Ebook Calculus 2Nd Edition Briggs Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Calculus 2nd Edition Briggs Test Bank
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.

1) Assume t is time measured in seconds and velocities have units of m/s. Find the displacement over 1)
the given interval for the velocity function v(t) = 3t2 + t + 7 on 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
130
A) 7 m B) 24 m C) 13 m D) m
3
2) Assume t is time measured in seconds and velocities have units of m/s. Find the displacement over 2)
π
the given interval for the velocity function v(t) = 10 sin t on 0 ≤ t ≤ .
2
A) -10 m B) 0 m C) 1 m D) 10 m
3) Given the velocity and initial position of a body moving along a coordinate line at time t, find the 3)
body's position at time t.
v = -19t + 3, s(0) = 12
19 19 2
A) s = - t2 + 3t + 12 B) s= t + 3t - 12
2 2
19 2
C) s = - t + 3t - 12 D) s = -19t2 + 3t + 12
2
π
v = cos t, s(0) = 1
2
2 π 2 π
A) s = sin t + 1 B) s = sin t + π
π 2 π 2
π
C) s = sin t D) s = 2π sin t
2
8 4t
v = sin , s(π2 ) = 2
π π
4t 4t
A) s = 2 cos +4 B) s = -2 cos +8
π π
4t 4t
C) s = -2 cos +4 D) s = -2 cos +3
π π
6) Given the acceleration, initial velocity, and initial position of a body moving along a coordinate line 6)
at time t, find the body's position at time t.
a = 20, v(0) = 19, s(0) = 2
A) s = 10t2 + 19t B) s = -10t2 - 19t + 2
C) s = 10t2 + 19t + 2 D) s = 20t2 + 19t + 2
1
7) Given the acceleration, initial velocity, and initial position of a body moving along a coordinate line 7)
at time t, find the body's position at time t.
a = 12 cos 3t, v(0) = -6, s(0) = -10
4 26 4 26
A) s = - sin 3t - 6t - B) s = sin 3t - 6t -
3 3 3 3
4 26 4 26
C) s = - cos 3t - 6t - D) s = cos 3t + 6t -
3 3 3 3
8) Consider the graph below, which gives the velocity of an object moving along a line. Assume time 8)
is measured in hours and distance is measured in miles. The areas of the three regions bounded by
the velocity curve and the t-axis are also given.
v
20
7
2 4 6 t
14
(a) What is the displacement of the object over the interval [0, 6]?
(b) What is the total distance traveled by the object over the interval [2, 6]?
A) (a) 13 miles B) (a) 27 miles C) (a) 13 miles D) (a) 41 miles
(b) 6 miles (b) 21 miles (b) 34 miles (b) 34 miles
9) A certain company has found that its expenditure rate per day (in hundreds of dollars) on a certain 9)
dE
type of job is given by = 12x + 10, where x is the number of days since the start of the job. Find
dx
the expenditure if the job takes 3 days.
A) $8400 B) $84 C) $46 D) $4600
10) After a new firm starts in business, it finds that its rate of profits (in hundreds of dollars per year) 10)
dP
after t years of operation is given by = 3t2 + 4t + 8. Find the profit in year 6 of the operation.
dt
A) $31,200 B) $12,100 C) $21,500 D) $27,550
2
11) In a certain memory experiment, subject A is able to memorize words at a rate given by 11)
dm
= -0.003t2 + 0.6t (words per minute).
dt
In the same memory experiment, subject B is able to memorize at the rate given by
dM
= -0.009t2 + 0.6t (words per minute).
dt
How many more words does subject B memorize from t = 0 to t = 17 (during the first 17 minutes)?
A) -10 B) 72 C) 77 D) -29
Provide an appropriate response.

12) Which of the following integrals, if any, calculates the area of the shaded region? 12)
y
5
(-2, 4) 4 (2, 4)
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
2 0 4 0
A) ∫ 4x dx B) ∫ 4x dx C) ∫ -4x dx D) ∫ -4x dx
-2 -2 -4 -2
Find the area of the shaded region.

13) f(x) = x3 + x2 - 6x 13)
y
30 g(x) = 6x
20 (3, 18)
10
(0, 0)
-4 -2 2 4 x
-10
-20
(-4, -24)
-30
768 343 937 81

A) B) C) D)
12 12 12 12
3
14) f(x) = -x3 + x2 + 16x 14)
y
30
20
(4, 16)
10
(0, 0)
-4 -2 2 4 6 x
(-3, -12) -10
-20
g(x) = 4x
-30
343 343 937 1153

A) B) - C) D)
12 12 12 12
15) y = x2 - 4x + 3 15)
8 y
6
y=x-1
4
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
25 41 9
A) B) C) 3 D)
6 6 2
4
16) 16)
y
1 2 x
y = x2 - 2x
-1
-2
y = -x4
76 22 7
A) B) C) 2 D)
15 15 15
17) y = 2x2 + x - 6 y = x2 - 4 17)

y
5
(2, 4)
4
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 x
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
11 9 8 19
A) B) C) D)
6 2 3 3
5
18) 18)
y y=x-4
6
y= 2x
4
2 4 6 8 10 x
-2
-4
-6
64 32 128
A) B) 32 C) D)
3 3 3
19) y = x4 - 32 19)
y
5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
y = -x4
2816 256 512 516
A) B) C) D)
5 5 5 5
6
20) 20)
y
3
2 y=2
1 y = 2 sin(πx)
1 2 3 x
-1
-2
-3
4 4
A) B) 4 + C) 8 D) 4
π π
21) 21)
y
2
1
y = cos2 x
-  x
-
2 2
 y = -cos x
-1
-2
π π
A) 2 B) 2 + C) 2 + π D) 2 -
2 2
22) y = sec 2 x 22)

y
1
y = cos x
  x
4 2
2 2
A) B) 1 + 2 C) 2 - 2 D) 1 -
2 2
7
Find the area enclosed by the given curves.
23) y = 2x - x2, y = 2x - 4 23)
32 37 34 31
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3
24) y = x3 , y = 4x 24)
A) 16 B) 8 C) 2 D) 4
25) y = x, y = x2 25)
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
3 2 6 12
1 2
26) y = x , y = -x2 + 6 26)
2
A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32
27) y = - 4sin x, y = sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 27)

1
A) B) 16 C) 8 D) 4
2
π π
28) y = sin x, y = csc 2 x, ≤x≤ 28)
3 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 3
A) - B) + C) - D) 1 -
3 2 3 2 2 2 2
π 3π
29) y = csc 2 x, y = cot 2 x, x = , and x = 29)
4 4
3π π π
A) π B) C) D)
4 2 4
30) Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the line y = 8x, the line x = 1, the curve 30)
1
y= , and the x-axis.
x
3 3 5
A) B) 6 C) D)
2 4 4
π
31) Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by the line y = and on the 31)
6
right by the curves y = tan 2 x and y = cot 2 x. (Round to four decimal places.)
A) 0.4126 B) 0.3094 C) 4.3094 D) 0.5858
32) Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by the y-axis, below by the 32)
1
line y = x, above left by y = x + 4, and above right by y = - x2 + 10.
3
73 39 39
A) B) 15 C) D)
6 2 4
8
For the region R, find the horizontal line y = k that divides R into two subregions of equal area.
33) R is the region bounded by y = 8 - x, the x-axis, and the y-axis. 33)
2
A) k = 8 + 4 2 B) k = 8 - 4 2 C) k = 8 - D) k = 1 - 4 2
2
34) R is the region bounded by y = 8 - x - 8 and the x-axis. 34)

2
A) k = 8 - 4 2 B) k = 1 - 4 2 C) k = 8 + 4 2 D) k = 8 -
2
Find the volume of the described solid.

35) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 7. The cross sections 35)
perpendicular to the x-axis between these planes are squares whose bases run from the parabola
y = - 4 x to the parabola y = 4 x.
A) 1536 B) 196 C) 1568 D) 784
36) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = -5 and x = 5. The cross sections 36)
perpendicular to the x-axis between these planes are squares whose bases run from the semicircle
y = - 25 - x2 to the semicircle y = 25 - x2 .
500 2000 250 1000
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3
37) The base of the solid is the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 16. The cross sections by planes perpendicular to the 37)
y-axis between y = - 4 and y = 4 are isosceles right triangles with one leg in the disk.
128 1024 512 640
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3
38) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = - 6 and x = 6. The cross sections 38)
perpendicular to the x-axis are semicircles whose diameters run from y = - 36 - x2 to
y = 36 - x2 .
A) 144π B) 576π C) 72π D) 288π
39) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = - 4 and x = 4. The cross sections 39)
perpendicular to the x-axis are circular disks whose diameters run from the parabola y = x2 to the
parabola y = 32 - x2 .
256 8192 8192 16384
A) π B) π C) π D) π
3 15 5 15
40) The base of a solid is the region between the curve y = 5cos x and the x-axis from x = 0 to x = π/2. 40)
The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares with bases running from the x-axis to
the curve.
25 5 25
A) π B) π C) 6π D) π
4 2 2
9
The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are isosceles right triangles with one leg on the base
of the solid.
9 3 9
A) 2π B) π C) π D) π
8 2 4
The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares with diagonals running from the x-axis
to the curve.
25 5 25
4 2 8
43) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = π/6 to x = π/2. The cross sections 43)
perpendicular to the x-axis are circular disks with diameters running from the curve y = cot x to
the curve y = csc x.
( 3 - 1) π π 2 π2
A) - B) (2 3 - 2) π -
2 12 3
π2 ( 3 + 1) π π2
C) ( 3 - 1) π + D) -
6 2 6
44) The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = -2 and x = 2. The cross sections 44)
perpendicular to the x-axis are circles whose diameters stretch from the curve y = - 5/ 4 + x2 to
the curve y = 5/ 4 + x2.
25 2 5 2
A) 25π B) 25π2 C) π D) π
4 4
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the shaded region about the given axis.
45) About the x-axis 45)
10 y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2 y = - 5x + 10
1
1 2 3 x
200 400 1400

A) π B) 30π C) π D) π
3 3 3
10
20 y
16
12
4 y = 4 - x2
1 2 3 4 5 x
416 16 256 416

