Ebook College Algebra 10Th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

College Algebra 10th Edition Larson
Solutions Manual
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/college-algebra-10th-edition-larson-solutions-manual/
C H A P T E R 5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs ..........................................421
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs .........................................429
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms ....................................................................437
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ...........................................447
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models ...............................................458
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................472
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................484
Practice Test .............................................................................................................488
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs
1. algebraic 15. f ( x) = 2− x
2. transcendental Decreasing
Asymptote: y = 0
3. One-to-One
Intercept: (0, 1)
4. natural exponential; natural
Matches graph (a).
nt
 r
5. A = P 1 +  16. f ( x) = 2 x − 2
 n
Increasing
6. A = Pe rt
Asymptote: y = 0
7. f (1.4) = (0.9)
1.4
≈ 0.863 Intercept: 0, ( 14 )
Matches graph (b).
8. f ( − π ) = 4.7 −π ≈ 0.008
17. f ( x) = 7 x
9. f ()=3
2
5
25
≈ 1.552
x 0 1 2
( 3) ( )
5 3
10. f ( 103 ) = 2 10
≈ 0.544 0.020 0.143 1 7 49
y
11. f ( −1.5) = 5000 2−1.5 ( ) 5
≈ 1767.767 4
3
12 ⋅ 24
12. f ( 24) = 200(1.2) 2
25 1
≈ 1.274 × 10
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
13. f ( x) = 2 x −1
Increasing 18. f ( x) = 7− x
Asymptote: y = 0
x 0 1 2
Intercept: (0, 1)
49 7 1 0.143 0.020
Matches graph (d).
y
14. f ( x) = 2 x + 1
5
Increasing 4
Asymptote: y = 1
Intercept: (0, 2)
1
Matches graph (c). x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 421
422 Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
22. f ( x) = 4 x +1
( 14 )
−x
19. f ( x) =
x 0 1 2 x 0 1 2
0.063 0.25 1 4 16 0.25 1 4 16 64

y
y
5
5
4
4
2
1
1
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1
−1
23. f ( x) = 2 x +1 + 3
( 14 )
x
20. f ( x) =
x 0 1
x 0 1 2 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
16 4 1 0.25 0.063 y
7
y
6
5 5
4
4
3
3
2
1
x
1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 24. f ( x) = 3x − 2 + 1
21. f ( x) = 4 x −1 x 0 1 2 3
x 0 1 2 1.037 1.111 1.333 2 4
0.016 0.063 0.25 1 4 y
7
y
6
5 5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
25. 3x + 1 = 27
3x + 1 = 33
x +1= 3
x = 2
26. 2 x − 2 = 64
2 x − 2 = 26
x − 2 = 6
x = 8
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 423
27. ( 12 )
x
= 32 37. f ( x) = 3e x + 4
( 12 ) ( 12 )
x −5
= −8 −7 −6 −5 −4
x = −5 0.055 0.149 0.406 1.104 3
1 Asymptote: y = 0
28. 5x − 2 = 125
y
5 x − 2 = 5−3
8
x − 2 = −3 7
6
x = −1 5
4
29. f ( x) = 3x , g ( x) = 3x + 1 3
2
Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

1
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.
38. f ( x) = 2e−1.5 x
( 72 ) , g ( x) = −( 72 )
x −x
30. f ( x) =
Because g ( x) = − f ( − x), the graph of g can be x 0 1 2

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and 40.171 8.963 2 0.446 0.100
y-axis (reflect the graph of f in the origin).
Asymptote: y = 0
31. f ( x) = 10 x , g ( x) = 10− x + 3 y
Because g ( x) = f ( − x + 3), the graph of g can be 5
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and

shifting f three units to the right. (Note: This is
equivalent to shifting f three units to the left and then 2
reflecting the graph in the y-axis.) 1
x
32. f ( x) = 0.3x , g ( x) = −0.3x + 5 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3
g ( x) = − f ( x) + 5, so the graph of g can be obtained

39. f ( x) = 2e x − 2 + 4
by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and shifting the
resulting graph five units upward.
−2 −1 0 1 2
33. f ( x) = e x
4.037 4.100 4.271 4.736 6
f (1.9) = e 1.9
≈ 6.686 Asymptote: y = 4
y
34. f ( x) = 1.5e(1 2)x 9

8
= 1.5e120 ≈ 1.956 × 1052 7
6
5
35. f (6) = 5000e0.06(6) ≈ 7166.647
3
2
36. f ( x) = 250e0.05 x 1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 250e0.05(20) ≈ 679.570
40. f ( x) = 2 + e x − 5 44. h( x ) = e x − 2
4
0 2 4 5 6
2.007 2.050 2.368 3 4.718
Asymptote: y = 2 −2 4
0
y
8
7 45. e 3 x + 2 = e3
6
5 3x + 2 = 3
4
3
3x = 1
1
x = 3
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
46. e 2 x −1 = e 4
2x − 1 = 4
41. s(t ) = 2e0.5t
2x = 5
5
5
x = 2
2 −3
47. ex = e2 x
−4 4
−1
x2 − 3 = 2x
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
42. s(t ) = 3e−0.2t
(x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
20
x = 3 or x = −1
2 +6
48. ex = e5 x
− 16 17
x2 + 6 = 5x
−2
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
43. g ( x) = 1 + e − x (x − 3)( x − 2) = 0
4 x = 3 or x = 2
−3 3
0
49. P = $1500, r = 2%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.02 
Compounded n times per year: A = P 1 +  = 15001 + 
 n   n 
Compounded continuously: A = Pe rt = 1500e 0.02(10)
n 1 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A $1828.49 $1830.29 $1831.19 $1831.80 $1832.09 $1832.10
50. P = $2500, r = 3.5%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.035 
 n   n 
A $3526.50 $3536.95 $3542.27 $3545.86 $3547.61 $3547.67
51. P = $2500, r = 4%, t = 20 years

nt 20 n
 r  0.04 
 n  n 
A $5477.81 $5520.10 $5541.79 $5556.46 $5563.61 $5563.85
52. P = $1000, r = 6%, t = 40 years

40 n
 0.06 
Compounded n times per year: A = 10001 + 
 n 
Compounded continuously: A = 1000e 0.06(40)
A $10,285.72 $10,640.89 $10,828.46 $10,957.45 $11,021.00 $11,023.18
53. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.04t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $17,901.90 $26,706.49 $39,841.40 $59,436.39 $88,668.67
54. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.06t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $21,865.43 $39,841.40 $72,595.77 $132,278.12 $241,026.44
55. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.065t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $22,986.49 $44,031.56 $84,344.25 $161,564.86 $309,484.08
56. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.035t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $17,028.81 $24,165.03 $34,291.81 $48,662.40 $69,055.23
57. A = 30,000e(0.05)(25) ≈ $104,710.29
58. A = 5000e(0.075)(50) ≈ $212,605.41
C (t ) = 29.88(1.04)
t
59.
Ten years from today, t = 10: C (10) = 29.88(1.04)

10
≈ $44.23
60. V (t ) = 100e 4.6052t

(a) V (1) ≈ 10,000 computers
(b) V (1.5) ≈ 100,004 computers
(c) V ( 2) ≈ 1,000,060 computers
61. (a) 425
25 55
350
(b)
t 25 26 27 28
P (in millions) 350.281 352.107 353.943 355.788
t 29 30 31 32
P (in millions) 357.643 359.508 361.382 363.266
t 33 34 35 36
P (in millions) 365.160 367.064 368.977 370.901
t 37 38 39 40
P (in millions) 372.835 374.779 376.732 378.697
t 41 42 43 44
P (in millions) 380.671 382.656 384.651 386.656
t 45 46 47 48
P (in millions) 388.672 390.698 392.735 394.783
t 49 50 51 52
P (in millions) 396.841 398.910 400.989 403.080
t 53 54 55
P (in millions) 405.182 407.294 409.417
(c) Using the model and extending the table beyond the year 2055, the population will exceed 430 million in 2064.
t 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
P (in millions) 409.417 411.552 413.698 415.854 418.022 420.202 422.393 424.595 426.808 429.034 431.270
62. (a) Because the coefficient of the model P = 57.59e 0.0051t is positive, the population is increasing.
(b) 2003: Let t = 3: P = 57.59e 0.0051(3) ≈ 58.478
The population of Italy in 2000 was 58,478,000 people.
2015: Let t = 15: P = 57.59e 0.0051(15) ≈ 62.169
The population of Italy in 2012 was about 62,169,000 people.
(c) 2020: Let t = 20: P = 57.59e 0.0051(20) ≈ 63.774
The population of Italy in 2020 will be about 63,774,000 people.
2025: Let t = 25: P = 57.59e0.0051(25) ≈ 65.421
The population of Italy in 2025 will be about 65,421,000 people.
67. True. The line y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote for the

( 12 )
t 24,100
63. Q = 16
graph of f ( x) = 10 x − 2. As x → −∞, f ( x) → − 2
(a) Q(0) = 16 grams but never reaches − 2.
(b) Q(75,000) ≈ 1.85 grams
271,801
68. False, e ≠ . e is an irrational number.
(c) 20
99,990
69. f ( x) = 3x − 2
0 150,000
= 3x3−2
0
1
= 3x  2 
3 
( 12 )
t 5715
64. Q = 10
1
= (3 x )
( 12 )
0 5715
(a) When t = 0: Q = 10 9
= h( x )
= 10(1) = 10 grams
So, f ( x) ≠ g ( x), but f ( x) = h( x).
( 12 )
2000 5715
(b) When t = 2000: Q = 10
≈ 7.85 grams 70. g ( x) = 2 2 x + 6
(c) Q = 2 2 x ⋅ 26
12 = 64( 2 2 x )
Mass of 14C (in grams)
10
= 64( 2 2 )
x
8
6
4 = 64( 4 x )
= h( x )
2
t
4000 8000
Time (in years) So, g ( x) = h( x) but g ( x) ≠ f ( x).
65. (a) V (t ) = 49,810 ( 78 )

t
where t is the number of years 71. f ( x) = 16( 4− x ) and f ( x) = 16 4− x( )
= 42 ( 4 − x ) = 16( 22 )
−x
since it was purchased.
( 78 )
4
(b) V ( 4) = 49,810 ≈ 29, 197.71 = 42 − x = 16( 2−2 x )
−( 2 − x)
After 4 years, the value of the van is about $29,198. = ( 14 ) = h( x)
= ( 14 )
x−2
66. (a) C (t ) = 300(0.75)
t
= g ( x)
(b) C (8) ≈ 30 milligrams per milliliter
So, f ( x) = g ( x) = h( x).
72. f ( x ) = e − x + 3 75. 7
g ( x ) = e 3 − x = e3 ⋅ e − x (
y1 = 1 + 1
x ( x
(
h( x ) = −e x − 3 = − e x ⋅ e −3 ) −6
y2 = e
6
So, none are equal. −1
As x increases, the graph of y1 approaches e, which

73. y = 3x and y = 4 x is y2 .
y
x
 0.5 
76. f ( x ) = 1 +  and g ( x) = e (Horizontal line)
0.5
3
y = 3x
y = 4x  x 
2 4
1 f
x
−2 −1 1 2 g
−1 −3 3
0
–2 −1 0 1 2 As x → ∞, f ( x) → g ( x).
1 3 9 As x → −∞, f ( x) → g ( x).
1 4 16
77. (a) y2 = x 2 y1 = 2 x
3
(a) 4 x < 3 x when x < 0.
(b) 4 x > 3 x when x > 0.
−3 3
74. (a) f ( x) = x 2e− x

−1
5
At x = 2, both functions have a value of 4. The
function y1 increases for all values of x. The
function y2 is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
−2 7
−1
(b) y1 = 3 x y2 = x 3
3
Decreasing: ( −∞, 0), ( 2, ∞)
Increasing: (0, 2) −3 3
Relative maximum: 2, 4e ( −2
) −1
Both functions are increasing for all values of x. For

Relative minimum: (0, 0)
x > 0, both functions have a similar shape. The
(b) g ( x) = x 23 − x function y2 is symmetric with respect to the origin.
6 In both viewing windows, the constant raised to a
variable power increases more rapidly than the variable
raised to a constant power.
−2 10
−2
Decreasing: (1.44, ∞)
Increasing: ( −∞, 1.44)
Relative maximum: (1.44, 4.25)
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 429
78. The graph of y = a x is increasing, so graphs (d), (e), and (f) represent y = 2x , y = e x , and y = 10 x.
The greater the value of a, the quicker the graph increases. Because 10 > e > 2, y = 10x matches graph (d),
y = e x matches graph (e), and y = 2 x matches graph (f).
Graph (c) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (d), so y = 10− x matches graph (c).
Graph (b) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (e), so y = e− x matches graph (b).
Graph (a) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (f), so y = 2− x matches graph (a)
79. The functions (c) h ( x ) = 3 x and (d) k ( x ) = 2 − x are exponential.
80. P = $3000, r = 6%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.06 
A = P 1 +  = 30001 + 
 n  n 
(a) n = 365
A ≈ $5466.09
(b) n = 365( 24) = 8760
A ≈ $5466.35
(c) n = 365( 24)(60) = 525,600
A ≈ $5466.36
(d) n = 365( 24)(60)(60) = 31,536,000
A ≈ $5466.38
Increasing the number of compoundings does not result in unlimited growth because the balance increases slowly from
compounding by the day to compounding by the second.
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

1. logarithmic 13. 4−3 = 1
 log 4 1
= −3
64 64
2. 10
14. 240 = 1  log 24 1 = 0
3. natural; e
15. f ( x) = log 2 x
4. a log a x = x
f (64) = log 2 64 = 6 because 2 6 = 64
5. x = y
6. positive real numbers 16. f ( x) = log 25 x
f (5) = log 25 5 = 1
because 251 2 = 5
7. log 4 16 = 2  42 = 16 2
1 1 17. f ( x) = log8 x
8. log 9 81
= −2  9−2 = 81
f (1) = log8 1 = 0 because 8 0 = 1
9. log12 12 = 1  12 = 12 1
18. f ( x) = log x
2
10. log32 4 =  322 5 = 4
5 f (10) = log 10 = 1 because 101 = 10
11. 53 = 125  log5 125 = 3 19. g ( x) = log a x
12. 93 2 = 27  log 9 27 = 3 g ( a 2 ) = log a a − 2

2
= −2
20. g ( x) = log b x 33.

