Intermediate Algebra 12th Edition

Bittinger Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Find the square roots.

1) 169 1)
A) 14, -14 B) 13, -13 C) 26, -26 D) 15, -15

2) 1521 2)
A) 41, -41 B) 78, -78 C) 40, -40 D) 39, -39

Simplify.
3) 144 3)
A) 72 B) 12
C) does not exist as a real number D) 13

225
4) 4)
289
15 7 5 16
A) B) C) D)
17 9 6 17

5) - 324 5)
A) -162 B) 18
C) does not exist as a real number D) -18

529
6) - 6)
100
264
A) - B) does not exist as a real number
50
23 23
C) - D)
10 10

7) - 0.04 7)
A) 0.02 B) does not exist as a real number
C) -0.02 D) -0.2

8) 0.16 8)
A) 0.04 B) 0.4 C) 0.004 D) 4

9) -625 9)
A) 312 B) 26
C) does not exist as a real number D) 25

Use a calculator to approximate to three decimal places.

10) 199 10)
A) 14.122 B) 14.094 C) 14 D) 14.107

11) - 725 11)

A) 26.941 B) 26 C) - 26.913 D) - 26.926

1
 12) 2.51 12)
A) 1.584 B) 1 C) 1.571 D) 1.599

13) 0.000107 13)

A) 0.010 B) 0.001 C) 0.1 D) 1.000

14) 0.00179 14)

A) 4.200 B) 0.004 C) 0.042 D) 0.42

243
15) 15)
60
A) 4.050 B) 2.012 C) 935.307 D) 0.012

386.3
16) 16)
73
A) 2.300 B) 0.3 C) 1434.780 D) 5.292

Identify the radicand.

17) x + 6 17)
A) x + 6 B) C) x+6 D) x

18) y-4 18)

A) B) y + 4 C) y-4 D) y - 4

19) 3 x2 + 2 19)
A) 3 x2 + 2 B) x2 + 2 C) x2 + 2 D) 3

20) 2x y - 4 20)
A) 2x B) y - 4 C) y-4 D) y

21) 6ab b2 - 9 21)

A) b2 B) b2 - 9 C) b2 - 9 D) 6ab

8
22) xy2 22)
x+1
8 8
A) x + 1 B) C) xy2 D)
x+1 x+1

s
23) s2 t 23)
s - 2t
s s s
A) (s2 t) B) C) D) s2 t
s - 2t s - 2t s - 2t

2
 8
24) 2x2 y2 24)
6x - y
8 8
A) B) C) 2x2 y2 D) 6x - y
6x - y 6x - y

For the given function, find the indicated function value.

25) For f(x) = 4x - 14, find f(9). 25)
A) 21 B) 2 21 C) 23 D) 22

26) For g(x) = x2 - 20, find g(11). 26)

A) 102 B) 101 C) 3 101 D) 2 102

27) For g(x) = - (x + 1)2 , find g(-9). 27)

A) 8 B) -8 C) 9 D) -9

28) For g(x) = (x - 1)2 , find g(8). 28)

A) 8 B) 9 C) 6 D) 7

29) For f(x) = 4x - 14, find f(-5). 29)

A) 2 7 B) Does not exist as a real number
C) 3 13 D) 15

30) For g(x) = x2 - 20, find g(1). 30)

A) 7 B) Does not exist as a real number
C) 2 3 D) 3 5

Find the domain of f.

31) f(x) = x - 11 31)
A) {x x ≥ 0} B) {x x ≥ -11}
C) All real numbers D) {x x ≥ 11}

32) f(x) = x + 8 32)

A) {x x < 8} B) {x x < -8} C) {x x ≥ 8} D) {x x ≥ -8}

33) f(x) = 9x + 5 33)

5 5 5 5
A) x x ≥ B) x x ≤ - C) x x > - D) x x ≥ -
9 9 9 9

34) f(x) = 11 - 9x 34)

11 11 11 11
A) x x ≥ B) x x ≤ C) x x < D) x x ≥ -
9 9 9 9

Answer the question.

35) The cost of manufacturing clocks is given by c = 36 n + 16, where c is the total cost and n is the 35)
number produced. What is c when no clocks are produced?
A) $24 B) $36 C) $144 D) $576

3
 36) A retailer finds that total costs per day are given by c = 25 n + 16, where c is cost and n is units 36)
sold. What is c when no units are sold?
A) $20 B) $41 C) $16 D) $100

l
37) Police use a formula s = S , where S is the test-car speed and L is the test-skid length, to find 37)
L
the actual speed s in an accident which left a skid mark of l. Find the speed (nearest whole mph)
when S = 45 mph, l = 150 ft, L = 100 ft.
A) 55 mph B) 68 mph C) 37 mph D) 95 mph

Graph.
38) f(x) = x+3 38)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

4
39) f(x) = - 2-x 39)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

5
40) g(x) = -2 x 40)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

6
41) g(x) = -2 + x 41)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

7
42) g(x) = 4 + x-1 42)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

8
43) g(x) = 2x + 1 43)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

9
 44) g(x) = 5 - 4x 44)

y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

Find the following. Assume that the letter can represent any real number.
45) x2 45)
A) - x B) x C) x2 D) x

46) 4x2 46)

A) 4x B) 2 x C) 2x D) -2 x

47) (13y) 2 47)

A) 169y2 B) 13y C) 13 y D) 169 y

10
 48) (-14y)2 48)
A) 14y B) 196 y C) -14 y D) 14 y

49) (2y + 5)2 49)

A) 2y + 5 B) 4y2 + 20y + 25
C) 4y2 + 20y + 25 D) 2y + 5

50) z 2 + 10z + 25 50)

A) z + 5 B) (z + 5)2 C) (z + 5)2 D) z + 5

51) 25x2 + 30x + 9 51)

A) (5x + 3)2 B) 5x + 3 C) (5x + 3)2 D) 5x + 9

52) (z - 3)2 52)

A) (z - 3)2 B) z-3 C) z - 3 D) z - 3

Simplify.
3
53) 27 53)
A) 8 B) 9 C) 7 D) 3

3
54) - 343 54)
A) -14 B) -21 C) -7 D) -49

3
55) -64 55)
A) 4 B) -4 C) -16 D) 16

3
56) - -64 56)
A) -16 B) -4 C) 4 D) 16

3
57) -27x3 57)
A) -9x B) -3x C) -3 x D) -3x3

3
58) - -125x3 58)
A) -125x B) 5x3 C) -5x D) 5x

3 125
59) - 59)
64
125 5 25 5
A) - B) - C) D)
64 4 16 4

11
 3
60) 0.064(x + 8)3 60)
A) 0.16(x + 8) B) 0.4(x + 2)3 C) 0.4(x + 8) D) 0.4(x + 2)

For the given function, find the indicated function value.

3
61) For f(x) = x + 1, find f(-28). 61)
A) -4 B) Does not exist as a real number
C) 3 D) -3

3
62) For f(x) = 2x - 1, find f(-171). 62)
A) Does not exist as a real number B) 6
C) 7 D) -7

3
63) For f(x) = 2x - 2, find f(3). 63)
3 3 3
A) 5 ≈ 1.71 B) 1.33 ≈ 1.5874 C) 4 ≈ 1.5874 D) 3 ≈ 1.4422

Find the following. Assume that letters can represent any real number.
4
64) - 625 64)
A) -25 B) -4
C) -5 D) Not a real number

5
65) (-8)5 65)
A) 8 B) -8
C) Not a real number D) 64

7
66) (x - 6)7 66)
A) x - 6 B) x - 6 C) x - 6 D) 6 - x

10
67) (4x)10 67)
A) 4x B) Not a real number
C) 16 x D) 4 x

2
68) (-13)2 68)
A) 169 B) -13
C) Not a real number D) 13

8
69) x8 69)
A) x B) x
C) Not a real number D) x2

5
70) - -32 70)
A) 4 B) -4 C) -2 D) 2

12
 424
71) (a + b)424 71)
212
A) a + b B) (a + b)212 C) a + b D) (a + b)

1975
72) (4a + b)1975 72)
988
A) (4a + b)988 B) (4a + b) C) 4a + b D) 4a + b

Rewrite without rational exponents, and simplify, if possible.

