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360
6.1. REVIEW OF FORMULAS AND TECHNIQUES 361
2 30. Let u = ex , du = x
19. Let u = 1 + x2/3 , du = x−1/3 dx x Z e dx
3 Z e 1
Z
4 3 √ dx = √ du
dx = 4 u−1 du 1 − e2x 1 − u2
x1/3 (1 + x2/3 ) 2
= sin−1 u + C = sin−1 ex + c
2/3
= 6 ln |u| + C = 6 ln |1 + x |+c
2
31. Let
Z u = x , du = 2xdx
3
Z
x 1 1
20. Let u = 1 + x3/4 , du = x−1/4 dx √ dx = √ du
Z Z 4 1 − x4 2 1 − u2
2 2
dx = dx 1 1
1/4 + x
x x 1/4 (1 + x3/4 )
= sin−1 u + C = sin−1 x2 + c
4
Z
8 2 2
=2 u−1 du = ln |u| + C 4 3
3 3
8 Z u =31 − x , du = Z−4x dx
32. Let
= ln |1 + x3/4 | + c 2x 1
3
√ dx = − u−1/2 du
1 − x4 2
√ 1 = −u1/2 + C = −(1 − x4 )1/2 + c
21. Let u = x, du = √ dx
Z √ Z2 x Z
1+x
sin x 33. dx
√ dx = 2 sin udu 2
x √ Z +x
1 Z
1 1 2x
= −2 cos u + C = −2 cos x + c = dx + dx
1 + x2 2 1 + x2
1 1 1
22. Let u = , du = − 2 dx = tan−1 x + ln |1 + x2 | + c
Z x xZ 2
cos(1/x)
dx = − cos udu Z
1
x2 34. √ dx
1
= − sin u + C = − sin + c Z +x
x
x 1
= x−1/2 · dx
23. Z
Let u = sin x, du = Zcos xdx 1 + x1/2
π 0
= 2 ln | 1 + x1/2 | + c
cos xesin x dx = eu du = 0
0 0
ln x2
Z Z
1
35. dx = 2 ln x dx
24. Let u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx x x
Z π/2 Z 1 1
2
sec xetan x
dx = eu du Let u = ln x, du = dx.
x
0 0
Z
2
u
1
= 2 u du = u2 + c = (ln x) + c
=e =e−1
0
3 3 3
x3
0
Z Z
Z 26
25. sec x tan xdx 36. e2 ln x dx = x2 dx = =
−π/4 1 1 3 1 3
0 √ 4
= sec x =1− 2 √
Z
−π/4 37. x x − 3dx
3Z
Z π/2 4 √
π/2
26. csc2 xdx = − cot x =1 = (x − 3 + 3) x − 3dx
π/4 π/4 Z3 4 Z 4
3/2
= (x − 3) dx + 3 (x − 3)1/2 dx
27. Let u = x3 , du Z= 3x2 dx 3 3
x2 1 1 2 2
4 4
12
dx = du = (x − 3)5/2 + 3 · (x − 3)3/2 =
1 + x6 3 1 + u2 5 3 5
3 3
1 1
= tan−1 u + C = tan−1 x3 + c Z 1
3 3 38. x(x − 3)2 dx
0Z
x5
Z
1 1
28. dx = ln(1 + x6 ) + c = (x3 − 6x2 + 9x)dx
1 + x6 6
0
4 1
1 x x 9 11
29. √ dx = sin−1 + c = − 2x3 + x2 =
4−x 2 2 4 2 0 4
362 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
4 2
x2 + 1
Z Z
39. √ dx 47. f (x)dx
1Z x 0Z
4 4 1 2
x2
Z Z
x
= x3/2 dx + x−1/2 dx = 2
dx + 2+1
dx
0 x +1 x
1 1
1
Z1 2
4 4
1 2 1
2 5/2 72 = ln |x + 1| + 1− 2 dx
= x + 2x1/2 = 2 0 1 x +1
5 1 1 5 1 2
= ln 2 + (x − arctan x)
0 0
2 1
e−4 − 1
Z
2 1 −x2 ln 2 π
40. xe−x dx = − e = = + 1 + − arctan 2
−2 2 −2 2 2 4
Z
Z 4x + 1
5 5 x 48. dx
41. 2
dx = √ arctan √ + c 2x2 + 4x + 10
3 + x 3 3 Z Z
4x + 4 3
Z
5
dx: N/A = 2
dx − 2
dx
3 + x3 2x + 4x + 10 Z 2x + 4x + 10
3 1
= ln |2x2 + 4x + 10| − dx
2 (x + 1)2 + 4
Z Z
1
42. sin(3x)dx = sin(3x)3dx
3
3 x+1
Let uZ = 3x, du = 3dx. = ln |2x2 + 4x + 10| − tan−1 +c
1 1 4 2
= (sin u)du = − cos u + c Z
3 3 1
1 49. 2)
dx = tan−1 (x) + c.
= − cos(3x) + c. (1 + x
3
Z Z
x 1 2x
Z Z 2
dx = dx
(1 + x ) 2 (1 + x2 )
sin3 xdx = (sin2 x) sin xdx 1
= ln 1 + x2 + c.
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)sin xdx Z 2 2 Z 2
x x +1−1
dx = dx
LetZ u = cos x, du = − sin
Z xdx. Z (1 + x2 ) (1 + x2 )
2
x +1
Z Z
= 1 − u (−du) = u2 du − du
2
1
= 2
dx − dx
Z (x +Z1) (1 + x2 )
u3 cos3 x 1
= −u= − cos x. = dx − dx
3 3 (1 + x2 )
Z = x − tan−1 (x) + c.
43. ln xdx: N/A Z
x3 1
Z
x2
2
dx = 2xdx
Substituting u = ln x,
Z (1 + x ) 2 (1 + x2 )
ln x 1
dx = ln2 x + c Let uZ = x2 , du = 2xdx.
u+1−1
Z
2x 4 1 u 1
= du = du
2 Z1 + u 2Z 1 + u
Substituting u = x4
44. Z 1 u+1 1
= du − du
x3 1 2 Z 1 + u Z 1+ u
dx = arctan x4 + c
1 + x 8 4 1 1
= du − du
x4
Z
2 1+u
dx: N/A 1
1 + x8 = (u − ln (1 + u)) + c
2
Z 1 1
= x2 − ln 1 + x2 + c.
2
45. e−x dx: N/A 2 2
Substituting u = −x2 Hence we can
generalize this as follows,
xn
Z Z
2 1 2
xe−x dx = − e−x + c 1 + x2
dx
2
Z n−2
1 n−1 x
= x − dx
Z
46. sec xdx: N/A n−1 1 + x2
Z Z Z
x 1 1
sec2 xdx = tan x + c 50. dx = 2xdx
1 + x4 2 1 + x4
6.2. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 363
Z Z
Let uZ = x2 , du = 2xdx. 1 2x 1 2x
xe2x dx =
xe − e dx
1 1 1 2 2
= du = tan−1 (u) + c 1 1
2 1 + u2 2 = xe2x − e2x + c.
1 2 4
= tan−1 x2 + c.
Z 2 3 4. Let u = ln x, dv = x dx
x2
Z
x 1 1 1
4
dx = 4x3 dx du = dx and v = .
1+x 4 1 + x4 Z x 2 Z
Let uZ = 1 + x4 , du = 4x3 . 1 1
x ln x dx = x2 ln x − x dx
1 1 1 2 2
= du = ln (u) + c 1 1
4 u 4 = x2 ln x − x2 + c.
1 2 4
= ln 1 + x4 + c.
Z 4 5 5. Let u = ln x, dv = x2 dx
x 1 1
dx du = dx, v = x3 .
1Z+ x4 Z x 3 Z
1 x4 2 1 3 1 3 1
= 2xdx x ln xdx = x ln x − x · dx
2 1 + x4 3Z 3 x
Let uZ = x2 , du = 2xdx.Z 1 3 1 2
= x ln x − x dx
1 u2 1 u2 + 1 − 1 3 3
= du = du 1 1
2 Z1 + u 2 2Z 1 + u2 = x3 ln x − x3 + c.
1 u2 + 1 1 3 9
= du − du
2 Z 1 + uZ2 1 +u2 1
6. Let u = ln x, du = dx.
1 1 x
= du − du Z
ln x
Z
u2 1
2 1 + u2 dx = udu = + c = (ln x)2 + c.
1 x 2 2
u − tan−1 (u) + c
=
2
1 2 7. Let u = x2 , dv = e−3x dx
x − tan−1 x2 + c.
= 1
2 du = 2xdx, v = − e−3x
Hence we can generalize this 3
as Z follows,
Z
I = x2 e−3x dx
Z 4n+1
1 x2n−2 x4(n−1)+1
x
dx = − dx
1 + x4 2 n−1 1 + x4 1
Z
1
and = − x2 e−3x − − e−3x · 2xdx
3 Z 3
1 2 −3x 2
Z 4n+3
1 x2n
Z 4(n−1)+3
x x =− x e + xe−3x dx
dx = − dx
1+x 4 4 n 1 + x4 3 3
Let u = x, dv = e−3x dx
1
6.2 Integration by Parts du = dx, v = − e−3x
3
1
I = − x2 e−3x
1. Let u = x, dv = cos xdx 3 Z
du = dx, v = sin x. 2 1 −3x 1 −3x
Z Z + − xe − − e dx
x cos xdx = x sin x − sin xdx 3 3 3Z
1 2 2
= x sin x + cos x + c = − x2 e−3x − xe−3x + e−3x dx
3 9 9
1 2 2 −3x
2. Let u = x, dv = sin 4xdx = − x2 e−3x − xe−3x − e +c
1 3 9 27
du = dx, v = − cos 4x 3 2
Z 4 8. Let
Z u = x , du =Z3x dx.
