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Exercises 1 – 8 are the Check Your Understanding exercises located within the section. Their
answers are found on page 260.
9. random variable
10. 1
11. Continuous
12. population
13. True
14. True
15. False. The possible values of a discrete random variable can be listed.
16. False. The standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the variance.
17. Discrete
18. Discrete
19. Continuous
20. Continuous
21. Discrete
22. Continuous
23. Discrete
24. Continuous
25. Continuous
26. Discrete
27. Yes
28. Yes
29. No, because the probabilities do not sum to 1.
30. No, because a probability cannot be negative. Also, the probabilities do not sum to 1.
31. No, because the probabilities do not sum to 1.
32. Yes
33. X 1(.42) 2(.18) 5(.34) 7(.06) = .42 + .36 + 1.7 +.42 = 2.9
2 X 12 (.42) 22 (.18) 52 (.34) 7 2 (.06) 2.92 = .42 +.72 + 8.5 + 2.94 – 8.41 = 12.58 – 8.41 = 4.17
Therefore, 4.17 2.042
34. X 8(.15) 13(.23) 15(.25) 18(.27) 19(.1) = 1.2 + 2.99 + 3.75 +4.86 +1.9 = 14.7
2 X 82 (.15) 132 (.23) 152 (.25) 182 (.27) 192 (.1) 14.7 2
= 9.6 + 38.87 + 56.25 + 87.48 + 36.1 – 216.09
= 228.3 – 216.09 = 12.21
Therefore, 12.21 3.494
35. X 4.5(.33) 6(.11) 7(.21) 9.5(.35) = 1.485 + .66 + 1.47 + 3.325 = 6.94
2 X 4.52 (.33) 62 (.11) 72 (.21) 9.52 (.35) 6.942
= 6.6825 + 3.96 + 10.29 + 31.5875 – 48.1636
= 52.52 – 48.1636 = 4.3564
Therefore, 4.3564 2.087
37. X 15(.15) 17(.23) 19(.25) 22(.27) 26(.1) = 2.25 + 3.91 + 4.75 + 5.94 + 2.6 = 19.45
2 X 152 (.15) 172 (.23) 192 (.25) 222 (.27) 262 (.1) 19.452
= 33.75 + 66.47 + 90.25 + 130.68 + 67.6 – 378.3025
= 388.75 – 378.3025 = 10.4475
Therefore, 10.4475 3.232
39. .3 + x + .3 + .2 = 1, so x = .2
44. (A) .15 (B) .03 + .02 = .05 (C) .7 (D) .7 + .15 +.1 = .95
(E) X 1(.7) 2(.15) 3(.1) 4(.03) 5(.02) = .7 + .3 + .3 + .12 + .1 = 1.52
(F) 2 X 12 (.7) 22 (.15) 32 (.1) 42 (.03) 52 (.02) 1.522 = .7 + .6 + .9 + .48 + .5 – 2.3104
= 3.18 – 2.3104 = .8696
Therefore, .8696 .933
(G) No, the mean is only 1.52.
