Corrections From Research To Policy To Practice 1st Edition Stohr Test Bank

Corrections From Research to Policy to
Practice 1st Edition Stohr Test Bank

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Instructor Resource
Stohr, Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice, 1st Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 9: Prisons and the Correctional Client
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. In which type of prison can the exterior security be tight while internally providing
inmates with many opportunities to attend school, treatment, and church programming?
A. Supermax
B. Maximum security
C. Medium security
D. Minimum security
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the differences between types of prisons.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Medium Security
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What did Goffman (1961) describe as “a place of residence and work where a large
number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable
period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life?”
A. Total institution
B. Prisonization
C. Mortification
D. Importation
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain what prisonization, mortification, importation, pains of
imprisonment, and mature coping are and how they influence inmate behavior.
Answer Location: Total Institutions
3. Prisonization is best described as:

A. the means whereby prisoners adopt the subculture of the institution.
B. the general trend of increasing incarceration rates in a given population.
C. the bleeding of prison culture into popular culture.
D. the manner in which prisoners’ self-perceptions change due to prison violence.
Ans: A
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4. When an inmate suffers from the loss of the many roles he or she occupied in the
wider world, this is known as:
A. total institution
B. prisonization
C. mortification
D. importation
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
5. According to Clemmer, why would inmates in prison be motivated to engage in

deviance?
A. To alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment.
B. Because they were deviant prior to entering prison.
C. To punish their captors and assert their will.
D. To reclaim the loss of their own culture.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-4: Evaluate the roles of inmates, staff, and prison gangs and why
they exist in prisons.
Answer Location: Roles for Inmates and Staff
6. Research finds that mature coping in the prison system is ______.

A. absent
B. relatively rare
C. relatively common
D. very common
Ans: B
Answer Location: Mature Coping
7. As of 2005, there were ______ state and federal prisons in the United States.
A. 789
B. 1133
C. 1406
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D. 1821
Ans: D
Answer Location: Prison Types and Levels
8. When a person entering prison brings with them aspects of his or her own culture
from the outside, this is known as:
A. total institution
B. prisonization
C. mortification
D. importation
Ans: D
9. Which deprivation involves the surrendering of all an inmate’s personal property upon
entering prison?
A. Goods and services
B. Autonomy
C. Liberty
D. Heterosexual relationships
E. Security
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Deprivation of Goods and Services
10. What did Sykes (1958) argue can have the cumulative effect of destroying the
psyche of the inmate?
A. Pains of imprisonment
B. Prison subculture
C. Rioting
D. Mature coping
Ans: A
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Answer Location: Effects of Deprivation
11. A subset of culture within a prison that has its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions,
and even language is known as:
A. pains of imprisonment
B. prison subculture
C. rioting
D. mature coping
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
12. Although only about one-fifth of the prisons in the United States are designated as
maximum security, because of their size, they hold about ______ of the inmates
incarcerated in this country.
A. a fifth
B. a quarter
C. a third
D. half
Ans: C
13. What is not one of the inmate roles identified by Sykes and Messinger (1960)?
A. The beast
B. The fish
C. The wolf
D. The gorilla
Ans: A
14. What is not a major prison gang identified by the FDOC?
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A. Neta
B. Aryan Brotherhood
C. Texas Syndicate
D. Black Guerrilla
E. All are major prison gangs
Ans: E
Answer Location: Gangs and the Prison Subculture
15. Which deprivation involves not being able to decide when you eat, sleep, and work?
B. Autonomy
C. Liberty
E. Security
Ans: B
Answer Location: Deprivation of Autonomy
16. Which deprivation involves the offender not being able to have contact with
whomever they want to whenever they wish?
B. Autonomy
C. Liberty
E. Security
Ans: C
Answer Location: Deprivation of Liberty
17. A decent prison is one in which:

A. prisoners are subject to very little supervision.
B. there are abundant options for rehabilitative programming.
C. the staff is well educated.
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D. there is relatively little violence.
E. there is no such thing as a decent prison.
Ans: D
18. When inmates “seek positions of power, influence and sources of information” to
obtain goods and services they have been denied, they have adopted the:
A. convict code
B. mature coping strategy
C. convict subculture
D. status of double deviant
Ans: C
19. Another form of violence, namely group violence, is known as:

A. gangs
B. prison subculture
C. rioting
D. sexual assault
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-5: Identify the reasons why violence, riots, and sexual assaults
occur in prisons and some strategies for their reduction.
Answer Location: Rioting
20. Groups of people with similar interests who socialize together and who may engage
in deviant or criminal activities are known as:
A. gangs
B. similar subcultures
C. rioters
D. mature coping groups
Ans: A
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21. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, about ______ of the state prison
population are incarcerated for violent offenses.
A. 25%
B. 54%
C. 75%
D. 10%
Ans: B
Answer Location: Why Prisons Are Violent?
22. Which of the following is endemic to prisons:

A. Mature coping
B. Riots
C. Violence
D. Sexual assaults
Ans: C
Answer Location: Strategies to Reduce Violence
23. Which type of violence is used to achieve some end?

A. Active violence
B. Verbal violence
C. Instrumental violence
D. Expressive violence
Ans: C
24. Which type of violence is an angry outburst?

A. Active violence
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B. Verbal violence
C. Instrumental violence
D. Expressive violence
Ans: D
25. By design, prisons are intended to house:

A. Only serious offenders
B. Long Term offenders
C. Individuals convicted of a crime
D. All of these
E. Both B and C
Ans: E
26. Dealing with life’s problems like a responsive and responsible human being is one
aspect of:
A. mature coping
B. autonomy
C. responsibility
D. liberty
Ans: A
27. Which population(s) is/are increasing in prisons and jails at an exponential rate?
A. Elderly
B. Physically ill
C. Mentally ill
D. All of these
Ans: A
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Learning Objective: 9-6: Describe the challenges of meeting the needs of aging,
physically and mentally ill, and LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and
intersex) inmates in prisons.
Answer Location: Elderly Inmates
28. Which deprivation involves inmates having to live with other inmates at the risk of
being victimized?
B. Autonomy
C. Liberty
E. Security
Ans: E
Answer Location: Deprivation of Security
29. The deinstitutionalization of which population came about as a result of the civil
rights movement and related efforts to increase the rights of the powerless people?
A. Elderly
B. Physically ill
C. Mentally ill
D. Gays, lesbians, bisexual, and transgender
Ans: C
Answer Location: Mentally Ill Inmates
30. With which population is the true number of inmates in the correctional population
not known?
A. Elderly
B. Physically ill
C. Mentally ill
D. Gays, lesbians, bisexual, and transgender
Ans: D
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Answer Location: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex Inmates
True/False
1. Women and children are classified in separate facilities from adult males.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe what factors affect the operation of prisons.
Answer Location: Classification
2. United States’ combined incarceration rate for jails and prisons remains the highest in
the Western world at 690 per 100,000 U.S. residents as of 2014.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Introduction: The State of Prisons
3. Supermax facilities have the greatest internal and external security controls.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Supermax Prisons
4. The pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes inflict physical rather than

psychological destruction upon the prisoner.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Pains of Imprisonment
5. Prisoners residing in maximum-security facilities are more subject to the pains of

imprisonment than that of minimum security facilities.
Ans: T
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6. Transgender female prisoners are much more likely to report being sexually
assaulted then other inmates.
Ans: T
7. Placing someone in prison is a very expensive decision, costing states and the
federal government at least US$50,000 per year for adult males and more than double
that for women and children.
Ans: F
8. Goffman (1961) believed that total institutions had the effect of debilitating their
inmates.
Ans: T
9. Inmate language is also known as inmate argent.

Ans: F
10. Prison gangs have a hierarchical organizational structure and a set, and often strict,
code of conduct for members.
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Ans: T
11. Incarceration in a supermax is expensive at about US$50,000 per year, as

compared to US$20,000 to US$30,000 to incarcerate an adult male in lower security
prison.
Ans: T
12. Subcultures are less likely to flourish in environments where groups of individuals
are isolated from the larger culture.
Ans: F
Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
13. Because of the materials used in their construction, supermax prisons are at least 2
to 3 times more expensive to build than a “regular” prison.
Ans: T
14. Deprivation of employment is one of the pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes.

Ans: F
15. The history of prison gangs is very new to correctional facilities and agencies.
Ans: F
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16. One of the most notorious incidences of prison rioting occurred in Mobile, Alabama,
in 1971.
Ans: F
17. A person experiences prisonization when they adopt the inmate subculture of the
institution.
Ans: T
18. Data indicates that 4.0% of prison inmates experienced sexual assaults in a given
year.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Sexual Assaults
19. An inmate finding a niche is not ideal for them to begin to learn to maturely cope.
Ans: F
20. Protecting sexual orientation and gender identity minorities in prisons presents a
problem for correctional officials.
Ans: T
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Short Answer
1. Explain why supermax prisons were originally created.