3 1 1
x sin 4x dx x2 ex dx = eu dx = eu + c
Z 3 3
1 1 1 x3
= − x cos 4x − − cos 4x dx = e + c.
4 4 3
1 1
= − x cos 4x + sin 4x + c. Z
4 16 9. Let I = ex sin 4xdx
3. Let u = x, dv = e2x dx u = ex , dv = sin 4xdx
1 1
du = dx, v = e2x . du = ex dx, v = − cos 4x
2 4
364 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
1
Z
1 1
I = − ex cos 4x − − cos 4x ex dx du = cos xdx v = − cos 2x
4 Z 4 2
1 x 1 1 1 1
= − e cos 4x + ex cos 4xdx I = cos x sin 2x + − cos 2x sin x
4 4 2Z 2 2
1
Use integration by parts again, this time let − − cos 2x cos xdx
u = ex , dv = cos 4xdx 2
1 1 1 1
du = ex dx, v = sin 4x = cos x sin 2x − cos 2x sin x + Idx
4 2 4 4
1 x
I = − e cos 4x So,
4 Z 3 1 1
1 1 x 1 I = cos x sin 2x − cos 2x sin x + c1
+ e sin 4x − (sin 4x)ex dx 4 2 4
4 4 4
1 x 1 x 1 2 1
I = − e cos 4x + e sin 4x − I I = cos x sin 2x − cos 2x sin x + c
4 16 16 3 3
So,
17 1 1 12. Here we use the trigonometric identity:
I = − ex cos 4x + ex sin 4x + c1 sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x.
16 4 16
4 1 We then make the substitution
I = − ex cos 4x + ex sin 4x + c
17 17 u
Z = sin x, du = cos xZ dx.
10. Let, u = e2x , dv = cos x dx so that, sin x sin 2x dx = 2 sin2 x cos x dx
du = 2e2x dx and v = sin x.
Z Z
e2x cos x dx 2 2
= 2u2 du = u3 + c = sin3 x + c
Z 3 3
= e sin x − 2 e2x sin x dx
2x
This integral can also be done by parts, twice.
If this is done, an equivalent answer is ob-
Let, u = e2x , dv = sin x dx so that, tained:
du = 2e2x dx and v = − cos x. 1 2
Z cos x sin 2x − cos 2x sin x + c
e2x sin x dx 3 3
Z 13. Let u = x, dv = sec2 xdx
2x 2x
= −e cos x + 2 e cos x dx du
Z Z = dx, v = tan x Z
e2x cos x dx x sec2 xdx = x tan x − tan xdx
Z
Z sin x
= e2x sin x + 2e2x cos x − 4 e2x cos x dx = x tan x − dx
cos x
Now we notice that the integral on both of Z u = cos x, du = − sinZxdx
Let
1
these is the same, so we bring them to one side x sec2 xdx = x tan x + du
of the equation. u
Z = x tan x + ln |u| + c
5 e2x cos x dx = x tan x + ln |cos x| + c
π/2 π/2
4 π/2 3
Z Z
1
= − sin4 x cos x + sin xdx cosm xdx
5 0 5 0 0
1
π/2 (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) · · · 2
= − sin4 x cos x = .
5 n(n − 2)(n − 4) · · · 3
0
π/2
41. Let u = cos−1 x, dv = dx
4 1 2 2
+ − sin x cos x − cos x 1
5 3 3 0 du = − √ dx, v = x
(Using Exercise 30) Z 1 − x2
1 4 π π
cos−1 xdx
=− sin cos − sin4 0 cos 0 I=
5 2 2 Z
4 1 π π 2 π 1
+ − sin2 cos − cos = x cos−1 x − x − √ dx
5 3 2 2 3 2 Z 1 − x2
8 x
= = x cos−1 x + √ dx
15 1 − x2
2
38. Here we will again use the work we did in Ex-
Substituting u =Z 1 − x , du =
−2xdx
−1 1 1
ercise 34. I = x cos x + √ − du
Z u 2
Z
6
sin xdx 1
1 −1/2
Z = x cos x − u du
1 5 5 2
= − sin x cos x + sin4 xdx 1
6 6 = x cos−1 x − · 2u1/2 + c
1 2
= − sin5 x cos x
p
6 = x cos−1 x − 1 − x2 + c
5 1 3 3 3
+ − sin x cos x + x − sin 2x + c 42. Let u = tan−1 x, dv = dx
6 4 8 16 1
1 5 du = dx, v = x
= − sin5 x cos x − sin3 x cos x 1 + x2
6 24 Z Z
x
+ x−
15 15
sin 2x + c I= tan−1 xdx = x tan−1 x − dx
48 96 1 + x2
Substituting u = 1 + x2 ,
We now just have to plug in the endpoints: 1
Z π/2 I = x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 ) + c.
sin6 xdx 2
0 √ 1
1 5 43. Substituting u = x, du = √ dx
= − sin5 x cos x − sin3 x cos x 2 x
6 24 Z
√
Z
π/2 I = sin xdx = 2 u sin udu
15 15
+ x− sin 2x
48 96 0 = 2(−u √cos u +
√ sin u) +√c
15π = 2(− x cos x + sin x) + c
=
96 √
44. Substituting w = x
39. m even : 1 1
Z π/2 dw = √ dx = dx
sinm xdx 2 x 2w
√
Z Z
x
0
(m − 1)(m − 3) . . . 1 π I= e dx = 2wew dx
= · Next, using integration by parts
m(m − 2) . . . 2 2
m odd: u = 2w, dv = ew dw
π/2
du = 2dw, v =Z ew
Z
sinm xdx
0 I = 2wew − 2 ew dw
(m − 1)(m − 3) . . . 2 √ √ √
=
m(m − 2) . . . 3 = 2wew − 2ew + c = 2 xe x − 2e x + c
Z b
= ex (f (x) + f 0 (x)) + f 00 (x) (b − x) dx
a
Z 1 Z b
69. Consider, f 00 (x)g (x) dx Consider x sin (b − x) dx
0 0
Choose u = g (x) and dv = f 00 (x)dx,
Z b Z b
so that du = g 0 (x) dx and , v = f 0 (x) . = (b − x) sin xdx = (sin x) (b − x) dx
0 0
Hence,
Z 1 we have Now, consider
g (x)f 00 (x)dx f (x) = x − sin x ⇒ f 0 (x) = 1 − cos x
0 Z 1 and f 00 (x) = sin x.
1
= g (x) f 0 (x)|0 − f 0 (x)g 0 (x) dx Therefore, using
0 f (b) = f (a) + f 0 (a) (b − a)
= (g (1) f 0 (1) − g (0) f 0 (0)) Z b
f 00 (x) (b − x) dx,
Z 1
+
− g 0 (x)f 0 (x) dx a
0 we get
From the given
Z 1 data. b − sin b = 0 − sin 0 + f 0 (0) (b − 0)
Z b
= (0 − 0) − g 0 (x)f 0 (x) dx. + (sin x) (b − x) dx
0
0
Choose, u = g 0 (x) and dv = f 0 (x)dx, Z b
so that,du = g 00 (x) dx and v = f (x) . ⇒ |sin b − b| = x sin (b − x) dx .
0
Hence,
Z 1 we have Further,
− g 0 (x)f 0 (x) dx b b
Z Z
0 |sin b − b| = x sin (b − x) dx ≤ xdx ,
Z 1
0 0
0 1 00
= − g (x) f (x)|0 − f (x) g (x) dx as sin (b − x) ≤ 1.
0
0
= − {(g (1) f (1) − g (0) f (0) ) 0 b2
Thus, |sin b − b| ≤ .
Z 1 2
00 Therefore the error in the approximation
− f (x) g (x) dx
0 1
Fromthe given data. sin x ≈ x is at most x2 .
Z 1 2
00
= − (0 − 0 ) − f (x) g (x) dx
Z 1 0
6.3 Trigonometric
= f (x) g 00 (x) dx.
0
Techniques of
70. Consider, Integration
Z b Z b
00
f (x) (b − x) dx = (b − x) f 00 (x) dx 1. Let
Z u = sin x, du =Zcos xdx
a a
Choose u = (b − x) and dv = f (x) dx, 00 cos x sin4 xdx = u4 du
so that du = −dx and v = f 0 (x) . 1 5 1
= u + c = sin5 x + c
Hence, we have: 5 5
Z b
(b − x)f 00 (x) dx 2. Z
Let u = sin x, du = cos
Z xdx
a 4
Z b cos x sin xdx = (1 − u2 )u4 du
3
b
= (b − x) f 0 (x)|a + f 0 (x) dx
a u5 u7
Z b = − +c
0 5 7
= (0 − [(b − a) f (a)]) + f 0 (x) dx sin x sin7 x
5
a
b
= − +c
= − [(b − a) f 0 (a)] + f (x)|a 5 7
= − [(b − a) f 0 (a)] + f (b) − f (a) 3. Let u = sin 2x, du = 2 cos 2xdx.
Z b Z π/4
f 00 (x) (b − x) dx cos 2xsin3 2xdx
a 0
= − [(b − a) f 0 (a)] + f (b) − f (a) 1
1 1 3 1 u4
Z
1
= u du = =
f (b) = f (a) + (b − a) f 0 (a) 2 0 2 4 0 8
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 373
Z
4. Let u = cos 3x, du = −3 sin xdx. =− cot x(1 + cot2 x) · csc2 xdx
Z π/3
cos3 3x sin3 3x dx
u2 u4
Z
π/4 =− (u + u3 )du = − − +C
2 4
1 −1
Z
u3 1 − u2 du cot2 x cot4
=−
3 −1/√2 =− − +c
−1 2 4
1 u4 u6
=− − 11. Let 2
3 4 6 √ −1 Z u = x + 1, so that du = 2xdx.