45. (A) .38 (B) 1 – .04 = .96 (C) 1 – .33 = .67 (D) .06 + .04 = .1
(E) X 0(.33) 1(.38) 2(.19) 3(.06) 4(.04) = 0 + .38 + .38 + .18 + .16 = 1.1
(F) 2 X 02 (.33) 12 (.38) 22 (.19) 32 (.06) 42 (.04) 1.12 = 0 + .38 + .76 + .54 + .64 – 1.21
= 2.32 – 1.21= 1.11
Therefore, 1.11 1.054
47. (A)
x P(x)
0 .0680
1 .1110
2 .2005
3 .1498
4 .1885
5 .1378
6 .0889
7 .0197
8 .0358
48. (A)
x P(x)
0 .0326
1 .5272
2 .3180
3 .0871
4 .0230
5 .0121
(B) .087
(C) .0871 + .0230 + .0121 = .122
(D) X 0(.0326) 1(.5272) 2(.318) 3(.0871) 4(.023) 5(.0121)
= 0 + .5272 + .636 + .2613 + .092 + .0605 = 1.58
(E) X 02 (.0326) 12 (.5272) 22 (.318) 32 (.0871) 42 (.023) 52 (.0121) 1.582
2
49. (A)
x P(x)
0 .1278
1 .1241
2 .1236
3 .1222
4 .1227
5 .1247
6 .1266
7 .1283
8 .1278
(B) .122
(C) .1266 + .1283 = .255
(D) X 1(.1278) 2(.1241) 3(.1236) 4(.1222) + 5(.1227) 6(.1247) 7(.1266) 8(.1283)
=.1278 +.2482 + .3708 +.4888 + .6135 + .7482 + .8862 + 1.0264 = 4.51
(E) x 1 (.1278) 22 (.1241) 32 (.1236) 42 (.1222)
2 2
(B) .368
(C) .1579 + .2105 + .3684 = .737
(D) X 1(.1579) 2(.2105) 3(.3684) 4(.2105) 5(.0526) = .1579 + .421 + 1.1052 + .842 + .263
= 2.789
(E) x 1 (.1579) 22 (.2105) 32 (.3684) 42 (.2105) 52 (.0526) 2.789 2
2 2
61. (A) Since we are sampling 3 components, the number of successes may be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
(B) P(3) = .8 .8 .8 .83 .512
(C) P(FSS) = .2 .8 .8 .2 .82 .128
(D) Both involve two successes and one failure, so their probabilities are the same as the answer to
part (C), .128
(E) P(2) = P(SSF) + P(SFS) + P(FSS) = 3(.128) = .384
(F) P(1) = P(SFF) + P(FSF) + P(FFS) = 3(.8) .2 2 = .096
(G) P(0) = P(FFF) = .23 .008
(H) X 0(.008) 1(.096) 2(.384) 3(.512) 0 + .096 + .768 + 1.536 = 2.4
(I) X2 02 (.008) 12 (.096) 22 (.384) 32 (.512) 2.42 0 + .096 + 1.536 + 4.60 – 5.76
= 6.24 – 5.76 = .48
Therefore, .48 .6928
Exercises 1 – 4 are the Check Your Understanding exercises located within the section. Their
answers are found on page 271.
5. two
6. trials
7. np(1 p)
8. True
9. False. A binomial random variable with n trials can never have a value greater than n.
10. True
11. Does not have a binomial distribution because the sample is more than 5% of the population.
12. Binomial, with n = 10.
13. Binomial, with n = 7.
14. Does not have a binomial distribution, because it is not the number of successes in independent trials.
15. Does not have a binomial distribution, because it is not the number of successes in independent trials.
16. Binomial, with n = 250.
17. P(3) = 5 C3 .73 (1 .7)53 10(.343)(.09) .3087, mean = np = 5(.7) = 3.5,
variance = np(1 p) 5(.7)(.3) 1.05, standard deviation = variance 1.05 1.025
101
10 C1 .2 (1 .2) 10(.2)(.134217728) .2684, mean = np = 10(.2) = 2,
1
18. P(1) =
variance = np(1 p) 10(.2)(.8) 1.6, standard deviation = variance 1.6 1.265
20 8
19. P(8) = 20 C8 .6 (1 .6)
8
125,970(.01679616)(.000016777) .0355, mean = np = 20(.6) = 12,
variance = np(1 p) 20(.6)(.4) 4.8, standard deviation = variance 4.8 2.191
14 8
20. P(8) = 14 C8 .3 (1 .3)
8
3,003(.00006561)(.117649) .0232, mean = np = 14(.3) = 4.2,
variance = np(1 p) 14(.3)(.7) 2.94, standard deviation = variance 2.94 1.715
21. P(0) = 3 C0 .40 (1 .4)30 1(1)(.216) .216, mean = np = 3(.4) = 1.2,
variance = np(1 p) 3(.4)(.6) .72, standard deviation = variance .72 .849
6 6
22. P(6) = 6 C6 .8 (1 .8)
6
1(.262144)(1) .2621, mean = np = 6(.8) = 4.8,
variance = np(1 p) 6(.8)(.2) .96, standard deviation = variance .96 .980
23. P(Fewer than 3) = .7969,
27. (A) X is Binomial with n = 10 and p = .5, P(4) = 10 C4 .54 (1 .5)10 4 210(.0625)(.015625) .2051
(B) P(Fewer than 3) = .0547
(D) Since the P(11 or more) = 1 – P(10 or fewer) = 1 – .6957 = .3043, this would not be an unusual
occurrence.