73) x1/4 73)
1 4
A) B) x-4 C) x4 D) x
4
x

74) 1211/2 74)

A) 11 B) 44 C) 5.5 D) 22

75) 2161/3 75)

A) 32 B) 16 C) 36 D) 6

76) 6251/4 76)

A) 3125 B) 5 C) 20 D) 100

77) 274/3 77)

A) 729 B) 243 C) 2187 D) 81

78) (mn)1/8 78)

8 1
A) mn B) (mn)-8 C) D) (mn)8
8
mn

79) (x8 y8 )1/9 79)

1 8 9
A) B) x72y72 C) x9 y8 D) x8 y8
9
x8 y8

80) 165/4 80)

5
A) 32 B) 8 C) 1024 D) 35

81) m2/3 81)

2 6 1 3
A) m3 B) m C) D) m2
2
m

82) (16x)3/2 82)

A) 8 x B) 2 8x C) 64x x D) 64 x6

13
 83) (9y6 )3/2 83)
A) 27y3/2 B) 9y18 C) 2714 D) 27y 9

Rewrite with rational exponents.

4
84) 7 84)
1
A) 4 1/7 B) 7 1/4 C) -71/4 D)
74

85) x5 85)
A) -x2/5 B) x-5/2 C) x-2/5 D) x5/2

2
86) m3 86)
1
A) m3/2 B) m 2/3 C) -m3/2 D)
(mn)2

7
87) mn 87)
1
A) m1/7n B) C) mn 1/7 D) (mn)1/7
(mn)7

6
88) xy2 z 3 88)
1 xy2 z3 1
A) (xy2 z 3 )1/6 B) C) D)
(xy2 z3 )1/6 6 (xy2 z3 )6

89) ( 7mn)7 89)

7mn 7 7(7mn)
A) B) (7mn)7/2 C) (7mn)2/7 D)
2 2

3 5
90) 7x4 y 90)
3 5 5/3
A) (7x4 y)3/5 B) 7x4/3 y1/3 C) (7x4 y)5/3 D) 7x4 y

Rewrite with positive exponents, and simplify, if possible.

91) 2401-1/4 91)
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
343 49 7 7

92) 10-3/4 92)

1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
4 10 4 3
100 1000 10,000

14
 93) p-9/10 93)
9p 1
A) - B) p10/9 C) D) - p9/10
10 p9/10

1
94) 94)
p -5/6
5p
A) - p5/6 B) p6/5 C) p5/6 D) -
6

95) 9q-10/11 95)

9 1 1
A) 9q11/10 B) C) D)
q10/11 9q10/11 9q-10/11

96) 6x-5/6z 6/7 96)

6z 6/7 6z 1/7 6z 6/7 z 6/7
A) B) C) D)
x5/6 x5 x6/5 (6x5/6 )

1
97) 97)
3p -2/3

p2/3 p3/2
A) p3/2 B) p2/3 C) D)
3 3

3xz -4/5
98) 98)
4y
4y 5/4 3xz 5/4 3xz 4y 4/5
A) B) C) D)
3xz 4y 4y 3xz

99) 8-3/5 ax-7/8 z 8 99)

az8 az8 az z8
A) B) C) D)
8 5/3 x8/7 8 3/5 x7/8 8 x7
3/5 8 3/5 ax7/8

9x
100) 100)
6
y
9x 9x
A) B) C) 9xy1/6 D) 9xy6
y6 y1/6

Use the laws of exponents to simplify. Write the answer with positive exponents.
101) x1/9 ∙ x8/9 101)
1
A) B) x8/81 C) x D) x8/9
x

15
 y7/10
102) 102)
y1/5
1
A) B) y7/10 C) y1/2 D) y
y

31/7
103) 103)
3 -13/7
1
A) 3 1/2 B) C) 2 D) 9
3 12/7

104) 31/12 ∙ 3 11/12 104)

1
A) 3 1/12 B) 3 C) 3 11/144 D)
3 1/12

105) (9 3/5 )5/6 105)

A) 81 B) 9 C) 3 D) 27

106) (b5 )6/5 106)

A) b6/25 B) b1/5 C) b11/5 D) b6

107) z-2/7 ∙ z 3/7 107)

A) z 6/7 B) z 7/6 C) z 1/7 D) z -1/7

108) (8k3 ∙ m-6 )1/3 108)

3k 2k
A) 3km 2 B) C) 2km 2 D)
m2 m2

3
109) (7a 1/7 ∙ b5/7 ) 109)
A) 7a3/7 b15/7 B) 343a 3/7 b15/7 C) 21a 3/7b5/7 D) 343(ab)15/7

110) (r1/3 ∙ s1/3 )2 110)

A) r1/9 s1/9 B) r2/3 s2/3 C) r1/6 s1/6 D) r2 s2

4.2 -3/14
111) 111)
4.2 -2/7
1 1
A) 4.2 1/7 B) 4.2 1/14 C) D)
4.2 1/7 4.2 1/14

x5/7 -2/5
112) 112)
y 1/2
x2/7 y2/7 y1/5 x1/5
A) B) C) D)
y1/5 x1/5 x2/7 y2/7

16
 m -3/5 1/3
113) 113)
n -7/3
m7/9 m 1/5 n 1/5 n 7/9
A) B) C) D)
n 1/5 n 7/9 m7/9 m 1/5

Use rational exponents to simplify. Write the answer in radical notation if appropriate.
6
114) a 2 114)
4 3
A) a B) a C) a D) a2

12
115) x8 115)
4 3 4
A) x2 B) x2 C) x2 D) x

116) 116)
5
x5
5
x7
7 1 1 5
A) x12 B) C) D) x2
5 x2
x2

117) 117)
5
x30
6 6
A) x B) x5 C) x5 D) x6

118) 118)
4 12
ab
3 3 4
A) (ab)4 B) ab C) ab D) (ab)3

3
119) 11x24 119)
3 8 3 8
A) 11x3 B) 11x C) 11x8 D) 11x3

120) 120)
20 4
3x
5 5
A) 3x5 B) 3x C) 3x4 D) 3x4

4
121) 81x8 y2 121)
A) 3x2 y2 B) 3x2 y C) 81x2 y D) 3x4 y

17
 5
122) 32x20y20 122)
A) 32x4 y4 B) 4x8 y8 C) 4x4 y4 D) 2x4 y4

Use rational exponents to write a single radical expression.

123) 7 6 123)
A) 42 B) 7 + 6 C) 42 D) 13

3 3
124) 10 15 124)
3 3
A) 5 6 B) 5 C) 25 D) 150

125) 2p 19q 125)

A) 38(p + q) B) 21(p + q) C) 21pq D) 38pq

4 4
126) 14p 12q 126)
4 4 4 4
A) 26(p + q) B) 168pq C) 26pq D) 168(p + q)

4 3
127) 3 6 127)
12 12 7 7
A) 33 ∙ 64 B) 34 ∙ 63 C) 34 ∙ 63 D) 33 ∙ 64

3
128) 9 2 128)
5 6 5 6
A) 92 ∙ 23 B) 92 ∙ 23 C) 93 ∙ 22 D) 93 ∙ 22

5 4
129) m 129)
20 4 20 9
A) m B) m5 C) m9 D) m

130) x3/4 ∙ y2/3 130)

12 7 12 7
A) x9 y8 B) x9 y8 C) x3 y2 D) x3 y2

Simplify by factoring. Assume no radicands were formed by raising negative numbers to even powers.
131) 112 131)
A) 4 B) 4 7 C) 10 D) 16 7

3
132) 320 132)
3 3
A) 4 5 B) 5 4 C) 17 D) 6

18
 4
133) 1536 133)
4 4
A) 6 B) 4 6 C) 6 4 D) 39

134) 50x2 y 134)

A) 5xy 2 B) 5x 2y C) 5xy2 2 D) 5x2 2y

135) 343x2 135)

A) 7x 7 B) 343x C) 7 7x D) 7x2 7

136) 150y2 136)

A) 5y2 6 B) 5 6y2 C) 5 6 D) 5y 6

137) 125k7 q8 137)

A) 5k3 q4 5 B) 5q4 5k7 C) 5k7 q8 5k D) 5k3 q4 5k

3
138) 64x4 y5 138)
3 3 2 3
A) 4xy xy2 B) 2xy xy2 C) 4xy xy2 D) 4xy xy

6
139) x6 y9 z 3 139)
6 6 6
A) xy y3 z3 B) x y3z 3 C) xy y3 z 3 D) xyz y3 z 2

Multiply and simplify. Assume no radicands were formed by raising negative numbers to even powers.
140) 15 48 140)
A) 20 3 B) -20 3 C) -12 5 D) 12 5

3 3
141) 175 25 141)
3 3 3 3
A) 10 15 B) 5 35 C) 10 35 D) 5 25

142) 14m5 7m 9 142)

A) 7m 6 2 B) 14m4 7 C) 7m 8 D) 7m 7 2

3 3
143) xy5 x13y14 143)
3 3 3 3
A) x4y7 xy B) x4 y6 xy2 C) x4y6 x2 y D) x4 y5 x2 y2