2
xtan3 x2 + 1 sec x2 + 1 dx
1 3 7 1
=− − =−
3 16 48 72
Z
1
= tan3 u (sec u) du
5. Let u = cos x, du = − sin xdx 2Z
Z π/2 Z 0 1
sec2 u − 1 tan u (sec u) du
=
cos2 x sin xdx = u2 (−du) 2
0 0 1 Let sec
Z u = t, dt = tanu sec udu
1 3 1 1 t3
1 2
= − u = = t − 1 dt = −t +c
3 3 2
1 2 3
1 sec3 u
Let u = cos x, du = − sinZxdx
6. Z = − sec u + c
0 1 2 3
cos3 x sin xdx = − u3 du = −1 1 1
= sec3 x2 + 1 − sec x2 + 1 + c.
−π/2 0 6 2
Z
7. cos2 (x + 1) dx 12. Let
Z u = 2x + 1, so that du = 2dx.
1
Z tan (2x + 1) .sec3 (2x + 1) dx
= (1 + cos 2 (x + 1))dx
2
Z
1
1 1 = tan u. sec u.sec2 udu
= x + (sin 2 (x + 1)) + c. 2Z
2 4 1
= sec2 utan u sec udu
Let u = x − 3, du =Zdx
8. Z 2
Let tZ= sec u, sothat
dt = tan u sec udu.
sin4 (x − 3)dx = sin4 udu 1 1 t3
2
Z = t dt = +c
2 2 2 3
= sin2 u du
1 sec3 u
1
Z
(1 − cos 2u) (1 − cos 2u) = + c = sec3 (2x + 1) + c.
= × du 2 3 6
2 2
2
Z
1
1 − 2 cos 2u + cos2 2u Z u = cot x, du =Z −csc x dx
13. Let
=
Z 4 cot2 x csc4 xdx = cot2 x 1 + cot2 x csc2 xdx
1 1
= 1 − 2 cos 2u + (1 + cos 4u) du Z
4 2
= − u2 1 + u2 du
3 1 1
= u − sin 2u + cos 4u + c u3 u5
8 4 32 =− − +c
3 1 3 5
3 5
= (x − 3) − sin 2 (x − 3) (cot x) (cot x)
8 4 =− − + c.
1 3 5
+ cos 4 (x − 3) + c.
32 2
Z u = cot x, du = −csc
14. Let x dx.
9. Z
Let u = sec x, du = sec x tan xdx
Z
cot2 x csc2 xdx = − u2 du
tan x sec3 xdx
u3 cot3 x
=− +c= + c.
Z
= tan x sec x sec2 xdx 3 3
Z
1 1 15. Let u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx
= u2 du = u3 + c = sec3 x + c Z π/4
3 3
tan4 x sec4 xdx
Let u = cot x, du = − csc2 xdx
10. Z 0
Z π/4
cot x csc4 xdx = tan4 x sec2 x sec2 xdx
0
374 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Z π/4 π π
21. Let x = 3 sin θ, − < θ <
= tan4 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 xdx 2 2
Z0 1 dx = 3 cos θ dθ
Z Z
1 3 cos θ
= u4 (1 + u2 ) du √ dx = dθ
0
2
xZ 9 − x 2 9 sin2 θ · 3 cos θ
Z 1
u5 u7
1
12 1 1
= (u4 + u6 )du = + = = csc2 θdθ = − cot θ + C
5 7 35 9 9
0 0
By drawing a diagram, √ we see that if
16. Let u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx. 9 − x2
Z π/4 x = sin θ, then cot θ = .
x
tan4 x sec2 xdx √
π/4 9 − x2
1 1 Thus the integral = − +c
u5 9x
Z
2
= u4 du = = π π
−1 5 −1 5 22. Let x = 4 sin θ, − < θ < ,
2 2
dx
Z = 4 cos θdθ
Z
cos2 x sin2 xdx
Z
17. 1 cos θ
√ dx = dθ
Z
1 1
2
x Z 16 − x 2 16 sin2 θ cos θ
= (1 + cos 2x) · (1 − cos 2x)dx 1 1
2 2 = csc2 θdθ = − cot θ + c
1
Z 16√ 16
2
= (1 − cos 2x)dx 16 − x2
4Z =− +c
16x
1 1
= 1 − (1 + cos 4x) dx
4 2 23. Let x = 4sinθ, so that dx = 4cos θdθ.
16sin2 θ 4 cos θ
1 1 1 x2
Z Z
= x − sin 4x + c √ dx = dθ
4 2 8
q
16 − x2 16 − (4 sin θ)
2
1 1
= x− sin 4x + c Z
sin2 θ cos θ
8 32 = 64 p dθ
Z
2 2
Z 16 − 16sin2 θ
18. (cos x + sin x)dx = 1dx = x + c Z
sin2 θ cos θ
= 64 q dθ
Let u = cosx, du = − sin xdx
19. Z 4 1 − sin2 θ
0 √ sin2 θ cos θ
Z Z
cos x sin3 xdx = 16 dθ = 16 sin2 θdθ
−π/3 Z cos θ
Z 0
√ 1 − cos 2θ
= cos x(1 − cos2 x) sin xdx = 16 dθ
−π/3 Z Z2
Z 1
√ =8 dθ − (cos 2θ) dθ
= u(1 − u2 )(−du)
Z1/2
1 =8 θ−
sin 2θ
+c
= (u5/2 − u1/2 )du x2 h x i
1/2
1 = 8sin−1 − 4 sin 2sin−1 + c.
25 √ 4 4
=
2 7/2 2 3/2
u − u = 2−
8 x x√16 − x2
7 3 1/2 168 21 = 8sin−1 − +c
4 2
20. Let u = cot x, du = − csc2 xdx 24. Z
Let x = 3 sin θ, so that dx = 3 cos θdθ.
x3
Z π/2
cot2 x csc4 xdx √ dx
9 − x 2
π/4
27 sin3 θ
Z
Z π/2
= cot2 x csc2 x csc2 xdx = q (3 cos θ) dθ
2
π/4 9 − (3 sin θ)
Z π/2
sin3 θ
Z
= cot2 x(1 + cot2 x) csc2 xdx = 81 p (cos θ) dθ
π/4 2
Z 0 9 − 9sin θ
sin3 θ
Z Z
=− u2 (1 + u2 )du = 81 cos θdθ = 27 sin3 θdθ
1
3 0 Z 3 cos θ
u5
u 1 1 8 3 sin θ − sin 3θ
=− + = + = = 27 dθ
3 5 1 3 5 15 4
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 375
Z Z
27 Putting all these together and using
= 3 sin θdθ − sin 3θdθ √
4 x x2 − 9
27 cos 3θ
sec θ = , tan θ = :
= −3 cos θ + +c 3 3
Z 2 Z
4 3 x
27 n h x i √ dx = 9 sec3 θ dθ
= −3 cos sin−1 x2 − 9 Z
4 ) 3 9 9
= sec θ tan θ + sec θ dθ
cos sin−1 x3
2 2
+ + c. 9 9
3 = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ| + c
2 √ 2 !
25. This is the area of a quarter of a circle of radius 9 x x2 − 9
2, =
Z 2p 2 3 3
√
4 − x2 dx = π 9 x x2 − 9
0 + ln + +c
2 3 3
Let u = 4 − x2 , du =Z −2xdx
26. Z √ √
1
x 3
du x x2 − 9 9 x + x2 − 9
√ dx = − √ = + ln +c
4−x 2 2 u 2 2 3
0 4
3 √
= −u1/2 = 2 − 3 28. Let = x2 − 1, du = 2xdx
4 Z up
27. Let x
Z = 3 sec θ, dx = 3 sec θ tan θdθ. x3 x2 − 1dx
x2 1
Z
I= √ dx
p
x2 − 9 = x2 x2 − 1(2x)dx
2Z
27 sec2 θ sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ 1 √
= (u + 1) udu
Z 9 sec2 θ − 9 2Z
= 9 sec3 θdθ 1
= u3/2 + u1/2 du
2
1 2u5/2 2u3/2
Use integration by parts.
Let u = sec θ and dv = sec2 θdθ. This gives = + +c
Z 2 5 3
sec3 θdθ 1 2 1
= (x − 1)5/2 + (x2 − 1)3/2 + c
Z 5 3
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan2 θdθ
Z 29. Z
Let x = 2 sec θ, dxZ = 2 sec θ tan θdθ
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ(sec2 θ − 1)dθ 2 4 sec θ tan θ
√ dx = dθ
Z Z 2
Zx − 4 2 tan θ
= sec θ tan θ + sec θdθ − sec3 θdθ = 2 sec θdθ
Z
= 2 ln |2 sec θ + 2 tan θ| + c
2 sec3 θdθ p
Z = 2 ln x + x2 − 4 + c
= sec θ tan θ + sec θdθ
Z 30. Z
Let x = 2 sec θ, dxZ = 2 sec θ tan θdθ
sec3 θdθ x 4 sec2 θ tan θ
√ dx = dθ
1 1
Z 2
Zx − 4 2 tan θ
= sec θ tan θ + sec θ dθ p
2 2 = 2 sec2 θdθ = 2 tan θ + C = x2 − 4 + c
Z
This leaves us to compute sec θdθ. Z √ Z √ 2
4x2 − 9 4x − 9
For this notice if u = sec θ + tan θ then 31. dx = 4xdx
x p 4x2
du = sec θ tan θ + sec2 θ.