15 3 15 5
10 y
9
8
7
6
5
4 y = 3sec x
3
2
1
  x
4 2
9 21
A) π B) 9π C) π D) 3π
2 2
48) About the y-axis 48)
y
8
7 x = 6y/7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
A) 168π B) 84π C) 21π D) 98π
11
y
6
5
y= 3x
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
27 243
A) π B) π C) 18π D) 3π
5 5
3
2
y
 x = 2 tan
7

2
1 2 3 x
7 2
A) 28π - 7π2 B) 28 - 7π C) 14π - π D) 7π + 7π2
2
3
y
2 x = 2tan
3


2
1 2 3 x
A) 3π2 - 6π B) 6π2 + 3π C) 6π2 - 12π D) 12π
12
y
y2
6 x=
3
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
45 27 108
A) π B) 18π C) π D) π
2 5 5
20 y
18
16
14
12
10 y = 4 - x2
8
6
4
2
1 2 3 4 x
8 64 256 224
3 15 15 15
y
4
y = 4 sin x
 x
2
A) 8π2 + 16π B) 8π2 - 16π C) 8π2 - 4π D) 8π2
13
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given lines and curves about the x-axis.
55) y = x, y = 0, x = 2, x = 3 55)
1 13 5 19
3 2 2 3
56) y = x, y = 0, x = 0, x = 4 56)
16
A) 4π B) π C) 2π D) 8π
3
57) y = x2 , y = 0, x = 0, x = 5 57)
125 625 3125
A) π B) 625π C) π D) π
3 4 4
58) y = 2x + 3, y = 0, x = 0, x = 1 58)
3π
A) 4π B) 2π C) D) π
2
1
59) y = , y = 0, x = 1, x = 6 59)
x
5 1 5
A) π B) πln 6 C) π D) π
12 2 6
60) y = x + 3, y = 0, x = -3, x = 6 60)

9
A) 243π B) π C) 36π D) 81π
2
61) y = 25 - x2 , y = 0, x = 0, x = 5 61)
250 500
A) 100π B) 10π C) π D) π
3 3
π
62) y = sin 8x, y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 62)
8
1
A) 8π B) π C) 16π D) 2π
4
π 3π
63) y = 8csc x, y = 0, x = ,x= 63)
4 4
A) 128π B) 192π C) 64π D) 16π
64) y = 7cos πx, y = 0, x = -0.5, x = 0.5 64)

49 49
A) 49π B) π C) 98π D) π
2 3
14
1
65) y = , y = 0, x = 1, x = 8 65)
x
π π
A) π(ln 8) B) 8π C) (ln 8) D)
2 8
66) y = 8x, y = 8, x = 0 66)

64 128
A) π B) 4π C) π D) 24π
3 3
67) y = - 6x + 12, y = 6x, x = 0 67)

A) 36π B) 72π C) 216π D) 12π
68) y = 3x, y = 3, x = 0 68)

27 27
A) 9π B) 18π C) π D) π
4 2
69) y = x2 , y = 9, x = 0 69)
243 972 1458
A) π B) 18π C) π D) π
5 5 5
70) y = x2 + 4, y = 4x + 4 70)
3328 5632
A) 64π B) π C) 128π D) π
15 15
8
71) y = ,y=-x+9 71)
x
343 343
A) π B) 243π C) 56π D) π
4 3
π
72) y = sin 6x, y = 1, x = 0 to x = 72)
12
π2 π2 π π2 π 1
A) +π B) - C) -π D) -
12 12 6 12 12 6
π 3π
73) y = 8csc x, y = 8 2, ≤x≤ 73)
4 4
A) π2 + 16π B) 64π2 - 128π C) 8π2 - 64π D) 64π2 + 128π
74) y = 2cos (πx), y = 2, x = -0.5, x = 0.5 74)

4
A) 2π B) 8π C) π D) 4π
3
15
π
75) y = sec x, y = tan x, x = 0, x = 75)
4
π π π2 π2
A) B) C) D)
4 2 2 4
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the y-axis.
y2
76) The region enclosed by x = , x = 0, y = - 4, y = 4 76)
4
2048 32 128 64
5 3 5 5
77) The region enclosed by x = y1/3 , x = 0, y = 64 77)

3072
A) 256π B) 1024π C) 192π D) π
5
3
78) The region enclosed by x = , x = 0, y = 1, y = 2 78)
y
9 27 3 9
4 2 2 2
y 3π
79) The region enclosed by x = 2tan , x = 0, y = - 79)
3 4
3 2
A) 12 - 3π B) 3π + 3π2 C) 6π - π D) 12π - 3π 2
2
π
80) The region enclosed by x = sin 4y, 0 ≤ y ≤ ,x=0 80)
8
π π
A) 8π B) C) 4π D)
8 4
81) The region enclosed by the triangle with vertices (4, 0), (4, 2), (6, 2) 81)
40 152 56 28
3 3 3 3
82) The region enclosed by the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 2) 82)
16 32 64
A) 64π B) π C) π D) π
3 3 3
83) The region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by the circle x2 + y2 = 16, on the right by the 83)
line x = 4, and above by the line y = 4
64 128
A) 16π B) π C) π D) 64π
3 3
16
84) The region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by y = x3 , on the right by the line x = 2, and 84)
below by the x-axis
32 64 96
5 5 5
5
85) The region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by y = , on the right by the line x = 5, and 85)
x
above by the line y = 2
25 75 25
A) 25π B) π C) π D) π
3 2 2
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the given line.
86) The region bounded above by the line y = 4, below by the curve y = 4 - x2 , and on the right by the 86)
line x = 2, about the line y = 4
224 32 8 256
15 5 3 15
87) The region in the second quadrant bounded above by the curve y = 9 - x2 , below by the x-axis, 87)
and on the right by the y-axis, about the line x = 1
81 648 45 153
2 5 2 2
Solve the problem.

88) The disk (x - 4)2 + y2 ≤ 1 is revolved about the y-axis to generate a torus. Find its volume. (Hint: 88)
1
∫ 1
1 - y2 dy = π, since it is the area of a semicircle of radius 1.)
2
-1
A) 8π2 B) 4π2 C) 2π2 D) 4π
89) The hemispherical bowl of radius 7 contains water to a depth 4. Find the volume of water in the 89)
bowl.
272 136 958
A) π B) 205π C) π D) π
3 3 3
90) A water tank is formed by revolving the curve y = 2x4 about the y-axis. Find the volume of water 90)
in the tank as a function of the water depth, y.
π 1/2 π
A) V(y) = y B) V(y) = y9
2 2 9
2π 3/2 3π 3/2
C) V(y) = y D) V(y) = y
3 2 2 2
91) A water tank is formed by revolving the curve y = 3x4 about the y-axis. Water drains from the 91)
tank through a small hole in the bottom of the tank. At what constant rate does the water level, y,
fall? (Use Torricelli's Law: dV/dt = -m y.)
dy - m π dy - m 3 dy - 3 dy -π
A) = B) = C) = D) =
dt 3 dt π dt mπ dt m 3
17
92) A right circular cylinder is obtained by revolving the region enclosed by the line x = r, the x-axis, 92)
and the line y = h, about the y-axis. Find the volume of the cylinder.
A) 2πr2 h B) πrh 2 C) πrh D) πr2 h
93) A frustum of a right circular cone has a height of 10 m, a base of radius 3m, and a top of radius 2m. 93)
Find its volume.
190 19
A) π B) π C) 19π D) 190π
3 3
94) An auxiliary fuel tank for a helicopter is shaped like the surface generated by revolving the curve 94)
x2
y=1- , - 3 ≤ x ≤ 3, about the x-axis (dimensions are in feet). How many cubic feet of fuel will
9
the tank hold to the nearest cubic foot?
A) 13 B) 5 C) 3 D) 10
x2
y=1- , - 5 ≤ x ≤ 5, about the x-axis (dimensions are in feet). If a cubic foot holds 7.481 gallons
25
and the helicopter gets 3 miles to the gallon, how many additional miles will the helicopter be able
to fly once the tank is installed (to the nearest mile)?
A) 376 B) 94 C) 125 D) 188
96) Find the volume that remains after a hole of radius 1 is bored through the center of a solid sphere 96)
of radius 3.
28 56
A) π B) 18π C) π D) 36π
3 3
97) Find the volume that remains after a hole of radius 1 is bored through the center of a solid cylinder 97)
of radius 4 and height 8.
A) 60π B) 8π C) 128π D) 120π
Use the shell method to find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the shaded region about the indicated axis.
y
6
4 x = y2 /5
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
125 125 125

A) π B) π C) π D) 50π
2 3 4
18
x=2
y
6
4
y= 2x
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
16 16 32 8
3 5 5 5
y=5 x=5
5 y
3
x= 25 - y2
2
1 2 3 4 5 x
125 125 250

A) 125π B) π C) π D) π
6 3 3
x=4
y
3
y = 2 + x2 /16
2
1 2 3 4 5 x
A) 20π B) 40π C) 48π D) 32π
19
x=3
y
2 y = 3 - x2 /9
1 2 3 4 5 x
45 45
A) π B) π C) 18π D) 27π
4 2
x= 5
y
y= x2 + 4
3
1 2 3 x
38 19
A) 19π B) π C) π D) 18π
3 3
7 y
6
5
4
3
y = 5x - x2
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 x
625 625 625 625

4 12 6 8
20
2
y = 4 - x2
1
1 2 3 4 5x
8 16
A) 8π B) π C) 12π D) π
3 3
2
y =3sin(x2 )
1
1.8 x
A) 9π B) 3π C) 12π D) 6π
(0, 3)
3sin (x)
y= ;0 <x≤π
x
 x
A) 12π B) 6π C) 15π D) 9π
21
Use the shell method to find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given curves
and lines about the y-axis.
x
108) y = 7x, y = - , x = 1 108)
7
33 50 100
A) 50π B) π C) π D) π
7 21 21
109) y = 4x, y = 8x, x = 4 109)

128 256 512
A) π B) 384π C) π D) π
3 3 3
110) y = 9x2 , y = 9 x 110)

27 27 27 27
10 4 5 20
111) y = x2 , y = 4 + 3x, for x ≥ 0 111)

A) 96π B) 64π C) 192π D) 32π
112) y = 50 - x2 , y = x2 , x = 0 112)
625 625
A) π B) π C) 625π D) 1250π
4 2
113) y = 5x3 , y = 5x, for x ≥ 0 113)