4
144) m m 21 144)
4 4 4
A) m8 m B) m C) m8 m D) m 5 m3

19
 3 6
145) 2x3 y 2 4 x4 y23 145)
6 6 6 3
A) 2xy3 x4 y3 B) 2xy 4 x4 y C) 4xy5 xy3 D) 2xy 7 x

Divide and simplify. Assume that all expressions under radicals represent positive numbers.
100
146) 146)
4
5
A) B) 5 C) 5 4 D) 4
4

18 6
147) 147)
6 2
A) 6 3 B) 9 C) 3 2 D) 3 3

42 15
148) 148)
14 3
A) 14 5 B) 3 3 C) 15 D) 3 5

360mn
149) 149)
3 5
A) 2mn B) 2mn 2 C) 2 2mn D) 4 mn

1536fg
150) 150)
4 3
512fg
A) 4 2fg B) 4fg 2 C) 4 8fg D)
4

4
486x12y22
151) 151)
4
6x4 y

4 4 4 4
A) 3xy 6 B) 18x2 y5 y C) x2 81y 21 D) 3x2 y5 y

5
31,250x 13y19
152) 152)
5
10x3 y3
5 5
A) 125x2 y3 y B) 125x5y8 10 C) 5x2 y3 y D) 5x2 y3 10y

20
Simplify.
16
153) 153)
81
9 4
A) B) 1 C) D) 36
4 9

3 216
154) 154)
125
36 216 6
A) B) C) D) 30
25 125 5

4 256
155) 155)
81
16 256 64 4
A) B) C) D)
9 81 27 3

3 1
156) 156)
125
1 1 1
A) 5 B) 5 C) D)
3 25 5

3 1296x4
157) 157)
6x
3 3 3
A) 6x 6 B) 6x C) 6x x D) x 216

4 4y7
158) 158)
1024y3
y y2 y
A) B) C) D) 4y
4 16 4
64

3 y2
159) 159)
27
3 3
y y y2 3y2
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 27

81
160) 160)
25
9 9 9
A) B) C) D) 1
5 5 5

21
 150a 2b
161) 161)
c2
5a 6b 25a 6b a 150b 5 6a2 b
A) B) C) D)
c c c c

245r2 y
162) 162)
x4
7 5r2 y 7r 5y r 245y 49r 5y
A) B) C) D)
x2 x2 x2 x2

2
163) 163)
r4

2 2 2 2r4
A) B) C) D)
r r2 r4 r4

43
164) 164)
x4

43 43 43x4 43
A) B) C) D)
x4 x x4 x2

3 y10
165) 165)
64
3 3
3 y3 y y3 + y 3
A) y3 - 4 y B) C) D) 4y3 y
4 4

4 256x20
166) 166)
y12z 4
4x5 4x5 16x10 4x3
A) B) C) D)
yz 3 y3 z y6z y5 z

5 w23
167) 167)
x20
5 5 5
w5 w w4 w4 w4 w3 w4 w
A) B) C) D)
x4 x3 x4 x4

Add or subtract. Then simplify by collecting like radical terms, if possible.

168) 16 13 + 12 13 168)
A) 28 13 B) -3 13 C) 4 13 D) -29 13

22
 169) -3 6 + 8 6 169)
A) 5 6 B) -11 6 C) -24 12 D) 5 12

170) 25 5 - 15 5 170)
A) 10 B) 10 5 C) 50 D) 40 5

171) 27 3 - 11 3 171)
A) 48 B) 38 3 C) 16 3 D) 16

3 3
172) 13 3+2 3 172)
3 3 3 3
A) -11 3 B) 15 6 C) 15 9 D) 15 3

Add or subtract. Then simplify by collecting like radical terms, if possible. Assume that no radicands were formed by
raising negative numbers to even powers.
173) 7 5 - 2 125 173)
A) 3 5 B) -17 5 C) 5 5 D) -3 5

174) -3 8 - 7 32 174)
A) -22 2 B) 34 2 C) 22 2 D) -34 2

4 3
175) 6 6+4 6 175)
4 3 4 3 4
A) 24 36 B) 10 6 C) 6 6+4 6 D) 10 6

3 3
176) 13 2 - 5 250 176)
3
A) -12 2 B) cannot simplify
3 3
C) 8 2 D) 12 2

3 3
177) 5 a+ 64a 177)
3 3
A) 6 64a B) 20 a
3
C) 9 a D) cannot simplify

3 3
178) 27y - 128y 178)
3 3 3 3 3 3
A) 4 2y - 3 y B) 3 y - 4 2y C) 3 - 4 2 D) 7 y

3 3
179) 4 16x - 2 128x 179)
3 3
A) 8 x - 2 128x B) 0
3
C) cannot simplify D) 8 x

23
 4 4
180) 9 x7 - 2x x3 180)
4 4
A) 11 x3 B) 7x x7
4
C) 7x x3 D) cannot simplify

3 3
181) 3 125x + 3 64x 181)
3 3 3
A) 9 x B) 27 x C) 27x D) 3 189x

182) 64x + 64 + x3 + x2 182)

A) 64x2 x + 1 B) (8 + x) x + 1 C) 8x x + 1 D) (64 + x2 ) x + 1

183) -9 108 + 6 147 - 6 48 183)

A) -150 3 B) -9 3 C) 150 3 D) -36 3

184) 32 - 5 98 + 5 128 184)

A) -98 2 B) -9 2 C) 9 2 D) -27 2

185) 2 + 7 32 + 6 50 185)
A) 13 84 B) 59 84 C) 13 2 D) 59 2

186) 6 75 - 2 243 - 9 192 186)

A) 246 3 B) 6 3 C) -60 3 D) -246 3

187) 3 + 4 192 - 3 48 187)

A) 21 243 B) 1 243 C) 1 3 D) 21 3

188) 6a + 2 96a + 7 150a 188)

A) 44 252a B) 9 252a C) 9 6a D) 44 6a

189) 5x2 - 6 20x2 - 4 20x2 189)

A) -19x 5 B) -19x 6 C) -10x 5 D) -10x 6

190) 125x2 y - 8 125x2 y + 3 125x2 y 190)

A) -20x 5y B) 12x 5y C) -11xy 5 D) 19x 5y

Multiply. Assume that no radicands were formed by raising negative numbers to even powers.
191) 7( 5 - 3) 191)
A) 56 B) 8 7 C) 35 - 21 D) 7 5 + 7 3

192) 2( 50 - 2) 192)
A) 2 5 - 2 B) 12 C) 10 - 2 D) 8

24
193) 2 5( 11 + 5) 193)
A) 2 55 + 5 B) 2 11 + 5 C) 2 55 + 10 D) 10 11 + 10

194) 5( 5 + 2) 194)
A) 5 + 10 B) 15 C) 25 + 10 D) 5 + 10

195) 3(6 3 - 3 3) 195)

A) 3 6 - 9 B) 9 - 3 3 C) 9 D) 27

3 3
196) 4( 2 - 8) 196)
3 3 3 3 3
A) 2 2 - 8 B) 2 2 - 16 C) 8-8 4 D) 2 - 8 4

3 33
197) 3(8 3 - 9) 197)
3 3 3 3 3
A) 8 3 - 3 B) 8 9-3 C) 7 9 D) 8 3-3 3

3 3 3
198) 2 x7 x+6 x2 198)
3 3 3
A) 14 x + 12 B) 14 x2 + 12x C) 14x2 + 12x D) 26 x2

3 3 3
199) 9 x2 9 x-4 x2 199)
3 3 3 3
A) 45 x B) 81x - 36x x C) 81x - 36x x2 D) 81x - 36 x

200) (7 2 + 2 3)(3 2 + 6 3) 200)

A) 21 2 + 12 3 + 48 6 B) 21 2 + 12 3
C) 6 + 48 6 D) 78 + 48 6

201) ( 3 - 7)( 5 - 5) 201)

A) 15 + 35 B) -11 15 + 35
C) 15 - 5 3 - 7 5 + 35 D) 15 - 12 5 + 35

202) ( 2 - 7)( 7 - 4) 202)

A) 14 - 11 7 + 28 B) -10 14 + 28
C) 14 + 28 D) 14 - 4 2 - 7 7 + 28

3 3
203) ( 25 + 5)( 5 - 4) 203)
3
A) -35 + 15 ∙ 5 B) -15
3 3 3
C) -15 - 4 25 + 5 5 D) -10 - 4 ∙ 25

204) (2 t + 5)(7 t - 15) 204)