−2 −1 0 1 2
g (b − 3 ) = log b b = log b b1 2 = 1
2
1 7 49
21. f ( x) = log x
1 7 49
f ( 78 ) = log( 78 ) ≈ −0.058
−2 −1 0 1 2
22. f ( x) = log x
y
f ( 5001 ) = log 5001 ≈ −2.699
5 f(x) = 7 x
4
23. f ( x ) = log x 3
f (12.5) = log 12.5 ≈ 1.097 2 g(x) = log 7 x
24. f ( x ) = log x −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
f (96.75) = log 96.75 ≈ 1.986

−1
25. log8 8 = 1 because 81 = 8 34.

−2 −1 0 1 2
26. logπ π 2 = 2 because π 2 = π 2 1 5 25
27. log7.5 1 = 0 because 7.50 = 1 1 5 25
−2 −1 0 1 2
28. 5log5 3 = 3 because aloga x = x, 5log5 3 = 3
29. log5 ( x + 1) = log 5 6

y
x +1 = 6 f(x) = 5 x
2
x = 5 g(x) = log 5 x
1
30. log 2 ( x − 3) = log 2 9
x
−2 −1 1 2
x −3 = 9
−1
x = 12
−2
(
31. log 11 = log x 2 + 7 )
11 = x 2 + 7 35.
−2 −1 0 1 2
2
x = 4
1 6 36
x = ±2
32. log( x 2 + 6 x) = log 27 1 6 36
x 2 + 6 x = 27 −2 −1 0 1 2
x 2 + 6 x − 27 = 0
y
(x + 9)( x − 3) = 0
4 f(x) = 6 x
x + 9 = 0 → x = −9
3
x −3 = 0 → x = 3
2 g(x) = log 6 x
x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
y
36.
−2 −1 0 1 2 41. f ( x) = log 4 x
2
1 10 100 Domain: (0, ∞)

1
x-intercept: (1, 0)
x
1 10 100 −1 1 2 3
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −1
−2 −1 0 1 2 y = log 4 x  4 y = x −2
y 1 4 2
f(x) = 10 x −1 0 1
2
g(x) = log 10 x
1
y
42. g ( x) = log6 x
x
−2 −1 1 2 2
−1 Domain: (0, ∞)
1
−2 x-intercept: (1, 0) x
−1 1 2 3
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −1
37. f ( x) = log3 x + 2
y = log6 x  6 = x y
−2
Asymptote: x = 0
Point on graph: (1, 2) 1 6
Matches graph (a). −1 0 1
The graph of f ( x) is obtained from g ( x) by shifting the

43. y = log 3 x + 1
graph two units upward.
Domain: (0, ∞)
38. f ( x) = log3 ( x − 1)
x-intercept:
Asymptote: x = 1
log 3 x + 1 = 0
Point on graph: ( 2, 0) log 3 x = −1
Matches graph (d). 3−1 = x
f ( x) shifts g ( x) one unit to the right. 1
= x
3
39. f ( x) = log3 (1 − x) = log3 −( x − 1) The x-intercept is ( 13 , 0).

Asymptote: x = 1 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Point on graph: (0, 0) y = log 3 x + 1

log3 x = y − 1  3y −1 = x
Matches graph (b).
The graph of f ( x) is obtained by reflecting the graph x 0 3 9
of g ( x) in the y-axis and shifting the graph one unit to y 0 1 2 3
the right.
y
40. f ( x) = − log3 x
2
Asymptote: x = 0
1
Point on graph: (1, 0)
x
−1 1 2 3
Matches graph (c).
−1
f ( x) reflects g ( x) in the x-axis.
−2
44. h( x) = log 4 ( x − 3) 46. y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4

Domain: x − 3 > 0  x > 3 Domain: x − 1 > 0  x > 1
The domain is (3, ∞). y The domain is (1, ∞).
6 y
x-intercept: x-intercept:
log 4 ( x − 3) = 0
4
log 5 ( x − 1) + 4 = 0 6
2 5
40 = x − 3 log 5 ( x − 1) = −4 4
x
1= x −3 2 4 6 8 10
5−4 = x − 1 3
−2
4 = x 1 = x −1
2
−4 625
The x-intercept is ( 4, 0).
1
626
625
= x x
2 3 4 5 6
Vertical asymptote: x − 3 = 0  x = 3
y = log 4 ( x − 3)  4 y + 3 = x
The x-intercept is ( 626
625 )
,0.
4 7 19 y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4  5 y − 4 + 1 = x
−1 0 1 2
x 1.00032 1.0016 1.008 1.04 1.2
45. f ( x) = −log6 ( x + 2) y −1 0 1 2 3
Domain: x + 2 > 0  x > −2

 x
The domain is ( −2, ∞). y 47. y = log 
7
x-intercept: 4
x
Domain: > 0  x > 0
0 = −log 6 ( x + 2) 2 7
0 = log 6 ( x + 2) x The domain is (0, ∞). y
6
0
6 = x + 2 −2  x 6
x-intercept: log  = 0
1 = x + 2 7 4
−4
−1 = x x 2
= 100 x
The x-intercept is ( −1, 0). 7 −2 4 6 8 10
−2
Vertical asymptote: x + 2 = 0  x = −2 x
=1 −4
7
y = −log 6 ( x + 2) −6
x = 7
− y = log 6 ( x + 2)
The x-intercept is (7, 0).
−y
6 − 2 = x
x
Vertical asymptote: = 0  x = 0
x 4 −1 7
−1 0 1 2 The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y −0.85 −0.54 −0.37 −0.24 −0.15
x 6 7 8
y −0.069 0 0.06
48. y = log( − 2 x) 59. g ( x) = 8 ln x

Domain: − 2 x > 0  x < 0 g ( 5 ) = 8 ln 5 ≈ 6.438
The domain is ( −∞, 0).
60. g ( x) = −ln x
x-intercept: log( − 2 x) = 0
100 = − 2 x
g ( 12 ) = −ln 12 ≈ 0.693
1 = − 2x 61. e ln 4 = 4
x = − 12
1
62. ln  2  = ln e − 2 = − 2
The x-intercept is − 12 , 0 . ( ) e 
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
63. 2.5 ln 1 = 2.5(0) = 0
y = log( − 2 x)  100 = − 2 x
10 y = − 2 x ln e 1
64. =
π π
− 12 ⋅ 10 y = x
65. ln eln e = ln e1 = 1
x
0 1 2 3 −1 1
y 66. eln(1 e) = eln e = e −1 =
e
y
67. f ( x) = ln( x − 4)
2
Domain: x − 4 > 0  x > 4

1
The domain is ( 4, ∞).

x
−3 −2 −1 1
−1
x-intercept: 0 = ln ( x − 4)
e0 = x − 4
−2
5 = x
49. ln 1
2
= −0.693  e −0.693
= 1
2
The x-intercept is (5, 0).
50. ln 7 = 1.945  e1.945 = 7
x 4.5 5 6 7
51. ln 250 = 5.521  e 5.521
= 250 −0.69 0 0.69 1.10
y
52. ln 1 = 0  e0 = 1
4
53. e2 = 7.3890  ln 7.3890 = 2
2
x
54. e −3 4 = 0.4723  ln 0.4723 = − 34 2 4 6 8
−2
−4x 1 1
55. e = 2
 ln 2
= − 4x −4
56. e2 x = 3  ln 3 = 2 x
57. f ( x) = ln x
f (18.42) = ln 18.42 ≈ 2.913
58. f ( x) = 3 ln x
f (0.74) = 3 ln 0.74 ≈ −0.903
68. h( x) = ln( x + 5) 70. f ( x) = ln(3 − x)

Domain: x + 5 > 0  x > −5 Domain: 3 − x > 0  x < 3
The domain is ( −5, ∞). The domain is ( −∞, 3).
x-intercept: 0 = ln ( x + 5) x-intercept: ln (3 − x) = 0
0
e = x +5 e0 = 3 − x
−4 = x 1= 3− x
The x-intercept is ( − 4, 0). 2 = x
Vertical asymptote: x + 5 = 0  x = −5 The x-intercept is ( 2, 0).

Vertical asymptote: 3 − x = 0  x = 3
−4.5 −4 −3 −2
y = ln (3 − x)  3 − e y = x
−0.69 0 0.69 1.10
2.95 2.86 2.63 2 0.28
y
−3 −2 −1 0 1
4
2 y
x 3
−6 −2 2
2
−2
−4
x
−2 −1 1 2 4
−1
69. g ( x) = ln( − x) −2
−3
Domain: − x > 0  x < 0
The domain is ( −∞, 0).
71. f ( x) = ln( x − 1)
x-intercept: 3
0 = ln( − x)
e0 = − x 0 9
−1 = x
The x-intercept is ( −1, 0).
−3
Vertical asymptote: − x = 0  x = 0 72. f ( x) = ln( x + 2)

3
x −0.5 −1 −2 −3
−0.69 0 0.69 1.10 −4 5
y
−3
2
1 73. f ( x) = − ln x + 8
10
x
−3 −2 −1 1
−2
−2 18
−2
74. f ( x) = 3 ln x − 1 ( )
78. ln x 2 − 2 = ln 23
4 2
x − 2 = 23
−5 10 x 2 = 25
x = ±5
−6
 x 
79. t = 16.625 ln  , x > 750
75. ln ( x + 4) = ln 12  x − 750 
(a) When x = $897.72:
x + 4 = 12
x = 8  897.72 
t = 16.625 ln   ≈ 30 years
 897.72 − 750 
76. ln ( x − 7) = ln 7 When x = $1659.24:
x −7 = 7  1659.24 
t = 16.625 ln   ≈ 10 years
x = 14  1659.24 − 750 
(b) Total amounts:
77. ln ( x 2 − x) = ln 6
(897.72)(12)(30) = $323,179.20 ≈ $323,179
x2 − x = 6
(1659.24)(12)(10) = $199,108.80 ≈ $199,109
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Interest charges:
(x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 323,179.20 − 150,000 = $173,179.20 ≈ $173,179
x = − 2 or x = 3 199,108.80 − 150,000 = $49,108.80 ≈ $49,109
(c) The vertical asymptote is x = 750. The closer the
payment is to $750 per month, the longer the length
of the mortgage will be. Also, the monthly payment
must be greater than $750.
80. (a) P = − 3.42 + 1.297t ln t
2008: P(8) = − 3.42 + 1.297(8) ln 8 ≈ 18.16%
2012: P(12) = − 3.42 + 1.297(12) ln 12 ≈ 35.26%

50
(b)
5 14
0
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, it can predict the percent for 2020,
P( 20) = − 3.42 + 1.297( 20) ln 20 ≈ 74.29% is reasonable. However, for 2030,
P(30) = − 3.42 + 1.297(30) ln 30 ≈ 128.92% is not possible.
ln 2
81. t =
r
(a)
r 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
t 138.6 69.3 46.2 34.7 27.7 23.1
(b) 150
0 0.04
0
ln K
82. t =
0.055
(a)
K 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
t 0 12.60 25.21 32.57 37.81 41.87 45.18
The number of years required to multiply the original investment by K increases with K. However, the larger the value of
K, the fewer the years required to increase the value of the investment by an additional multiple of the original investment.
(b) t
60
50
40
30
20
10
K
−4 4 8 12 16 20 24
−10
83. f (t ) = 80 − 17 log(t + 1), 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 86. y
h
(a) 100 10
4
f
0 12
0
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
(b) f (0) = 80 − 17 log 1 = 80.0 −2
(c) f ( 4) = 80 − 17 log 5 ≈ 68.1 True. The graph of f ( x) = ln( − x) is a reflection of

h( x) = e− x in the line y = − x.
(d) f (10) = 80 − 17 log 11 ≈ 62.3
87. (a) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = x
 I 
84. β = 10 log −12 
 10  The natural log function grows at a slower rate than
the square root function.
 1  40
(a) β = 10 log −12  = 10 log(1012 ) = 120 decibels
 10  g
 10−2 
(b) β = 10 log −12  = 10 log(1010 ) = 100 decibels f
 10  0 1000
0
(c) No, the difference is due to the logarithmic
relationship between intensity and number of (b) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = 4
x
decibels.
The natural log function grows at a slower rate than
the fourth root function.
85. False. Reflecting g ( x) about the line y = x will
15
determine the graph of f ( x). g
0 20,000
0
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms 437
88. (a) The function f ( x ) = 3x matches graph m, and 89.

x 1 2 8
g ( x ) = log 3 x matches graph n.
y 0 1 3
(b) Since f and g are inverse functions, the point ( a, b)
y is not an exponential function of x, but it is a
on the graph of f corresponds to the point (b, a) on logarithmic function of x, y = log 2 x.
the graph of g. So, if f ( a) = b, then g (b) = a.
90.
x 1 2 5
y 2 4 32
y is not a logarithmic function of x, but it is an

exponential function of x, y = 2 x.
ln x
91. f ( x ) =
x
(a)
x 1 5 10
0 0.322 0.230 0.046 0.00092 0.0000138
(b) As x → ∞, f ( x) → 0.
0.5
(c)
0 100
0
92. y = log a x  a y = x, so, for example, if a = −2, there is no value of y for which ( −2) = −4. If a = 1, then every
y
power of a is equal to 1, so x could only be 1. So, log a x is defined only for 0 < a < 1 and a > 1.
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms

1. change-of-base log 16
5. (a) log5 16 =
log 5
log x ln x
2. = ln 16
log a ln a (b) log 5 16 =
ln 5
1
3. log 4
log b a 6. (a) log1 5 4 =
log(1 5)
4. (a) ln(uv) = ln u + ln v ln 4
(b) log1 5 4 =
This is the Product Property ln(1 5)
(b) loga u n = n log a u
3 log(3 10)
This is the Power Property. 7. (a) log x =
10 log x
u
(c) ln   = ln u − ln v 3 ln (3 10)
v (b) log x =
10 ln x
This is the Quotient Property.
log x
8. (a) log 2.6 x =
log 2.6
ln x
(b) log 2.6 x =
ln 2.6
log 17 ln 17 16. log 3 175 = log 3 (7 ⋅ 25)

9. log 3 17 = = ≈ 2.579
log 3 ln 3
= log 3 7 + log 3 52
log 12 ln 12 = log 3 7 + 2 log 3 5

10. log 0.4 12 = = ≈ − 2.712
log 0.4 ln 0.4
17. log 3 ( 215) = log 3 21 − log 3 5
log 0.5 ln 0.5 = log 3 (3 ⋅ 7) − log 3 5
11. logπ 0.5 = = ≈ − 0.606
log π ln π
= log 3 3 + log 3 7 − log 3 5
log 0.125 ln 0.125 = 1 + log 3 7 − log 3 5
12. log 2 3 0.125 = = ≈ 5.129
log( 2 3) ln ( 2 3)
18. log 3 ( 4945 ) = log 3 45 − log 3 49
13. log 3 35 = log 3 (5 ⋅ 7) = log 3 (5 ⋅ 9) − log 3 49
= log 3 5 + log 3 7 = log 3 5 + log 3 9 − log 3 49
= log 3 5 + log 3 32 − log 3 7 2
14. log 3 ( 75 ) = log 3 5 − log 3 7
= log 3 5 + 2 log 3 3 − 2 log 3 7
= log 3 5 + 2 − 2 log 3 7
15. log 3 ( 257 ) = log 3 7 − log 3 25
= log 3 7 − log 3 52 19. log 3 9 = 2 log 3 3 = 2
= log 3 7 − 2 log 3 5
20. log5 1
125
= log5 5− 3 = − 3 log5 5 = − 3(1) = − 3
( 16 ) ( 16 ) = 13 log
13
21. log 6 3 1
6
= log6 = 1
3
log 6 6 6−1 = 1
3 (−1) = − 13
22. log 2 4
8 = 1
4
log 2 23 = 3
4
log 2 2 = 3
4 (1) = 3
4 27. ln e2 + ln e5 = 2 + 5 = 7
23. log 2 ( −2) is undefined. −2 is not in the domain of 28. 2 ln e6 − ln e5 = ln e12 − ln e5

log 2 x. e12
= ln
e5
24. log3 ( −27) is undefined. −27 is not in the domain of
= ln e7
log 3 x.
= 7
4 3 34
25. ln e = ln e 75
29. log 5 75 − log 5 3 = log 5 3
= 3 ln e
4 = log 5 25
= 3
4 (1) = log 5 52
= 3
4 = 2 log 5 5
= 2
1
26. ln = ln 1 − ln e
e 30. log 4 2 + log 4 32 = log 4 41 2 + log 4 45 2
1 1 5
= 0 − ln e = 2
log 4 4 + 2
log 4 4
2
1 = 1
(1) + 5
(1)
= 0 − (1) 2 2
2 = 3
1
= −
2
31. log 4 8 = log 4 ( 4 ⋅ 2) = log 4 4 + log 4 2 = log 4 4 + log 4 41 2 = 1 + 1

2
= 3
2
32. log8 16 = log8 (8 ⋅ 2) = log8 8 + log8 2 = log8 8 + log8 81 3 = 1 + 1

3
= 4
3
33. log b 10 = log b 2.5 40. log b 3

3b = log b (3b)
13
= log b 2 + log b 5
= 1
3
log b (3b)
≈ 0.3562 + 0.8271
= 1.1833
= 1
3
(logb 3 + log b b)
≈ 1
3 (0.5646 + 1)
34. logb 2
3
= logb 2 − logb 3
≈ 0.3562 − 0.5646
= 1
3 (1.5646)
= − 0.2084 ≈ 0.5215
41. ln 7 x = ln 7 + ln x
4 1
35. log b 0.04 = logb 100
= log b 25
42. log 3 13 z = log 3 13 + log 3 z
= logb 1 − logb 25
= logb 1 − logb 52 43. log8 x 4 = 4 log8 x
= 0 − 2 log b 5
≈ − 2(0.8271) 44. ln( xy ) = 3 ln( xy )
3
= −1.6542 = 3(ln x + ln y )
= 3 ln x + 3 ln y
36. log b 2 = log b 21 2
= 1 log b 2 5
2 45. log 5 = log 5 5 − log 5 x
x
≈ 1
2
(0.3562) = 1 − log 5 x
= 0.1781
37. log b 45 = log b 9.5 46. log 6 ( ) = log

w2
v 6 w2 − log 6 v
= log b 9 + log b 5 = 2 log 6 w − log 6 v
2
= log b 3 + log b 5
47. ln z = ln z1 2 = 1 ln z
= 2log b 3 + log b 5 2
≈ 2(0.5646) + 0.8271
48. ln 3
t = ln t1 3 = 1 ln t
3
= 1.9563
49. ln xyz 2 = ln x + ln y + ln z 2
38. logb 3b 2 = logb 3 + logb b 2
= logb 3 + 2 logb b = ln x + ln y + 2 ln z
= logb 3 + 2(1)
50. log 4 (11b 2c) = log 4 11 + log 4 b 2 + log 4 c
≈ 0.5646 + 2
= log 4 11 + 2 log 4 b + log 4 c
= 2.5646
51. ln z ( z − 1) = ln z + ln ( z − 1)
2 2
−2
39. log b ( 2b) = − 2 log b 2b
= ln z + 2 ln( z − 1), z > 1
= − 2(log b 2 + log b b)
≈ − 2(0.3562 + 1)  x2 − 1
= − 2.7124
52. ln 
x 3
2
(
 = ln x − 1 − ln x
3
)
 
= ln ( x + 1)( x − 1) − ln x3
= ln ( x + 1) + ln( x − 1) − 3 ln x
 a2 − 4 
53. log 2   = log 2 a 2 − 4 − log 2 7
 7 
 
= log 2 ( a 2 − 4)
12
− log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a 2 − 4) − log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a − 2)( a + 2) − log 2 7
= 1 log
2 2 (a − 2) + log 2 ( a + 2) − log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a − 2) + 1
2
log 2 ( a + 2) − log 2 7
 3 
x2 + 1
59. ln 4 x 3 ( x 2 + 3) = 1 ln x 3 ( x 2 + 3)
54. ln 
2
 = ln 3 − ln 4
 x + 1
= 1 ln
4
x 3 + ln ( x 2 + 3)
= ln 3 − ln ( x + 1)
12
2
= 1 3 ln
4
x + ln ( x 2 + 3)
= ln 3 − 1 ln ( x 2 + 1)
ln ( x 2 + 3)
2 3 1
= 4
ln x + 4
 x2 
55. log 5  2 3  = log 5 x 2 − log 5 y 2 z 3 12
y z  60. ln x 2 ( x + 2) = ln  x 2 ( x + 2)
= log 5 x 2 − (log 5 y 2 + log5 z 3 ) = ln  x( x + 2) 

12
 
= 2 log 5 x − 2 log 5 y − 3 log5 z
= ln x + ln ( x + 2)
12
xy 4 = ln x + 1
2
ln ( x + 2)
56. log = log xy 4 − log z 5
z5
= log x + log y 4 − log z 5 61. ln 3 + ln x = ln(3x)
= log x + 4 log y − 5 log z
8
62. log 5 8 − log 5 t = log 5
yz  yz 
13 t
57. ln 3 = ln  2 
log 7 ( z − 2) = log 7 ( z − 2)
23
x2 x  63. 2
3
1  yz 
= ln   −4
3  x2  64. − 4 ln 3 x = ln (3x)
1 1
= ln ( yz ) − ln x 2  = ln
3 (3 x ) 4
1
= ln ( yz ) − 2 ln x 1
3 = ln
81x 4
1
= [ln y + ln z − 2 ln x]
3 65. log 3 5 x − 4 log 3 x = log 3 5 x − log 3 x 4
1 1 2
= ln y + ln z − ln x  5x 
3 3 3 = log 3  4 
x 
y y 5
= log 3  3 
58. log 2 x 4 = log 2 x 4 + log 2 x 
z3 z3
1 y
= log 2 x 4 + log 2 3 66. 2 log 2 x + 4 log 2 y = log 2 x 2 + log 2 y 4 = log 2 x 2 y 4
2 z
1
= log 2 x 4 + log 2 y − log 2 z 3  67. log x + 2 log ( x + 1) = log x + log( x + 1)
2
2
= log  x( x + 1) 
2
1 3
= 4 log 2 x + log 2 y − log 2 z  
2 2
68. 2 ln 8 − 5 ln ( z − 4) = ln 82 − ln ( z − 4)
5
69. log x − 2 log y + 3 log z = log x − log y 2 + log z 3
x
= ln 64 − ln ( z − 4)
5
= log + log z 3
y2
 64 
= ln   xz 3
= log
 ( z − 4) 
5
y2
1 log 3 y − 4 log3 z = log3 x3 + log 3 y1 4 − log 3 z 4

70. 3 log 3 x + 4
(
= log 3 x3 4 y − log 3 z 4 )
 x3 4 y 
= log 3  4 
 z 
 
x
71. ln x − ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1) = ln x − ln( x + 1)( x − 1) = ln
( x + 1)( x − 1)
72. 4 ln z + ln ( z + 5) − 2 ln ( z − 5) = 4 ln z ( z + 5) − ln ( z − 5)
2
4
= ln  z ( z + 5) − ln ( z − 5)
2
z 4 ( z + 5)
4
= ln
(z − 5)
2
1 1
2 ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1) = ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1)
2
73.
2 2 
1
= ln  x( x + 3)  − ln ( x 2 − 1)
2
2   
1   x( x + 3) 
2
= ln  2 
2   x − 1 
  
1  x( x + 3) 
2
= ln  2 
2  x −1 
 
x( x + 3)
2
= ln
x2 − 1
74. 2 3 ln x − ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 1) = 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 1)
= 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1)
= 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1)( x − 1)

x3
= 2 ln 2
x −1
2
 x3 
= ln  2 
 x − 1
1 1
log8 y + 2 log8 ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1) = log8 y + log8 ( y + 4)  − log8 ( y − 1)
2
75.
3 3 
1
= log8 y ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
3
y ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
= log8 3
 3
y ( y + 4) 
2
= log8 
 y −1 
 
1
(x + 1) + 2 log 4 ( x − 1) + 6 log 4 x = (x + 1) + log 4 ( x − 1)  + log 4 x 6
1 2
76. 2
log 4 2
log 4

1 log + 1)( x − 1)  + log 4 x 6
(x
2
= 2 4

= log 4  x + 1( x − 1) + log 4 x 6
= log 4  x 6 ( x − 1) x + 1
32 log 2 32
77. log 2 = log 2 32 − log 2 4 ≠
4 log 2 4
The second and third expressions are equal by Property 2.
78. log 7 70 = 1
2
log 7 70 = 1
2 [log 7 7 + log 7 10]
= 1
2 [1 + log 7 10]
= 1 + 1 log 7 10
2 2
= 1 + log 7 10 by Property 1 and Property 3

2
 I 
79. β = 10 log −12  = 10 log I − log 10−12  = 10[log I + 12] = 120 + 10 log I
 10 
When I = 10−6 :
β = 120 + 10 log 10−6 = 120 + 10( −6) = 60 decibels
 I   I 
80. β = 10 log −12  81. β = 10 log −12 
 10   10 
Difference  10−4   10−11 
 1.26 × 10 −7   3.16 × 10−10  Difference = 10 log −12  − 10 log −12 
= 10 log  − 10 log    10   10 
−12
 10   10−12  = 10 log 108 − log 10
= 10 log(1.26 × 10 5
) − log(3.16 × 10 ) 2
= 10(8 − 1)
  1.26 × 10  5
= 10(7)
= 10 log 2 
  3.16 × 10  = 70 dB
≈ 10 log (0.3987 × 103 )
= 10 log (398.7)
≈ 26 dB
82. β = 120 + 10 log( 2I ) = 120 + 10(log 2 + log I ) = (120 + 10 log I ) + 10 log 2

With both stereos playing, the music is 10 log 2 ≈ 3 decibels louder.
83. ln y
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5
y 1.000 1.189 1.316 1.414 1.495 1.565
0.4
0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
0.3
0 0.173 0.275 0.346 0.402 0.448 0.2
0.1
The slope of the line is 14. So, ln y = 1
4
ln x ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
84.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 1.000 0.630 0.481 0.397 0.342 0.303
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y 0
ln y
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
− 0.5
− 1.0
− 1.5
− 2.0
The slope of the line is − 23 . So, ln y = − 23 ln x.
85.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2.500 2.102 1.900 1.768 1.672 1.597
0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
0.916 0.743 0.642 0.570 0.514 0.468
ln y
2.0
1.5
0.5
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
The slope of the line is − 14 . So, ln y = − 14 ln x + ln 52 .
86.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0.500 2.828 7.794 16.000 27.951 44.091
0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
−0.693 1.040 2.053 2.773 3.330 3.786
ln y
ln x
−2 −1 1 2 3
The slope of the line is 52 . So, ln y = 5

2
ln x − ln 2.
87.
Weight, x 25 35 50 75 500 1000
Galloping Speed, y 191.5 182.7 173.8 164.2 125.9 114.2
3.219 3.555 3.912 4.317 6.215 6.908
5.255 5.208 5.158 5.101 4.835 4.738
ln y = − 0.14 ln x + 5.7
88. Take the natural logarithm of each of the x- and y-values.
x y ln x ln y
2 0.113 0.6931
3 0.148 1.0986
4 0.192 1.3863
5 0.225 1.6094
6 0.262 1.7918
ln y
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
−0.5
−1.0
−1.5
−2.0
−2.5
By plotting the points from the table, you can see that the points appear to lie on a line.
Use the points (0.6931, − 2.1804) and (1.7918, −1.3394) to find the slope of the line.
−1.3394 − ( − 2.1804)
m = ≈ 0.7655
1.7918 − 0.6931
Use point-slope form where Y = ln y and X = ln x.
Y − ( − 2.1804) = 0.7655( X − 0.6931)

Y + 2.1804 = 0.7655 X − 0.5306
So, ln y = 0.7655 ln x − 2.711
Using the linear regression feature of a graphing utility yields:
ln y = 0.772 ln x − 2.731
(b) T − 21 = 54.4(0.964)
80 t
89. (a)
T = 54.4(0.964) + 21
t
See graph in (a).