1 2 4
A) π B) 2π C) π D) π
3 3 3
4
114) y = , y = 0, x = 1, x = 16 114)
x
1024 1040
A) 168π B) π C) π D) 336π
3 3
115) y = 6 x, y = 0, x = 1 115)
12 24
A) π B) 12π C) 30π D) π
5 5
3
116) y = , y = 0, x = 5, x = 7 116)
x
A) 6π B) 9π C) 12π D) 18π
117) y = x2 - 3, y = 2x, x = 0, for x ≥ 0 117)

45 45
A) 45π B) π C) 18π D) π
2 4
22
and lines about the x-axis.
118) x = 3 y, x = - 3y, y = 1 118)
22 11
A) 8π B) 6π C) π D) π
5 5
119) x = 2y2 , x = - 2y, y = 2 119)

80 160 20 40
3 3 3 3
120) x = 4y - y2, x = 0 120)

64 256 128 32
3 3 3 3
121) y = 2 x , y = 2 121)
2 16 64 8
3 3 3 3
122) y = 4x, y = 8x, y = 4 122)

16 8
A) 16π B) π C) π D) 8π
3 3
123) y = x, y = 0, y = x - 6 123)
63 63 225
A) 27π B) π C) π D) π
4 2 2
124) y = 9x2 , y = 9 x 124)

243 243 243 27
20 2 10 10
125) x = 8 - y2, x = y2 , y = 0 125)

A) 16π B) 4π C) 8π D) 32π
3
126) x = 5y2 , x = 5 y 126)
25 25 15 5
28 14 2 3
127) y = 2x3 , y = 2x, for x ≥ 0 127)

16 8 8 16
3 21 15 21
23
about the given lines.
128) y = 5x, y = 0, x = 4; revolve about the x-axis 128)
800 1600 800 3200
A) B) π C) π D) π
3 3 3 3
129) y = 2x, y = x2 ; revolve about the y-axis 129)

8 4 8 56
A) π B) π C) - π D) π
3 3 3 3
130) y = 4 - x2 , y = 4, x = 2; revolve about the line y = 4 130)

32 224 8 256
5 15 3 15
131) y = 5x, y = 0, x = 3; revolve about the line x = -3 131)

225 225
A) 225π B) - 45π C) D) π
2 2
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the given axis. Use the shell or washer method.
132) The triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 2), and (5, 2) about the line x = 5 132)
50 100 125 25
3 3 3 3
133) The region bounded by x = 4 y, x = - 4y, and y = 1 about the line y = 1 133)
44 88 52
A) π B) 4π C) π D) π
15 15 15
134) The region bounded by y = 7 x, y = 7, and x = 0 about the line y = 7 134)

49 49 49 49
12 3 6 2
135) The region bounded by y = 8 x, y = 8, and x = 0 about the line x = 1 135)

28 136 64 56
15 15 15 15
136) The region bounded by y = 7 x, y = 7, and x = 0 about the y-axis 136)

14 7 7 7
3 5 10 3
137) The region bounded by y = 5x - x2 and y = x about the y-axis 137)

64 128
A) π B) π C) 64π D) 32π
3 3
138) The region bounded by y = 4x - x2 and y = x about the line x = 3 138)

81 27 27 81
8 4 2 4
24
139) The region in the first quadrant bounded by x = 4y - y2 and the y-axis about the y-axis 139)
512 128 512 1024
15 5 5 15
140) The region in the first quadrant bounded by x = 4y - y2 and the y-axis about the x-axis 140)
128 64
A) π B) π C) 64π D) 32π
3 3
141) The region in the first quadrant bounded by x = 3y - y2 and the y-axis about the line x = -1 141)
171 513 171 513
5 10 10 40
Solve the problem.

142) A bead is formed from a sphere of radius 2 by drilling through a diameter of the sphere with a drill 142)
bit of radius 1. Find the volume of the bead.
8 5 32 10
3 3 3 3
143) A water noodle is formed from a cylinder of radius 4 and height 8 by drilling through the diameter 143)
of the cylinder with a drill bit of radius 1. Find the volume of the water noodle.
A) 8π B) 120π C) 60π D) 128π
x2
y=1- , - 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, about the x-axis (dimensions are in feet). How many cubic feet of fuel will
4
the tank hold to the nearest cubic foot?
A) 3 B) 8 C) 2 D) 7
Find the length of the curve.

5
145) y = 3x3/2 from x = 0 to x = 145)
9
335 335 335
A) B) C) D) 1
162 3 243
146) y = (4 - x2/3 ) 3/2 from x = 1 to x = 8 146)

A) 18 B) 9 C) 6 D) 12
1 3 1
147) y = x + from x = 1 to x = 5 147)
6 2x
632 79 127 316
A) B) C) D)
15 5 6 15
3 4/3
148) y = (x - 2x2/3 ) from x = 1 to x = 64 148)
8
269 855 873
A) B) C) 275 D)
2 8 8
25
y4 1
149) x = + from y = 1 to y = 2 149)
8 4y2
33 33 17
A) B) C) 2 D)
16 8 8
2
150) x = (y - 1) 3/2 from y = 1 to y = 4 150)
3
21 10 14
A) B) C) 1 D) 7 E)
2 3 3
1 3/2
151) x = y - y 1/2 from x = 16 to x = 25 151)
3
61 64
A) B) 20 C) D) 32
3 3
x
152) y = ∫ t2 - 1 dt , 2 ≤ x ≤ 5 152)
1
21
A) 21 B) 14 C) 6 D)
2
1
153) x = ∫ t3 - 1 dt , 1 ≤ y ≤ 9 153)
y
481 484 52
A) B) C) 20 D)
5 5 3
x
154) y = ∫ 25 sin 2 t - 1 dt , 0 ≤ x ≤
π
2
154)
0
5 5
A) B) 25 C) 5 D)
2 3
Set up an integral for the length of the curve.

155) y = x5 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 155)
1 1
A) ∫ 1 + 5x4 dx B) ∫ 1 + 5x8 dx
0 0
1 1
C) ∫ 1 + 25x10 dx D) ∫ 1 + 25x8 dx
0 0
26
1 1
156) y = 1 - x7 , - ≤x≤ 156)
4 4
1/4 1/4
A) ∫ 5 - 4x7
4(1 - x7 )
dx B) ∫ 4 + 49x12
4
dx
-1/4 -1/4
1/4 1/4
C) ∫ 4 - 4x7 + 7x6
4(1 - x7 )
dx D) ∫ 4 - 4x7 + 49x12
4(1 - x7 )
dx
-1/4 -1/4
157) x = y1/3 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 157)

2 2
A) ∫ 9y4/3 + 1
9y4/3
dy B) ∫ 2
9y4/3
dy
0 0
2 2
C) ∫ 3y2/3 + 1
3y2/3
dy D) ∫ 1
9y4/3
dy
0 0
158) x = y2 + 2y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 158)

2 2
A) ∫ 4y2 + 8y + 5 dy B) ∫ 2y + 3 dy
0 0
2 2
C) ∫ 4y2 + 5 dy D) ∫ 4y2 + 4y + 4 dy
0 0
π π
159) y = 7 cot x, ≤x≤ 159)
4 2
π/2 π/2
A) ∫ 1 + 49 csc2 x dx B) ∫ 1 - 49 csc2 x dx
π/4 π/4
π/2 π/2
C) ∫ 1 + 49 csc4 x dx D) ∫ 1 + 7 csc2 x dx
π/4 π/4
160) y = 4 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 160)

π π
A) ∫ 1 - 4 sin x dx B) ∫ 1 + 16 sin 2 x dx
0 0
π π
C) ∫ 1 + 4 sin x dx D) ∫ 1 + 16 cos2 x dx
0 0
161) x = sin 6y, - π ≤ y ≤ 0 161)

0 0
A) ∫ 1 + 36 cos2 6y dy B) ∫ 1 + 36 sin 2 6y dy
-π -π
0 0
C) ∫ 1 + cos2 6y dy D) ∫ 1 + 6 cos 6y dy
-π -π
27
π
162) x = 7 tan y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 162)
4
π/4 π/4
A) ∫ 1 + 49 sec 4 y dy B) ∫ 1 - 49 sec2 y dy
0 0
π/4 π/4
C) ∫ 1 + 49 sec 2 y dy D) ∫ 1 + 7 sec4 y dy
0 0
163) y4 + 4y = 4x - 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 163)
2 2
A) ∫
y6 + y3 + 1 dy B) ∫ y6 + 2 dy
1 1
2 2
C) ∫ y3 + 2 dy D) ∫ y6 + 2y3 + 2 dy
1 1
x
164) y = ∫ cot t dt ,
π
6
≤x≤
π
3
164)
0
π/3 π/3
A) ∫ 1 + cot x dx B) ∫ 1 + csc4 x dx
π/6 π/6
π/3 π/3
C) ∫ csc x dx D) ∫ csc x dx
π/6 π/6
Solve the problem.