A) 14 t + 7 5t + 2 15t + 5 3 B) 14t + 7 5t - 2 15t - 5 3
C) 14 t + 7 5t - 2 15t - 5 3 D) 14t + 7 5t + 2 15t + 5 3

25
 205) ( 7 + 5)( 7 - 5) 205)
A) 2 B) 7 - 2 5 C) -18 D) 32

206) (4 + 10)(4 - 10) 206)

A) 26 B) -6 C) 4 - 2 10 D) 6

207) ( 5 + 11)( 5 - 11) 207)

A) 5 - 2 55 B) 5 + 2 55 C) 16 D) -6

208) ( 12 + 1)( 12 - 1) 208)

A) 13 B) 11 - 2 12 C) 11 D) 11 + 2 12

3 3
209) (7 + 3)(7 - 3) 209)
3 3
A) 49 - 9 B) 46 C) 40 D) 49 - 3

210) ( 5 + z)( 5 - z) 210)

A) 5z B) 5 - 2 z C) 5 - z D) 5 - 2 5z

211) (8x + 8 7)2 211)

A) 64x2 + 3136 B) 64x2 + 128x 7 + 448
C) 64x2 + 128x 7 + 3136 D) 64x2 + 448

Rationalize the denominator. Assume that no radicands were formed by raising negative numbers to even powers.
121
212) 212)
3
11 3 121 3
A) 11 3 B) 20 C) D)
3 3

49x
213) 213)
8
7 2x 7 2x
A) 7 2x B) C) D) -8x
2 4

98
214) 214)
x
7 2x 7x 2
A) 7 2x B) C) D) 7
x x x

147x3
215) 215)
y5
7x 3x x 147xy 7x 3xy 7x3 3
A) B) C) D)
y2 y y3 y3 y5

26
 3 4
216) 216)
3
3 3 3
36 108 12 36
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3

4
217) 3 217)
9x2
3 3 3 3
324x 12x 324x2 36x
A) B) C) D)
81 3x 9x 9x

4 8
218) 218)
3
4 4 4
216 27 72 4
A) B) C) D) 3 216
3 3 3

5 43x
219) 219)
x3
5 43 215 5 43x
A) B) C) 5x 43 D)
x x x

3
3x
220) 220)
3
6y
3 3 3
108x 108y2 108y 648y2
A) B) C) D)
6y 6y 6y 6y

5
221) 221)
8- 5
40 + 5 5 40 - 5 5 5 5 40 + 5 5
A) B) C) - D)
59 59 8 5 -3

2
222) 222)
3+7
6-7 2 6-7 2 6+7 2 3 6+3 2
A) B) C) D)
-46 10 -46 21

10 - 3
223) 223)
10 + 3
103 + 20 3 103 - 20 3 97 - 20 3
A) B) C) 1 D)
97 97 103

27
 3
224) 224)
3 5- 3
5+1 15 + 1 15 - 1 15 + 1
A) B) C) D)
14 14 14 16

2- z
225) 225)
4+ z
8- z+z 8-6 z+z 8+6 z-z 8-6 z+z
A) B) C) D)
16 + z 16 + z 16 - z 16 - z

2+5 x
226) 226)
5+9 x
10 + 7 x - 45x 10 - 7 x + 45x
A) B)
25 - 81x 25 - 81x
10 - 43 x - 45x 25 + 7 x - 10x
C) D)
25 + 81x 25 + 81x

2 x
227) 227)
x+2 y
2x - 4 xy 2x - 4 xy 2x - 4 xy 2x - 4 xy
A) B) C) D)
x + 4y x + 2y x - 2y x - 4y

6-3 5
228) 228)
2-5 7
2 3 - 5 42 - 3 10 + 15 35 2 3 + 5 42 - 3 10 - 15 35
A) B)
-173 -173
2 3 - 5 42 - 3 10 - 15 35 -2 3 + 5 42 - 3 10 - 15 35
C) D)
-173 33

Solve.
229) q+2=7 229)
A) 81 B) 51 C) 49 D) 47

230) 5q - 4 = 4 230)
16 12
A) B) 4 C) 16 D)
5 5

231) 7q + 8 = 8 231)
64 72
A) 64 B) C) 8 D)
7 7

232) 2k + 1 = 21 232)
A) 220 B) 440 C) -220 D) 110

28
 233) 6x - 8 - 6 = 0 233)
22 7
A) 36 B) C) No solution D)
3 3

4
234) r + 3 + 10 = 0 234)
10000 10000 10
A) No solution B) - C) D)
3 3 3

235) x - 9 = 5x - 9 235)
A) No solution B) 18, 5 C) 18 D) 9

236) x+3+3=x 236)

A) 3 B) No solution C) 1, 6 D) 6

237) 3x + 1 = 3 + x-4 237)

A) -1 B) No solution C) -5, -8 D) 5, 8

238) 2x + 3 - x + 1 = 1 238)
A) -3, -1 B) 3, -1 C) No solution D) 3

239) 2x + 5 - x-2=3 239)

A) -2 B) 2, 38 C) 2 D) 3, 8

240) 3x - 2 + 11 + x = -1 240)
5
A) No solution B) 0 C) - D) 5
2

241) x+6+ 2-x=4 241)

A) 31, -2 B) 0 C) -2 D) 2, -2

242) 10 + x + 11 - 5x = -1 242)
11
A) 0 B) C) No solution D) 1
2

243) 7a - 7 - 4a + 9 = 0 243)
3 2 16 16
A) B) C) D)
16 3 11 3

Solve the problem.

3
244) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 200 n + 200, where C is the cost and n is the number of 244)
parts produced. Find the cost when 64 parts are produced.
A) $50 B) $1800 C) $1000 D) $600

29
 3
245) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 400 n + 200, where C is the cost and n is the number of 245)
parts produced. How many parts are produced when the cost is $5800?
A) 196 B) 2744 C) 21,952 D) 5600

246) The distance d in miles that can be seen on the surface of the ocean is given by d = 1.5 h, where h 246)
is the height in feet above the surface. How high (to the nearest foot) would a platform have to be
to see a distance of 12.5 miles?
A) 234 ft B) 156 ft C) 69 ft D) 83 ft

L
247) The time T in seconds for a pendulum of length L feet to make one swing is given by T = 2π . 247)
41
How long is a pendulum (to nearest hundredth) if it makes one swing in 1.4 seconds? Use 3.14 for
π.
A) 12.8 ft B) 2.04 ft C) 20.09 ft D) 80.36 ft

Find the length of the missing side of the right triangle. Round to three decimal places, if necessary.
248) a = 15, b = 20 248)
A) c = 18 B) c = 25 C) c = 13 D) c = 24

249) a = 12, c = 20 249)

A) b = 16 B) b = 20 C) b = 19 D) b = 14

250) a = 5, c = 13 250)
A) b = 9 B) b = 14 C) b = 13 D) b = 12

251) a = 10, b = 24 251)

A) c = 26 B) c = 18 C) c = 22 D) c = 25

252) a = 3, b = 2 252)
A) c = 5 B) c = 3.162 C) c = 3.606 D) c = 6

253) a = 16, c = 21 253)

A) b = 26.401 B) b = 425 C) b = 13.229 D) b = 13.601

254) a = 4, b = 5 254)
A) c = 3 B) c = 4.5 C) c = 6.403 D) c = 6.903

255) b = 1, c = 17 255)
A) a = 4 B) a = 5 C) a = 16.971 D) a = 4.243

Solve the problem. If necessary, round to the nearest tenth.