Z Let u = 4x2 − 9,
sec θdθ 1 1
du = √ 8xdx = 8xdx
Z
sec θ(sec θ + tan θ) 2 4x2 − 9 2u
= dθ or udu = 4xdx.
Z sec θ + tan θ
1 Hence, we have
= du = ln |u| + c Z √ 2
u 4x − 9
= ln | sec θ + tan θ| + c dx
x
376 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Z
u
Z
u2
Z √ √
= udu = du = (16 2 tan3 θ)(2 2 sec θ)dθ
2 2
Z u2 + 9 Zu + 9 Z Z
u +9−9 9 = 64 tan3 θ sec θ dθ
= du = du − du
u2 + 9 u2 + 9 Z
u
= u − 9tan−1 +c = 64 (sec2 θ − 1)(sec θ tan θ dθ)
3 √ ! Z
4x2 − 9 64 3
= 64 (u2 − 1)du =
p
2
= 4x − 9 − 9tan −1
+ c. u − 64u + c
3 3
64
= sec3 θ − 64 sec θ + c
32. Let√x = 2 sec θ, dx = 2 tan θ sec θdθ. 3
√ !3 √ !
x2 − 4
Z
dx 64 8 + x2 8 + x2
x2 = √ − 64 √ +c
Z √ 3 2 2 2 2
4sec2 θ − 4 √
= (2 tan θ sec θ) dθ 2 2 √
4sec2 θ = (8 + x2 )3/2 − 16 2(8 + x2 )1/2 + c
Z
2 tan θ 3
= 2
(2 tan θ sec θ) dθ 2
Z 4sec2 θ 35. Let
Z px = 4 tan θ, dx = 4 sec θdθ
sec2 θ − 1
Z
tan θ
= dθ = dθ 16 + x2 dx
Z sec θ Z sec θ Z p
1
= sec θdθ − dθ = 16 + 16 tan2 θ · 4 sec2 θdθ
Z Z sec θ Z
= sec θdθ − cos θdθ = 16 sec3 θdθ
= ln |sec θh + tanθ| −
Z
sin θ + hc 1 1
x i x i = 16 sec θ tan θ + sec θdθ
= ln sec sec−1 + tan sec−1 2 Z 2
h x2i 2
− sin sec−1 +c = 8 sec θ tan θ + 8 sec θdθ
x 2h x i
= 8 sec θ tan θ + 8 ln |sec θ + tan θ| + c
= ln + tan sec−1 1 p
2h x i 2 = x 16 + x2
− sin sec−1 + c. 2
2 1p x
+ 8 ln 16 + x2 + +c
4 4
Let x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θdθ
33. Z
x2 36. Let 2
√
2
dx Z x = 2 tan θ, dx
Z = 2 sec
2
θdθ
Z 9+x 2 1 2 sec θ
27 tan θ sec2 θ √ dx = dθ
= √ dθ Z 4+x
2 2 sec θ
Z 9 + 9 tan2 θ = sec θdθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + c
= 9 tan2 θ sec θdθ √
Z x + 4 + x2
= ln +c
= 9 (sec2 θ − 1) sec θdθ 2
Z Z
3
= 9 sec θdθ − 9 sec θdθ 37. Let = x2 + 8, du = Z
Z 1 up 2xdx
9
9 9 1
= sec θ tan θ − ln | sec θ + tan θ| + c x x2 + 8dx = u1/2 du
2 √ !2 0 2 √8
9
9 9 + x2 x 1 27 − 16 2
= = u3/2 =
2 3 3 3 8 3
√
9 9 + x2 x 38. Let x tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ
Z = 3p
− ln + +c
2 3 3 I = x2 x2 + 9dx
√ √
x 9 + x2 9 x + 9 + x2 Z
− ln
p
= +c = 27 tan2 θ sec2 θ 9 tan2 θ + 9dx
2 2 3
Z
√ √ = 81 tan2 θ sec3 θdx
Let x = 2 2 tan θ, dx = 2 2 sec2 θdθ
34. Z Z
p
x3 8 + x2 dx = 81 (sec2 θ − 1) sec3 θdx
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 377
Z √ √
= 81 (sec5 θ − sec3 θ)dx 17 13 81 2 + 13
= − ln
4 8 3
To compute sec5 θ dθ, we use integration by
R
39. Let sec2 θdθ.
Z x =3 tan θ, dx Z=
parts with u = sec3 θ and dv = sec2 θdθ. x tan3 θ
sec2 θdθ
Z
√ dx =
sec5 θ dθ Z 1+x
2 sec θ
Z
tan2 θ (tan θ sec θ) dθ
= sec θ tan θ − 3 sec3 θ tan2 θdθ
3 =
Z LetZ t = sec θ, dt = tan θ sec θdθ.
= sec θ tan θ − 3 sec3 θ(sec2 θ − 1)dθ
3
sec2 θ − 1 tan θ sec θdθ
Z =
= sec3 θ tan θ − 3 (sec5 θ − sec3 θ)dθ
Z 3
2
t
= t − 1 dt = −t +c
3
Z
4 sec5 θdθ
3
sec θ
= − sec θ + c
" 3
Z Z
3 3
= sec θ tan θ + 3 sec θdθ sec5 θdθ #
sec3 tan−1 x
−1
1 3
Z = − sec tan x + c.
= sec3 θ tan θ + sec3 θdθ 3
4 4
2
40. Let
Z x = 2 tan θ, dθ = 2sec θ dθ.
To compute sec3 θdθ and sec θ dθ, see Ex-
R R
x+1
ercise 27. √ dx
2
PuttingZ all this together gives: Z 4+ x
2 tan θ + 1
= √ 2sec2 θdθ
I = 81 (sec5 θ − sec3 θ)dx 4 + 4tan 2
θ
Z
81 243
Z 2 tan θ + 1
2sec2 θ dθ
= sec3 θ tan θ + sec3 θdθ =
4 Z 4 Z 2 sec θ
x−3
+ tan sec−1 + c. 1 2 1 4
3 = u + u +c
Z 2 4
x 1 1
43. √
2
dx = tan2 x + tan4 x + c
Z 10 + 2x + x 2 4
x Using u = sec x, gives
= √ dx Z
9 + 1 + 2x + x2
Z
x tan x sec4 xdx
= q dx Z
2
(x + 1) + 9 = tan x sec x sec3 xdx
x+1−1
Z Z
= dx 1 1
q
2 = u3 du = u4 + c = sec4 x + c
(x + 1) + 9 4 4
Z Z
x+1 1 46. Using u = tan x givesZ
= q dx − q dx Z
2
(x + 1) + 9
2
(x + 1) + 9 tan x sec4 xdx = u3 (u2 + 1)du
3
LetZ u = x + 1, du = Z dx. u6 u4
u 1 = + + c1
= √ du− √ du 6 4
2
u +9 2
u +9 tan6 x tan4 x
Z Z = + + c2
1 2u 1 6 4
= √ du− √ du
2 2
u +9 u + 32
2 Using u = sec x givesZ
Z
Let t = u2 + 9, dt = 2udu. tan3 x sec4 xdx = (u2 − 1)u3 du
u6 u4 sec6 x sec4 x
Z
1 dt h p i
= √ dt− log u + u2 + 32 + c = − = −
2 t h 6 4 6 4
√ p i
2 3 2
= t − log u + u2 + 32 + c (tan x + 1) (tan x + 1)2
= −
6 4
p h p i
= u2 + 9 − log u + u2 + 9 + c tan6 x tan4 x 1
q = + − + c1
2
= (x + 1) + 9 6 4 12
6 4
tan x tan x
= + + c2
q
2
− log (x + 1) + (x + 1) + 9 + c. 6 4
1 2 5x − 2 = A(x − 2) + B(x + 2)
52. (a) − sin2 x cos5 x − cos5 x x = −2 : −12 = −4A; A = 3
7 35
1 2 x = 2 : 8 = 4B; B = 2
= − (1 − cos2 x) cos5 x − cos5 x
7 35 5x − 2 3 2
1 1 = +
= cos7 x − cos5 x x2 − 4 x+2 x−2
7 5
The conclusion is c = 0 Z
5x − 2
Z
3 2
dx = + dx
2 1 x2 − 4 x+2 x−2
(b) − tan x − sec2 x tan x
15 15 = 3 ln | x + 2| + 2 ln | x − 2| + c
1
+ sec4 x tan x
5 6x 6x
2 1 3. =
= − tan x − (1 + tan2 x) tan x x2 − x − 2 (x − 2)(x + 1)
15 15 A B
1 = +
+ (1 + tan2 x)2 tan x x−2 x+1
5
1 1 6x = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2)
= tan3 x + tan5 x x = 2 : 12 = 3A; A = 4
3 5
The conclusion is c = 0 x = −1 : −6 = −3B; B = 2
6x 4 2
= +
x2 − x − 2 x−2 x+1
53. The average power Z
6x
Z 2π/ω
1 dx
= 2π RI 2 cos2 (ωt) dt 2
x −x−2
ω 0 Z
4 2
ωRI 2 2π/ω 1
Z
= + dx
= [1 + cos(2ωt)] dt x−2 x+1
2π 0 2 = 4 ln | x − 2| + 2 ln | x + 1| + c
2π/ω
ωRI 2
1
= t+ sin(2ωt) 3x 3x
4π 2ω 0 4. =
ωRI 2 2π 1 4ωπ
1 x2− 3x − 4 (x + 1)(x − 4)
= + sin − 0 = RI 2 A B
4π ω 2ω ω 2 = +
x+1 x−4
6.4. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS 381
4 1
= ln | x| − ln |x + 2| − ln |x + 3| + c
3x = A(x − 4) + B(x + 1) 3 3
3 5x − 23 5x − 23
x = −1 : −3 = −5A; A = 7. =
5 6x2 − 11x − 7 (2x + 1)(3x − 7)
12
x = 3 : 12 = 5B; B = A B
5 = +
2x + 1 3x − 7
3x 3/5 12/5
= + 5x − 23 = A(3x − 7) + B(2x + 1)
x2 − 3x − 4 x+1 x−4
1 51 17
x=− :− = − A; A = 3
Z
3x
2
dx 2 2 2
Zx − 3x − 4 x= :−
7 34
=
17
B; B = −2
3/5 12/5 3 3 3
= + dx
x+1 x−4 5x − 23 3 2
2
= −
3 12 6x − 11x − 7 2x + 1 3x − 7
= ln | x + 1| + ln | x − 4| + c
5x − 23
Z
5 5
2
dx
5.