30. (A) X is Binomial with n = 12 and p = .08, P(3) = 12 C3 .083 (1 .08)123
=220(.000512)(.4721613633) = .0532
(B) P(Fewer than 3) = .9348
32. (A) X is Binomial with n = 15 and p = .58, P(6 or more) = 1 – P(5 or fewer) = 1 – .0479 = .9521
(D) P(More than 12) = 1 – P(12 or fewer) = 1 – .9811 = .0189. This would be unusual.
33. (A) X is Binomial with n = 20 and p = .07, P(2 or more) = 1 – P(1 or fewer) = 1 – .5869 = .4131
(D) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 20(.07) 1.4
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is n p(1 p) 20(.07)(.93) 1.302
The standard deviation is 1.302 1.1411
34. (A) X is Binomial with n = 15 and p = .53, P(9) = .1780
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 15(.53) 7.95
(F) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is
n p(1 p) 15(.53)(.47) 3.7365 . The standard deviation is 3.7365 1.933 .
35. (A) X is Binomial with n = 30 and p = .67, P(18) = .1166
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 30(.66) 19.8
(F) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is n p(1 p) 30(.66)(.34) 6.732
The standard deviation is 6.732 2.595
36. (A) X is Binomial with n = 16 and p = .25, P(5) = .1802
(D) P(More than 8) = 1 – P(8 or fewer) = 1 .9925 = .0075. This would be unusual.
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 16(.25) 4
(F) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is n p(1 p) 16(.25)(.75) 3
The standard deviation is 3 1.7321
37. (A) X is Binomial with n = 25 and p = .30, P(6) = .1472
(D) P(More than 10) = 1 – P(10 or fewer) = 1 - .9022 = .0978. This would not be unusual.
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 25(.3) 7.5
(F) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is n p(1 p) 25(.3)(.7) 5.25
The standard deviation is 5.25 2.2913
38. (A) X is Binomial with n = 10 and p = .81, P(7) = .1883
(E) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its mean is n p 10(.81) 8.1
(F) Since this is a binomial discrete random variable, its variance is n p(1 p) 10(.81)(.19) 1.539
The standard deviation is 1.539 1.2406
39. (A) X is Binomial with n = 10 and p = .15, P(7 or more) = 1 P(6 or fewer) = 1 .999865 .000135
(B) Yes, since the probability of this happening is so very close to zero.
(C) Yes, because if the shipment was good, it would be unusual for 7 or more of 10 items to be
defective.
(D) P(2 or more) = 1 P(1 or none) = 1 .5443 .4557
(B) Yes, since the probability of this happening is so very close to zero.
(C) Yes, because if the claim was good, it would be unusual for 2 or fewer of 10 people to have
smoke detectors.
(D) P(at most 6) = .497
(E) No, since this should occur just about half of the time.
(F) No, because if the claim was true, it would not be unusual for 6 of 8 people to have smoke
detectors.
Extending the Concepts
.6 25 14
41. (A) P(X = 15) = (.14651) (1.5)(.7333333)(.14651) .16116
.4 14 1
.35 10 0
(B) P(X = 1) = (.0134627) (.5384615385)(10)(.0134627) = .0724915
.65 0 1
.35 10 1
P(X = 2) = (.0724915) (.5384615385)(4.5) (.0724915) .1756524
.65 1 1
Continuing these computations yields:
x P(x)
0 .0134627
1 .0724915
2 .1756524
3 .2522188
4 .2376677
5 .1535699
6 .0689096
7 .0212029
8 .0042814
9 .0005123
10 0000276
Exercises 1 – 4 are the Check Your Understanding exercises located within the section. Their
answers are found on page 277.
5. space, time
6. t
7. False. For a Poisson random variable with rate λ and time interval t, the possible values of x are 0, 1,
2, ...
8. True
(2 5)5 105
9. P(5) = e2(5) e10 .0378
5! 5!
(.5 4)3 23
10. P(3) = e.5(4) e2 .1804
3! 3!