256) On a sunny day, a flag pole and its shadow form the sides of a right triangle. If the hypotenuse is 256)
40 m long and the shadow is 32 m, how tall is the flag pole?
A) 72 m B) 24 m C) 51 m D) 64 m

257) On a sunny day, a tree and its shadow form the sides of a right triangle. If the hypotenuse is 52 m 257)
long and the tree is 48 m tall, how long is the shadow?
A) 71 m B) 20 m C) 32 m D) 100 m

30
 258) A car dealer advertised a big sale by stretching a string of banners from the top of the building to 258)
the edge of the driveway. If the building is 27 m high and the driveway is 32 m from the building,
how long is the string of banners?
A) 17.2 m B) 41.9 m C) 38.2 m D) 7.7 m

259) A building has a ramp to its front doors to accommodate the handicapped. If the distance from the 259)
building to the end of the ramp is 15 feet and the height from the ground to the front doors is 4
feet, how long is the ramp?
A) 14.5 ft B) 4.4 ft C) 15.5 ft D) 5.7 ft

260) On a sunny day, a building and its shadow form the sides of a right triangle. If the hypotenuse is 260)
32 m long and the shadow is 23 m, how tall is the building?
A) 9.0 m B) 39.4 m C) 22.2 m D) 22.3 m

261) One airport has a ramp sloping down from the passenger waiting area to the plane. If the distance 261)
from the waiting area to the plane is 42 feet and the height from the ground to the waiting area is 4
feet, how long is the ramp?
A) 41.8 ft B) 6.8 ft C) 42.2 ft D) 5.7 ft

262) Find all ordered pairs on the y-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system that are 10 units from the 262)
point (6, 0)
A) (0, -64), (0, 64) B) (64, 0) C) (0, -8), (0, 8) D) (0, 8)

Express in terms of i.
263) -4 263)
A) -2i B) 2i C) -i 2 D) ±2

264) -100 264)

A) ±10 B) 10i C) -i 10 D) -10i

265) -36 265)

A) ±6 B) -6i C) 6i D) i 6

266) -400 266)

A) -20i B) 20i C) i 20 D) ±20

267) -198 267)

A) -3i 22 B) 3 22 C) 3i 22 D) -3 22

268) -272 268)

A) 4i 17 B) 4 17 C) -4i 17 D) -4 17

269) -261 269)

A) 3 29 B) 3i 29 C) -3i 29 D) -3 29

270) - -272 270)

A) 4 17 B) -4 17 C) -4i 17 D) 4i 17

31
 271) -3 - -50 271)
A) 3 + 5i B) -3 + 5 2 C) -3 - 5i 2 D) -3 + 5i 2

272) -9 + -45 272)

A) 3 5 + 3i B) 3 + 3i 5 C) (3 + 3 5)i D) (3 - 3 5)i

Add or subtract and simplify.

273) (6 - 7i) + (4 + 3i) 273)
A) 2 + 10i B) -10 + 4i C) 10 - 4i D) 10 + 4i

274) (7 + 3i) - (-5 + i) 274)

A) 12 + 2i B) 12 - 2i C) -12 - 2i D) 2 + 4i

275) (3 - 3i) + (6 + 7i) 275)

A) -3 + 10i B) -9 - 4i C) 9 - 4i D) 9 + 4i

276) (9 + 6i) - (-7 + i) 276)

A) 2 + 7i B) 16 - 5i C) -16 - 5i D) 16 + 5i

Multiply.
277) -6 ∙ -19 277)
A) - 114i B) - 114 C) 114i D) 114

278) 19i ∙ -17i 278)

A) -323i B) 323 C) -323 D) 323i

279) 9i(2 - 9i) 279)

A) 18i - 81i2 B) 81 + 18i C) 18i - 81 D) 18i + 81i2

280) (5 - 2i)(7 + 6i) 280)

A) 23 - 44i B) 47 - 16i C) -12i2 + 16i + 35 D) 47 + 16i

281) (5 - 4i)(8 + 2i) 281)

A) 48 - 22i B) 32 - 42i C) -8i2 - 22i + 40 D) 48 + 22i

282) (8 + 9i)(2 + 7i) 282)

A) 79 - 38i B) -47 - 74i C) -47 + 74i D) 63i2 + 74i + 16

283) (7 + 9i)(8 + 5i) 283)

A) 45i2 + 107i + 56 B) 11 + 107i C) 101 + 37i D) 11 - 107i

284) (9 + 9i)(4 - 5i) 284)

A) -45i2 - 9i + 36 B) -9 + 81i C) 81 - 9i D) 81 + 9i

285) (-9 - 2i)(-9 + 2i) 285)

A) -11 B) -7 C) 85 D) 77

32
 286) (5 - 2i)2 286)
A) 21 - 20i B) 29 - 20i C) 25 - 16i D) 25 - 24i

Simplify.
287) i8 287)
A) 1 B) -i C) -1 D) i

288) i3 288)
A) 1 B) -i C) i D) -1

289) i21 289)

A) -1 B) 1 C) -i D) i

290) i14 290)

A) 1 B) -1 C) -i D) i

291) (3i)3 291)

A) 27i B) -27i C) 27 D) -27

Simplify to the form a + bi.

292) 39 + 68i2 292)
A) -29 B) 107 C) 39 + 68i D) 39 - 68i

293) 60i284 - 51 293)

A) 9 B) -51 + 60i C) -111 D) -51 - 60i

294) 66 - 77i33 294)

A) 66 + 77i B) -11 C) 143 D) 66 - 77i

295) 45i5 + 47i2 295)

A) -47 - 45i B) -2 C) -47 + 45i D) 47 - 45i

296) i630 + i307 296)

A) 1 + i B) -1 + i C) -1 - i D) 1 - i

297) -48 + 5i2 297)

A) -5 + 4 3i B) 5 + 4 3i C) -5 + 4 3 D) -5 - 4 5i

-49 + 7i9
298) 298)
7
A) 2i B) i C) -i D) -2i

299) i5 + i7 299)
A) -2 B) 0 C) 2i D) 2

33
Divide and simplify to the form a + bi.
8 + 9i
300) 300)
5i
9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8
A) - + i B) - i C) - - i D) + i
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5
301) 301)
6 - 3i
10 5 2 1 2 1 10 5
A) - i B) - i C) + i D) + i
9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9

-7i
302) 302)
3 - 7i
49 21 49 21 49 21 49 21
A) - i B) - - i C) - + i D) + i
58 58 58 58 40 40 40 40

5 + 4i
303) 303)
7 - 4i
19 48 17 16 19 51 8
A) + i B) - i C) D) - i
65 65 11 11 33 65 65

6 + 3i
304) 304)
5 + 2i
8 1 24 27 36 3 12 1
A) - i B) - i C) + i D) - i
7 7 29 29 29 29 7 7

8 - 3i
305) 305)
5 + 7i
61 41 19 71 61 71 19 71
A) - i B) - - i C) - - i D) - i
74 74 24 24 24 24 74 74

3 - 6i
306) 306)
5 - 8i
63 6 33 54 11 2 21 2
A) - i B) - + i C) - i D) - - i
89 89 89 89 13 13 13 13

Determine whether the complex number is a solution of the equation.

307) 7i; 307)
y2 + 49 = 0
A) Yes B) No

308) 1 + 6i; 308)

x2 + 7x + 7 = 0
A) Yes B) No

34
 309) 1 + 8i; 309)
y2 - 9y + 9 = 0
A) Yes B) No

310) 7 + i; 310)
x2 - 14x + 50 = 0
A) Yes B) No

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

311) Explain in your own words why a2 ≠ a when a is negative. 311)

312) Explain why no assumptions need to be made regarding the numbers represented by x 312)
3
and y when you are simplifying the expression x4 y9 .

313) Explain the error in the following. x2 - 25 = x2 - 25 = x - 5 313)

314) Why is it important to know how to multiply radical expressions before learning to divide 314)
them?

2 1
315) Explain why it is easier to approximate compared to using 2 = 1.414213562 315)
2 2
when a calculator is not available.

316) Use what you know about factoring a difference of cubes to devise a method for 316)
3 3
rationalizing a denominator of the form a - b.

317) Explain in your own words why possible solutions of radical equations must be checked. 317)

318) Explain a method that could be used to solve x-1+ x- 2x + 3 - 4 + x = 0. 318)

319) In an equilateral triangle, all sides have the same length. Can a right triangle be 319)
equilateral? Why or why not?

320) What is the difference between real numbers and complex numbers? 320)

35
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

1) B
2) D
3) B
4) A
5) D
6) C
7) D
8) B
9) C
10) D
11) D
12) A
13) A
14) C
15) B
16) A
17) A
18) D
19) C
20) B
21) B
22) B
23) B
24) B
25) D
26) B
27) B
28) D
29) B
30) B
31) D
32) D
33) D
34) B
35) C
36) C
37) A
38) A
39) B
40) D
41) D
42) D
43) B
44) D
45) D
46) B
47) C
48) D
49) A
50) A
36
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

51) B
52) C
53) D
54) C
55) B
56) C
57) B
58) D
59) B
60) C
61) D
62) D
63) C
64) C
65) B
66) A
67) D
68) D
69) B
70) D
71) C
72) D
73) D
74) A
75) D
76) B
77) D
78) A
79) D
80) A
81) D
82) C
83) D
84) B
85) D
86) A
87) D
88) A
89) B
90) C
91) C
92) C
93) C
94) C
95) B
96) A
97) C
98) D
99) B
100) B
37
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

101) C
102) C
103) D
104) B
105) C
106) D
107) C
108) D
109) B
110) B
111) B
112) C
113) D
114) C
115) C
116) B
117) D
118) D
119) C
120) B
121) B
122) D
123) C
124) D
125) D
126) B
127) A
128) B
129) A
130) A
131) B
132) A
133) B
134) B
135) A
136) D
137) D
138) A
139) C
140) D
141) B
142) D
143) C
144) D
145) B
146) B
147) D
148) D
149) C
150) A
38
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