−x + 5
=
−x + 5 Z6x − 11x − 7
x3 − x2 − 2x x(x − 2)(x + 1) 3 2
= − dx
A B C 2x + 1 3x − 7
= + +
x x−2 x+1 3 2
= ln | 2x + 1| − ln | 3x − 7| + c
− x + 5 = A(x − 2)(x + 1) + Bx(x + 1) 2 3
+ cx(x − 2) 3x + 5 3x + 5
5 8. =
x = 0 : 5 = −2A : A = − 5x2 − 4x − 1 (5x + 1)(x − 1)
2 A B
1 = +
x = 2 : 3 = 6B : B = 5x + 1 x − 1
2
x = −1 : 6 = 3C : C = 2 3x + 5 = A(x − 1) + B(5x + 1)
1 22 6 11
−x + 5 5/2 1/2 2 x=− : = − A; A = −
=− + + 5 5 5 3
x3 2
Z − x − 2x x x−2 x+1 4
−x + 5 x = 1 : 8 = 6B; B =
dx 3
3 2
Zx − x − 2x 3x + 5 11/3 4/3
=−
5/2 1/2 2 2
+
= − + + dx 5x − 4x − 1 5x + 1 x − 1
x x−2 x+1 Z
3x + 5
5 1 2
dx
= − ln | x| + ln | x − 2| Z5x − 4x − 1
2 2
11/3 4/3
+ 2 ln | x + 1| + c = − + dx
5x + 1 x − 1
3x + 8 3x + 8 11 4
6. = =− ln |5x + 1| + ln |x − 1| + c
x3 + 5x2 + 6x x(x + 2)(x + 3)) 15 3
A B C
= + + x−1 x−1
x x+2 x+3 9. 3 =
x + 4x2 + 4x x(x + 2)2
3x + 8 = A(x + 2)(x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) A B C
+ cx(x + 2) = + +
x x + 2 (x + 2)2
4
x = 0 : 8 = 6A; A = x − 1 = A(x + 2)2 + Bx(x + 2) + Cx
3 1
x = −2 : 2 = −2B; B = −1 x = 0 : −1 = 4A; A = −
1 4
x = −3 : −1 = 3C; C = − 3
3 x = −2 : −3 = −2C; C =
2
3x + 8 4/3 1 1/3 1
= − − x = 1 : 0 = 9A + 3B + C; B =
x3 + 5x2 + 6x x x+2 x+3 4
x−1
Z
3x + 8
dx
3 2
Zx + 5x + 6x x3 + 4x2 + 4x
4/3 1 1/3 1/4 1/4 3/2
= − − dx =− + +
x x+2 x+3 x x + 2 (x + 2)2
382 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
x−1
Z
dx Z
1
x3 2
Z + 4x + 4x dx
1/4 1/4 3/2 x 3 + 4x
= − + + dx Z
1 −x
x x + 2 (x + 2)2 = + dx
1 1 3 x x2 + 4
= − ln | x| + ln | x + 2| − +c 1
4 4 2(x + 2) = ln |x| − ln(x2 + 4) + c
2
4x − 5 4x − 5
10. 3 2
= 2 4x2 − 7x − 17
x − 3x x (x − 3) 13.
A B C 6x2 − 11x − 10
= + 2+ 2 1 x − 31
x x x−3 = +
3 3 (2x − 5)(3x + 2)
4x − 5 = Ax(x − 3) + B(x − 3) + Cx2
= (A + C)x2 + (−3A + B)x + (−3B) = +
2 1 A
+
B
5 7 7 3 3 2x − 5 3x + 2
B = ;A = − ;C =
3 9 9 x − 31 = A(3x + 2) + B(2x − 5)
4x − 5 7/9 5/3 7/9 5 57 19
=− + 2 + x= :− = A, A = −3;
x3 − 3x2 x x x−3 2 2 2
Z
4x − 5 2 95 19
dx x=− :− = − B, B = 5;
3 2 3 3 3
Z − 3x
x 4x2 − 7x − 17
7/9 5/3 7/9
= − + 2 + dx 6x2 − 11x − 10
x x x−3 2 1 −3 5
7/9 51 7 = + +
=−
ln
|x| −
3x 9
+ ln |x − 3| + c Z 3 2 3 2x − 5 3x + 2
4x − 7x − 17
x+2 x+2 2
dx
11. = Z6x − 11x − 10
x3 + x x(x2 + 1) 2 1 5/3
= − + dx
A Bx + C 3 2x − 5 3x + 2
= + 2 2 1 5
x x +1 = x − ln | 2x − 5| + ln | 3x + 2| + c
3 2 9
x + 2 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x
x3 + x 2x
= Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Cx 14. 2
=x+
x −1 (x + 1)(x − 1)
= (A + B)x2 + Cx + A A B
=x+ +
A = 2; C = 1; B = −2 x+1 x−1
2x = A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)
x+2 2 −2x + 1
3
= + 2 A=B=1
x +x x x +1
x3 + x
Z
2 −2x + 1 1 1
Z
x+2
dx = + dx 2
=x+ +
3 x2 x −1 x+1 x−1
Zx + x x +1
2 2x 1 Z 3
x +x
= − + dx dx
x x2 + 1 x2 + 1 2
Zx − 1
= 2 ln | x| − ln(x2 + 1) + tan−1 x + c 1 1
= x+ + dx
x+1 x−1
1 1 x2
12. = = + ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 1| + c
x3 + 4x x(x2 + 4) 2
A Bx + C
= + 2 2x + 3 2x + 3
x x +4 15. =
2 x2 + 2x + 1 (x + 1)2
1 = A(x + 1) + (Bx + C)x A B
1 = (A + B)x2 + Cx + A = +
x + 1 (x + 1)2
2x + 3 = A(x + 1) + B
A = 1; B = −1; C = 0
1 1 −x x = −1 : B = 1; A = 2
= + 2
x3 + 4x x x +4
6.4. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS 383
2x + 3 2 1
Z
1 −x + 2
2
= + = + dx
x + 2x + 1 x + 1 (x + 1)2 x x2 − 2x + 4
Z
2x + 3 Z
1 1 2x − 2 1
2 + 2x + 1
dx = − + dx
x
Z x 2 x2 − 2x + 4 (x − 1)2 + 3
2 1
= + dx 1
x + 1 (x + 1)2 = ln |x| − ln(x2 − 2x + 4)
1 2
= 2 ln | x + 1| − +c
x+1 1 −1 x−1
+ √ tan √ +c
2x 2x 3 3
16. 2 =
x − 6x + 9 (x − 3)2 3x3 + 1
A B 19.
= + x3 − x2 + x − 1
x − 3 (x − 3)2 3x2 − 3x + 4
=3+ 3
2x = A(x − 3) + B x − x2 + x − 1
A = 2; B = 6 3x2 − 3x + 4
=3+ 2
(x + 1)(x − 1)
2x 2 6 Ax + B C
= + =3+ 2 +
x2 − 6x + 9 x − 3 (x − 3)2 x +1 x−1
Z
2x
2 − 6x + 9
dx 3x2 − 3x + 4 = (Ax + B)(x − 1) + C(x2 + 1)
x
Z = Ax2 − Ax + Bx − B + Cx2 + C
2 6
= + dx x = 1 : 4 = 2C; C = 2
x − 3 (x − 3)2 A+c=3:A=1
6
= 2 ln |x − 3| − +c − A + B = −3 : B = −2
x−3
x3 − 4 −2x2 − 2x − 4 3x3 + 1 x−2 2
17. = 1 + =3+ 2 +
x3 + 2x2 + 2x x(x2 + 2x + 2) x3 − x2 + x − 1 x +1 x−1
A Bx + c Z
3x3 + 1
=1+ + 2 dx
x x + 2x + 2 3 2
Zx − x + x − 1
− 2x2 − 2x − 4 = A(x2 + 2x + 2) + (Bx + c)x x−2 2
= 3+ 2 + dx
= (A + B)x2 + (2A + c)x + 2A Z x +1 x−1
A = −2; B = 0; C = 2 x 2 2
= 3+ 2 − + dx
x + 1 x2 + 1 x − 1
x3 − 4 1
x3 + 2x2 + 2x = 3x + ln(x2 + 1) − 2 tan−1 x
−2 2 2
=1+ + 2 + 2 ln | x − 1| + c
x x + 2x + 2
Z
x3 − 4 2x4 + 9x2 + x − 4 x2 + x − 4
dx 20. = 2x +
3 2 x3 + 4x x(x2 + 4)
Zx + 2x + 2x A Bx + C
−2 2 = 2x + + 2
= 1+ + dx x x +4
x (x + 1)2 + 1
= x − 2 ln |x| + 2 tan−1 (x + 1) + c x2 + x − 4 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)x
4 4 = (A + B)x2 + Cx + 4A
18. = A = −1; B = 2; C = 1
x3 − 2x2 + 4x x(x2 − 2x + 4)
A Bx + C 2x4 + 9x2 + x − 4 1 2x + 1
= + 2 = 2x − + 2
x x − 2x + 4 3
x + 4x x x +4
4 = A(x2 − 2x + 4) + (Bx + C)x 1 2x 1
= 2x − + 2 + 2
= (A + B)x2 + (−2A + C)x + 4A x x +4 x +4
A = 1; B = −1; C = 2 2x + 9x2 + x − 4
4
Z
3
dx
4 1 −x + 2 Z x + 4x
= + 2 1 2x 1
x3 2
− 2x + 4x x x − 2x + 4 = 2x − + 2 + 2 dx
Z x x +4 x +4
4 1 x
dx = x2 − ln |x| + ln(x2 + 4) + tan−1 + c
x3 − 2x2 + 4x 2 2
384 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
x3 + x + 2 11 2 26. Let 2
21. =x−2+ + Z u = x , du = Z(2x) dx.