2
165) Find a curve through the point 1,
3
4
whose length integral, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, is L = ∫ 1 + 9x6 dx. 165)
1
3 3 3
A) y = 3x4 B) y = x4 C) y = 3x3 D) y = x
4 4
2
166) Find a curve through the point (-6, 1) whose length integral, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, is L = ∫ 1+
9
y3
dy. 166)
1
-6 3
A) x = -6y5/2 B) x = C) x = D) x = -6 y
y y
1
167) Find a curve through the point (0, 5) whose length integral, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, is L = ∫ 1 + 4x2 dx. 167)
0
A) y = x B) y = x2 + 5 C) y = 2x + 5 D) y = x2
Find the area of the surface generated when the given curve is revolved about the x-axis.
168) y = 3x + 5 on [0, 2] 168)
32π
A) B) 32 10π C) 28 10π D) 32π
10
28
3 9
169) y = x on , 169)
2 2
π π
A) (21 7 - 3) B) (19 19 - 7 7)
6 6
7 7π 7 7π
C) D)
6 2
x3
170) y = on 0, 2 170)
9
1163 256 98
A) π B) π C) 98π D) π
2187 27 81
x3 1
171) y = + on 1, 2 171)
3 4x
515 515π 515π 515
A) B) C) D)
128 64 128 64
1 3
172) y = 8x - x2 on , 172)
2 2
A) 7π B) 8π C) π D) 9π
A 1.5-mm layer of paint is applied to one side of the following surfaces. Find the volume of paint needed. Assume that
x and y are measured in meters.
173) The spherical zone generated when the curve y = 8x - x2 on the interval [3, 6] is revolved about 173)
the x-axis.
9 9 9
A) π m3 B) m3 C) 24π m3 D) π m3
500 500 250
174) The spherical zone generated when the upper portion of the circle x2 + y2 = 121 on the interval 174)
[-9, 9] is revolved about the x-axis.
297 297 297
A) 594π m3 B) π m3 C) m3 D) π m3
500 1000 1000
Find the area of the surface generated when the given curve is revolved about the y-axis.
1
175) y = (3x)1/3 , for ≤ x ≤ 9 175)
3
2π 3/2 π 3/2
A) (82 - 2 3/2 ) B) (82 - 2 3/2 )
3 9
π 3/2 π 3/2
C) (82 - 1) D) (82 - 2 3/2 )
9 6
29
x2
176) y = , for 8 ≤ x ≤ 10 176)
4
8π 3/2 2 3/2
A) (11 - 103/2 ) B) (26 - 173/2 )
3 3
8π 3/2
C) 4π(263/2 - 173/2 ) D) (26 - 173/2 )
3
Determine the area of the surface generated when the curve is revolved about the indicated axis.
15
177) x = 3 4 - y, for 0 ≤ y ≤ ; about the y-axis 177)
4
125 125 125
A) + 5 10 π B) 5π 10 C) π D) - 5 10 π
2 2 2
y1/2
178) x = 4y3/2 - , for 1 ≤ y ≤ 8; about the y-axis 178)
12
1,174,313 1,174,313 1,174,313 1,174,313
A) π B) C) D) π
288 288 144 144
Write the integral that gives the surface area generated when the curve is revolved about the x-axis. Do not simplify.
179) y = x9 on [0, 4] 179)
0 4
A) 2π ∫ x9 1 + (9x8 )2 dx B) 2π ∫ x9 1 + (9x8 )2 dx
4 0
4 4
C) 2π ∫ x9 1 + (9x9 )2 dx D) ∫ x9 1 + (9x8 )2 dx
0 0
π
180) y = tanx on 0, 180)
4
π/4 π/4
A) ∫ tanx 1 + sec4 x dx B) ∫ secx 1 + tanx dx
0 0
π/4 π/4
C) 2π ∫ tanx 1 + sec4 x dx D) 2π ∫ secx 1 + tanx dx
0 0
Use a calculator to approximate the area of the surface generated when the given curve is revolved about the x-axis.
Round to two decimal places when necessary.
181) y = x9 on [0, 1] 181)
A) 1.31 B) 0.34 C) 3.24 D) 0.09
π
182) y = sinx on 0, 182)
6
A) 1.15 B) 13.39 C) 7.65 D) 5.1
30
Find the mass of the thin bar with the given density function
183) ρ(x) = 5 + x2; for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 183)
16
A) B) 0 C) -2 D) 5
3
Solve the problem.

184) How much work is required to move an object from x = 0 to x = 6 (measured in meters) in the 184)
presence of a constant force of 10 N acting along the x-axis?
A) 180 J B) 60 J C) 2 J D) ∞
185) A 30-m-long chain hangs vertically from a cylinder attached to a winch. Assume there is no 185)
friction in the system and that the chain has a density of 10 kg/m. How much work is required to
wind the entire chain onto the cylinder using the winch?
A) 9000g J B) 300g J C) 8850g J D) 4500g J
186) A 50-m-long chain hangs vertically from a cylinder attached to a winch. Assume there is no 186)
friction in the system and that the chain has a density of 10 kg/m. How much work is required to
wind the chain onto the cylinder if a 60-kg block is attached to the end of the chain?
A) 25,060g J B) 28,000g J C) 12,560g J D) 15,500g J
187) A 50-m-long, 8.6-mm-diameter rope hangs free from a ledge. The density of the rope is 70 g/m. 187)
How much work is needed to pull the entire rope to the ledge?
A) 6.25g J B) 87,500g J C) 3.5g J D) 87.5g J
188) A spring on a horizontal surface can be stretched and held 0.5 m from its equilibrium position with 188)
a force of 40 N. How much work is done in stretching the spring 2 m from its equilibrium position?
A) 40 J B) 160 J C) 80 J D) 320 J
189) A spring on a horizontal surface can be stretched and held 0.5 m from its equilibrium position with 189)
a force of 50 N. How much work is done in compressing the spring 1.5 m from its equilibrium
position?
A) 225 J B) 75 J C) 37.5 J D) 112.5 J
190) A heavy-duty shock absorber is compressed 1 cm from its equilibrium position by a mass of 500 190)
kg. How much work is required to compress the shock absorber 4 cm from its equilibrium
position? (A mass of 500 kg exerts a force (in N) of 500g, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s2 .)
A) 39,200 J B) 40 J C) 4000 J D) 392 J
191) It takes 90 J of work to stretch a spring 1 m from its equilibrium position. How much work is 191)
needed to stretch it an additional 0.5 m?
A) 1462.5 J B) 112.5 J C) 562.5 J D) 292.5 J
192) Hooke's law is applicable to idealized (linear) springs that are not stretched or compressed too far. 192)
Consider a nonlinear spring whose restoring force is given by F(x) = 18x - 0.3x3 , for |x| ≤ 9. How
much work is done in stretching the spring from its equilibrium position (x = 0) to x = 1.5? Round
to two decimal places when appropriate.
A) 236.93 J B) 473.85 J C) 19.87 J D) 38.98 J
31
193) Hooke's law is applicable to idealized (linear) springs that are not stretched or compressed too far. 193)
Consider a nonlinear spring whose restoring force is given by F(x) = 15x - 0.3x3 , for |x| ≤ 8. How
much work is done in compressing the spring from its equilibrium position (x = 0) to x = -1.5?
Round to two decimal places when appropriate.
A) 345.6 J B) 32.23 J C) 172.8 J D) 16.5 J
194) A 25-kg mass is attached to a spring that hangs vertically and is stretched 2 m from the 194)
equilibrium position of the spring. Assume a linear spring with F(x) = kx. How much work is
required to compress the spring and lift the mass 1 m? Round to four decimal places when
appropriate.
A) 428.75 J B) 183.75 J C) 275.625 J D) 30.625 J
195) A 15-kg mass is attached to a spring that hangs vertically and is stretched 2 m from the 195)
equilibrium position of the spring. Assume a linear spring with F(x) = kx. How much work is
required to stretch the spring and lower the mass 1.5 m? Round to four decimal places when
appropriate.
A) 523.6875 J B) 303.1875 J C) 248.0625 J D) 27.5625 J
196) A swimming pool has the shape of a box with a base that measures 28 m by 13 m and a depth of 196)
3.5 m. How much work is required to pump the water out of the pool when it is full?
A) 43,698,200 J B) 21,849,100 J C) 81,934,125 J D) 2,229,500 J
197) A cylindrical water tank has height 12 m and radius 2 m (see figure). If the tank is full of water, 197)
how much work is required to pump the water to the level of the top of the tank and out of the
tank? Express the answer in terms of π.
12 m
2m
A) 705,600 J B) 33,868,800π J C) 2,822,400π J D) 784,000π J
32
198) A water tank is shaped like an inverted cone with height 18 m and base radius 3 m (see figure). If 198)
the tank is full, how much work is required to pump the water to the level of the top of the tank
and out of the tank? Express the answer in terms of π.
3m
18 m
A) 1,587,600 J B) 14,288,400π J C) 85,730,400π J D) 2,381,400π J
199) A swimming pool is 20 m long and 11 m wide, with a bottom that slopes uniformly from a depth 199)
of 1 m at one end to a depth of 2 m at the other end (see figure). Assuming the pool is full, how
much work is required to pump the water to a level 0.1 m above the top of the pool? Round to one
decimal place when appropriate.
20 m 11 m
2m 6m
A) 14,804,533.3 J B) 31,046,400 J C) 19,547,733.3 J D) 4,743,200 J
200) A spherical water tank with an inner radius of 5 m has its lowest point 3 m above the ground. It is 200)
filled by a pipe that feeds the tank at its lowest point (see figure). Neglecting the volume of the
inflow pipe, how much work is required to fill the tank if it is initially empty? Express the answer
in terms of π.
5m
3m
1,225,000 4,900,000 9,800,000 2,450,000