151) D
152) C
153) C
154) C
155) D
156) D
157) B
158) A
159) C
160) A
161) A
162) B
163) B
164) D
165) B
166) B
167) C
168) A
169) A
170) B
171) C
172) D
173) D
174) D
175) C
176) A
177) C
178) B
179) B
180) C
181) B
182) B
183) D
184) C
185) D
186) C
187) D
188) D
189) A
190) A
191) C
192) D
193) C
194) D
195) C
196) D
197) B
198) B
199) B
200) D
39
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

201) C
202) D
203) C
204) B
205) C
206) D
207) D
208) C
209) A
210) C
211) B
212) C
213) C
214) B
215) C
216) D
217) B
218) A
219) A
220) B
221) A
222) A
223) B
224) B
225) D
226) A
227) D
228) B
229) D
230) B
231) C
232) A
233) B
234) A
235) C
236) D
237) D
238) B
239) B
240) A
241) C
242) C
243) D
244) C
245) B
246) C
247) B
248) B
249) A
250) D
40
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

251) A
252) C
253) D
254) C
255) A
256) B
257) B
258) B
259) C
260) C
261) C
262) C
263) B
264) B
265) C
266) B
267) C
268) A
269) B
270) C
271) C
272) C
273) C
274) A
275) D
276) D
277) B
278) B
279) B
280) D
281) A
282) C
283) B
284) C
285) C
286) A
287) A
288) B
289) D
290) B
291) B
292) A
293) A
294) D
295) C
296) C
297) A
298) A
299) B
300) B
41
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

301) C
302) A
303) A
304) C
305) D
306) A
307) A
308) B
309) B
310) A
311) a 2 denotes the principal, or positive, square root of a 2 . Thus, when a is negative, a 2 ≠ a.
312) Odd roots exist for all real numbers.
313) In general, a 2 - b2 ≠ a 2 - b2 . In this case, let x = 13. Then x2 - 25 = 132 - 25 = 169 - 25 = 144 = 12, but
x2 - 2
25 = 13 - 25 = 13 - 5 = 8.
314) If division requires rationalizing the denominator, it is necessary to know how to multiply radical expressions.
315) The calculation 1.414213562/2 is easier to perform than 1/1.414213562 when a calculator is not available.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
316) a - b = a - b = ( a - b)( a 2 + ab + b2 ). To rationalize the denominator of the form a - b we
3 3 3
a 2 + ab + b2
multiply by 1 using
3 3 3
a 2 + ab + b2
317) The square of a number is equal to the square of its opposite. Thus, while squaring both sides of a radical equation
allows us to find the solutions of the original equation, this procedure can also introduce numbers that are not
solutions of the original equation.
318) Use the addition principle to get two radical terms on each side of the equation. Square both sides. The resulting
equation will have one radical term on each side. Isolate the two radical terms on one side of the equation, and square
both sides a second time. Now one radical term remains. Isolate it, and square both sides again. This eliminates the
final radical term, and you can proceed with the solution.
319) No; consider an equilateral triangle with side s. If this were a right triangle, then it would hold that s2 + s2 = s2 , or
2s2 = s2 . This is true only for s = 0, so a right triangle cannot be equilateral.
320) A complex number is any that can be written a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. Real numbers are complex
numbers a + bi, where b = 0. In the real number system, negative numbers do not have square roots. In the complex
number system, they do.

42
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 This suit had the very great disadvantage of limiting the range of
motion to the length of the hose. Because of this, a Tissot type mask
was used in place of the helmet and hose connections. The hood
was made of the same special oilcloth as the suit, enveloped the
head and neck and extended a short distance down the back and
over the chest. The canister was slung on the left hip by an oilcloth
harness and was kept from swinging by an oilcloth belt around the
waist. The canister was much larger than the standard box
respirator, had a much longer life with lower resistance and weighed
about 3.5 lbs.

Fig. 80.—Impervious Overall Suit

for Mustard Gas.

Another type of impervious overall suit was developed which

protected against mustard gas for over 100 minutes. The material
was a cotton sheeting which was impregnated with linseed oil
containing a suitable non-drying material, which was thoroughly
oxidized in the fabric. These suits proved to be very uncomfortable,
especially in warm weather, because they entirely prevented the
escape of perspiration from the body.
Semi-permeable suits were then prepared, in which the cotton
sheeting was impregnated or coated with a solution of gelatin and
glycerine. The fabric was then “tanned” to render the gelatin
insoluble in water. Such a suit is valuable for factory wear, but the
impregnating material is easily leached out and the suit is therefore
not recommended for field service.
This was built with an inside layer of dry cloth together with an
outside layer of treated cloth to afford the necessary chemical
protection against mustard gas. Work of fabrication consisted in
treating the cloth with simplexene, cutting the suits to design and
size, and sewing them together.
Treatment consisted in passing the fabric through a dye machine,
then through the wringer rolls where the excess oil was expressed.
The inner layer of dry cloth was found necessary, since the cloth was
cut as soon as treated. Simplexene does not attain the maximum
degree of “tackiness” for two or three days, owing to the presence in
the oil of a small amount of volatile spirits. However, by allowing the
cloth to air for 48 hours before cutting, the inner lining could probably
be dispensed with.
The fighting suits were distributed among various detachments
using mustard gas in field tests, and in other places where protection
against vapor was needed and where field conditions were
approximated. The tests showed that the suit gave satisfactory
protection for considerable periods against mustard gas vapors. No
other suit, equal both in porosity and protection, has yet been
submitted, although samples furnishing better protection with much
higher resistance have been examined. The protection of the
simplexene suit is about 30 minutes against saturated gas. A large
number of these suits were made and taken abroad for field tests at
the front.
 Protective Gloves
Protective gloves have been made with a variety of impregnating
agents. The one which was selected for large scale production was
impregnated with a solution of cellulose nitrate because of the
availability of materials and the protection offered by the finished
product. The material is impregnated after being made up. The one
finger type of glove is used. The gloves are placed on wooden forms
and dipped into the impregnating solution. After draining a few
minutes, the gloves are turned upside down on racks and run
through a drying oven. Finally they are removed from the forms and
conditioned by drying at a moderate temperature for several hours.
After being properly cured they are fitted with two straps on the
gauntlet of each glove. They should offer protection to chloropicrin
(standard method of test) for 30 minutes. When subjected to rough
work they will last from one to two weeks.
 Fig. 81.—Coated Gloves for
Protection against Mustard Gas.

Protective Ointments
The extensive use of mustard gas on the field caused the men to
be exposed to low concentrations of the vapors for extended periods
of time. Since it did not seem feasible to furnish the men with special
fighting suits, which would protect them against these vapors, it was
desirable to provide protection in the form of an ointment which could
be applied to the body. In order to be satisfactory an ointment should
have the following properties:
(a) It should protect against saturated mustard
gas during the longest possible exposure.
 (b) Its protective action should last as long as
possible after the application of the
ointment. It was felt that the ointment
should give protection for 24 hours after it
is applied, even if the body is perspiring
freely.
(c) The material should not be easily rubbed off
under the clothing.
(d) It should be non-irritating to the membranes
of the body.
(e) There should be no likelihood of toxic after-
effects on long use.
(f) It should be of a good consistency under a
fairly wide temperature range and give a
good coating at the temperature of the
body.
(g) Its method of manufacture should be
simple and rapid, and the raw materials
required should be abundant.
(h) The cost should not be excessive.
An extensive study of this question was made both in the
laboratories and on the field. At first it was believed that successful
results could be obtained by the use of such ointments. Careful
investigation showed, however, that while these ointments really did
protect against rather high concentrations of vapor for short times of
exposure, they were probably not so valuable when used against low
concentrations over an extended period of time. It was further
demonstrated that the protection furnished by a coating of linseed oil
is practically equal to the best ointment which has been developed.
About 150 ointments were prepared and tested. These consisted of
two parts or components, the metallic soap or other solid material
and the oil or liquid part which bound and held the solid. The latter is
called the base. The best base is lanolin, containing 30 per cent of
water. A solution of wax in olive oil was next best. Of the metallic
soaps the oleates and linoleates are better than the stearates. A
satisfactory ointment has the following composition:
Zinc oxide 40
Linseed oil (raw) 20
Lard 20
Lanolin 20
A modification of this formula is:
Zinc oxide 45
Linseed oil 30
Lard 10
Lanolin 15
The physical properties of this ointment are very good. It forms a
smooth, even coating on the skin, sticks well enough not to rub off
easily on the clothing and yet is not sticky. Its consistency is such
that it can be readily pressed from an ointment tube. A. E. F. reports
indicate that sag paste (zinc stearate and vegetable oil) is as
satisfactory as any of the preparations tried.
The great difficulties of such preparation from a field point of view
are: Extra weight to be carried by the soldiers, necessity for keeping
in tight boxes or tubes, thereby adding to the difficulty of carrying,
and finally, the difficulty encountered when applying it properly to the
body in the field, where gas contaminated hands may cause harm.
The paste was too late a development for thorough field trial. It
was used just enough to cause severe partisan controversies
between its advocates and those opposed to it. Unquestionably, it
proved of decided value in preventing mustard gas burns when
properly applied. There are many authentic cases where men
alongside each other were similarly gassed except as to burns. The
difference in burns arose from the use or non-use of the paste, and
in some cases of poor application. Fries is of the opinion that had the
war lasted another year the use of pastes would have become
universal unless some thoroughly successful substance for
impregnating the uniform or underclothing had been developed. This
is likewise his belief for the future.