(.1 10)2 12
11. P(2) = e.1(10) e1 .1839
2! 2!
(1 2) 0
2 0
12. P(0) = e1(2) e2 .1353
0! 0!
(.2 10)0 20
13. P(At least one) = 1 – P(0) =1 – e.2(10) e2 1 – .1353 = .8647
0! 0!
(.3 8)0 2.40
14. P(At least one) = 1 – P(0) = 1 – e.3(8) e2.4 1 – .0907 = .9093
0! 0!
15. P(No more than 5) = P(5 or fewer) = .7851
(D) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its mean is t 3(2) 6
(E) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its standard deviation is
t 3 2 6 2.4495
20. (A) P(5) = .1008
(B) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its mean is t 10(2) 20
(C) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its standard deviation is
t 10 2 20 4.4721
26. (A) P(12) = .0829
(B) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its mean is t 5(3) 15
(C) Since this is a Poisson discrete random variable, its standard deviation is
t 5 3 15 3.873
27. (A) Since n = 200 100 and p = 4 % 10%, we may proceed. Using .04 for and 200 as t, we get
(.04 200)6
P(6) = e.04(200) .1221
6!
(B) P(Fewer than 3) = .0138
0
29. (A) P(X = 0) = e e
0!
(B) X = 0 means that no events occurred in 1 second. Therefore, the amount of time that elapses until
the next event will be greater than 1.
(C) P(T > 1) = P(X = 0) = e
(2 )0
(D) P(X = 0) = e2 e2
0!
(E) X = 0 means that no events occurred in 2 seconds. Therefore, the amount of time that elapses until
the next event will be greater than 2.
( t ) 0
(F) P(X = 0) = et e t
0!
(G) X = 0 means that no events occurred in t seconds. Therefore, the amount of time that elapses until
the next event will be greater than t.
(H) P(T > t) = P(X = 0) = e t
Chapter Quiz
1. The five individual probabilities only add to be .93. They need to sum to 1.
2. x 2(.3) 1(.2) 4(.1) 5(.4) 2
3. (A) x2 (2)2 (.3) 12 (.2) 42 (.1) 52 (.4) 22 = 1.2 + .2 + 1.6 +10 – 4 = 9
(B) 9 3
4. We are solving the equation: .23 + .12 + .09 + x + .37 = 1
.81 + x = 1
x = .19
5.
6. (A) .2 + .2 = .4
(B) .1 + .1 = .2
(C) 1 – .1 = .9
(D) 1 – .4 = .6
7. x 0(.4) 1(.2) 2(.2) 3(.1) 4(.1) 1.3
8. x2 02 (.4) 12 (.2) 22 (.2) 32 (.1) 42 (.1) 1.32 = 0 + .2 + .8 + .9 + 1.6 – 1.69 = 1.81
Therefore, 1.81 1.3454
9. (A) P(0) = .0769
13. 10 8 80
14. variance = 10 8 80; standard deviation = 80 8.9443
15. P(4) = .1755
Review Exercises
1. (A) Yes, because each individual probability value is between 0 and 1 inclusive, and they all sum to
1.
(B) No, one cannot have a negative probability value.
(C) No, one cannot have a probability value that is greater than 1.
(D) Yes, because each individual probability value is between 0 and 1 inclusive, and they all sum to
1.
2. (A) x 6(.21) 7(.12) 8(.29) 9(.11) 10(.01) 11(.26) 8.37
(B) x2 62 (.21) 72 (.12) 82 (.29) 92 (.11) 102 (.01) 112 (.26) 8.372 73.37 – 70.0569 = 3.3131
(C) 3.3131 1.8202
3. P(3 or higher) = .18 + .16 + .07 = .41
4. (A)
x P(x)
1 .5632
2 .2500
3 .1147
4 .0473
5 .0171
6 .0053
7 .0018
8 .0006
(B) P(1) = .5632
(C) x 1(.5632) 2(.25) 3(.1147) 4(.0473) 5(.0171) 6(.0053) 7(.0018) 8(.0006) 1.731
(D) x2 12 (.5632) 22 (.25) 32 (.1147) 42 (.0473) 52 (.0171)
62 (.0053) 72 (.0018) 82 (.0006) 1.7312 = 4.0972 – 2.9964 = 1.1008
Therefore, 1.1008 1.049
5. (A) P(3 or fewer) = .6630
10. No, the trials are not independent. If it rains on one day, it is more likely to rain the next day.
11. Yes; because the sample size is less than 5% of the population, X may be considered to have a
binomial distribution.