A) πJ B) πJ C) πJ D) πJ
3 3 3 3
33
201) A water trough has a semicircular cross section with a radius of 0.25 m and a length of 5 m (see 201)
figure). How much work is required to pump water out of the trough when it is full? Round to two
decimal places when appropriate.
5m
0.25 m
A) 61,211.72π J B) 255.21 J C) 510.42 J D) 12,250 J
202) A glass has circular cross sections that taper (linearly) from a radius of 6 cm at the top of the glass 202)
to a radius of 5 cm at the bottom. The glass is 14 cm high and full of lemonade. How much work is
required to drink all the lemonade through a straw if your mouth is 7 cm above the top of the
glass? Assume the density of lemonade equals the density of water. Round to two decimal places
when appropriate.
A) 42.24 J B) 1.78 J C) 0.57 J D) 2.84 J
203) A cylinder with height 10 m and radius 4 m is filled with water and must be emptied through an 203)
outlet pipe 2 m above the top of the cylinder. Compute the work required to empty the water in
the top half of the tank. Then compute the work required to empty the (equal amount of) water in
the lower half of the tank. Round to two decimal places when appropriate.
A) 12,315,043.2 J; 12,315,043.2 J B) 34,482,120.9 J; 23,398,582.1 J
C) 24,630,086.4 J; 12,315,043.2 J D) 11,083,538.9 J; 23,398,582.1 J
204) The following figure shows the shape and dimensions of a small dam. Assuming the water level is 204)
at the top of the dam, find the total force on the face of the dam.
30 m
9m
A) 396,900 N B) 11,907,000 N C) 39,690,000 N D) 4,410,000 N
34
at the top of the dam, find the total force on the face of the dam.
48 m
36 m
24 m
A) 6,350,400 N B) 304,819,200 N C) 203,212,800 N D) 381,024,000 N
at the top of the dam, find the total force on the face of the dam. Round to one decimal place when
appropriate.
60 m
A) 88,200,000 N B) 264,600,000 N C) 294,000 N D) 176,400,000 N
at the top of the dam, find the total force on the face of the dam. Round to the nearest whole
number.
20 m
40 m
A) 13,066,667 N B) 104,533,333 N C) 26,133,333 N D) 52,266,667 N
35
208) The lower edge of a dam is defined by the parabola (see figure). Use a coordinate system with y = 208)
0 at the bottom of the dam to determine the total force on the dam. Lengths are measured in
meters.
(12, 16)
x2
y=
9
A) 8,028,160 N B) 1,784,036 N C) 16,056,320 N D) 32,112,640 N
209) A diving pool that is 9 m deep and full of water has a viewing window on one of its vertical walls. 209)
Find the force on a square window, 2.5 m on a side, with the lower edge of the window on the
bottom of the pool.
A) 77,500 N B) 441,000 N C) 474,687.5 N D) 76,562.5 N
Find the force on a square window, 2.5 m on a side, with the lower edge of the window 1 m from
the bottom of the pool.
A) 232,750 N B) 474,687.5 N C) 707,437.5 N D) 940,187.5 N
Find the force on a circular window, with a radius of 0.5 m, tangent to the bottom of the pool.
Round to three decimal places when appropriate.
A) 42,332.961 N B) 6533.333 N C) 60,812.018 N D) 48,866.294 N
36
212) A plate shaped like an equilateral triangle 1 m on a side is placed on a vertical wall 2 m below the 212)
surface of a pool filled with water. On which plate in the figure is the force greater? Try to
anticipate the answer and then compute the force on each plate. Round to three decimal places
when appropriate.
2m 2m
1m
1m
A) plate 1 B) plate 2
plate 1: 5468.524 N plate 1: 4856.024 N
plate 2: 4856.024 N plate 2: 5468.524 N
C) plate 2 D) plate 1
plate 1: 9712.049 N plate 1: 10,937.049 N
plate 2: 10,937.049 N plate 2: 9712.049 N
213) A square plate 2 m on a side is placed on a vertical wall 2 m below the surface of a pool filled with 213)
water. On which plate in the figure is the force greater? Try to anticipate the answer and then
compute the force on each plate. Round to three decimal places when appropriate.
2m 2m
2m
2m
A) plate 2 B) plate 2
plate 1: 58,800 N plate 1: 117,600 N
plate 2: 66,918.586 N plate 2: 133,837.172 N
C) plate 1 D) plate 1
plate 1: 66,918.586 N plate 1: 133,837.172 N
plate 2: 58,800 N plate 2: 117,600 N
37
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
1) B
2) D
3) A
4) A
5) C
6) C
7) C
8) C
9) A
10) B
11) A
12) D
13) C
14) C
15) D
16) D
17) D
18) A
19) C
20) D
21) B
22) D
23) A
24) B
25) C
26) C
27) C
28) A
29) C
30) D
31) B
32) A
33) B
34) A
35) C
36) B
37) C
38) A
39) D
40) A
41) B
42) D
43) A
44) C
45) A
46) C
47) B
48) B
49) A
50) A
38
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
51) C
52) D
53) D
54) B
55) D
56) D
57) B
58) A
59) D
60) A
61) C
62) B
63) A
64) B
65) A
66) C
67) B
68) D
69) C
70) B
71) D
72) B
73) B
74) A
75) D
76) C
77) D
78) D
79) D
80) D
81) C
82) D
83) B
84) B
85) D
86) B
87) D
88) A
89) A
90) C
91) B
92) D
93) A
94) D
95) A
96) C
97) D
98) A
99) C
100) C
39
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
101) B
102) B
103) B
104) C
105) D
106) D
107) A
108) D
109) D
110) A
111) B
112) C
113) D
114) D
115) D
116) C
117) B
118) C
119) A
120) C
121) B
122) B
123) C
124) C
125) A
126) B
127) D
128) B
129) A
130) A
131) A
132) B
133) D
134) C
135) D
136) B
137) B
138) C
139) A
140) A
141) C
142) D
143) B
144) D
145) C
146) B
147) D
148) B
149) A
150) E
40
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
151) C
152) D
153) B
154) C
155) D
156) D
157) A
158) A
159) C
160) B
161) A
162) A
163) D
164) C
165) B
166) B
167) B
168) B
169) B
170) D
171) B
172) B
173) D
174) B
175) B
176) D
177) D
178) D
179) B
180) C
181) C
182) A
183) A
184) B
185) D
186) D
187) D
188) B
189) D
190) D
191) B
192) C
193) D
194) A
195) A
196) B
197) C
198) D
199) C
200) B
41
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
201) C
202) B
203) D
204) B
205) C
206) D
207) D
208) C
209) C
210) B
211) A
212) D
213) D
42
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II.—THE FOLKLORE
In the Russian terminology, the people includes all the elements of
society that are not covered by the term intelligence. This latter is a
comprehensive designation of all the classes that have some
education and can give intelligent opinions on social, political and
cultural themes. The vast majority of the nation are the people in the
narrower sense, and it is essentially the characteristic of the
democratic nineteenth century to regard the intellectual life of this
people as worthy of consideration. This is true of the world at large,
but, in Russia, preoccupation with the people, down to the lowest
strata of society, has become a dominating note in literature.
Whatever other causes may have been active in creating this strong
sentiment,—and they will be discussed in a later chapter,—the
strongest impulse to such a people—worship was received from the
unexpected and undreamt-of wealth of that popular literature which
has been unearthed by the diligent labours of a few investigators.
In the eighteenth century, the term people had a wider
significance. All those who did not belong to polite society, that is, all
those who were not dignitaries or functionaries of a higher order,
were the people, and at first the literati were included in that general
appellation. Literature was entirely in the service of the higher
classes, whom it was intended to amuse and eulogise; there was no
other audience, and writers had to direct their attention to filling the
demand, as hirelings of princes, and as pamperers of the pseudo-
classic taste and Voltairism which held sway in refined society.
Though frequently originating from the people, these writers
dissevered all connection with it, for they had no longer any interests
in common. With a few occasional exceptions, the people had no
place in literature, and the inflated style that prevailed in prose and
poetry was so far removed from the language of the people that the
written literature could exert little influence upon the popular mind,
and if there existed anything of a traditional nature among the lower
classes, it was little, if at all, contaminated by literary influences.
Whatever it had received from bygone ages was transmitted to the
nineteenth century and collected just in time, before its certain
disintegration.
This disregard for the enormous majority of the people was an
inheritance of ancient Russia, before the reforms of Peter the Great.
We have already seen with what unintelligent severity the Church
persecuted every creation of a popular nature. As the nation
consisted of the Church and the people, so, also, everything that
was not directly of a Christian tendency was un-Christian and
therefore tabooed. True Christianity could never take possession of
the people that was not intelligent enough to discern what was
religion and what not, and the result was that “double faith” in which,
in spite of the persistent endeavours of the clergy, the old
heathenism showed through the varnish of the new faith. The
anathemas of the Church against “pagan rites,” which included the
singing of harmless songs, continue down to the eighteenth century.
In the general unprogressiveness of the whole country, the
agricultural classes, that constituted the bulk of the people, have
remained unchanged for centuries. Russia was as much a country of
raw products in the eighteenth century as in the twelfth, and barter
and tribute in kind were common until a very late time. The life of the
peasant has always moved in the same primitive conditions. Nothing
whatsoever has been added to his physical and intellectual
existence since the introduction of Christianity, and the latter itself
did not much affect his spiritual life. He has remained essentially the
same through the ages. The love of singing and story-telling that
characterises him to-day has, no doubt, been his characteristic for
centuries, and as the memory of the untutored man is much better
than that of the lettered, he has been able to transmit orally to our
own day the stock of his ancient songs and tales. The folklore of
Russia, more than that of any Western nation, bridges over the
chasm between the most distant antiquity and the present. It is an
inheritance of the past, the more precious because it has been
transmitted by an unsophisticated class, whereas in the West the
people has come to a great extent under the influence of the literary
caste.
When the folklore of Russia first became accessible to scholars,
the adherents of the mythological theory of the origin of popular tales
and songs, which had been enunciated by Grimm, set out at once to
expound the epic songs and fairy tales as purely mythical symbols of
a pre-Christian era. It was assumed that the songs and stories had
come down to us in an almost unchanged text from the most remote
antiquity, and that they were the representatives of a distinctly
Russian conception. In the meantime, Benfey and his followers have
pointed out that the fairy tales of Europe are traceable to their Indian
home, whence they have wandered to the most remote regions,
crossing and recrossing each other, and mingling in a variety of
ways. Even the casual song that bears every appearance of native
origin is frequently identical with similar songs in distant quarters; so,
for example, Professor Child has brought together a vast number of
similar motives from the whole world in his monumental work on the
English and Scotch Ballads. Under the stress of these discoveries,
the greater part of the mythological ballast had to be thrown
overboard, and Russian folklore was brought into direct relations
with the rest of the world.
It has been a rude disappointment to those who believed in an
autochthonous development of the bylínas, to discover that they are
often variations of similar accounts in foreign literatures; that, for
example, the story of Sadkó the Merchant has been found to be
identical with a French story; similarly, the ceremonial songs are not
all of native growth. The study of comparative literature is of recent
development, at least so far as Russian sources are concerned, and
only a small part of the material has been properly located; but this
much can even now be asserted,—that the folklore of Russia is
much more intimately connected with that of Europe and Asia than is
the written literature of the old period. Much of the apocryphal matter
came through the South Slavic countries; many stories and songs
must have wandered by way of Poland to White-Russia, and hence
farther into the interior. Anciently there could have been an
interchange of motives between Germany and Russia in the cities of
Nóvgorod and Pskov, which stood in commercial relations with the
towns of the Hansa, while earlier the Northern saga may have left
some traces during the domination of the Norse. But one of the
investigators, Stásov, and after him Potánin, have stoutly maintained
that most of the stories of the Russian epic cycle came with the
Tartars directly from Asia.
If we admit all possible borrowings from the West and the East,
Russian folklore is still of unique interest to the student of literature
on account of the evident traces of great antiquity which it has
preserved. The same cause that kept the written literature of Russia
at a low level and destroyed all appreciable chronology has been
active in the traditional literature, and has saved it from violent
transformations. It cannot be asserted that any one song has come
down to us in its original shape. The change of the spoken language
naturally affected the stories and songs, and many a word that has
become obsolete has been superseded, or preserved in an
unrecognisable form. Contemporary facts of history have been
introduced in the place of older ones, as when the heroes of the
cycle of Vladímir are made to fight the Tartars. Motives have become
mingled by superposition of related stories, or by accretion of foreign
material. But never has the people wilfully transformed, corrupted,
added or taken away. Though individuals continually produced new
songs and stories, yet they moved in narrowly prescribed traditional
limits, and the moment these passed to the people and became its
common possession, they suffered only the accidental changes just
spoken of. The task of separating later and adventitious elements
from the bulk of this literature has only begun, and when that is
accomplished, the past of Russia will be reproduced much more
clearly than that of other countries of Europe, because an achronous
period separates the last two centuries from the tenth.
Only one epic, the Word of Ígor’s Armament, has survived from
antiquity. That others existed, the bard assures us when he tells of
princes, for a period of a whole century, whom Boyán, an older
singer, had celebrated. This precious relic is not only interesting for
its intrinsic poetical merit, permitting us to guess the possibilities of
the Russian untutored mind before the introduction of the repressive
Byzantinism, but it serves as a guide in redating much of the oral
literature of the present day. In the bylínas, the ceremonial songs,
the fairy tales, we continually come upon passages that are
constructed in the same manner as in the Word, and the popular
poetry of to-day and the writings of the whole old period contain
many identical phrases and illustrations.
The epic songs, or bylínas, have been discovered in out-of-the-
way places in the swampy region of the Government of Olónetsk. It
has puzzled all the investigators to explain why the memory of
Vladímir and his heroes should have lived so long in these distant
regions when every recollection of them has entirely disappeared in
Kíev, the scene of all their deeds. Throughout these epic songs there
is evidence of their southern origin, yet nothing whatsoever is known
of them in the south of Russia. Various explanations have been
attempted, but the most wide-spread is that the Great-Russians of
the south had been exterminated by the Tartars, and that the few
who survived had taken refuge in the north, while the present
inhabitants of the south have come from the south-east and
represent a different tribe. There seems, however, to be a more
plausible explanation. Considering that the Word of Ígor’s Armament
has not survived except in writing, and that there are no old epics
living in the mouths of the people, except in inaccessible regions, it is
natural to assume that no longer poem, nor a cycle of poems, which
demanded a great amount of mental exertion and a special class of
singers, could outlive the persecution of the Church, and that only
where the people were separated from the rest of the world by
impassable swamps and forests, and where, therefore, the influence
of the Church was of necessity weakest, was it possible for the class
of traditional bards to maintain itself.
There is ample evidence that these epics were based on historical
events, and that they belong to the same category as the historical
songs, of which a number have been recorded from the seventeenth
century and later. The oldest are those that Richard James had
written down in 1619; they were composed by some popular bard
immediately after the incidents which they relate. Later historical
songs deal with Peter the Great, while the song collections contain
many others that range in time from Iván the Terrible to the
nineteenth century. The manner of all these is identical, and strongly
reminds us of the epic songs. From this it may be inferred that the
bylínas were separate songs, composed by contemporary bards,
and that their present condition is merely due to that series of
corruptions to which all orally transmitted literature is subject.
In the Word, Germans, Venetians, Greeks and Moravians are
made to sing the glory of Svyatosláv. This is certainly not a mere
adornment of speech, but rests on the actual fact of a lively
intercommunication between the East and the West before the
introduction of Christianity and in the first century following it. Thus,
the chief hero of the Vladímir cycle, Ilyá of Múrom, was known to
German song and the Northern saga, where he is often mentioned. It
has also been found that many of the heroes are real personages
whose names are recorded in chronicles. Yet, though Vladímir is
made the centre of the Kíev cycle, his heroes seem to range over
two or three centuries; from this we may conclude that poetical
activity continued for a long time, and that it is only a later tradition
that has grouped all the interesting events around the famous
Vladímir. Originally, there must have been a number of cities of
prominence around which separate epics centred, but in time they
were transferred to the three great cities, Kíev, Nóvgorod and
Moscow, where the national life had its fullest development.
In the ceremonial songs, antiquity is even better preserved than in
the epics, and quite naturally. The epics arose on special occasions,
were adapted to transitory historical incidents, and only the most
favourable conditions of seclusion could save them from entire
oblivion. Not so the ceremonial songs. These belonged to a heathen
religion, contained a mythological element, and were part and parcel
of the people’s belief and customs. The chief labour of the Church
consisted in battling against the survivals from heathenism; but all it
accomplished was to ensure an existence for the Christian tenets by
the side of the traditional customs. The pagan festivities were
merged in the corresponding holidays of the Church, but the old
games, rites and songs went on as before. In time, the meaning of
all the customs connected with the seasons, marriage, death, was
forgotten, but the simple ditties were easily remembered, though
frequently transferred to other occasions. Had there existed in the
Russian Middle Ages any incitement to the introduction of new
songs, the old ones would have been abandoned long ago; but city
life was weakly represented in the country, most of the towns hardly
differing from agricultural settlements, and the city song, which
always plays havoc with the country tunes, had little chance to
spread. City life is of quite recent growth in Russia, and industrialism,
which is only now developing under our very eyes, draws many
forces away from the plough; when these return to the village, they
bring with them the refrains of the modern opera, and degraded
street ballads. The same lowering of the popular poetry has been
caused in the nineteenth century by the soldiers who have come in
contact with the city. The result of this is the complete disappearance
of popular song from some districts, and its gradual dying out in
others. Should this tendency continue with any regularity, a new kind
of folksong will result, but in the meanwhile there is produced an
uninteresting chaos.
The freer form of the prose story and the fairy tale, which are
bound by neither verse nor tune, makes them more subject to
change than the ceremonial song. Whatever their original meaning
may have been, they have been preserved as mere stories to
amuse. Though they frequently deal with mythical beings who had
some special meaning, they have all an equal value, and one tale is
as good as another; consequently they easily combined with each
other, and new elements were continually added to them. The prose
story is, therefore, less local and even less national: it travels far and
wide, and may turn up in any corner of the globe. The Russian
peasant is a good story-teller, witty and dramatic; hence he has
added much local colouring to all the flotsam of fairyland, and the
folktales of Russia have a distinct flavour of their own, and are
relished even more than the popular tales of the West. The absence
of a book influence on these stories shows itself in simplicity of
narration and lack of moral; the latter is particularly the case in the
animal tales, which, contrary to the usual stories of the kind, contain
no explicit instruction.
In the nineteenth century, the popular element enters more and
more into the literary productions, but a proper beginning has hardly
been made in utilising the extremely rich store of Russian folklore.
When the Romantic spirit held sway over the West, Russia had not
yet collected its songs and popular stories, and a Zhukóvski had to
imitate Western models, in order to make Romanticism accessible.
Púshkin divined more correctly the value of the native stories, and
made excellent use of the tales of his nurse. Otherwise, only
sporadic use has been made of the folktale in literature. One of the
best literary rifacimentos is the collection of all the stories told about
the Fox, which Mozharóvski has brought together in one long,
connected series.
III.—THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The Court at Moscow had come into contact with foreign ideas
ever since the days of Iván the Terrible. The “German Suburb,” as
the foreign colony was called, was itself a piece of the West,
transplanted into the semi-barbarous capital, and foreigners of
necessity occupied various posts in the Government. Germans,
Greeks, and especially Englishmen were employed as ambassadors
and foreign agents, and in the seventeenth century it was not rare to
find Westerners as teachers of Russian youths. At the same time,
clergymen from Kíev carried ever more and more the Polish
scholasticism and rhetoric to the most orthodox city, and with it came