Protection of Animals
Horse Mask. The need of protection for animals (horses and
dogs), although not as great as in the case of men, was of sufficient
importance so that masks and boots were developed for the horse
and a mask for the dog.
The German horse mask was the first produced. It was of the
nose bag type, enveloping the mouth and nose of the animal. It was
fitted with a complicated drawstring and with snap hooks fastening it
to the harness. The interior contains a plate of stiff material to
prevent the collapse of the bag. The mask itself was apparently not
impregnated, but was used wet or with a filling of wet straw or rags
to act as the absorbent.

Fig. 82.—German Respirator for Horses.

The French had two types of horse masks impregnated with a

glycerine-nickel hydroxide mixture. One type had a closed bottom,
while in the other, the bottom was open.
 The British horse mask has a two-layer flannelette bag, with a
canvas mouth pad and elastic drawstring. It was impregnated with a
mixture of phenol, formaldehyde, ammonia, canister soda and
glycerine.
The first type of American horse mask was modelled after the
British and was impregnated with the Komplexene mixture
(hexamethylenetetramine, glycerine, nickel sulfate mixture). This
mask had too high a resistance and caused complete exhaustion in
running horses. The second mask was made of a large number of
layers of very open cheesecloth. It consists of two bags,
impregnated with different mixtures (Komplexene and Simplexene).
Horses can run two miles with this mask without showing evidences
of exhaustion.
Dewey gives the following method of manufacture:
The chemical employed consisted of a mixture of
hexamethylenetetramine (to give protection against phosgene),
nickel sulfate (to protect against the possible use of hydrocyanic
acid), sodium carbonate and glycerine. This solution was mixed in a
heavy steam jacketed mixing kettle with heavy geared stirrers. The
mixture was conducted by pipes to the impregnating apparatus
which consisted of a rotary laundry washing machine. The masks
were treated in this machine for 15 minutes, and then placed in a
power operated wringer and the solution driven off to a given weight.
Following this operation, they were suspended on wire supports and
conducted through a hot air drying machine and dried to a definite
weight. 378,000 horse masks were produced at the rate of 5,000 per
day.
 Fig. 83.—Horse Mask—American Type.

Theoretically, horse masks and horse boots are very valuable,—

practically, they did very little actual good in the field, not that they
would not protect or that animals would not wear them. The trouble
was with the riders and drivers. Gas attacks, coming usually at night,
made adjustment of horse masks difficult at best, while in the
confusion of bursting shell and smoke, the drivers absolutely forgot
the horse masks or after putting on their own masks feared to try
putting masks on the animals. This last was natural as most animals
fight the adjustment of the mask and in so doing there is great risk
that the man’s mask may be torn off and the man gassed. In the
future, such masks will have even more importance than in the past,
for the present methods of manufacture of mustard gas coupled with
its all-round effectiveness will cause a use of it ten-fold greater than
at any time in the World War. In such cases, operations will
necessarily be frequently carried on over large areas thoroughly
poisoned with mustard gas. Here the animals will be masked and
booted before entering the gassed area, and remain so until they
leave it. In the torn and broken ground around the front line there will
always be need for animal transportation,—wagon, cart and horse—
as in such places it is far better in nearly all cases than motor
transport.
Dog Mask. The use of dogs in messenger service and in Red
Cross work, in which gassed areas must be passed, led to the
designing of a mask to give the animals suitable protection. The
same materials and method of impregnation were used as in the
horse mask. With eight layers of cheesecloth, adequate protection
against mustard gas was secured with practically no pressure drop.
The eyepieces were made of thin sheets of cellulose acetate
bound around the edge with adhesive tape and sewed directly over
openings cut through the mask fabric. The ear pockets were made
round and full enough to fit pointed or lop-eared animals. The mask
is continued to form a wide neck band which may be drawn up by
two adjustable straps. It is made sufficiently full to allow a free
movement of the dog’s jaws and yet tight enough around the neck to
avoid the possibility of being pawed off. The dog apparently soon
became accustomed to wearing the mask.
Horse Boots. The increasing amount of mustard gas used on
the Western front made it seem necessary to develop some form of
protection for the horse’s hoof and fore-leg. It has been found that
mustard gas vapors attack the fleshy portion of the leg, especially
around the coronary band and causes inflammation of the frog of the
foot. The problem was solved by devising a special hoof pad and a
boot. The pad was made of sheet iron imbedded in a hoof protector
(composition rubber) to which the shoe is applied. The shoe just
overlaps the metal plate on the inside and provides a solid metal
surface for the bottom of the foot. Such a pad not only offers
protection against gas but against shell splinters, barbed wire, etc.,
and would be useful at all times on the front.
Fig. 84.—Impervious Boots and Pads to Protect
Horses’ Legs and Hoofs against Mustard Gas.
 Fig. 85.—Protective Gas Outfit—Gas Mask, Gas
Suit,
Gloves, Boots, Horse Mask, Horse Boots, Horse
Pads.

The boot was made of satin, treated so as to be impervious to

mustard gas. It covers all of the foot except the bottom and extends
to just below the knee. The boot is held in contact with the hoof by a
sewed cloth strap, which passes around the bottom of the hoof and
is held in position by projections extending from the spur or toe clip.
Special care is taken to insure a perfect joint at the rear of the boot
since the small cavity in the back of the hoof is one of the most
sensitive parts. The boot is wrapped about one and a half times
around the leg and is clipped with five loops through which passes a
¾-inch strap.
Dugout Blankets. Dugout protection is intended to prevent
entrance of any gases, lethal, lachrymatory or irritant, into the
enclosed space. This has been most efficiently accomplished by
means of curtains hung upon wooden frames and fitting closely
against all edges of the opening to be closed. These curtains have
usually been of heavy material and have generally been spoken of
as dugout blankets. Since they were designed to exclude all toxic
gases, they had to be devised upon general mechanical principles
rather than upon principles of chemical action with specific gases.
Permeability to air has not been considered a necessity, it being held
that sufficient ventilation is secured by means of the air entering
through the soil. For large dugouts and extended use large air filters
were designed to draw pure air into the dugout with a fan.
The qualities aimed at, to which both fabric and treatment should
contribute, are the following:

(a) Impermeability to gas.

(b) Flexibility, especially at low temperatures.
(c) Non-inflammability.
(d) Freedom from stickiness and from tendency to lose
material by drainage under action of gravity.
(e) Mechanical strength.
(f) Simplicity of manufacture and treatment.
(g) Low cost.

