignes très obscures de
l'hagiographie ne semblaient en quelque sorte la suggérer[99].
[99] Je veux parler de la mort de saint Galactorius de Bénarn, dont il sera question
plus loin.
Mais, en dehors de la question religieuse proprement dite, il y avait
quantité d'autres points sur lesquels devaient éclater tous les jours
des conflits entre les Francs et leurs voisins. Les confins des deux
pays étaient fort étendus, les relations des peuples très hostiles: des
incidents de frontière, des querelles inattendues entre les nationaux
des deux royaumes éclataient à chaque instant, et dégénéraient
bien vite en froissements entre les deux cours. La tradition populaire
des Francs, consignée dans une légende[100], est d'accord avec la
correspondance politique de Théodoric le Grand pour attribuer le
discord à ces rivalités entre les deux puissances de la Gaule. Que
Clovis ait voulu et désiré un conflit, qu'il ait compté dans ce cas sur
les sympathies qu'il avait en Aquitaine, cela est fort probable; il se
sentait le plus fort de toute manière, et le chroniqueur franc lui-même
lui attribue l'initiative des hostilités.
[100] Cette légende, très obscure, et dont on ne peut guère garder grand'chose,
raconte au point de vue franc l'origine des hostilités, et rejette naturellement tous
les torts sur le roi des Visigoths. Sans valeur pour l'histoire de Clovis, elle est au
contraire pleine d'intérêt pour celle des mœurs barbares, et je renvoie le lecteur à
l'étude que je lui ai consacrée dans l'Histoire poétique des Mérovingiens.
Alaric semble avoir fait ce qu'il pouvait pour ménager son redoutable
adversaire. Il lui avait livré Syagrius; il est probable aussi qu'il lui
avait renvoyé les prisonniers francs de Gondebaud. Enfin, il lui
proposa une entrevue pour régler pacifiquement leurs différends.
Clovis ne crut pas pouvoir refuser cette proposition. Les deux rois se
rencontrèrent donc aux confins de leurs royaumes avec des
formalités d'étiquette semblables à celles qui avaient réglé autrefois
l'entrevue sur la Cure. Il y avait dans la Loire, en face du bourg
d'Amboise, une île qui s'est appelée par la suite l'Ile d'entre les
Ponts[101] ou l'Ile Saint-Jean[102]: c'est là, probablement sur terrain
neutre, qu'ils mirent pied à terre, chacun avec une escorte désarmée
dont le chiffre avait été strictement convenu d'avance. L'entrevue fut
ou du moins parut cordiale: les deux rois burent et mangèrent
ensemble, et se quittèrent après s'être mutuellement assurés de leur
amitié[103].
[101] Dubos, III, p. 267; A. de Valois, I, p. 291.
[102] Fauriel, II, p. 57; Cartier, Essais historiques sur la ville d'Amboise et son
château, Poitiers, 1842. Du Roure, Histoire de Théodoric le Grand, I, p. 478,
l'appelle aussi l'Ile d'Or.
[103] Grégoire de Tours, ii, 35.