Ans: Supermax prisons developed at the federal level with the Alcatraz Prison, which
was built in 1934 to hold the most notorious gangsters of its era. Some, however, argue
that the first full-fledged supermaxes did not develop until the 1980s and were part of
the get tough on crime movement that promoted more severe punishment.
2. In what way do maximum security prisons differ from supermax prisons?

Ans: Maximum security prisons may have the same exterior security controls as
supermaxes, but inside inmates are not locked down as much, though the treatment
and work programming is much more constricted than in the medium security prisons.
Maximum security inmates may or may not be double-bunked, depending on the
crowding in the institution, and unless under some special classification, they have
some access to the yard (a large gathering area for inmates), the cafeteria, and the
chapel.
3. Define Goffman’s notion of a total institution.

Ans: A total institution as a place of residence and work where a large number of like-
situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time,
together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life.
4. Define the term importation.
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Ans: Importation is when each person entering a prison imports aspects of his or her
own culture from the outside.
5. Name each of the pains of imprisonment.

Ans: The deprivation of liberty, the deprivation of goods and services, the deprivation of
heterosexual relationships, the deprivation of autonomy, and the deprivation of security
6. What typology of behavior is described in the role of the right guy?

Ans: The right guy is the inmate who fully supports and embraces the inmate code.
7. How does the U.S. Department of Justice define a gang in prisons or jails?
Ans: Gangs in prisons and jails are by definition engaged in criminal activities and are
connected through members and criminal involvement with communities. Prison gangs
have a hierarchical organizational structure and a set, and often strict, code of conduct
for members.
8. Define mature coping.

Ans: Mature coping means, in essence, dealing with life’s problems like a responsive
and responsible human being, one who seeks autonomy without violating the rights of
others, security without resorting to deception or violence, and relatedness to others as
the finest and fullest expression of human identity.
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9. The text states that “as America ages and mandatory sentences and other such laws
lengthen sentences, correctional populations are graying.” What are the four collateral
consequences that derive from that fact?
Ans: Costs increase due to increased medical need, elderly populations are less able to
work inside increasing costs again, may need separated from younger populations,
increased challenges with reentry.
Answer Location: Elderly Inmates
10. What is the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill?

Ans: This happened in the United States as a result of the civil rights movement and the
related effort to increase the rights of people involuntarily committed to mental hospitals.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. What is classification? How are prisons classified? In your discussion, make sure you
mention what types of inmates are held in the different classifications of prisons.
Ans: As inmates enter the prison system from the courts, they are usually assessed at a
classification or reception facility based on their crime, criminal history, escape risk,
behavioral issues (if any), and health and programming needs. Women and children are
classified in separate facilities from adult males. This assessment includes the review of
materials related to the inmate, by reception center personnel, and tests and
observation of the inmate regarding his or her dangerousness and amenability to
treatment. After being assessed by prison personnel for a period of weeks or months,
inmates are sent to the prison that the personnel believe is the best fit, based first on
security needs, followed by space available, and finally the inmate’s needs. Inmates
generally have no control over which prison they are sent to. Once they have done
some time, inmates may request that they be moved to a facility that is closer to their
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family and friends, but such considerations are not a priority for classification and are
more an option for adult males, as the facilities available for transfer for adult females
and juveniles are much more limited because there are fewer of them.
Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe what factors affect the operation of prisons.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Classification
2. Discuss each of the pains of imprisonment as conceived by Sykes. What influences