Army blankets, both those for men and those for horses, proved
suitable materials for curtains, but the scarcity of wool made it
desirable to select an all cotton fabric.
A large number of oils were studied as impregnating agents. The
most satisfactory mixture consisted of 85 per cent of a heavy steam
refined cylinder oil and 15 per cent of linseed oil. This is taken up to
the extent of about 300 per cent increase in weight of the blanket
during impregnation. It becomes oxidized to some extent upon the
surface of the blanket, which becomes less oily than the soft, central
core. The finished blanket possessed the following properties: It
resists penetration of 400-600 p.p.m. of chloropicrin for 8 hours
(dugout test) and mustard gas for 100-400 minutes (machine test). It
is sufficiently flexible after standing for 2 hours at 18° F. to unroll of
its own weight, and may be unrolled by applying a slight force at 6°
F.; it is not ignited by lighted matches and shows but little loss by
drainage.
Two types of machines were designed for impregnation, one for
use on large scale behind the line, and a field apparatus for use at
the front.
 CHAPTER XVI
SCREENING SMOKES

The intelligent use of screening smokes in modern infantry tactics

offers innumerable advantages through concealment and deception.
It confers upon daylight operations many of the advantages which
were gained by conducting operations at night with few of the
disadvantages of the latter.
Smoke screens have been frequently used by the Navy and by
Merchantmen; a common method of escape was to shut off the air
from the fire with consequent incomplete combustion of the fuel, thus
causing a cloud of dense black smoke. This is often mentioned in the
blockade runners of the days in the Civil War, where wood, high in
pitch and rosin, was freely introduced into the furnaces, in order that
they might escape under cover of this smoke.
Early in the present war it was found that black smoke had a low
obscuring power, showed frequent rents or holes and were difficult to
standardize. Their production also caused a considerable loss in the
speed of the vessel. They therefore fell into disuse except for
emergency purposes and today the standard smoke for screening
purposes of all kinds is, without exception, white.[33]

Properties of Smoke Cloud

The properties most desired in a screening smoke, apart from
low cost, are: (a) Maximum screening power, which refers to the
question of density, i.e., a relatively thin layer must completely
obscure any object behind it, and (b) Stability, which implies, among
other things, a low rate of settling or dissipation. There is little reason
to doubt that, within limits, the smaller the particles of a smoke cloud,
the more completely will the smoke possess these qualities. The
screening power of a smoke cloud depends very largely upon the
scattering of the light coming through it, and by analogy with those
peculiar solutions which we call colloidal, we should expect the
scattering to increase as the degree of subdivision increases, within
limits. The rate of settling is unquestionably an inverse function of
the size of the particles. The chief aim, therefore, in smoke
production is to attain as high a degree of subdivision as possible.
Methods may be classified as good or bad, in so far as they satisfy
or fail to satisfy this criterion.

Raw Materials for Smoke Clouds

It is obvious that only gases or substances capable of being
brought into the vapor state or into a very fine state of subdivision
can be used for producing smoke clouds. The reaction product, of
which the smoke particles consist, should preferably be:
(a) Solid. Otherwise the particles will tend to
grow in size by condensation of the liquid particles
present in the cloud.
(b) Non-volatile. If volatile, the particles will
disappear by evaporation as the cloud is diluted by
air currents. Larger particles will also form at the
expense of the smaller ones.
(c) Non-deliquescent. If the particles are
deliquescent, they will tend to grow by condensation
of water vapor upon them.
(d) Stable towards the usual components of the
atmosphere, especially moisture.
While it might seem that it would be difficult to fulfill these
conditions, there are several chemical compounds which have been
successfully used as smoke producers. This does not mean that
they fulfill all the conditions, but they represent a compromise
between the various requirements.
 Phosphorus. One of the earliest materials to be used in smoke
clouds was phosphorus. This is prepared on a commercial scale by
heating phosphate rock (which contains calcium phosphate) with
sand and coke in an electric furnace. Phosphorus occurs in two
forms, white and red. White phosphorus, which is formed when the
vapor of the substance is quickly cooled, is, in the pure state, almost
colorless, melts at 44° C., boils at 287° C., is readily soluble in
various solvents, and is luminous in the air, at the same time emitting
fumes (the oxidation product, phosphorus pentoxide). On gentle
warming in the air, it takes fire and burns with a brightly luminous
flame. Red phosphorus is obtained by heating white phosphorus out
of contact with the air, to a temperature of 250° to 300° C. Red
crusts then separate out from the colorless liquid phosphorus, and
almost the entire amount is gradually converted into a red, solid
mass. If this is freed by suitable solvents from the small amounts of
unchanged white phosphorus, a dark red powder is obtained, which
remains unchanged for a long time in the air, does not appreciably
dissolve in the solvents for white phosphorus, does not become
luminous, and can be heated to a fairly high temperature without
igniting. Further, red phosphorus is not poisonous, while white
phosphorus is highly so.
Either form burns to phosphorus pentoxide, which is converted by
the moisture of the air to phosphoric acid,

4P + 5O₂ = 2 P₂O₅
2P₂O₅ + 6H₂O = 4H₃PO₄
Since one pound of phosphorus takes up 1.33 pounds of oxygen
and 0.9 pound of water, it is not surprising that phosphorus is one of
the best smoke producers per pound of material. Comparison of the
value of the two forms for shell purposes have invariably pointed to
the superiority of the white variety.
In addition to its use as a smoke producer, it is used in incendiary
shell and in tracer bullets. For incendiary purposes a mixture of red
and white phosphorus is superior.
 Chlorosulfonic Acid. Chlorosulfonic acid, ClSO₂OH, was first
employed by the Germans to produce white clouds, both on land and
on sea. For this purpose, they sprayed or dropped it onto quicklime,
the reaction between it and the lime furnishing the heat necessary
for volatilization, though in this way about 30 per cent of the acid is
wasted.
Chlorosulfonic acid is obtained from sulfur trioxide and hydrogen
chloride, which combine when gently heated:

SO₃ + HCl = ClSO₂OH

Fig. 86.—75 mm. White Phosphorus Shell.

2 seconds after bursting.

On a commercial scale, hydrogen chloride is passed into 20 per

cent oleum, until saturation is reached. This is heated in a nitric acid
still, when the chlorosulfonic acid distills over between 150°-160° C.
With 30 per cent oleum, the conversion factor is about 42 per cent.
The residue in the still is about 98 per cent sulfuric acid.
It forms a colorless liquid, boiling at 152° C., and having a density
of 1.7.
Chlorosulfonic acid fumes in the air, because reaction with water
forms sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.

ClSO₂OH + H₂O = H₂SO₄ + HCl

This material was not used by the United States since oleum was
found superior.
Oleum. Oleum is a solution of 20 to 30 per cent sulfur trioxide
(SO₃) in concentrated sulfuric acid. It has been used by the
Germans to produce clouds on land and sea, by its contact with
quicklime, and by the Americans for screening tanks and
aeroplanes. Sulfur trioxide has been found to be superior as a shell
filling. It is believed that the smoke producing power of oleum is due
solely to its sulfur trioxide content, the sulfuric acid itself acting only
as a solvent. The rather high freezing point of the oleum containing
high percentages of sulfur trioxide is a disadvantage.
Sulfur Trioxide. Sulfur trioxide, SO₃, is a colorless mobile liquid,
which boils at 46° C. and solidifies to a transparent ice-like mass,
melting at 15° C. It is prepared by passing a mixture of sulfur dioxide
and oxygen over finely divided platinum or other catalysts at a
temperature between 400 and 450° C. Sulfur trioxide can only be
used as a filler for shell and bombs, and is probably the best
substitute for phosphorus.
Tin Tetrachloride. Tin tetrachloride, SnCl₄, is obtained by the
action of chlorine on metallic tin. It is a liquid, boiling at 114° C., and
having a density of 2.2. It fumes in the air, because it hydrolyzes to
stannic hydroxide:

SnCl₄ + H₂O = Sn(OH)₄ + 4 HCl

 It makes a better and more irritating smoke for shell and hand
grenades, than either silicon or titanium tetrachlorides. Since there is
practically no tin in this country, the other tetrachlorides were
developed as substitutes.
Silicon Tetrachloride. Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl₄, is prepared
from silicon or from impure silicon carbide by heating it with chlorine
in an electric furnace. The raw material (silicon carbide) is a by-
product in the manufacture of carborundum. It is a colorless liquid,
boiling at about 58° C., and fumes in moist air, owing to hydrolysis:

SiCl₄ + 4 H₂O = Si(OH)₄ + 4 HCl

It is not very valuable in shell, though it is more effective on
moist, cool days than on warm, dry ones. Its greatest use is found in
the smoke cylinder, combined with ammonia. By the action of the
moisture of the air, the following reaction takes place:

SiCl₄ + 4 NH₃ + 4 H₂O = Si(OH)₄ + 4NH₄Cl

The addition of a lachrymator gives a mixture which works well in
hand grenades for mopping up trenches.
Titanium Tetrachloride. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is made
from rutile, TiO₂, by mixing with 30 per cent carbon and heating in an
electric furnace. A carbonitride is formed, which is said to have the
composition Ti₅C₄N₄, but the actual composition may vary from this
to the carbide TiC. This product is heated to 600-650° C., and
chlorine passed through, giving the tetrachloride. It is a colorless,
highly refractive liquid, which boils at about 136° C., is stable in dry
air and fumes in moist air. The best smoke is produced by using 5
parts of water to one of the tetrachloride, instead of the theoretical 4
parts [which would form Ti(OH)₄.] Since it is more expensive to
manufacture and not as effective as silicon or tin tetrachloride, it is
used only as an emergency material.
Berger Mixture. One of the most important smoke materials was
the zinc-containing mixture, which was used in the smoke box, the