0 30
0
(c) 5
t (in minutes)
0 78 57 4.043 0.0175
5 66 45 3.807 0.0222 0 30
0
10 57.5 36.5 3.597 0.0274
ln (T − 21) = −0.037t + 4
15 51.2 30.2 3.408 0.0331
T = e −0.037t + 3.997 + 21
20 46.3 25.3 3.231 0.0395
This graph is identical to T in (b).
25 42.5 21.5 3.068 0.0465
30 39.6 18.6 2.923 0.0538
1
(d) = 0.0012t + 0.016
T − 21
1
T = + 21
0.001t + 0.016
0.07 80
0 30 0 30
0 0
90. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: If y = ab x , then 91. f ( x ) = ln x

ln y = ln( ab x
) = ln a + x ln b, which is linear. If False, f (0) ≠ 0 because 0 is not in the domain of
y =
1
, then
1
= cx + d . f ( x).
cx + d y
f (1) = ln 1 = 0
92. f ( ax ) = f ( a ) + f ( x ), a > 0, x > 0
True, because f ( ax ) = ln ax = ln a + ln x = f ( a ) + f ( x ) (property 1).
93. False.
x
f ( x) − f ( 2) = ln x − ln 2 = ln ≠ ln ( x − 2)
2
94. False.
f ( x) = ln x can’t be simplified further.
f ( x ) = ln x = ln x1 2 = 1
2
ln x = 1
2
f ( x)
95. False.
f (u ) = 2 f (v)  ln u = 2 ln v  ln u = ln v 2  u = v 2
3
96. True. If f ( x ) < 0, then 0 < x < 1. 98. f ( x) = log1 2 x

log x ln x −3 6
log x ln x = =
97. f ( x) = log 2 x = = log(1 2) ln (1 2)
log 2 ln 2
3 −3
−3 6
−3
99. f ( x) = log1 4 x 2
103. y1 = ln x − ln(x − 3)
4
log x ln x
= =
log(1 4) ln (1 4)
−1 5
−6 6
x
−2 y2 = ln x−3
−4
100. f ( x) = log11.8 x
2 The graphing utility does not show the functions with the
same domain. The domain of y1 = ln x − ln( x − 3) is
log x ln x
= = −1 5 x
log 11.8 ln 11.8 (3, ∞) and the domain of y2 = ln is
x −3
−2 (−∞, 0) ∪ (3, ∞).
101. The power property cannot be used because ln e is 104. The function y = ln x matches graph B since the points
raised to the second power, not just e.
(1, 0) and (e, 1) are located on the graph.
A correct statement is (ln e) = (1) = 1.
2 2
The function y = ln x 2 , x > 0 matches graph D since
the point (1, 0) is located on the graph and the graph
102. log 2 8 = log 2 ( 4 + 4) ≠ log 2 4 + log 2 4.
increases at a greater rate than y = ln x.
A correct statement is
log 2 8 = log 2 23 = 3 log 2 2 = 3(1) = 3. The function y = ln 2 x matches graph C since the
point ( 12 , 0) is located on the graph.
The function y = ln 2 matches graph A since it is a
constant function, represented by a horizontal line.
105. ln 2 ≈ 0.6931, ln 3 ≈ 1.0986, ln 5 ≈ 1.6094

ln 1 = 0
ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
ln 3 ≈ 1.0986
ln 4 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 2) = ln 2 + ln 2 ≈ 0.6931 + 0.6931 = 1.3862
ln 5 ≈ 1.6094
ln 6 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 3) = ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 0.6931 + 1.0986 = 1.7917
ln 8 = ln 23 = 3 ln 2 ≈ 3(0.6931) = 2.0793
ln 9 = ln 32 = 2 ln 3 ≈ 2(1.0986) = 2.1972
ln 10 = ln (5 ⋅ 2) = ln 5 + ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 0.6931 = 2.3025
ln 12 = ln ( 22 ⋅ 3) = ln 22 + ln 3 = 2 ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 2(0.6931) + 1.0986 = 2.4848
ln 15 = ln (5 ⋅ 3) = ln 5 + ln 3 ≈ 1.6094 + 1.0986 = 2.7080
ln 16 = ln 24 = 4 ln 2 ≈ 4(0.6931) = 2.7724
ln 18 = ln (32 ⋅ 2) = ln 32 + ln 2 = 2 ln 3 + ln 2 ≈ 2(1.0986) + 0.6931 = 2.8903
ln 20 = ln (5 ⋅ 22 ) = ln 5 + ln 22 = ln 5 + 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 2(0.6931) = 2.9956
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 447
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

1. (a) x = y (c) x = 102 − 3 = 97
(b) x = y log 2 (97 + 3) = log 2 (100)
(c) x
Because 210 ≠ 100, 10 2 − 3 is not a solution.
(d) x
6. ln ( 2 x + 3) = 5.8
2. extraneous
(a) x = 1
2
(−3 + ln 5.8)
3. 42 x − 7 = 64
(a) x = 5 ln 2
 ( 12 )(−3 + ln 5.8) + 3 = ln(ln 5.8) ≠ 5.8
4 2(5) − 7 = 43 = 64 No, x = 1
(−3 + ln 5.8) is not a solution.
2
Yes, x = 5 is a solution.
(b) x = 2
(b) x = 1
2 (−3 + e5.8 )
42(2) − 7 = 4−3 = 1
≠ 64 ln 2( 12 )( −3 + e5.8 ) + 3 = ln (e5.8 ) = 5.8
64  
No, x = 2 is not a solution. Yes, x = 1
2 (−3 + e5.8 ) is a solution.
(c) x = 1
2 (log 4 64 + 7) (c) x ≈ 163.650
2(1 2(log 4 64 + 7)) − 7
4 = 64 ln 2(163.650) + 3 = ln 330.3 ≈ 5.8
4(log 4 64 + 7) − 7 = 64 Yes, x ≈ 163.650 is an approximate solution.
4(3 + 7) − 7 = 64
7. 4 x = 16
43 = 64
4 x = 42
Yes, x = 1
2
(log 4 64 + 7) is a solution. x = 2
4. 4e x −1 = 60
( 12 )
x
8. = 32
(a) x = 1 + ln 15
2 − x = 25
4e(1 + ln 15) −1 = 4eln15 = 4(15) = 60
−x = 5
Yes, x = 1 + ln 15 is a solution. x = −5
(b) x = ln 1.708
9. ln x − ln 2 = 0
6.832 ln x = ln 2
4eln 1.708 −1 = 4eln 1.708e −1 = 4(1.708)e −1 = ≠ 60
e x = 2
No, x = ln 1.708 is not a solution.
10. log x − log 10 = 0
(c) x = ln 16 log x − 1 = 0
64 log x = 1
4eln 16 −1 = 4eln 16e −1 = 4(16)e −1 = ≠ 60
e
10log x = 10
No, x = ln 16 is not a solution. x = 10
5. log 2 ( x + 3) = 10 11. ex = 2
(a) x = 1021 ln e x = ln 2
log 2 (1021 + 3) = log 2 (1024) x = ln 2
x ≈ 0.693
Because 210 = 1024, x = 1021 is a solution.
(b) x = 17
log 2 (17 + 3) = log 2 ( 20)
Because 210 ≠ 20, x = 17 is not a solution.
12. ex = 1 2 −3
3 20. ex = ex − 2
ln e x = ln ( 13 ) x2 − 3 = x − 2
x2 − x − 1 = 0
x = ln ( 13 ) ≈ −1.099
By the Quadratic Formula
13. ln x = −1 x ≈ 1.618, x ≈ −0.618.
eln x = e −1
21. 4(3x ) = 20
x = e −1
x ≈ 0.368 3x = 5
log 3 3x = log 3 5
14. log x = − 2
log 5 ln 5
10log x = 10−2 x = log3 5 = or
log 3 ln 3
x = 10−2 x ≈ 1.465
x = 1 = 0.01
100
22. 4e x = 91
91
15. log 4 x = 3 ex = 4
log 4 x
4 = 43 ln e x = ln 91
4
3
x = 4 91
x = ln 4
≈ 3.125
x = 64
1 23. e x − 8 = 31
16. log 5 x = 2
log5 x
e x = 39
5 = 51 2
ln e x = ln 39
x = 5 ≈ 2.236
x = ln 39 ≈ 3.664
17. f ( x) = g ( x)
24. 5 x + 8 = 26
x
2 = 8
5 x = 18
2 x = 23
x = log 5 18
x = 3
ln 18
Point of intersection: x =
ln 5
(3, 8) x ≈ 1.796
18. f ( x) = g ( x) 25. 32 x = 80
log 3 x = 2 ln 32 x = ln 80
2
x = 3 2 x ln 3 = ln 80
x = 9 ln 80
x = ≈ 1.994
Point of intersection: 2 ln 3
(9, 2)
26. 4−3t = 0.10
19. e x = e x
2 −2 ln 4−3t = ln 0.10
x = x2 − 2 (−3t ) ln 4 = ln 0.10
0 = x2 − x − 2 ln 0.10
−3t =
ln 4
0 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
ln 0.10
x = −1, x = 2 t = − ≈ 0.554
3 ln 4
27. 32 − x = 400 32. 500e − 2 x = 125