the degree to which they are experienced by prisoners?
Ans: The pains of imprisonment include the deprivation of liberty: inmates in a prison (or
jail) are not free to leave, or even to move about the institution without the permission
and are cut off, from family and friends. They cannot call whomever they like or visit with
whom they want, when they wish to do so. The deprivation of goods and services:
inmates are required to surrender all of their property upon entrance into the prison
system and, in most cases, they cannot have it back until they leave. The property they
are allowed to legally possess is very limited and monitored closely by staff. The
deprivation of heterosexual relationships: inmate’s access to significant others in the
wider world is limited to visiting where touching is only minimally sanctioned. The
deprivation of autonomy: the inmate is also severely restricted in the rule-bound prison
world. When, how, where, and with whom they live, eat, work, and play are all
determined by the rules of the institution. Inmates can make few choices regarding their
lives while imprisoned, and all of those choices are shaped by their imprisonment. The
deprivation of security: inmates are thrown together with others, some of whom are
aggressive and violent or become so in a prison environment, perhaps particularly in the
maximum security. Sykes did not believe that all inmates experienced or perceived
these pains in the same way. He acknowledged that the way in which one experiences
these pains does vary some by individual and by background, as well as by the prison
one is incarcerated in.
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Discuss in detail Goffman’s idea of a total institution. How do these aspects affect the
lives of inmates?
Ans: A total institution is a place of residence and work where a large number of like-
situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time,
together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life. Another key component
of this total institution is the defined social strata, particularly as that includes “inmates”
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Instructor Resource
and the “staff.” Specifically, there are formal prohibitions against even minor social
interactions between these two groups in a total institution, and all of the formal power
resides with one group (the staff) over the other group (the inmates). For prison
inmates, the institution is where they live, and often work, with people who are like
themselves not only in terms of criminal involvement but also largely in terms of their
social class and other background characteristics. Though there is some ability to visit
with others, the mode and manner of this contact with the outside world are quite limited
in prisons and are also dependent on the security status of the institution. The formal
rules of prisons also closely control inmate behavior and movement. Another key formal
attribute of total institutions governs interactions between staff and inmates. Simply put,
staff are to restrict such interactions to business only and are to parcel out information
only as absolutely necessary. Social mobility between the two strata is grossly
restricted; social distance is typically great and often formally prescribed. Total
institutions had the effect of debilitating their inmates. Upon entrance into the institution,
the inmate may become mortified or suffered from the loss of the many roles he or she
occupied in the wider world. Instead, only the role of “inmate” is available, a role that is
formally powerless and dependent. In addition, though each person entering a prison
imports aspects of his or her own culture from the outside, to some extent inmates are
likely to experience prisonization, whereby they adopt the inmate subculture of the
institution Couple this mortification, and subsequent role displacement, with the
prisonization into the contingent inmate subculture, and you have the potential for the
new inmate to experience a life in turmoil while he or she adjusts, and some difficulty
when reentering the community.
4. Explain what rioting is and why it present problems for correctional facilities. Include
in your answer any information about violence.
Ans: Rioting is another form of violence. It is group violence. Rioting presents a direct
threat to the security of the institution and the inmates in it and is often met with
reciprocal force by the staff and administration of the prison. Prison riots have existed
as long as there have been prisons, in fact before there were prisons. Virtually every
maximum and medium security prison, with any longevity, has experienced some form
of rioting by inmates. Rioting, and violence in general, is engaged in by inmates to
achieve some end like better food or housing or power, or inmates might riot out of
anger or frustration. When violence is used to achieve some end, it is known as
instrumental violence, but when it is just an angry outburst, then it is known as
expressive violence. Of course, inmates engaged in violence or a riot could be involved
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Instructor Resource
for both instrumental and expressive reasons. An inmate who wants to protest the
overcrowding of his or her institution may riot to let the world know about the conditions
of confinement (instrumental violence), but he or she might also be angry about the
effect such crowding has on housing and the ability to sleep and become violent as a
means of expressing it. When enough inmates engage in this violence together, it is
called a riot.
5. Explain and discuss mature coping. What does Johnson argue? What does he mean
when he says that inmates must find a niche?
Ans: An alternative means of handling incarceration, or supervision in the case of
probationers and parolees, is mature coping. In essence it means dealing with life’s
problems like a responsive and responsible human being, one who seeks autonomy
without violating the rights of others, security without resorting to deception or violence,
and relatedness to others as the finest and fullest expression of human identity. Mature
coping is relatively rare among the inmate population for a number of reasons. Inmates
are typically immature in their social relations to begin with, which, of course, is one of