the weak reflection of Western culture. Alexis Mikháylovich became
fascinated by the theatre, and a German troupe and even English
comedians played before the Tsar; among these early plays was a
crude rifacimento of Marlowe’s Tamerlane. Sophia went one step
further, and had a Russian translation of Molière’s Médecin malgré
lui performed in her apartments. Even poetry of an European type
had made its appearance before Kantemír, though only in the
mediocre syllabic versification of a Karión Istómin and a Simeón
Pólotski. Yet the progress was very slow, and the historian of Peter’s
time, Tatíshchev, had figured out that at the rate at which it was
proceeding, it would take Russia seven generations, or more than
two hundred years, to be equal in civilisation to the rest of Europe.
Then Peter appeared. He found around him weak tendencies to
reform, but hardly any men to help him carry them out, and no
institutions of any kind on which to engraft the new knowledge he
had brought with him from Holland and Germany. There was no
native scientific literature whatsoever; there were no terms in which
to express the truths which he and his disciples had learned; there
was no established language even for educated people. Peter united
in his person the extreme of practical sense with the idealism of
youth; while bent on introducing mechanical sciences for the
advancement of his country, he at the same time carried on a
correspondence with the philosopher Leibniz, and favoured the
introduction of every branch of literature. With an indomitable will he
wanted to merge savage Russia into the liberal West, and he
frequently used savage means to attain his end.
Peter’s idea of conviviality consisted in getting drunk in a room
filled with tobacco smoke, as he had known it in the taverns of
Holland, and the whole aspect of literature of his period is that of a
crude democracy, such as he advocated in his own circle. In
whatever he or his followers wrote there is a tone of rough simplicity,
practical liberalism, and the ardour of manful youth. Everything that
could be useful to the State and nation received his equal attention.
He familiarised his people with the German and Dutch jurists, who
were translated under his care, and with text-books on the most
necessary sciences and arts; he corresponded with German, French
and English scholars on the subject of establishing universities and
academies; he invited actors from Slavic Austria to play in his
theatre; and superintended the translation of Ovid, of encyclopedias,
and of romances. In this burning activity there could be no such a
thing as a literary school; everything was welcome, provided it
advanced his cherished reforms.
There was no time to waste on the mere externals of language.
The authors of the day had to grope their way as best they could.
Some interlarded their style with hybrid words from all the tongues of
Europe; others wavered between a purely Slavic and a more or less
Russianised language, and Peter the Great, though he was fond of a
display of Dutch words, could use a very idiomatic style. While
Stefán Yavórski and Feofán Prokopóvich charmed their
congregations with elegant sermons in which Byzantine rhetoric and
Western eloquence had the fullest sway, Tatíshchev laboured to find
the proper expressions for the historical truths which he had well
learned in the West, and the peasant Pososhkóv dimly guessed the
economic problems that presented themselves to the country, vainly
trying to clothe them in an intelligible language.
Peter did not live to see the fruition of his endeavours in literature.
The time was too short to produce any good writers, and though
belles-lettres were encouraged, the whole attention of the best minds
was absorbed in the acquisition of the most-needed information.
Knowledge was the watchword of Peter’s time, and the desire for
knowledge was so great that even later Lomonósov and
Tredyakóvski thought no hardships too great, to gain the coveted
instruction. It is characteristic of the times, that these two poets in the
new style walked to Moscow to enter school, one from the extreme
north, the other from the extreme south. A mighty task fell to the lot
of the generation that had been born in the days of the great Tsar.
They had to transfer the whole European culture to Russian soil and
to discover a means of expressing it. Kantemír, whose education
was of an European type, chose the ready model of French verse in
which to write his satires, wrestling to say in Russian what he
thought out in French. Tredyakóvski discovered the proper
versification for his native tongue, but his diligence and good sense
did not make up for his barren poetical talent. Sumarókov, single-
handed, created the drama, while Lomonósov fostered the ode,
settled grammar and created Russian science.
The intermediate period between the death of Peter the Great and
the accession of Catherine II. was not one that would in itself have
encouraged people to take to literature, which was looked down
upon as the handmaid of the mighty, if the writers had not inherited
an insatiable love of knowledge. The rough and sincere manner of
the Tsar had given way to a flimsy imitation of the Court at Versailles.
With the introduction of Western civilisation, the Empresses Anna
and Elizabeth took over only the mere external appearance, the love
of pleasure, a luxury that was incompatible with their rude
surroundings. Literary men had no public to write for, except the
degraded courtiers who might flatter themselves that they were the
Mæcenases of that literature for which, in their hearts, they cared
very little. Odes by which one might gain a favour, solemn addresses
written to order, tragedies to be furnished by such and such a date,
epigrams of a flippant turn,—these were the verses that the courtiers
wanted, and they were furnished in sufficient quantity. Though
Lomonósov was more intimately acquainted with Günther than with
Boileau, yet he, like his contemporaries, found himself compelled to
favour the introduction of the French pseudo-classic style, which was
the only one that high society knew anything about. From chaos and
no literature at all, Russia was of necessity forced to cultivate the
unnatural imitation of what was supposed to be classic antiquity,
before it knew anything about that antiquity, and before it had tried
itself in simpler fields. The literature of that period was consequently
unreal, stilted, distant.
This pseudo-classicism continued to flourish to the end of the
century, though a new spirit had taken possession of men’s minds in
the reign of Catherine. This Empress had educated herself in the
school of the great philosophers who, in the second half of the
eighteenth century, were the dominating spirits in European
literature. She corresponded with Voltaire, had not only studied
Montesquieu, but embodied his Esprit des Lois in her famous
instruction for a new code of laws, invited d’Alembert to be her son’s
tutor,—in short, she was in sympathy with the humanitarian
movements of the encyclopedists. She planned reforms on a
magnificent scale,—though but few of them were executed, as her
theories were only academic and had little reference to existing
conditions. Though she planned, with the help of Diderot, a
complicated educational system, yet there were no more schools at
the end of her reign than at the beginning, and the freedom of the
press was curtailed much more in the second half of her rule than in
the first. So long as there were no disturbing elements at home, and
things went to her liking, she was pleased to favour the liberalism
which had spread over Europe, and had found its advocates at other
Courts. Her idealism was of a purely intellectual character, and her
humanitarian views as she had expressed them in her Instruction
were good and harmless so long as they remained on paper. The
moment she was disturbed in her philanthropy by the rebellion of
Pugachév at home, and when, later, she was still more startled by
the events of the French Revolution, which it became the fashion to
ascribe to the philosophy of Voltaire, she recanted her liberalism,
and tried to crush all intellectual progress that had grown strong in
the earlier part of her reign. The best authors were ruthlessly
persecuted: Radíshchev was banished to Siberia for his advocating
the very theories which she had propounded in her Instruction;
Nóvikov’s philanthropic activity was sufficient cause for his
imprisonment, and it was fortunate for Knyazhnín that he was dead
when his Vadím of Nóvgorod made its appearance.
Yet, Russian literature owes much to Catherine, who, at least in
the first part of her enlightened absolutism, encouraged a healthy
development of Letters, often through her own example. Her own
writings familiarised her people with the best thought of Europe, and
as before her Racine and Boileau, so now Voltaire, Beccaria,
Montesquieu, were upon the lips of all. Literature had begun in
imitations of foreign models, and hardly a trace of anything original is
to be found in the eighteenth century; but even a superficial
Voltairism was preferable to the more distant pseudo-classicism of
the preceding reigns, for, though most of its humanitarianism was
spurious and its culture skin-deep, it led a few more gifted individuals
to a clearer perception of actualities, to a fuller interest in that which
was immediate and around them, and, in the end, to true culture.
The most promising influence on Russian literature was the one
which Addison and the English satirical journals began to exert on
Catherine and on nearly all the writers of the day. The Spectator, the
Guardian, and the Tatler had found a host of imitators in continental
Europe, and satirical journals sprang up in astonishing abundance. It
is not likely that Catherine became acquainted with the English
originals. Her knowledge came rather through German and French
translations; and the many passages from these English journals
that found their way into Russia after the fifties were likewise
generally derived at second hand. In any case, Addison and the
satirical journals took deep root in Russian soil, and a long series of
similar productions, from 1769 to 1774, had a very salutary effect on
the drama and on those writings in which contemporary manners are
held up to the scorn and ridicule of the people. Catherine herself, the
founder of the first of these journals, had only the intention of
practising this kind of literature for purposes of good-natured banter,
and she was rather shocked when she discovered that her example
had given Nóvikov and his adherents a weapon for attacking all the
negative sides of contemporary civilisation. Without having wished it,
Catherine gave into the hands of the disaffected a means of
concentrating themselves around a name, a standard,—and public
opinion became a factor in literature.
Patronage of the mighty was as much a goal towards which
authors aimed in the days of Catherine as in the previous half-
century, and the Empress regarded it as her privilege and duty to
draw literary talent to the Court, by giving them government positions
and lavish gifts. Derzhávin, Fon-Vízin, Bogdanóvich, Kostróv, Petróv,
all were attracted to her as the central luminary. Felítsa was the
keynote of what Derzhávin purported to be a new departure in the
writing of odes, but it was in reality an old laudatory theme with an
application of fashionable liberalism, and Felítsa remained the
watchword of a generation of poets that gyrated around the throne.
At the same time, Catherine made a seeming appeal to public
opinion by her comedies and satires. If Nóvikov took her in earnest,
and responded to her invitation by making a stand against her
lukewarm satire by a systematic arraignment of vice in every form,
he soon found it necessary in his next literary venture, the Painter, to
appease her suspicion and anger by a fulsome praise of the
Empress. Underneath this outward dependence upon the Court’s
opinion, literary coteries were, however, beginning to come into
existence, and the dramas of the day received their impulse from
their writings, and in their turn were beginning to look to others than
the Court for their approval.
These coteries were concentrated around the Masonic lodges,
where, under the pledge of secrecy, an exchange of ideas could take
place, and which, consequently, Catherine hated more and more.
This Freemasonry was in itself under English influence, whence
were taken the ceremonial and the organisation. It is said that
Freemasonry first made its appearance in Russia under Peter the
Great; later it came also under German influence, had its wide-
spread connections in Europe, and, under the guise of mysterious
practices, discussed the means of spreading popular education,
doing unstinted charity, and ensuring freedom of thought. In the
uncertain and superficial state of culture which then prevailed in
Russia, much that these men did was unreal and irrelevant: they lost
themselves in the mystical speculations of the Martinists and the
Rosicrucians, and wasted their time in an unprofitable symbolism.
But it is sufficient to read the biography of a Nóvikov to perceive that
their efforts for the advancement of science and useful knowledge
were more real than those of the cultivated and more materialistic
Catherine. If Catherine had made the press free, she also
persecuted those who had availed themselves of the privilege
against her pleasure; if her mouth spoke fine sentiments, her heart
was closed against their realisation. But Nóvikov, in the silence of his
mysticism, made Russia’s past accessible to the scholar, founded
the book trade, and took a practical interest in the common people
by giving them useful books to read. This Nóvikov, and the
unfortunate Radíshchev, whose book is even now prohibited in
Russia, and Shcherbátov, who preferred the rough old times to the
flighty manners of the day,—that is, the writers who were at outs with
existing conditions,—were the carriers of a new spirit which, though
not characteristically Russian, was akin to it in that it devoted itself
with ardour to the treatment of burning questions from a native
standpoint. Two of these writers, Shcherbátov and Nóvikov, were
Slavophiles in the best sense of the word.
We shall now make the balance-sheet of the eighteenth-century
literature in the separate departments, and see what residuum it
bequeathed to the nineteenth century.
In the scholastic style of the Middle Ages it became a settled
practice to dedicate books to powerful persons, and to address them
with eulogies on all solemn occasions. Polish influence had made
this kind of poetry popular at Kíev, and Simeón Pólotski introduced it
in Moscow in time to sing the glory of the new-born Peter.
Lomonósov’s activity began with an ode, and Tredyakóvski,
Sumarókov, Petróv and a host of minor poets, if that name can be
applied to writers of soulless rhymed adulation, proceeded in the
beaten track of “ecstatic” poetry, until Dmítriev gave it the death-blow
by his What Others Say. The only positive value lay in the odes of
Lomonósov in which he described phenomena of nature, and those
of Derzhávin, who, following his example, made similar use of them
as, for example, in his Ode to the Deity. His Felítsa, which marked
the disintegration of the “ecstatic ode,” left its effect in the lighter
epistolary poetry of his contemporaries, like Kostróv, and may even
be traced in the playful productions of the next generation.
The epic is akin to the ode, in that it is a kind of rapturous eulogy
on some momentous event in history. In the mad intoxication with
foreign pseudo-classic ideals there could be no place for a proper
understanding of native history; hence the flatulent epics of
Kheráskov, admired though they were, could be of no lasting merit.
The other epics dealt with foreign subjects. Tredyakóvski’s
Telemachiad could only amuse as a piece of poetical ineptitude, and
a pleasure-loving public of the times of Catherine II. was more
inclined to go into raptures over Apuleius’s Golden Ass which,
having passed through a French transformation, appeared as a
species of mock-heroic in Bogdanóvich’s Psyche. Púshkin still took
delight in it, and his earlier productions of this kind have something
of Bogdanóvich’s manner. Máykov’s Eliséy, which is really superior
to the Psyche, was not so well received because he introduced too
freely the popular element, for which at that time there could be no
appreciation.
Lyrics (in the narrower sense of poems expressing the individual
emotion of the writer) can have a place only where the conditions are
favourable to the formation of individual feelings, where well-defined
conceptions of nature and man are common to a certain class of
society or to the whole nation. Nothing of the kind could exist in
Russia throughout the greater part of the eighteenth century, when
everything was only external veneer, and no lyrics made their
appearance until the last quarter, when, under the influence of a
thorough acquaintance with Horace and the French lyricists, some
fine verses were produced by Bogdanóvich, Kapníst, Derzhávin,
Dmítriev, Neledínski-Melétski. Most of these poems only appeared in
the nineteenth century, and all belong to that intermediate stage of
literature which was represented by Karamzín and Dmítriev and
which, in spirit, no longer continues the tradition of the days of
Catherine.
Krylóv’s fables are justly celebrated as among the best literature
that Russia evolved in the last century; but they are only the
culmination of a series of fables, most of them adaptations from La
Fontaine and Gellert, in which nearly all the poets tried their skill. By
1700, there had been current in Russia three translations of Esop’s
Fables, and Pólotski had imitated a number of such as he knew.
Here again we see the utter inability of the writers of the eighteenth
century to make use of a popular motive. Nothing is more common in
the oral literature of the people than fables, especially animal fables,
yet they had to borrow their themes from abroad. Sumarókov’s
fables make, with rare exceptions, unprofitable reading; Máykov
struck a few times a proper note, and Khémnitser alone, though he
followed Gellert closely, is still read with pleasure on account of the
simplicity of his tales. Dmítriev, as before, belongs to another period.
Modern Russian poetry practically begins with the satires of
Kantemír, and satires, with their adjunct, comedy, have remained
down to our day the most prominent part of belles-lettres; only,
whereas their usual purpose is to provoke laughter, in Russia tears
are their more appropriate due. Under the systematic, though
arbitrary and capricious, persecution of the censorship, writers have
evolved the art of telling a bitter truth by means of satire which by its
outward appearance generally escapes the scrutinising attention of
the usually dull censor, but the esoteric meaning of which is quite
comprehensible to the whole class of readers. In the days of Peter
the Great, with his violent reforms, direct command was more
effective than a satire which but few could unravel, and Kantemír’s
Satires, in spite of their literary value, are mere exotics. Catherine
thought this species of essays a good medium for a gentle reproof,
but Nóvikov more correctly divined their office, and much later Gógol
and Shchedrín brought them to great perfection along the path
indicated by him.
The same causes which prevented the formation of a Russian epic
and of lyric poetry throughout the greater part of the eighteenth
century militated against the evolution of a native tragedy. Theatrical
performances had been given ever since the days of Alexis, but
these were mainly Mysteries and Moralities that had long been
forgotten in the West, or crude plays and harlequinades by German,
Italian and English travelling comedians. Thus, a taste had been
formed for the drama when Sumarókov was ordered to organise the
first Russian theatre, though there did not exist the elements for a
native stage. Sumarókov furnished pseudo-classic tragedies as
readily as he manufactured any other kind of poetry, and his conceit
of being the Russian Racine indicates whence he took his models.
Neither Knyazhnín’s nor Ózerov’s borrowing of incidents from
Russian history could make their tragedies real: they were
accessible only to those who were steeped in French culture. Not so
comedy. Comedy stands in direct relation to satire, and it has taken
firm root in Russian soil. Catherine herself wrote a number of
dramatised satires, and Fon-Vízin’s Brigadier made its appearance
just as satire began to occupy an important place in the public eye.
Fon-Vízin, Griboyédov and Gógol are only the greatest of the long
series of dramatists, who in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
used comedy as a weapon for attacking the corruption of officials,
superficiality in education and the brutality of the serf-owners. Here
was an opportunity to introduce a native element, which becomes for
the first time prominent in Ablesímov’s comic opera.
Though Western novels reached Russia in indifferent translations
long before the end of Catherine’s reign, yet there was no proper soil
for them until Radíshchev came under the influence of the English
writers, especially of Sterne, and Karamzín, on the verge of the
century, introduced sentimentalism into literature. Throughout the
whole eighteenth century, little earnestness was shown in literary
pursuits. Prose suffered more than poetry, for prose demands a
more assiduous and constant attention than verse. It was left for the
nineteenth century to settle the prose diction appropriate to the
Russian language. In this neglect of cultivating an elegant prose
style is to be found the main reason for a very extensive literature of
memoirs which were not originally meant for publication, but were
intended as mere records for the use of posterity. The restriction of
free speech was another powerful factor in encouraging this species
of historical revelation. In these memoirs, the student of manners
and history and literature will find much better material for a correct
appreciation of the eighteenth century than in the exotic literature of
the upper classes. The emptiness of the superficial French culture,
which was prevalent in Russia, became apparent only to those who,
like Tatíshchev, Shcherbátov, and Nóvikov, busied themselves with
the study of native history. The progress which history made from
Tatíshchev to Karamzín is the most prominent feature in the
evolution of the native literature. By the historians was laid the real
foundation for a native science and interest in the people. It was
quite natural for these men to turn away from the disheartening
corruption of manners which was introduced from abroad, and to find
inspiration in their own past. They, consequently, were the first
Slavophiles, though as yet in the gentler sense of the word. They did
not preach a turning away from European culture, as did their later
spiritual descendants, but a more organic welding of the new life with
the Russian reality.
THE OLDEST PERIOD
Treaty with the Greeks (911)