ln 32 − x = ln 400 e− 2 x = 1
4
(2 − x) ln 3 = ln 400 ln e − 2 x = ln 1
4
2 ln 3 − x ln 3 = ln 400 1
− 2 x = ln 4
− x ln 3 = ln 400 − 2 ln 3
x = − 12 ln 1
x ln 3 = 2 ln 3 − ln 400 4
2 ln 3 − ln 400 x ≈ 0.693
x =
ln 3
33. 7 − 2e x = 5
ln 400
x = 2− ≈ − 3.454 −2 e x = −2
ln 3
ex = 1
28. 7 −3 − x = 242 x = ln 1 = 0
−3 − x
ln 7 = ln 242
34. −14 + 3e x = 11
(− 3 − x) ln 7 = ln 242
3e x = 25
− 3 ln 7 − x ln 7 = ln 242
25
− x ln 7 = ln 242 + 3 ln 7 ex = 3
25
x ln 7 = − 3 ln 7 − ln 242 ln e x = ln 3
− 3 ln 7 − ln 242 x = ln 25
x = 3
ln 7
x ≈ 2.120
ln 242
x = −3 − ≈ − 5.821
ln 7 ( )
35. 6 23 x −1 − 7 = 9
29. 8(103 x ) = 12 6( 23 x −1 ) = 16
12 8
103 x = 8
23 x −1 =
3
log 103 x = log( 32 ) 8
log 2 23 x −1 = log 2  
3x = log( 32 )  3
8 log(8 3) ln (8 3)
x = 13 log( 32 ) 3 x − 1 = log 2   =
 3 log 2
or
ln 2
x ≈ 0.059 1  log(8 3) 
x =  + 1 ≈ 0.805
3  log 2 
30. 8(36 − x ) = 40
36 − x = 5 36. 8( 46 − 2 x ) + 13 = 41
ln 36 − x = ln 5 8( 46 − 2 x ) = 28
(6 − x) ln 3 = ln 5
46 − 2 x = 3.5
ln 5
6− x = 6 − 2 x = log 4 3.5
ln 3
ln 3.5
ln 5 6 − 2x =
−x = −6 ln 4
ln 3
ln 3.5
ln 5 −2 x = −6 +
x = 6− ≈ 4.535 ln 4
ln 3
ln 3.5
x = 3− ≈ 2.548
2 ln 4
31. e3 x = 12
3x = ln 12
ln 12
x = ≈ 0.828
3
37. 3 x = 2 x −1 42. e2 x − 5e x + 6 = 0
ln 3x = ln 2 x −1 (e x − 2)(e x − 3) = 0
x ln 3 = ( x − 1) ln 2
e x = 2 or e x = 3
x ln 3 = x ln 2 − ln 2
x = ln 2 ≈ 0.693 or x = ln 3 ≈ 1.099
x ln 3 − x ln 2 = − ln 2
x(ln 3 − ln 2) = − ln 2 1
43. = 5
ln 2 1 − ex
x = ≈ −1.710
ln 2 − ln 3 1 = 5(1 − e x )
1
38. e x +1 = 2 x + 2 = 1 − ex
5
ln e x +1 = ln 2 x + 2 1
−1 = − ex
x + 1 = ( x + 2) ln 2 5
x + 1 = x ln 2 + 2 ln 2 4
− = − ex
x − x ln 2 = 2 ln 2 − 1 5
4
x(1 − ln 2) = 2 ln 2 − 1 = ex
5
2 ln 2 − 1 4
x = ≈ 1.259 ln = ln e x
1 − ln 2 5
4
2 ln = x
39. 4x = 5x 5
ln 4 x = ln 5 x
2 x ≈ − 0.223
x ln 4 = x 2 ln 5 100
44. =1
x 2 ln 5 − x ln 4 = 0 1 + e2 x
x ( x ln 5 − ln 4) = 0 100 = 1 + e 2 x
x = 0 99 = e 2 x
ln 4 ln 99 = ln e 2 x
x ln 5 − ln 4 = 0  x = ≈ 0.861
ln 5 ln 99 = 2 x
1
ln 99 = x
x2 6− x 2
40. 3 = 7
x2
x ≈ 2.298
ln 3 = ln 7 6 − x
x 2 ln 3 = (6 − x)ln 7
365t
 0.065 
45. 1 +  = 4
x 2 ln 3 = 6 ln 7 − x ln 7  365 
365t
x 2 ln 3 + x ln 7 − 6ln 7 = 0  0.065 
ln 1 +  = ln 4
Use Quadratic Formula:  365 
 0.065 
− ln 7 ± (ln 7) − 4(ln 3)(− 6 ln 7)
2 365t ln 1 +  = ln 4
x =  365 
2(ln 3) ln 4
t = ≈ 21.330
− ln 7 ± (ln 7)
2
+ 24(ln 3)(ln 7)  0.065 
365 ln 1 + 
x = ≈ − 4.264, 2.493  365 
2 ln 3
41. e 2 x − 4e x − 5 = 0
(e x + 1)(e x − 5) = 0
e x = −1 or ex = 5
(No solution) x = ln 5 ≈ 1.609
 0.10 
12t
54. 4 log( x − 6) = 11
46. 1 +  = 2
 12  log( x − 6) = 11
4
12t
 0.10  10log( x − 6) = 1011 4
ln 1 +  = ln 2
 12 
x − 6 = 1011 4
 0.10 
12t ln 1 +  = ln 2 x = 1011 4 + 6 ≈ 568.341
 12 
t =
ln 2
≈ 6.960 55. ln x − ln ( x + 1) = 2
 0.10 
12 ln 1 +   x 
 12  ln   = 2
 x + 1
47. ln x = −3 x
= e2
x +1
x = e −3 ≈ 0.050
x = e 2 ( x + 1)
48. ln x − 7 = 0
x = e2 x + e2
ln x = 7
x − e2 x = e2
x = e7 ≈ 1096.633
x(1 − e 2 ) = e 2
49. 2.1 = ln 6 x e2
x = ≈ −1.157
e2.1 = 6 x 1 − e2
e2.1 This negative value is extraneous. The equation has no
= x
6 solution.
1.361 ≈ x
56. ln x + ln ( x + 1) = 1
50. log 3 z = 2 ln  x( x + 1) = 1
log 3 z 2 ln x( x +1)
10 = 10 e = e1
3 z = 100 x( x + 1) = e1
100
z = 3
≈ 33.333 x2 + x − e = 0
1 + 4e −1 ±
51. 3 − 4 ln x = 11 x =
2
− 4 ln x = 8 −1 + 1 + 4e
The only solution is x = ≈ 1.223.
ln x = − 2 2
1
x = e− 2 = ≈ 0.135 57. ln ( x + 5) = ln ( x − 1) − ln ( x + 1)
e2
 x − 1
ln ( x + 5) = ln  
52. 3 + 8 ln x = 7  x + 1
8 ln x = 4 x −1
x +5 =
1 x +1
ln x =
2 ( x + 5)( x + 1) = x − 1
x = e1 2 = e ≈ 1.649 x2 + 6x + 5 = x − 1
53. 6 log 3 (0.5 x) = 11 x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
log 3 (0.5 x) = 11 (x + 2)( x + 3) = 0

6
x = −2 or x = −3
3log3 (0.5 x) = 311 6
0.5 x = 311 6 Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation
has no solution.
x = 2(311 6 ) ≈ 14.988
58. ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 2) = ln x 60. log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 2) = log 2 ( x + 6)

 x + 1 log 2  x( x + 2) = log 2 ( x + 6)
ln   = ln x
 x − 2 x ( x + 2) = x + 6
x +1
= x 2
x + x −6 = 0
x − 2
x + 1 = x2 − 2 x (x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
0 = x 2 − 3x − 1 x = −3 or x = 2
−( − 3) ± The value x = −3 is extraneous. The only solution is

(− 3)2 − 4(1)( −1)
= x x = 2.
2(1)
3± 13 1
= x 61. log 4 x − log 4 ( x − 1) =
2 2
 x  1
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is log 4   =
 x − 1 2
3 + 13 log 4  x ( x − 1)
x = ≈ 3.303. 4 = 41 2
2
x
= 41 2
59. log(3x + 4) = log( x − 10) x −1
3 x + 4 = x − 10 x = 2( x − 1)
2 x = −14 x = 2x − 2
x = −7 − x = −2
The negative value is extraneous. x = 2
The equation has no solution.
62. log 8 x − log 1 +( x = 2)

8x
log = 2
1+ x
8x
= 102
1+ x
8 x = 100 1 + ( x )
2 x = 25 1 + ( )
x = 25 + 25 x
2 x − 25 = 25 x
( )
2
(2 x − 25) = 25
2
x
4 x 2 − 100 x + 625 = 625 x
4 x 2 − 725 x + 625 = 0
x =
725 ± 7252 − 4( 4)(625)
=
725 ± 515,625
=
(
25 29 ± 5 33 )
2( 4) 8 8
x ≈ 0.866 (extraneous) or x ≈ 180.384
The only solution is x =

(
25 29 + 5 33 ) ≈ 180.384.
8
63. f ( x) = 5x − 212 250

67. y1 = 3 5
y2 = ln x
Algebraically:
From the graph,
5 x = 212
−2 6 x ≈ 20.086 when y = 3. −5 30
ln 5 x = ln 212
−1
− 50
Algebraically:
x ln 5 = ln 212
3 − ln x = 0
ln 212
x = ln x = 3
ln 5
x = e3 ≈ 20.086
x ≈ 3.328
The zero is x ≈ 3.328. 68. y1 = 4 ln ( x − 2)
y2 = 10
64. g ( x) = 6e1 − x − 25
6
From the graph, x ≈ 14.182 when y = 10.
Algebraically:
−6 15 Algebraically:
6e1 − x = 25 10 − 4 ln ( x − 2) = 0
18
25
e1 − x = −4 ln ( x − 2) = −10
6 − 30
ln ( x − 2) = 2.5
 25  −5 30
1 − x = ln  
 6 eln( x − 2) = e 2.5 −3
 25  x − 2 = e 2.5
x = 1 − ln  
 6 x = e 2.5 + 2
x ≈ −0.427 x ≈ 14.182
The zero is x ≈ −0.427. The solution is x ≈ 14.182.
65. g ( x) = 8e−2 x 3 − 11 69. y1 = 2 ln ( x + 3)

y2 = 3
Algebraically: 5
8e −2 x 3 = 11 −3 7
From the graph, x ≈ 1.482 when y = 3.
e −2 x 3 = 1.375 Algebraically: 6
2x 2 ln ( x + 3) = 3
− = ln 1.375 − 15
3 ln ( x + 3) = 3
2 −4 8
x = −1.5 ln 1.375 32
x +3 = e −2
x ≈ −0.478
x = e3 2 − 3 ≈ 1.482
The zero is x ≈ −0.478.
70. y1 = ln ( x + 1)
66. g (t ) = e0.09t − 3
y2 = 2 − ln x
8
Algebraically:
From the graph, x ≈ 2.264 when y ≈ 1.183.
e0.09t = 3
Algebraically:
0.09t = ln 3 − 20 40
ln ( x + 1) = 2 − ln x
ln 3
t = ln ( x + 1) + ln x = 2
−4 5
0.09
t ≈ 12.207 ln  x( x + 1) = 2
x ( x + 1) = e 2
−3 9
The zero is t ≈ 12.207.
x 2 + x − e2 = 0 −3
−1 ± 1 + 4e 2
x =
2
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is
−1 + 1 + 4e 2
x = ≈ 2.264.
2
71. (a) r = 0.025 74. − x 2e − x + 2 xe − x = 0

(− x 2 + 2 x )e − x = 0
rt
A = Pe
0.025t
5000 = 2500e
− x2 + 2x = 0 (because e− x ≠ 0)
2 = e0.025t
− x ( x − 2) = 0
ln 2 = 0.025t
x = 0, 2
ln 2
= t
0.025
75. − xe − x + e − x = 0
t ≈ 27.73 years
(− x + 1)e − x = 0
(b) r = 0.025
A = Pe rt
−x + 1 = 0 (because e− x ≠ 0)
x =1
7500 = 2500e0.025t
3 = e0.025t 76. e −2 x − 2 xe −2 x = 0
ln 3 = 0.025t (1 − 2 x)e −2 x = 0
ln 3
0.025
= t 1 − 2x = 0 (because e−2 x ≠ 0)
x = 1
t ≈ 43.94 years 2
72. (a) r = 0.0375 1 + ln x

77. = 0
A = Pe rt 2
5000 = 2500e0.0375t 1 + ln x = 0
ln x = −1
2 = e0.0375t
1
ln 2 = 0.0375t x = e −1 = ≈ 0.368
e
ln 2
= t
0.0375 1 − ln x
78. = 0
t ≈ 18.48 years x2
(b) r = 0.0375 1 − ln x = 0 (because x > 0)
A = Pe rt ln x = 1
7500 = 2500e 0.0375t x = e ≈ 2.718
3 = e0.0375t 79. 2 x ln x + x = 0
ln 3 = 0.0375t x( 2 ln x + 1) = 0
ln 3
= t 2 ln x + 1 = 0 (because x > 0)
0.0375
t ≈ 29.30 years ln x = − 12
x = e −1 2 ≈ 0.607
2 2x 2x
73. 2 x e + 2 xe = 0
1
(2 x 2
+ 2 x )e 2x
= 0 80. 2 x ln   − x = 0
 x
2x2 + 2x = 0 (because e2 x ≠ 0)
 1 
x 2 ln   − 1 = 0
2 x( x + 1) = 0   x 
x = 0, −1 1
2 ln   − 1 = 0 (because x > 0)
 x
1 1
ln   =
 x 2
1
= e1 2
x
x = e −1 2 ≈ 0.607
81. (a)
100
82. (a) Let p = 169, and solve for x.
f(x)
80
 4 
population
Percent of
60 p = 50001 − 
m(x)  4 + e −0.002 x 
40
 4 
169 = 50001 −
20

x  4 + e −0.002 x 
55 60 65 70 75
Height (in inches) 169 4
=1−
5000 4 + e −0.002 x
From the graph you see horizontal asymptotes at
y = 0 and y = 100. 4
−0.9662 = −
4 + e −0.002 x
These represent the lower and upper percent bounds;
the range falls between 0% and 100%. 4 + e −0.002 x ≈ 4.1399
100 e −0.002 x ≈ 0.1399

(b) Males: 50 =
1 + e− 0.5536( x − 69.51) − 0.002 x ≈ ln 0.1399
1+ e − 0.5536( x − 69.51)
= 2 − 0.002 x ≈ −1.9668
−0.5536( x − 69.51) x ≈ 983
e =1
When the price is $169, the demand is 983 phones.
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = ln 1
(b) Let p = 299 and solve for x.
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = 0
x = 69.51  4 
299 = 50001 − 
 4 + e −0.002 x 
The average height of an American male is
69.51 inches. 299 4
=1−
100 5000 4 + e −0.002 x
Females: 50 = 4
1 + e −0.5834( x − 64.49) − 0.9402 = −
4 + e −0.002 x
1 + e −0.5834( x − 64.49) = 2
4 + e −0.002 x ≈ 4.2544
e −0.5834( x − 64.49) = 1
e −0.002 x ≈ 0.2544
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = ln 1
− 0.002 x ≈ ln 0.2544
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = 0 − 0.002 x ≈ −1.3688
x = 64.49 x ≈ 684
The average height of an American female is When the price is $299, the demand is 684 phones.
64.49 inches.
83. N = 5.5 ⋅ 10 0.23 x