the reasons they are in prison in the first place. Because of impoverishment, poor or
absent or abusive parenting, mental illness, schools that fail them or that they fail,
offenders enter the criminal justice system with a number of social, psychological, and
economic deficits. They are often not used to voluntarily taking responsibility for their
actions as one would expect of “mature” individuals, nor are they typically expected to
empathize with and assist others in need, especially in a prison or jail environment.
Johnson (2002) argues that for inmates to maturely cope, it is helpful if they are
incarcerated in what he terms a decent prison. Such a facility does not necessarily have
more programming, staffing, or amenities than the norm, though he thinks it might be
helpful if it did; rather, such institutions or programs would be relatively free of violence
and would include some opportunities so that inmates might find a niche to be involved
in. In order for inmates to find this niche, however, decent prisons need to include some
opportunities for inmates to act autonomously.
Being secure from violence, like autonomy, is basic to human development. In fact if the
security need is not fulfilled, it will preoccupy offenders and motivate them to engage in
behaviors that they normally might avoid if they were not feeling continually threatened.
Then, assuming that the offender perceives that he is relatively safe, there need to be
prosocial activities, including work, school, athletic, church, treatment, or art programs,
that provide some sort of means for positive self-value reinforcement. Such places are
termed niches by Johnson, and the opportunities they afford provide redress for the
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Instructor Resource
mortification and pains that offenders, particularly those who are incarcerated,
experience.
6. Discuss the history of the mentally ill in prisons. How are they dealt with today?
Ans: The number of mentally ill inmates has grown in America’s prisons. As jails
became dumping grounds for the mentally ill after mental health hospitals closed in the
1970s, some of these inmates with chronic mental illnesses have found themselves in a
prison environment.
The deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill in the United States came about as a result
of the civil rights movement and the related effort to increase the rights of powerless
people. Too many people were civilly committed to mental health institutions for years
without any legal recourse or protection, it was thought. In addition, the pharmaceutical
company Smith, Kline, & French (now GlaxoSmithKline) pushed its drug, Thorazine, as
a potential “cure” for mental illness with state legislators who were eager to save money
by closing mental health institutions. As legal restrictions on civil commitment of the
mentally ill spread across the country, and as state legislators believed the claims
(which turned out to be unfounded) of the pharmaceutical company, states, and
counties closed their mental health hospitals or reduced their capacities significantly.
Congress passed the Community Mental Health Act in 1963, which ended much of the
federal support for mental health hospitals. Instead, Congress was to fund less
restrictive institutional alternatives such as halfway houses, and outpatient facilities
were either underfunded or shunted by community members who did not want such
facilities in their neighborhoods. Thus, an unintended consequence of this
deinstitutionalization movement was that there were few public services available in
communities to assist the mentally ill and their families. Jails, and then prisons, became
the de facto mental health patient dumping ground.
Unfortunately, and as with those who have major medical problems, most prisons and
jails are ill-equipped and -staffed to handle mentally ill inmates. There are difficulties in
diagnosis, management of people who do not understand how to behave in a prison,
programming and developing appropriate prison employment, and in devising a reentry
plan. Any treatment programming available has long waiting lists. Sometimes staff need
to be concerned that the mentally ill inmates require protection from predation, and to
protect other inmates, they will need to keep an eye on the violent outbursts of mentally
ill patients as they might injure others. Some studies link PTSD with an assault history,
propensity for revictimization, violent behavior, substance abuse, and mental illness, so
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it is no surprise that there needs to be trauma-related treatments available for the
mentally ill in prisons as well.
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Practice 1st Edition Stohr Test Bank

3. Prisonization is best described as:

5. According to Clemmer, why would inmates in prison be motivated to engage in

6. Research finds that mature coping in the prison system is ______.

14. What is not a major prison gang identified by the FDOC?

17. A decent prison is one in which:

19. Another form of violence, namely group violence, is known as:

22. Which of the following is endemic to prisons:

23. Which type of violence is used to achieve some end?

24. Which type of violence is an angry outburst?

25. By design, prisons are intended to house:

4. The pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes inflict physical rather than

5. Prisoners residing in maximum-security facilities are more subject to the pains of

9. Inmate language is also known as inmate argent.

11. Incarceration in a supermax is expensive at about US$50,000 per year, as

14. Deprivation of employment is one of the pains of imprisonment identified by Sykes.

1. Explain why supermax prisons were originally created.

2. In what way do maximum security prisons differ from supermax prisons?

3. Define Goffman’s notion of a total institution.

4. Define the term importation.

5. Name each of the pains of imprisonment.

6. What typology of behavior is described in the role of the right guy?

8. Define mature coping.

10. What is the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill?

2. Discuss each of the pains of imprisonment as conceived by Sykes. What influences

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