Néstor’s Chronicle contains three treaties made with the
Greeks in the tenth century. It is evident, from the manner of
their composition, that the chronicler quoted some extant
documents which were probably translated by some
Bulgarian from the original Greek. These treaties are
interesting as being the earliest specimens of writing in
Russia and as having been composed before the introduction
of Christianity.
We of the Russian nation, Karly, Inegeld, Farlof, Veremud, Rulav,
Gudy, Ruald, Karn, Frelav, Ryuar, Aktevu, Truan, Lidulfost, Stemid,
who were sent by Olég, the Russian Grand Prince, and the illustrious
boyárs who are under his rule, to you, Leo and Alexander and
Constantine, the Greek Emperors and great autocrats by the grace
of God, to confirm and proclaim the amity which has existed for
many years between the Christians and Russians, by the will of our
princes and by the order of all those in Russia who are under his
rule. Our illustrious Prince has often thought, more persistently than
the others who have desired to maintain and proclaim the amity in
God which has been between Christians and Russia, that not only
with mere words, but also in writing and with a solemn oath made
over our armour, ought such amity be proclaimed and confirmed,
according to our faith and law. The following are the articles that we
wish to establish in the faith of God and in love:
In the first place, we will make an agreement with you Greeks to
love each other with our souls and as much as is in our power, and
we will not permit, as far as is in our power, that harm or damage be
done to any of you by those who are under the rule of our illustrious