x2 + 2x − 8 x+4 x−2 x 1 2x
dx = dx
Z
x3 + x + 2 x4Z+ 1 2 x4 + 1
2
dx 1 du 1
Zx + 2x − 8 =
2 2
u +1
= tan (u) + c
2
11 2
= x−2+ + dx 1 2
x+4 x−2 = tan x + c.
2
x2
= − 2x + 11 ln | x + 4|
2 4x − 2 −4x + 1 1
+ 2 ln | x − 2| + c 27. = +
16x4 − 1 4x2 + 1 2x + 1
4x − 2
Z
x2 + 1 2/7 37/7 dx
22. =− + 4
2
x − 5x − 6 x+1 x−6 −1
Z16x
−4x + 1 1
x2 + 1 = + dx
Z
2
dx 4x2 + 1 2x + 1
Zx − 5x − 6 Z
1 8x 1 1
2/7 37/7 = − + + dx
= − + dx 2 4x2 + 1 4x2 + 1 2x + 1
x+1 x−6
1 1
2 37 = − ln |4x2 + 1| + tan−1 (2x)
= − ln | x + 1| + ln |x − 6| + c 2 2
7 7
1
+ ln |2x + 1| + c
x+4 2 1 3 2
23. = + −
x3 2
+ 3x + 2x x x+2 x+1
Z 3x + 7 13/32 1/32 3x/8 + 7/8
x+4 28. = − −
3 2
dx x4 − 16 x−2 x+2 x2 + 4
Zx + 3x + 2x Z
3x + 7
2 1 3 dx
= + − dx 4
x x+2 x+1 Zx − 16
13/32 1/32 3x/8 + 7/8
= 2 ln | x| + ln | x + 2| − 3 ln | x + 1| + c = − − dx
x−2 x+2 x2 + 4
Z
1 1/3 (x + 2)/3 13/32 1/32 3 2x
24. = − 2 = − −
x
Z
3−1 (x − 1) (x + x + 1) x−2 x+2 16 x2 + 4
1
dx 7 1
x3Z− 1 − 2 dx
1 1 x+2 8x +4
= − dx 13 1
3 (x − 1) (x2 + x + 1) = ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2|
32 32
1
Z
1 1 2x + 4 3 7 x
= − dx − ln(x2 + 4) − tan−1 + c
3 Z (x − 1) 2 (x2 + x + 1) 16 16 2
1 1 1 2x + 1
= − x3 + x
3 (x − 1) 2 (x2 + x + 1) 29.
1 3 3x2 + 2x + 1
− dx
2 (x 2 + x + 1) x 2 1 10x + 2
1
Z
1 1 2x + 1 = − +
= − 3 9 9 3x2 + 2x + 1
3 (x − 1) 2 (x2 + x + 1) Z
x3 + x
dx
1 3 3x2 + 2x + 1
− dx
2 (x + 1/2)2 + 3/4 Z
x 2 1 10x + 2
1
1 = − + 2
dx
=
3
ln |x − 1| − ln x2 + x + 1 Z 3 9 9 3x + 2x + 1
2 =
x 2 15
− +
6x + 2
√ 2x + 1 2
− 3tan −1
√ +c 3 9 9 3 3x + 2x +1
3 14 1
− dx
9 3 3(x + 1/3)2 + 2/3
25. Let u = x4 − x, du = 4x3 − 1 dx. x2 2 5
= − x+ ln(3x2 + 2x + 1)
4x3 − 1
Z Z
du 6 √9 27
4
dx =
x −x u 2 2 3x + 1
= ln |u| + c = ln x4 − x + c. − tan−1 √ +c
27 2
6.4. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS 385
x2 t3
Z
1 3 p 2
2. 2
dx = t 2t6 − 4 4 − t6 + sin−1 + c
(2 +
4x) 24 3 2
1 4
Z 1 p √
= 2 + 4x − − 4 ln |2 + 4x| + c π 3
64 2 + 4x t8 4 − t6 dt = −
0 9 12
Substitute u = 1 + eZx
3. Z
√ √ 8. Substitute u = et Z √
e2x 1 + ex dx = (u − 1) u du Z p
16 − u2
16 − e2t dt = du
u
Z
= (u3/2 − u1/2 ) du √
p 4 + 16 − u2
2 5/2 2 3/2 = 16 − u2 − 4 ln +c
= u − u +c u
5 3 √
2 2
p
2t
4 + 16 − e2t
= (1 + ex )5/2 − (1 + ex )3/2 + c = 16 − e − 4 ln +c
5 3 et
x
Z ln 4 p √ √
4. Z
Substitute
p u=e Z p 16 − e2t dt = − 15 + 4 ln 15 + 4
3x 0
e 1 + e dx = u2 1 + u2 du
2x
1 p 9. Z
Substitute u = ex Z
= u(1 + 2u2 ) 1 + u2 ex 1
8 √ dx = √ du
1 p 2x
e +p4 2
u +4
− ln |u + 1 + u2 | + c
8 = ln(u + p4 + u2 ) + c
1 p
= ex (1 + 2e2x ) 1 + e2x = ln(ex + 4 + e2x ) + c
8 Z ln 2 √ !
1 p ex 2 2+2
− ln |ex + 1 + e2x | + c √ dx = ln √
8 0 e2x + 4 1+ 5
5. Substitute u = 2x
2
10. Substitute
Z 2 √ 4 u=x Z √
x2 x x −9 1 4 u2 − 9
Z
√ dx √ dx = du
2 x2 2 3 u
Z1 + 4x 2 3
4
1 u
√ 1 p 2 |u|
= du = u − 9 − 3 sec−1
8 1 + u2 2√ 3 3
1 u
h p
7 3
4
= − 1 + u2 = − sec −1
8 2 2 2 3
1 p
− ln(u + 1 + u2 ) + c
2 11. Substitute u=x−3
1 p Z √
= x 1 + 4x2 6x − x2
8 dx
1 p (xp− 3)2
− ln(2x + 1 + 4x2 ) + c Z
(u + 3)(6 − (u + 3))
16 = du
u2
6. Z
Substitute u = sin x Z √
cos x 9 − u2
dx = du
2 u2
Zsin x(3 + 2 sin x) 1p u
1 =− 9 − u2 − sin−1 + c
= 2
du u 3
u (3 + 2u) 1 p
2 3 + 2u 1 =− 9 − (x − 3)2
= ln − +c x−3
9 u 2u x−3
2 3 + 2 sin x 1 − sin−1 +c
= − +c 3
9 sin x 3 sin x
12. Substitute u = tan x
7. Z
Substitute u = t3 Z
sec2 x
p √ dx
t8 4 − t6 dt 2
Ztan x 8 tan x − tan x
1
Z 1
√
p
= u2 4 − u2 du = du
3 u 8u − u2
√
1 u p 16 u 8u − u2
= 2u2 − 4 4 − u2 + sin−1 +c =− +c
3 8 8 2 4u
388 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
√ Z
8 tan x − tan2 x u
=− +c = −2 √ du
4 tan x 1+u
√
Z 2
13. tan6 udu = −2 (u − 2) 1 + u + c
3
Z
1 4 √
= tan u − tan4 udu
5
= − (cos x − 2) 1 + cos x + c
5 3
Z
1 1 20. Substitute u = x2
= tan5 u − tan3 u − tan2 udu Z √ Z √
5 3 x 1 + 4x2 1 1 + 4u
dx = du
1 1 x4 2 u2
= tan5 u − tan3 u + tan u − u + c. √ √
5 3
1 + 4u 1 + 4u − 1
=− + ln √ +c
2u 1 + 4u + 1
Z
14. csc4 udu √ "√ #
Z 1 + 4x2 1 + 4x2 − 1
1 2 =− + ln √ +c
= − csc2 u cot u + csc2 udu 2x2 1 + 4x2 + 1
3 3
1 2 21. Substitute u = sin t
= − csc2 u cot u − cot u + c. Z
sin2 t cos t
3 3 p dt
2
15. Z
Substitute u = sin x Z sin t2 + 4
u
Z
cos x 1
√ dx = √ du = √ du
sin x 4 + sin x u 4+u u2 + 4
√ u p 4 p
1 4+u−2 = 4 + u2 − ln(u + 4 + u2 ) + c
= √ ln √ +c 2 2
4 4+u+2 1 p
√ = sin t 4 + sin2 t
1 4 + sin x − 2 2
= ln √ +c p
2 4 + sin x + 2 − 2 ln sin t + 4 + sin2 t + c
√
Substitute u = x2 Z
16. Z 22. Substitute u=Zt
x5 1 u2 Z √
√ dx = √ du ln t
4 + x2 2 4 + u2 √ dt = 2 ln u du
t √ √ √
√
1 2 = 2u ln u − 2u + c = 2 t ln t − 2 t + c
= (3u2 − 16u + 128) 4 + u + c
2 15 2
23. Substitute u = − 2
1 p x
= (3x4 − 16x2 + 128) 4 + x2 + c Z −2/x2 Z
15 e 1
dx = eu du
Substitute u = x2 Z
17. Z x3 4
1 1 1 2
1 Z 1 Z 1
= u tan−1 u − ln(1 + u2 ) + c (b) x−4/3 dx = lim+ x−4/3 dx
2 0 R→0 R
1
= ex tan−1 ex − ln(1 + e2x ) + c 1
2 = lim (−3x−1/3 )