12. (A) P(5) = .1606
Write About It
The fraud is ii, because the first digits there are more uniformly distributed than they are in either i or iii.
In those choices, smaller numbers tend to occur more frequently as the first digit than the larger numbers.
i.
First Digit Frequency Probability
1 9 .3000
2 3 .1000
3 3 .1000
4 2 .0667
5 2 .0667
6 2 .0667
7 4 .1333
8 2 .0667
9 3 .1000
ii.
First Digit Frequency Probability
1 4 .1333
2 4 .1333
3 2 .0667
4 3 .1000
5 4 .1333
6 3 .1000
7 5 .1667
8 2 .0667
9 3 .1000
iii.
First Digit Frequency Probability
1 10 .3333
2 5 .1667
3 5 .1667
4 2 .0667
5 2 .0667
6 3 .1000
7 0 .0000
8 2 .0667
9 1 .0333
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Author: W. W. Jacobs
Language: Finnish
Merimiesjutelma
Kirj.
W. W. JACOBS
Suomensi
E. P.
Vasta kun kansi oli pesty ja kuunari taas loisti puhtaana ja sievänä,
ehti perämies ajatella omaakin siivoustaan. Oli kaunis ja lämmin
toukokuun päivä, ja pieni osa lastista oli tarttunut hänenkin hiuksiinsa
ja hikiseen otsaansa. Kajuuttapoika, tietäen tarpeet, oli tuonut
ämpärin puhdasta vettä kajuutan katolle ja ämpärin viereen keltaisen
saippuapalasen ja pyyhinliinan. Perämies hymyili huomattuaan
valmistukset, riisui paidan päältään, kiersi housunkannattimet
vyötäisilleen, kumartui ämpäriin ja alotti pesuhommansa melulla ja
tyytyväisellä mielellä.
"Ei sillä tapaa hieno", sanoi jälellä oleva matruusi, astuen hänkin
lähemmäksi huomatessaan perämiehen hyvän tuulen. "Enpä luule
hänen rahtia etsivän, sillä —, vaan — — —, sementistä saa hyvän
maksun."
"Pötki sinä matkoihisi", sanoi Sam vanhus. "Ei sovi sinun ikäistesi
poikaviikareitten sekaantua vanhempain ihmisten puheisiin! Mitä
sinustakin vielä joskus tullee?
Poika lähestyi.
"Ellet sinä tule, tulen minä", murisi Dick, jolle puhe vääristä
setelirahoista oli arka kohta.
"En ymmärrä mitä hän niillä kirjeillään oikein tekee", jatkoi poika,
ollenkaan välittämättä tulevaisuudestaan. "Sen vaan varmasti tiedän,
että perille ne eivät koskaan mene. Luulen häneltä puuttuvan
rohkeutta. — Puh! — Onpa nyt pakanan lämmin!"
"En", sanoi Henry lyhyesti. "Mitäs minä sitä tilaan, kun te kerran
tilaatte."
"Ei se mitään tee, kunhan eivät vaan punaisiksi muutu", sanoi hän
levollisesti, "ja sitä ei tämä kurja moska suinkaan kykene tekemään."
"Kuka?"
"Ei täällä asu sen nimistä", sanoi vanha rouva. "Oletteko varma,
että etsimänne henkilön nimi on juuri Jackson?" lisäsi hän.
"Tämä herrahan etsii aivan toista henkilöä, äiti", sanoi tyttö. "Sinä
vaan suotta viivyttelet häntä."
"No, jos hän kerran useita vuosia on etsinyt", sanoi vanha rouva
närkästyen, "niin näillä muutamilla minuuteilla ei suinkaan suuria voi
aikaan saada."
"Niin, kuka sen voi tietää", sanoi vanha rouva. "Yksi häntä muuten
jo etsiikin… Herra Glover, tyttäreni tuleva mies."