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Solve the problem.

Provide an appropriate response.

Find the area of the shaded region.

768 343 937 81

(-3, -12) -10

343 343 937 1153

17) y = 2x2 + x - 6 y = x2 - 4 17)

22) y = sec 2 x 22)

27) y = - 4sin x, y = sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 27)

34) R is the region bounded by y = 8 - x - 8 and the x-axis. 34)

Find the volume of the described solid.

200 400 1400

416 16 256 416

47) About the x-axis 47)

48) About the y-axis 48)

A) 168π B) 84π C) 21π D) 98π

50) About the y-axis 50)

51) About the y-axis 51)

A) 3π2 - 6π B) 6π2 + 3π C) 6π2 - 12π D) 12π

53) About the x-axis 53)

54) About the x-axis 54)

A) 8π2 + 16π B) 8π2 - 16π C) 8π2 - 4π D) 8π2

60) y = x + 3, y = 0, x = -3, x = 6 60)

64) y = 7cos πx, y = 0, x = -0.5, x = 0.5 64)

66) y = 8x, y = 8, x = 0 66)

67) y = - 6x + 12, y = 6x, x = 0 67)

68) y = 3x, y = 3, x = 0 68)

74) y = 2cos (πx), y = 2, x = -0.5, x = 0.5 74)

77) The region enclosed by x = y1/3 , x = 0, y = 64 77)

Solve the problem.

125 125 125

100) About the x-axis 100)

125 125 250

101) About the y-axis 101)

A) 20π B) 40π C) 48π D) 32π

103) About the y-axis 103)

104) About the y-axis 104)

625 625 625 625

106) About the y-axis 106)

107) About the y-axis 107)

109) y = 4x, y = 8x, x = 4 109)

110) y = 9x2 , y = 9 x 110)

111) y = x2 , y = 4 + 3x, for x ≥ 0 111)

113) y = 5x3 , y = 5x, for x ≥ 0 113)

117) y = x2 - 3, y = 2x, x = 0, for x ≥ 0 117)

119) x = 2y2 , x = - 2y, y = 2 119)

120) x = 4y - y2, x = 0 120)

122) y = 4x, y = 8x, y = 4 122)

124) y = 9x2 , y = 9 x 124)

125) x = 8 - y2, x = y2 , y = 0 125)

127) y = 2x3 , y = 2x, for x ≥ 0 127)

129) y = 2x, y = x2 ; revolve about the y-axis 129)

130) y = 4 - x2 , y = 4, x = 2; revolve about the line y = 4 130)

131) y = 5x, y = 0, x = 3; revolve about the line x = -3 131)

134) The region bounded by y = 7 x, y = 7, and x = 0 about the line y = 7 134)

135) The region bounded by y = 8 x, y = 8, and x = 0 about the line x = 1 135)

136) The region bounded by y = 7 x, y = 7, and x = 0 about the y-axis 136)

137) The region bounded by y = 5x - x2 and y = x about the y-axis 137)

138) The region bounded by y = 4x - x2 and y = x about the line x = 3 138)

Solve the problem.

Find the length of the curve.