R→0+ R
28. Substitute u = 4x Z −1/3
Z
1 = lim+ (−3)(1 − R )=∞
3
(ln 4x) dx = (ln u)3 dx R→0
4 Z So the original integral diverges.
1 3 2
= u(ln u) − 3 (ln u) dx Z ∞ Z R
4 4. (a) x−4/5 dx = lim x−4/5 dx
1 R→∞
= u(ln u)3 1
R
1
4 = lim 5x1/5
3
u(ln u)2 − 2u ln u + 2u + c
− R→∞ 1
4 = lim 5R1/5 − 5 = ∞
= x(ln 4x)3 − 3x(ln u)2 + 6x ln 4x − 6x + c R→∞
So the original integral diverges.
29. Answer depends on CAS used. Z ∞ Z R
−6/5
(b) x dx = lim dx
30. Answer depends on CAS used. 1 R→∞ 1
R
−1/5
= lim −5x
31. Any answer is wrong because the integrand is R→∞ 1
undefined for all x 6= 1. = lim −5R−1/5 + 5 = 5
R→∞
32. Answer depends on CAS used. Z 1 Z R
1 1
5. (a) √
dx = lim− √ dx
33. Answer depends on CAS used. 0 1 − x R→1 0 1 −x
√ R
34. Answer depends on CAS used. = lim − 2 1 − x 0
R→1−
√
35. Answer depends on CAS used. = lim −2( 1 − R − 1) = 2
R→1−
bπ Z 5
2
Z R
2
36. Maple gives the result: r (b) √dx = lim− √ dx
1 1 5−x R→5 1 5−x
a2 √ R
= lim− − 4 5 − x 1
R→5
37. If theRCAS is unable to compute an antideriva- √
tive, f (x) dx is generally printed showing this = lim− −4( 5 − R − 2) = −8
R→5
inability.
Z 1 Z R
2 2
6. (a) √ dx = lim− √ dx
1 − x2 R→1 1 − x2
6.6 Improper Integrals 0
R
0
= lim− 2 sin−1 x
1. (a) improper, function not defined at x = 0 R→1 0
= lim eR (R − 1) + 1 = ∞ 1
R→∞ Hence, I = −
16
So the original integral diverges.
Z −1 Z −1
(b) Substitute u = −2x 1 1
Z ∞ 9. (a) dx = lim dx
1 −∞ 2 u 2 x2
Z
2 −2x −∞ x R→−∞ R
I= x e dx = − u e du −1
1 8 −2 1
Z −2 = lim −
1 R→−∞ x R
= u2 eu du 1
8 −∞ = 1 + lim =1
Z −2 R→−∞ R
1
= lim u2 eu du Z 0
1
Z R
1
8 R→−∞ R dx = lim dx
−2 x 2 R→0 + x 2
1 −1 −1
= lim (u2 eu − 2ueu + 2eu ) 1
R
8 R→−∞ R = lim+ −
10 −2 1 R 2 R→0 x −1
= e + lim e (−R + 2R − 2)
8 8 R→−∞ 1
= −1 − lim =∞
But, lim e (−R2 + 2R − 2)
R
R→0+ R
R→−∞ So the original integral diverges.
= lim e−R (−R2 − 2R − 2) Z −1 Z −1
R→∞ 1 1
−R2 − 2R − 2 (b) √ dx = lim √ dx
= lim −∞
3
x R→−∞ R
3
x
R→∞ eR −1
−2R − 2 −2 3 2/3
= lim = lim R = 0 = lim x
R→∞ e R R→∞ e R→−∞ 2
R
5 3 3
Hence, I = e−2 = + lim R2/3 = ∞
4 2 2 R→−∞
So the original integral diverges.
8. (a) Substitute u = 3x
Z 1 Z ∞ Z R
I = lim x2 e3x dx 10. (a) cos xdx = lim cos xdx
−∞→1 −∞ R→∞
Z 3 0 0
1 R
= u2 eu du = lim sin x
27 −∞ R→∞ 0
1
3 = lim (sin R − sin 0)
R→∞
= lim (u2 eu − 2ueu + 2eu )
27 R→−∞ R
So the original integral diverges.
5 3 1 Z ∞
= e − lim eR (R2 − 2R + 2) (b) cos xe− sin x dx
27 27 R→−∞
0
But, lim eR (R2 − 2R + 2) Z R
R→∞
= lim cos xe− sin x dx
= lim e−R (R2 + 2R + 2) R→∞ 0
R→∞ R
2
= lim
R + 2R + 2
=0 = lim −e− sin x
R→∞ 0
R→∞ eR
5 3 = lim −e− sin R + 1
Hence, I = e R→∞
27 So the original integral diverges.
(b) Substitute u = −4x Z 1
Z 0
I= xe−4x dx 11. (a) ln xdx
−∞ 0 Z 1
Z 0
1
= ueu du = lim+ ln xdx
16 −∞ R→0 R
Z 0 1
1
= lim ueu du = lim (x ln x − x)
16 R→−∞ R R→0+ R
1
0 = lim (−1 − R ln R + R)
= lim (ueu − eu ) R→0+
16 R→−∞ R
ln R
1 1 = −1 − lim+
R R→0 1/R
=− + lim e (R − 1)
16 16 R→−∞ 1/R
R
But, lim e (R − 1) = −1 − lim+
R→0 −1/R2
R→−∞
= lim e−R (−R − 1) = 0 = −1 + lim+ R = −1
R→∞ R→0
6.6. IMPROPER INTEGRALS 391
π/2 Z R
2x
Z
2
(b) sec xdx = lim− dx
0 R→1 −4 x2 − 1
Z R R
= lim − sec2 xdx = lim− ln(x2 − 1) −4
R→1
R→π/2 0
R = lim− ln(R2 − 1) − ln 15 = ∞
R→1
= lim tan x So the original integral diverges.
R→π/2− 0
= lim tan R − tan 0 = ∞ π
R→π/2−
Z
Therefore the original integral diverges. 14. (a) xsec2 xdx
0
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π
12. (a) cot xdx = xsec2 xdx + xsec2 xdx
0 0 π/2
Z π/2 R
cos x = lim (x tan x + ln |cos x|)|0
= lim+ dx R→π/2−
R→0 R sin x + lim (x tan x + ln |cos x|)|R
π
π/2 R→π/2+
= lim+ ln | sin x| =∞
R→0 R
= ln | sin(π/2)| − lim+ ln | sin R| = ∞ So the original integral diverges.
R→0 Z 2
So the original integral diverges. 2
Z π/2 (b) 3−1
dx
0Z x
(b) tan xdx 1
2
Z 2
2
0 Z R = dx + dx
3 3
sin x 0 x Z− 1 1 x −1
= lim dx R
2
R→π/2 0 cos x
R
= lim dx
R→1− 0 x3 − 1
= lim − ln | cos x| Z 2
2
R→π/2 0 + lim dx
3
= lim (− ln | cos R| + ln 1) = ∞ R x −1
R→1 +
R→π/2
ln x2 + x + 1
So the original integral diverges. = lim− 2 −
Z 3 R→1 6
2 R
13. (a) 2−1
dx tan−1 2x+1 √
0Z x 3 ln (x − 1)
3 − √ +
1 1 3 3
= − + dx
0 x+1 x−1 0
Z R
1 1
ln x2 + x + 1
= lim− − + dx + lim+ 2 −
R→1 x+1 x−1 R→1 6
0Z
3 R
1 1 tan−1 2x+1 √
+ lim+ − + dx 3 ln (x − 1)
R→1 R x+1 x−1 − √ +
Both of 3 3
Z 1these integrals behave like 0
1 =∞
lim+ dx
R→0 R x Z ∞
= lim+ (ln 1 − ln R) 1
R→0 15. (a) 2
dx
−∞ 1 + x
1 Z ∞
= lim ln =∞ Z 0
1 1
R→0+ R = dx + ds dx
1 + x 2 1 + x2
So the original integral diverges. −∞
Z 0 0
Z 4
2x 1
(b) dx = lim dx
2 R→−∞ R 1 + x2
1 x −Z1 Z R
4
2x 1
= lim+ dx + lim dx
R→1 x 2−1 R→∞ 0 1 + x2
R
= lim ln(x2 − 1) R
4 = lim tan x|R + lim tan−1 x|R
−1 0
0
R→∞ R→∞
R→1+
= lim (tan−1 0 − tan−1 R)
= lim+ ln 15 − ln(R2 − 1) = ∞ R→−∞
2
−2 2
Z
1
(b) dx + lim + R
1 x 2−1 R→∞ e e
Z 1
1 =1+1=2
= lim+ 2
dx Z π/2
R→1 R x − 1
2 (b) tan xdx
1 x−1 0
= lim ln Z R
R→1+ 2
x+ 1 R = lim − tan xdx
1 1 1 R−1 R→π/2 0
= lim ln − ln R
R→1+ 2 3 2 R+1
=∞ = lim − ln cos x
R→π/2−
Therefore the original integral diverges. 0
= lim − (− ln cos R) = ∞
R→π/2
Z 2
x Therefore the original integral diverges.