When N = 78:
78 = 5.5 ⋅ 100.23 x
78
= 100.23 x
5.5
78
log10 = 0.23 x
5.5
log10 (78 5.5)
x = ≈ 5.008 years
0.23
The beaver population will reach 78 in about 5 years.
84. N = 3500(10− 0.12 x ) 88. T = 20 + 140e − 0.68 h
When N = 22: (a) From the graph, you see a horizontal asymptote at
T = 20.
22 = 3500(10− 0.12 x ) This horizontal asymptote represents the room
22 temperature.
= 10− 0.12 x
3500 (b) 100 = 20 + 140e− 0.68h
22 80 = 140e − 0.68 h
log10 = − 0.12 x
3500
4
log10 ( 22 3500) = e − 0.68 h
x = − ≈ 18.347 inches 7
0.12
 4
85. P = 75 ln t + 540 ln   = ln e − 0.68h
7
Let P = 720  4
ln   = − 0.68h
720 = 75 ln t + 540 7
180 = 75 ln t ln ( 4 7)
= h
180 − 0.68
= ln t
75 h ≈ 0.823 hour ≈ 49.4 minutes
ln t = 2.4
89. log a (uv ) = log a u + log a v
t = e2.4 ≈ 11.02 or 2011
True by Property 1 in Section 5.3.
86. P = 81 ln t + 807
90. log a (u + v ) = (log a u )(log a v )
Let P = 965
False.
965 = 81 ln t + 807
2.04 ≈ log10 (10 + 100) ≠ (log1010)(log10100) = 2
158 = 81 ln t
158 91. log a (u − v ) = log a u − log a v
= ln t
81 False.
t = e158 81 ≈ 7.03 or 2007 1.95 = log(100 − 10)
87. T = 20 + 60e − 0.06 m ≠ log 100 − log 10 = 1
Let T = 70
u
92. log a   = log a u − log a v
70 = 20 + 60e − 0.06 m v
50 = 60e − 0.06 m True by Property 2 in Section 5.3.
5
6
= e − 0.06 m 93. Yes, a logarithmic equation can have more than one
5 extraneous solution. See Exercise 57.
ln 6
= − 0.06m
1 ln
m = − 0.06 5 94. The domain of the term log 3 ( x − 8) is x > 8. So,
6
m ≈ 3.039 minutes the domain of the entire function is also x > 8.
Therefore, x = 9 is the only solution because x = −1
is extraneous.
95. A = Pert
(a) A = ( 2 P )e rt = 2( Pe rt ) This doubles your money.
(b) A = Pe(2r )t = Pe rt e rt = e rt ( Pe rt )
(c) A = Pe r(2t ) = Pe rt e rt = e rt ( Pe rt )
Doubling the interest rate yields the same result as doubling the number of years.
If 2 > ert (i.e., rt < ln 2), then doubling your investment would yield the most money. If rt > ln 2, then doubling either
the interest rate or the number of years would yield more money.
96. Yes.
Time to Double Time to Quadruple
rt
2 P = Pe 4 P = Pe rt
2 = ert 4 = e rt
ln 2 = rt ln 4 = rt
ln 2 2 ln 2
= t = t
r r
So, the time to quadruple is twice as long as the time to double.
97. (a) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded annually, n = 1

nt 1
 r  0.07 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  = $1070
 n  1 
1070 − 1000
= 7%
1000
The effective yield is 7%.
nt 1(5)
 r  0.07 
Balance after 5 years: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1402.55
 n  1 
(b) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded continuously
Effective yield: A = Pert = 1000e0.07(1) ≈ $1072.51
1072.51 − 1000
= 7.25%
1000
The effective yield is about 7.25%.
Balance after 5 years: A = Pert = 1000e0.07(5) ≈ $1419.07
(c) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
 r  0.07 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1071.86
 n   4 
1071.86 − 1000
= 7.19%
1000
nt 4(5)
 r  0.07 
 n   4 
(d) P = 1000, r = 0.0725, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
 r  0.0725 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1074.50
 n   4 
1074.50 − 1000
≈ 7.45%
1000
nt 4(5)
 r  0.0725 
 n   4 
Savings plan (d) has the greatest effective yield and the highest balance after 5 years.
98. f ( x) = log a x, g ( x) = a x , a > 1
(a) a = 1.2 16 (14.77, 14.77) The curves intersect twice: (1.258, 1.258) and (14.767, 14.767 )
f(x)
g(x)
−6 24
(1.26, 1.26)
−4
(b) If f ( x) = log a x = a x = g ( x) intersect exactly once, then

x = log a x = a x  a = x1 x .
The graphs of y = x1 x and y = a intersect once for a = e1 e ≈ 1.445. Then
log a x = x  (e1 e ) = x  e x e = x  x = e.
x
For a = e1 e , then curves intersect once at (e, e ).
(c) For 1 < a < e1 e the curves intersect twice. For a > e1 e , the curves do not intersect.
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models

nt
1. y = aebx ; y = ae − bx  r
6. (a) A = P1 + 
 n
2. y = a + b ln x; y = a + b log x
A
nt
= P
3. normally distributed  r
1 + 
 n
a  
4. y =
1 + be − rx  
1
A  = P
r + n 
nt
5. (a) A = Pe rt    
A  n  
= P nt
e rt  n 
A  = P
r + n
rt
(b) A = Pe nt
A  r
(b) A = P1 + 
= e rt  n 
P
nt
A A  r
ln = ln ert = 1 + 
P P  n
A A  r
nt
ln = rt ln = ln 1 + 
P P n
 
ln ( A P)
= t A  r
r ln = nt ln 1 + 
P  n
A
ln
P = nt
 r
ln 1 + 
 n
A
ln
P = t
r + n
n ⋅ ln  
 n 
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 459
7. Because A = 1000e0.035t , the time to double is given by 11. Because A = Pe0.045t and A = 10,000.00 when
2000 = 1000e0.035t and you have t = 10, you have
2 = e0.035t 10,000.00 = Pe0.045(10)

ln 2 = ln e0.035t 10,000.00
= P ≈ $6376.28.
ln 2 = 0.035t e0.045(10)
ln 2 The time to double is given by
t = ≈ 19.8 years. ln 2
0.035 t = ≈ 15.40 years.
0.045
Amount after 10 years: A = 1000e0.35 ≈ $1419.07
12. Because A = Pert and the time to double is 12 years,
8. Because A = 750e0.105t , the time to double is given by
you have 2 P = Pe12r .
1500 = 750e0.105t , and you have
2 P = Pe12 r
0.105t
1500 = 750e
2 = e12 r
2 = e0.105t
ln 2 = ln e12 r
ln 2 = ln e0.105t ln 2 = 12r
ln 2 = 0.105t 1
12
ln 2 = r
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.60 years. 0.057762 ≈ r
0.105
r ≈ 5.7762%
Amount after 10 years: A = 750e0.105(10) ≈ $2143.24
Amount after 10 years:
9. Because A = 750ert and A = 1500 when t = 7.75, 2000 = Pe(0.057762)(10)
you have 2000 = Pe 0.57762
1500 = 750e7.75r 2000 = P
e0.57762
7.75 r
2 = e 1122.465 ≈ P
ln 2 = ln e 7.75r
13. A = 500,000, r = 0.05, n = 12, t = 10
ln 2 = 7.75r
nt
ln 2  r
r = ≈ 0.089438 = 8.9438%. A = P1 + 
7.75  n
Amount after 10 years: A = 750e0.089438(10) ≈ $1834.37  0.05 
12(10)
500,000 = P1 + 
 12 
10. Because A = 500ert and A = $1505.00 when 500,000
t = 10, you have P = 12(10)
 0.05 
1505.00 = 500e10 r 1 + 
 12 
ln (1505.00 500) ≈ $303,580.52
r = ≈ 0.110 = 11.0%.
10
14. A = 500,000, r = 0.035, n = 12, t = 15
The time to double is given by
nt
1000 = 500e 0.110t  r
A = P1 + 
ln 2  n 
t = ≈ 6.3 years. 12(15)
0.110  0.035 
500,000 = P1 + 
 12 
500,000
P = 12(15)
 0.035 
1 + 
 12 
≈ $296,003.78
15. P = 1000, r = 0.1, A = 2000 (c) n = 365

365t
 r
nt
 0.1 
A = P1 +  1 +  = 2
 n  365 
365t
 0.1 
nt
 365.1 
2000 = 10001 + ln   = ln 2
  365 
 n 
 0.1 
nt  365.1 
2 = 1 + 
365t ln   = ln 2
 n   365 
ln 2
(a) n = 1 365t =
ln (365.1 365)
(1 + 0.1) = 2
t
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.93 years
(1.1)
t
= 2 365 ln (365.1 365)
ln (1.1) = ln 2
t (d) Compounded continuously
t ln 1.1 = ln 2 A = Pe rt
ln 2 2000 = 1000e0.1t
t = ≈ 7.27 years
ln 1.1 2 = e0.1t
(b) n = 12 ln 2 = ln e0.1t
 0.1 
12 t 0.1t = ln 2
1 +  = 2
ln 2
 12  t = ≈ 6.93 years
12 t 0.1
 12.1 
ln   = ln 2
 12 
 12.1 
12t ln   = ln 2
 12 
ln 2
12t =
ln (12.1 12)
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.96 years
12 ln (12.1 12)
16. P = 1000, r = 0.065, A = 2000

nt
 r
A = P1 + 
 n
nt
 0.065 
2000 = 10001 + 
 n 
nt
 0.065 
2 = 1 + 
 n 
(a) n = 1 (b)
(1 + 0.065) = 2
t
(1.065)
t
= 2
ln (1.065) = ln 2
t
t ln (1.065) = ln 2
ln 2
t = ≈ 11.01 years
ln 1.065
(c) n = 365 (d) Compounded continuously

365t
 0.065 
1 +  = 2
 365 
365t
 365.065 
ln   = ln 2
 365 
 365.065 
365t ln   = ln 2
 365 
ln 2
365t =
ln (365.065 365)
ln 2
t = ≈ 10.66 years
365 ln (365.065 365)
17. (a) 3P = Pe rt
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3 = e rt
ln 3 = rt 54.93 27.47 18.31 13.73 10.99 9.16
ln 3
= t
r
3P = P(1 + r )
t
(b)
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3 = (1 + r )
t
ln 3 = ln (1 + r )
t
55.48 28.01 18.85 14.27 11.53 9.69
ln 3
= t
ln (1 + r )
18. (a) 60
20. ( )
0.055 [[365t [[
A = 1 + 365
2
From the graph, 5 12 %
compounded daily grows
0 0.16
faster than 6% simple interest.
0
0 10
Using the power regression feature of a graphing 0
A = 1 + 0.06 [[ t [[
utility, t = 1.099r −1.
(b) 60 1
21. a = 10, y = (10) = 5, t = 1599
2
y = ae −bt
5 = 10e −b(1599)
0 0.16
0
0.5 = e −1599b
Using the power regression feature of a graphing ln 0.5 = ln e −1599b
utility, t = 1.222r −1. ln 0.5 = −1599b
ln 0.5
19. Continuous compounding results in faster growth. b = −
1599
A = 1 + 0.075t  and A = e0.07t Given an initial quantity of 10 grams, after 1000 years,
A
you have
2.00 A= e0.07t
− − (ln 0.5) 1599(1000)
y = 10e ≈ 6.48 grams.
Amount (in dollars)
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00 A = 1 + 0.075 [[ t [[
t
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in years)
1 25. y = aebx
22. a = 6.5, y = (6.5) = 3.25, t = 5715
2
1 = aeb(0)  1 = a
y = ae −bt
10 = eb(3)
3.25 = 6.5e −b(5715)
ln 10 = 3b
0.5 = e −5715b
ln 10
ln 0.5 = ln e −5715b = b  b ≈ 0.7675
3
ln 0.5 = −5715b
ln 0.5 So, y = e0.7675 x .
b = −
5715
26. y = aebx
Given an initial quantity of 6.5 grams, after 1000 years,
1 1
you have = aeb(0)  a =
− −(ln 0.5) 5715(1000)
2 2
y = 6.5e ≈ 5.76 grams. 1 b(4)
5 = e
2
23. y = 2, a = 2( 2) = 4, t = 5715
10 = e 4b
y = ae −bt ln 10 = ln e 4b
− b(5715)
2 = 4e ln 10 = 4b
−5715b
0.5 = e ln 10
= b  b ≈ 0.5756
ln 0.5 = ln e −5715b 4
ln 0.5 = −5715b 1 0.5756 x
So, y = e .
2
ln 0.5
b = −
5715
27. y = aebx
Given 2 grams after 1000 years, the initial amount is
5 = aeb(0)  5 = a
2 = ae  ( )
−− ln 0.5 5715(1000)
1 = 5eb(4)
a ≈ 2.26 grams.
1
= e 4b
24. y = 0.4, a = 2(0.4) = 0.8, t = 24,100 5
1
ln   = 4b
y = ae −bt 5
0.4 = 0.8e −b(24,100) ln (1 5)
= b  b ≈ −0.4024
0.5 = e −24,100b 4
ln 0.5 = ln e −24,100b So, y = 5e −0.4024 x .
ln 0.5 = −24,100b
28. y = aebx
ln 0.5
b = −
24,100 1 = aeb(0)  1 = a
1
Given 0.4 gram after 1000 years, the initial amount is = eb(3)
4
0.4 = ae  ( )
−− ln 0.5 24,100(1000)
1
a ≈ 0.41 gram. ln   = ln e3b
 4
1
ln   = 3b
 4
ln (1 4)
= b  b ≈ −0.4621
3
So, y = e −0.4621x .
29. (a) P = 76.6e 0.0313t
Year 1980 1990 2000 2010

P 104.752 143.251 195.899 267.896
Population 104,752 143,251 195,899 267,896
(b) Let P = 360, and solve for t.
360 = 76.6e0.0313t
360
= e0.0313t
76.6
 360 
ln   = 0.0313t
 76.6 
1  360 
ln   = t
0.0313  76.6 
49.4 ≈ t
According to the model, the population will reach 360,000 in 2019.
(c) No; As t increases, the population increases rapidly.
30. (a) Bulgaria: (15, 7.2), ( 25, 6.7)
Let y = aebt so,

7.2 = ae15b and 6.7 = ae 25 b .
7.2 7.2
= a  6.7 = 15b e 25b
e15b e
6.7
= e10b
7.2
 6.7 
ln   = 10b
 7.2 
1  6.7 
ln   = b
10  7.2 
− 0.00720 ≈ b
Since b ≈ − 0.00720,
7.2
a = ≈ 8.0
e(15)(− 0.00720)
So, y = 8.0e − 0.00720t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 8.0e − 0.00720(35) ≈ 6.2 million people.
Canada: (15, 35.1), ( 25, 37.6)
Let y = aebt so,

35.1 = ae15b and 37.6 = ae 25b .
35.1 35.1
15b
= a  37.6 = 15b e 25b
e e
37.6
= e10b
35.1
 37.6 
ln   = 10b
 35.1 
1  37.6 
ln   = b
10  35.1 
0.00688 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00688,
35.1
a = ≈ 31.7
e(15)(0.00688)
So, y = 31.7e0.00688t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 31.7e0.00688(35) ≈ 40.3 million people.
China: (15, 1367.5), ( 25, 1407.0)
Let y = aebt so,

1367.5 = ae15 b and 1407.0 = ae 25b .
1367.5 1367.5 25b
= a  1407.0 = e
e15b e15b
1407.0
= e10b
1367.5
 1407.0 
ln   = 10b
 1367.5 
1  1407.0 
ln   = b
10  1367.5 
0.00285 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00285,
1367.5
a = ≈ 1310.3.
e(15)(0.00285)
So, y = 1310.3e0.00285t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 1310.3e0.00285(35) ≈ 1447.7 million people.
United Kingdom: (15, 64.1), ( 25, 67.2)
Let y = aebt so,

64.1 = ae15b and 67.2 = ae 25b .
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Adjustment for Range.—Three methods are available for
adjusting the range finder for range; the artificial infinity method,
using the adjusting bar; the actual infinity method using the sun,
moon, star, or a very prominent distant point; the known range
method, using a point the range to which is known. Of the three, the
first is the best and should habitually be used.
By the Adjusting Bar.—Set up the range finder; take the
adjusting bar and place it 100 yards from the instrument, sighting
through the peep sight (y) of the adjusting bar and moving it until the
range finder appears in the center of the field of view. Set the range
scale at infinity by turning the measuring roller (M), then make an
observation on the adjusting bar. The right hand line of the upper
image of the adjusting bar and the left hand line of the lower image
should now be coincident, in which case the instrument is in
adjustment (Fig. 10). If not, bring these lines in coincidence by
turning the key which fits the square shaft (K), which operates the
range correction dial (L). This operation should be repeated at least
three times, the reading of the range correction dial being noted
each time. Now, set the range correction dial at the mean of the
three readings. Remove the key. The instrument is now in
adjustment. Before using, always note the reading of the range
correction dial.
THREE STEPS IN MEASURING A DISTANCE.
By the Actual Infinity Method.—This method is in all respects

the same as the one with the adjusting bar, except for the images.
After the instrument is set for infinity, actual coincidence is made as
in paragraph 99.
By the Known Range Method.—Operate the measuring roller
(M) until the range dial reads the actual distance to the object. After
the range finder has been set for this known range, actual
coincidence is obtained by using the key which operates the range
correction dial.
FIELD GLASSES.
The instruments for focusing the eyepieces and for adjusting the
interpupillary distance are the same as for the telescope.
The two barrels should revolve easily about the central pivot and
clamp in any position of the interpupillary scale.
After being once adjusted, the field glasses should fit into the case
without being changed.
Carrying strap, button strap and rain shield should always be part
of the equipment. Amber shades and camels hair brush should be
carried in the case for use.
The vertical scale in the Type EE Field Glass represents the
Infantry range scale and does not apply to Field Artillery.
Compass should always be securely clamped except when in use.
THE BRACKET FUZE SETTER, MODEL 1905 M.

The bracket fuze setter is attached to the rear end of the fuze
setter bracket on the caisson. It consists of the following principal
parts: Base, housing, corrector-worm case, guide, range and
corrector worms, rings, and scales.
The corrector scale reads from 0 to 60, numbered every 10 points,
30 being the normal or mean arbitrary point. The range ring is
graduated to 6400 yards, numbered every 500 yards, least reading
50 yards. These rings are graduated for the F. A. fuze on one side
and for the Ehrhardt fuze on the other. Care should be taken that the
proper side is up when firing the two different kinds of shrapnel.
THE HAND FUZE SETTER, MODEL 1912.

The hand fuze setter is provided for the same purpose as the
bracket fuze setter, and is intended to supplement the latter. One
hand fuze setter is issued in a leather case and is carried in the trail
box of each gun. It is intended for the use in case the bracket fuze
setter should become disabled, or in case the gun should for any
reason be separated from its caissons. The principal parts are the
case, the range index mechanism, range mechanism, corrector
mechanism, and guide plate.
HAND FUZE SETTER, MOD. OF 1912
CHAPTER XV
SIGNAL EQUIPMENT.
CLASSIFICATION.
The most important and widely used means of communication
used by artillery with their advantages and disadvantages follow:
(a) Telephone. The telephone is the quickest and most
satisfactory means of communication, and is the most generally
used of all means. Near the front, in areas subjected to fire it is often
difficult to maintain lines and unless a line be a very carefully
insulated and transposed metallic circuit, conversations held over it
are picked up by the enemy listening service. To guard against such
information being of value to him, telephone codes have been
devised, for use in important messages.
(b) Radio. Radio provides a reasonably certain means of
communication, but such messages are always intercepted by the
enemy. Its use requires enciphered messages.
(c) Projectors. Projectors afford a very reliable means of
communication, but their use depends, to a great extent, on
atmospheric conditions, and frequently they may not be used from
rear to front and are slow in operation.
(d) Flags. Semaphore and wig-wag prove fairly satisfactory only
on exceptionally favorable conditions and in open warfare.
(e) Runners. Used as a last resort. Slow and wasteful but usually
reliable.
In each battalion (F. A.) there are a radio officer, telephone officer,
and enlisted personnel for the maintenance of the communication
system.
The Camp Telephone.
This telephone, which supersedes the field telephone, was
developed by the Signal Corps for use in connection with camp
telephone systems and small arms target range systems, and may
be installed in tents and structures, or considered a portable
instrument for use in the field for testing lines or other purposes. It is
of local battery type. The battery employed is one unit of Tungston
Type A which is made up of two small cells so placed in a rigid paper
that they are connected in series. The combination gives a total
voltage of 3—1½ being normal voltage of each cell. The instrument
is made as compact as practicable and is contained in an oak case
4¼ × 7 × 10” high. The top consists of a metal hinged cover with
circuit diagram on inside, held rigid when closed by a spring snap
which can be readily released by depressing a button. The bottom of
the case is covered by a flanged piece of metal, the flange projecting
approximately one-half inch up sides of case. Through one side of
the case are six three-eighths inch holes which are covered on the
outside by a close mesh metal screen held in place by a metal
frame. These apertures are for the purpose of allowing the ringer to
be distinctly heard. The case is equipped with a substantial,
adjustable carrying strap, each end of which is fastened to the case
by means of hinged metal rings. A small 3-bar magneto generator,
small ringer, induction coil, aluminum chamber for the single unit of
tungston Type A dry battery, hard rubber block upon which are
mounted line binding posts, plug connections for the handset used
with the instrument, hook switch and hook operating it and auxiliary
battery binding posts, are all mounted on a common base which may
be readily removed from case after removing magneto generator
crank, metal housing for it and three screws which extend through
the case. The instrument may be operated with cover closed which
is highly advantageous in inclement weather. To accomplish this
there is a suitable opening for leading out the 3-conductor cord to
receiver and transmitter, the two latter being mounted in the form of
a unit, termed a handset. This handset consists of a transmitter and
a receiver mounted on a metal piece and is so designed that when
the transmitter is normally placed to the mouth, the receiver is
automatically adjusted to the ear. The hook of hook switch is so
designed that it protrudes through the case. When it is desired to
transport the instrument or to remove the base upon which is
mounted all parts of the instrument, it is merely necessary to depress
the hook and push it toward the base. By this arrangement the hook
is not only held in the down position thereby opening the battery
circuit, but it is also protected. The aluminum chamber for housing
the single unit of tungston type A battery is equipped with a spring
catch so located that when upper hinged piece is depressed to
proper position, the battery compresses a helical spring, thereby
insuring continual contact. The base is equipped with two screw
binding posts which may be used to connect leads to an outside
battery in the event of there being no tungston type A batteries
available. An aluminum frame which is supported on the base
previously mentioned forms a compartment for the handset when
instrument is being transported. When the instrument is installed for
a temporary period, unless in actual operation, the proper place for
the handset is hanging on hook of hook switch, there being a ring on
the handset for this purpose. A small screwdriver which will fit
practically all the screws used in the construction of the instrument is
supported by the metal frame and is furnished with each instrument.
The instrument complete weighs about 11 pounds.
THE CAMP TELEPHONE.
CAMP TELEPHONE WIRING.
The Monocord Switchboard.

The liaison of telephone intercommunication between army units is
frequently such that a temporary, quickly installed and flexible type of
small central exchange located in the field, is essential. Such an
exchange is usually placed in a well protected dugout at the infantry
battalion headquarters, artillery battalion headquarters, central
artillery observation post, etc., where it will be the central terminal
point of from four to twelve or more lines connecting with the
headquarters of the higher command, with the several units working
with the battalion, and with the joining similar battalions. The
switchboard which has been designed to meet these requirements is
called the “monocord switchboard” and is made up of either four,
eight or twelve of the type EE-2 switchboard units.
The monocord switchboard is made up of unit panels, on each of
which is mounted all the apparatus needed for the central exchange
end of one telephone line. These panels are made of insulating
material and are mounted in special wooden frames in groups of
four, eight and twelve units, according to the size of the installation
necessary. The two sizes most commonly used in overseas work are
the four unit and twelve unit boards. Each unit is removable from the
frame, thereby lending flexibility to the board and facilitating repair
and replacement. Generally, this type of board is used only for a
small number of lines as the operating facilities do not permit speedy
connections, and it is always better practice to use only three lines
on a four unit board and 11 lines on a twelve unit board in order to
have a spare unit immediately available.
The monocord switchboard may be used with either a magneto
telephone, camp telephone, field telephone Model 1917,
buzzerphone or service buzzer. The operator’s telephone set is not
furnished as a part of the switchboard and a separate telephone set
of one type previously mentioned must be supplied for this purpose.
Switchboard Frame.—The switchboard frame is made of hard
wood, varnished in order to make it moisture proof. Its function is to
hold the various units together and to protect them from dust and
mechanical injury. In the back of the frame there are three horizontal
brass bars extending the width of the board. In addition to providing
a mechanical support for the various units, the top bar serves as a
common ground connection and the middle and bottom bars as
common night bell and battery connections for all units. Three
Fahnestock clips on American made boards and binding posts on
French made boards are installed at the top of the frame and four at
the bottom. On the French made boards the upper three binding
posts are marked S1, S2 and T, and are used for connecting by
independent wires, respectively, the night bell and ground. The two
posts at the bottom of the frame marked ZS and CS are used for
connecting the two poles of the night bell battery. To the other two
marked P1 and P2 are connected the operators telephone and the
operators plug. The terminals at the top of the American made
boards are marked A, A1 and G, corresponding with the French S1,
S2 and T, and those at the bottom are marked B, B1, L1 and L2,
corresponding to ZS, CS, P1 and P2, respectively.
If two or more multi-unit boards are connected in parallel for
operation at one exchange, the interconnections between boards in
order to use one ground, one night bell and one battery for the whole
exchange are made. The corresponding binding posts at the top and
bottom of the frames are simply connected to each other, as S1 and
S2 of No. 1 board to S1 and S2, respectively, of No. 2 board.
Unit Panel.—Each unit comprises all the necessary apparatus for
the exchange terminals of one line (two wires). The various parts are
listed below according to their position on the panel from top to
bottom:
Two connecting blocks for the line wires.

Lightning arrester between these blocks.
Two fuses.
Line number plate.
Line drop signal and night bell contact.
Jack.
Cord and line plug.
Each unit is held in the frame by means of two machine screws,

one at the top and one at the bottom of the unit, which engages the
brass bars in back of the board and hold the unit firmly in place.
Rigidity of construction is essential, as constant use and transferring
from one place to another tend to loosen the units from the frame
and disturb the sensitiveness of the adjustment of the line drop.
Lightning Arrester.—The lightning arrester is a simple toothed
washer held against the panel by the supporting screw. This screw is
grounded through the upper brass bar. If lightning comes in on the
line wires, the main portion of it jumps the small air gap from the
binding post to the grounded washer and thence passes to the
ground, so that only a small portion of the high frequency current
flows through the switchboard apparatus. If the latter portion is at all
heavy, the fuses burn out, opening the circuit through the
switchboard with a much wider gap, and hence higher resistance
than that in the circuit to ground across the arrester.
Line Fuses.—Two glass enclosed removable fuses, which fit into
spring connections, are provided to protect each side of the line from
excessive currents. In order that burned out fuses may be readily
seen, the panel is painted white behind them. The glass is usually
smoked up more or less when a fuse burns out and this against the
white background is easily noticed.
Line Number Plate.—The line number plate is a small white
celluloid strip on which the line number is written. This number may
easily be erased if it is necessary to change it.
Line Drop Signal.—The line drop signal consists of a shutter held
normally in a vertical position by a brass trip latch. This trip latch is
attached to the armature of a small electromagnet which is normally
connected across the line through the anvil and the jack tip contact
spring of the switchboard jack. When the coils of the magnet are
energized by a current sent over the wire from a calling station, the
armature and trip latch are lifted, thereby releasing the shutter, which
falls by gravity to a horizontal position and attracts the attention of
the operator. The electromagnet is adjusted to operate on a very
small current. For locking the shutter in the vertical position and
protecting it from mechanical injury during transport, a flat spring
lever is provided which may be turned up from a pivot at one end to
press against the shutter.
Night Bell Spring Contact.—The night bell contact is located in
the back of the panel. The battery and bell circuit through this
contact is closed when the line signal drop shutter is released by the
electromagnet, this forcing the spring back against the contact point.
The night bell spring contact consists of a narrow flat brass spring,
screwed at one end to the drop mounting plate. The contact point is
mounted on the back of the panel, the rear end of this rod making
contact with the night bell bus bar, against which the rod presses
when the panel is screwed in place on the bars along the back of the
switchboard.
Switchboard Jack and Line Plug.—Each unit is provided with a
jack and plug. The jack consists of a cylindrical opening in the panel
of the unit, behind which are arranged the tip contact spring, the
sleeve contact spring and the anvil. The tip spring is connected
through one of the fuses to one of the line wires. The anvil is
connected to the other line wire through the electromagnet coils and
the other fuse. The magnet circuit is normally closed across the line
when there is no plug in the jack, as the tip spring and the anvil are
then in contact. A current coming in over the line, then, would
energize the coil. The sleeve spring of the jack is connected directly
to the same line wire as the anvil, the line plug is bridged across the
tip and sleeve contact spring. It is a standard two-contact type, the
tip and the sleeve making direct connection to the line.
Operators Equipment.—Any equipment which is not individual to
a line, but which is used in common to all lines in the process of
interconnection, is called the operator’s equipment. This consists of
an ordinary telephone set, employing either magneto or buzzer and
including a transmitter, receiver, induction coil, generator, battery and
connection, together with the wiring and the associate parts
necessary to co-ordinate them with the rest of the apparatus. An
operator’s equipment also includes a night bell and battery.
Carrying Case.—Carrying cases made of fiber and provided with
hand straps are furnished with monocord switchboards to provide a
convenient means of carrying them and to protect them from
damage during transportation. These cases are made so that they
will hold not only the frame with the assembled unit, but also the
switchboard cords. To move the board it is necessary to disconnect
the night bell battery, the night bell, the ground connection, the
operator’s set and the several line wires.
Care and Adjustments.—Care must be exercised when a board
is installed to make sure that the frame is in a vertical and level
position. When assembled at the factory, all adjustments are made
with the board in a vertical position and all operations conductive to
satisfactory service depends on this prerequisite being observed.
The line signals of the monocord switch boards are of the gravity
type and require careful adjustment. Any adjustment further than that
done at the factory should be made by an expert who is thoroughly
familiar with this work. During transportation and installation of this
board, the line drop shutters should be held closely by the flat
springs previously described. The burning out of a fuse when
excessive current comes in on a line that is detached by an open
circuit on that line. A bad fuse generally shows plainly against the
white background on the panel. However, if it is not possible to see
whether or not the fuse is burned out, the line may be short circuited
momentarily by means of a piece of bare copper wire placed across
the two line terminals. The operators is then inserted in the jack of
the unit under test, and the magneto crank turned. If the fuse is
burned out, the crank will turn over easy; if not, it will turn hard,
indicating that the open circuit is elsewhere on the line. A burned out
fuse should be replaced immediately in order to keep all lines
working. Several spare fuses should be kept on hand at all times but
in case no fuse is available, a strand of small copper wire may be
connected across the upper and lower fuse clips. To remove a fuse,
take the bottom metal cap of the fuse between the thumb and finger
and push upward against the spring holder on the line terminal block,
at the same time pulling outward. To install a fuse, hold it in the same
manner and put the other end of the fuse in the upper spring contact,
forcing it upward until the bottom ends slip into place. Care should
be taken to keep the small air gap between the toothed washer and
the line terminal clean. If this precaution is not taken, and the air gap
is allowed to clog up with dust and dirt, it will introduce a leak to
ground or between wires with resulting poor transmission. All
mounting screws and all wire connections should be kept tight.
Whenever the unit is damaged, it should be replaced by another
one, the damaged unit being sent back to headquarters for repair. In
this connection it should be noted that the American unit panels and
parts have been made interchangeable with the French to facilitate
repair. To remove a unit from the frame, it is only necessary to
disconnect the line terminals and remove the top and bottom screws
which engage the brass bars behind the board. In handling the
switchboard cords, they should be grasped by the plug, not by the
cord. The connection of the wires to the tip and sleeve of a plug will
break, is subject to undue strain or abuse, and by taking hold of the
plug while inserting it and pulling it out, the likelihood of breaking the
internal connections and wearing out the wires will be reduced to a
minimum.
Disadvantages of the Monocord Switchboard.

1. It does not afford as quick connections as the by-cords
switchboard type.
2. It is not self-contained. A self-contained switchboard includes
operators, receiver and transmitter and ringing and night alarm
circuits.
3. The operator’s telephone is usually equipped with a hand set,
(receiver and transmitter) which leaves him with only one free hand
for making connections.
4. One switchboard is equipped with but one master, or operators
cord, this affords only one means of answering and calling.
Advantages of the Monocord Switchboard.

1. Small, compact, light weight.
2. Simple wiring.
3. Quickly installed.
4. Particularly suited for small central exchanges.
5. Units can be removed quickly, in case of trouble in interior
circuits. Any unit can be removed without disturbing other units.
Common Faults and Remedies of the Magneto

Telephone.
The most common trouble in telephone instruments are due
generally to one of three causes. (1) Loose or dirty connections at
the binding posts of the instrument, at the binding posts of the
batteries, or in joints of the line wires, (2) exhausted, poor, or weak
batteries, (3) crossed, open, or defective wires. These troubles, of
course, do not include those arising from inferior or defective
instruments. If the connections are dirty, corroded or greasy, scrape
the wires and clean out the binding posts, then screw the wires firmly
in place. If the telephone does not then work properly, examine the
batteries and see whether they are run down or whether the zincs
are eaten away. With wet batteries, it may be possible that the water
has evaporated; in dry batteries, the zincs may be eaten through or
the batteries may be otherwise defective. The simplest way to test a
battery is to try a new battery, and see whether it will make the
telephone work properly; if it does, the trouble is with the old battery.
If the trouble is present after changing the battery, examine the line
connections and the line outside; if any loose connections are found,
correct them at once. When inspecting the line outside see that it
does not touch anything except the insulators, and that it is neither
crossed nor broken. On grounded lines—grounded lines are
obsolete now in modern warfare on the account of the many means
of detecting and picking up messages now employed; in fact the
metallic circuit telephone lines are now used within a mile of the front
lines except for messages which would be of no value to the enemy
—examine the ground connections the first thing and see whether it
is in good condition, and if a plate is used see that it is in moist
ground. The frequent trouble with transmitters is the frying noise; that
is usually caused by induction or static electricity, and may also be
caused by loose connections.
Effect: Cannot receive a call or get central.
1. Open Line. Test: Follow line with portable magneto test set and
ring; if central gets ring, open is toward station or
visa versa.
Effect: Can hear and receive central call but cannot
2. Open Battery.
talk.
Test: Strap out primary winding or transmitter with test
receiver, and leaving the receiver off the hook at
station, listen in either for click while moving
Open primary
3. switchhook up and down. If no noise be heard,
winding.
battery circuit must be open, and circuit should be
followed with test receiver, which will click loud
where battery is found to be O. K.
Open
4.
Transmitter.
Effect: No signal will show at magneto switchboard,
Short Circuited
5. and use of station instrument will be impaired and
Line.
magneto will turn hard.
6. Wet or short Test: Open line and ring; if magneto still turns hard
Circuited open connections one at a time, where available
Instrum’t. throughout entire winding until magneto turns
freely.
Line crossed Effect: Other talking heard on the line when the
with receiver is off the hook.
7.
another Test: Ring magneto and with central’s help try to locate
line. other party; then trace line.
Open
Effect: Can ring and hear central ring but cannot hear
8. secondary
in receiver although can be heard.
winding.
9. Open receiver.
Receiver
diaphragm Test: Strap test receiver across open part.
10. missing or
badly
dented.
Weak battery Effect: Can hear well but cannot be heard clearly.
11.
Cells. Test: Use ampere meter and see if each cell be weak.
Effect: Can talk and hear in receiver but bell does not
12. Open Bell. ring.
Test: Strap bell coils out with test receiver and listen in.
Effect: Bell rings from central but does not ring when
Open magneto
magneto handle is turned nor can central be
13. Armature
called.
Winding.
Test: Ring with another magneto or test set.
Effect: Can ring operator but cannot hear nor be heard
Slight Short clearly.
Circuit Test: Open line, one line at a time, and follow circuit
14.
(escape) to with test set. Escapes are due to wires touching
Ground. damp walls, metal roof, or other grounded wire
where insulation has been rubbed off.
Signaling by Means of Lamps.

Visual signaling by means of the lamp has been found to be very
important and efficient. Experience has shown that during the first
hours of a battle, particularly in an advance, before it has been
possible to establish the telephone systems, the lamp has furnished
the most dependable means of communication both by day and
night. Even in stationary or trench warfare in sectors with well
organized systems of communication, the lamp is most serviceable
in transmitting short messages such as calling for a barrage,
reinforcements, etc., for which arbitrary signals are used. In fact, this
method is more precise than the use of rockets and more rapid than
the telephone in transmitting information covered by these arbitrary
signals. For these reasons, all important telephone lines near the
front are paralleled by the lamp system.
Description of the Lamps.—The signaling lamps are made in
three sizes called the 14, 24 and 35 centimeter lamps. These
dimensions indicate the diameter of the reflector. The 24 cm lamp
consists of a portable searchlight, similar in principal to an
automobile headlight, but equipped with a sighting or aiming tube on
top, a hinged lid to cover the glass reflector, and a two-wire cable
used to connect the batteries for operating the bulb. The battery
comprises eight dry cells in series, carried in two leather pouches,
each holding four cells. These pouches are attached to a leather belt
supported by shoulder straps. The belt has also an additional pouch
in which three extra lamp bulbs are carried. A brass push button
which projects through this pouch is used as a key in completing the
battery and lamp circuit to make signals of short and long flashes.
Connection between the lamp and battery is completed by the two
wire cable and the plug and socket connector. The complete
apparatus, comprising the lamp and the belt and three spare light
bulbs and eight dry batteries, is furnished in a wooden carrying case.
The 14 cm lamp is similar to the 24 cm, but smaller, using a battery
of four dry cells and being slightly different in the manner in which it
is carried. The 14 cm lamps come three in a wooden case with extra
batteries and lamp bulbs. The 35 cm lamp is a larger model of the 24
cm lamp, is not as readily portable and employs a storage battery. it
is used only for permanent installations.
Method of Operation. The lamp and battery circuit is completed
by means of the plug and socket connector. The lid covering the

Ebook College Algebra 10Th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ebook College Algebra 10Th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

College Algebra 10th Edition Larson

Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs ..........................................421

Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs .........................................429

Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms ....................................................................437

Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ...........................................447

Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models ...............................................458

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................472

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................484

Practice Test .............................................................................................................488

11. f ( −1.5) = 5000 2−1.5 ( ) 5

0.063 0.25 1 4 16 0.25 1 4 16 64

x 0 1 2 1.037 1.111 1.333 2 4

0.016 0.063 0.25 1 4 y

Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

Because g ( x) = − f ( − x), the graph of g can be x 0 1 2

Because g ( x) = f ( − x + 3), the graph of g can be 5

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and

reflecting the graph in the y-axis.) 1

g ( x) = − f ( x) + 5, so the graph of g can be obtained

34. f ( x) = 1.5e(1 2)x 9

49. P = $1500, r = 2%, t = 10 years

50. P = $2500, r = 3.5%, t = 10 years

51. P = $2500, r = 4%, t = 20 years

52. P = $1000, r = 6%, t = 40 years

57. A = 30,000e(0.05)(25) ≈ $104,710.29

58. A = 5000e(0.075)(50) ≈ $212,605.41

Ten years from today, t = 10: C (10) = 29.88(1.04)

60. V (t ) = 100e 4.6052t

61. (a) 425

67. True. The line y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote for the

65. (a) V (t ) = 49,810 ( 78 )

So, none are equal. −1

As x increases, the graph of y1 approaches e, which

74. (a) f ( x) = x 2e− x

Decreasing: ( −∞, 0), ( 2, ∞)

Both functions are increasing for all values of x. For

Increasing: ( −∞, 1.44)

Relative maximum: (1.44, 4.25)

79. The functions (c) h ( x ) = 3 x and (d) k ( x ) = 2 − x are exponential.

80. P = $3000, r = 6%, t = 10 years

Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

6. positive real numbers 16. f ( x) = log 25 x

11. 53 = 125  log5 125 = 3 19. g ( x) = log a x

12. 93 2 = 27  log 9 27 = 3 g ( a 2 ) = log a a − 2

20. g ( x) = log b x 33.

f (12.5) = log 12.5 ≈ 1.097 2 g(x) = log 7 x

f (96.75) = log 96.75 ≈ 1.986

25. log8 8 = 1 because 81 = 8 34.

26. logπ π 2 = 2 because π 2 = π 2 1 5 25

27. log7.5 1 = 0 because 7.50 = 1 1 5 25

29. log5 ( x + 1) = log 5 6

32. log( x 2 + 6 x) = log 27 1 6 36

1 10 100 Domain: (0, ∞)

Matches graph (a). −1 0 1

The graph of f ( x) is obtained from g ( x) by shifting the

39. f ( x) = log3 (1 − x) = log3 −( x − 1) The x-intercept is ( 13 , 0).

Point on graph: (0, 0) y = log 3 x + 1

44. h( x) = log 4 ( x − 3) 46. y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4

Domain: x + 2 > 0  x > −2

−1 0 1 2 The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.

48. y = log( − 2 x) 59. g ( x) = 8 ln x

Domain: x − 4 > 0  x > 4

The domain is ( 4, ∞).