16. (a) 2−1
dx
0Z x
x
1
x
Z 2
x 18. (a) Substitute
Z ∞ u x= e
= 2
dx + 2
dx e
0 x Z− 1 1 x −1 I= 2x
dx
R
x Z ∞0 e + 1
= lim− 2−1
dx 1
R→1 0Z x = 2
dx
2 1 u +1
x Z R
+ lim+ 2
dx 1
R→1 R x −1 = lim dx
R R→∞ 1 u2 + 1
1 R
= lim− ln |x2 − 1| = lim tan−1 u
R→1 2 0 R→∞ 1
2
= lim tan−1 R − tan−1 1
1 2
+ lim+ ln |x − 1| R→∞
R→1 2 R π π π
= − =
1 2 1 2 4 4
= lim− ln |R − 1| − ln |−1|
R→1 2 2 (b) Substitute −1
= −∞ Z ∞ u = tan x
x
So the original integral diverges. I= √ dx
2
x +1
0
Z π/2 p
Z 2
1 = tan u tan2 u + 1 du
(b) dx 0
0 (x − 2)2 Z R
Z R
1 = lim tan u (sec u) du
= lim− dx R→π/2 0
2
R→2 0 (x − 2) R
R = lim sec u
1 R→π/2
= lim− 0
R→2 2 − x 0
= lim −
sec R − sec 0 = ∞
1 1 R→π/2
= lim − =∞
R→2−2−R 2 Therefore the original integral diverges.
So the original integral diverges.
Z 1 Z 1
√ 19. (a) Ip = x−p
dx = lim x−p dx
17. (a) Substitute u = Zx R→0+ R
Z 0
1 1
√ √x dx = 2e−u du x−p+1 1 − R−p+1
xeZ = lim+ = lim+
∞
1 R→0 −p + 1 R R→0 −p + 1
Hence √ √x dx We need p < 1 for the above limit to con-
xe
Z0 1 verge. If this is the case,
1 1
= lim+ √ √x dx Ip = .
R→0 R xe −p + 1
Z R
1 Z ∞ Z R
+ lim √ √x dx −p
R→∞ 1 xe (b) Ip = x dx = lim x−p dx
1 R 1 R→∞ 1
−2 −2 −p+1 R
= lim+ √ + lim √ x R−p+1 − 1
x R→∞ e x = lim = lim
R→0
e R 1 R→∞ −p + 1
1
R→∞ −p + 1
−2 2
= lim+ + R We need p > 1 for the above limit to
R→0 e e
6.6. IMPROPER INTEGRALS 393
converge.
(b) Case1: If r > 0
(c) There are three cases. Substitute u = rx
0
Case 1: p > −1
Z
Z ∞ Z R I= xerx dx
xp dx = lim xp dx −∞
Z 0
0 R→∞ 0 1
R = lim ueu du
xp+1 Rp+1 r2 R→−∞ R
= lim = lim =∞ 1
R→∞ p + 1 R→∞ p + 1 0
Z ∞ 0 = 2 lim (ueu − eu )|R
r R→−∞
So xp dx diverges. 1 1
−∞ = 2 − 2 lim eR (R − 1)
Case 2: p = −1 r r R→−∞
Z ∞
1 1 1
We have already seen that dx = 2 −0= 2
x r r
−∞ Z 0
diverges.
So xerx dx converges for r > 0.
Z 1 3: p < −1 Z
Case
1
−∞
xp dx = lim p
x dx Case2: For Z r ≤ 0,
0 R→0+ R 0
p+1 1 the integral xerx dx diverges.
x
= lim+ −∞
p+1 R
R→0 Therefore, for
R ∞all r < 0
1 − Rp+1 the integral 0 xerx dx converges.
= lim+ =∞
Z ∞ p+1
R→0
x x 1
So xp dx diverges. 21. 0 < < 3 = 2
−∞ 1 + x3 x x
Z ∞ Z R
20. (a) Case1: If r ≥ 0 1 1
2
dx = lim 2
dx
Substitute
Z ∞ u = rx. 1 x R→∞ 1 x
R
I= xerx dx = lim −
1
0
1
Z R R→∞
x 1
= 2 lim ueu du 1
r R→∞ 0 = lim − + 1 = 1
R→∞ R
1 R Z ∞
= 2 lim (ueu − eu )|0 x
r R→∞ So dx converges.
1 1 1 1 + x3
= 2 lim eR (R − 1) − 2 = ∞
r R→∞ r
x2 − 2 3x2
= 3x−2
Z ∞
22. ≤
So xerx dx diverges for r ≥ 0. x4 + 3 x4
0 Z ∞ Z R
−2
Case2: For r < 0, 3x dx = lim 3x−2 dx
1 R→∞ 1
Z ∞ u = −rx
Substitute −3
R
−3
I= xerx dx = lim = lim +3=3
R→∞ x 1
R→∞ R
0 Z −R ∞ 2
1 x −2
Z
= 2 lim ueu du So dx converges.
r R→∞ 0
Z 0 1 x4 + 3
1
= − 2 lim ueu du x x 1
r R→∞ −R 23. > 3/2 = 1/2 > 0
1 0 x3/2−1 x x
= − 2 lim (ueu − eu )|−R Z ∞ Z R
r R→∞
1 1 x−1/2 dx = lim x−1/2 dx
= − 2 lim e−R (−R − 1) − 2 2 R→∞ 2
r R→∞ r √ R
1 1 = lim 2 x
=0− 2 =− 2 R→∞ √ 2 √
r r
= lim (2 R − 2 2) = ∞
R→∞
Therefore, for all r < 0 the integral
Z ∞ Z ∞
x
xerx dx converges. So 3/2 − 1
dx diverges.
0 2 x
394 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
2 + sec2 x 1
Z ∞ Z R
x
24. ≥ e dx = lim ex dx
x x 2 R→∞ 2
Z ∞ Z R R
1 1 = lim ex
dx = lim dx R→∞ 2
1 x R→∞ 1 x
R = lim (eR − e2 ) = ∞
= lim ln |x||1 = lim ln |R| = ∞ R→∞
Z ∞ 2 x
R→∞ R→∞
Z ∞ x e
2 + sec2 x So dx diverges.
So dx diverges. 2 ln x
1 x
2
3 3 30. eZx +x+1 > ex
25. 0 < x
< x ∞ Z R
Z ∞ x + e e Z R
x
e dx = lim ex dx
3 3 1 R→∞ 1
x
dx = lim x
dx R
0 e R→∞
R 0 e = lim ex = lim (eR − e) = ∞
R→∞ 1 R→∞
3 Z ∞
= lim − x So e x2 +x+1
dx diverges.
R→∞
e 0
1
3
= lim − R + 3 = 3
R→∞
Z ∞ e 31. Let u = ln 4x, dv = xdx
3 dx x2
So dx converges. du = ,v =
0 x + ex x 2
Z Z
1 1
3
26. eZ−x < e−x x ln 4xdx = x2 ln 4x − xdx
∞ Z R 2 2
e−x dx = lim e−x dx 1 2 x2
1 R→∞ 1 = x ln 4x − +c
R 2Z 4
= lim −e−x = lim −e−R + e−1 1 1
Z
R→∞ 1 R→∞ I= x ln 4xdx = lim x ln 4xdx
−1 R→ 0+
=e . 0 R
Z ∞ 1
x2
3
So e−x dx converges. 1 2
= x ln 4x −
lim +
1 R→ 0 2 4 R
R2
2 1 1 2
sin x 1 1 = − − lim R ln 4R −
27. x
≤ x
< x 4 R→ 0+ 2 4
Z1 +∞
e 1 + e Ze
R 1 1
1 1 =− − lim R2 ln 4R
dx = lim dx 4 2 R→ 0+
0 ex R→∞ 0 ex ln 4R
R lim R2 ln 4R = lim + −2
= lim (−e−x ) R→ 0+ R→ 0 R
R→∞ 0 R−1 R2
= lim (−e−R + 1) = 1 = lim + −3
= lim + =0
R→∞ R→ 0 −2R R→ 0 −2
Z ∞
sin2 x 1
So dx converges. Hence I = −
1 + ex 4
0
erythingis proper. 1 2
= − x3 e−x
tan x if 0 ≤ x < π 2 Z
1 + tan x 2 3 1 2 1 2
g(x) = + − xe−x + e−x dx
0 if x = π 2 2 2
2
Z
1 3 −x2 3 −x2 3 2
π =− x e − xe + e−x dx
Substitute u = x − followed by w = −u 2 4 4
2 Putting integration limits to all the above, and
Z π/2 Z 0
1 1 realizing that when taking limits to ±∞, all
dx = du 2
multiples of e−x as shown in above will go
0 1 + tan x −π/2 1 − cot u
Z 0
1 to 0 (we have seen this a lot of times before).
=− dw Then we get
π/2 1 + cot w Z ∞
3 ∞ −x2
Z
3√
4 −x2
Z π/2
1 x e dx = e dx = π
= 4 4
cos w dw −∞ −∞
0 1+ This
sin w Z ∞ means when n = 2, the statement
Z π/2 2 (2n − 1) · · · 3 · 1 √
sin w x2n e−x dx = π
= dw −∞ 2n
sin w + cos w
Z0 π/2 is true. (We can also check that the case for
tan w
= dw n = 1 is correct.) For general n, supposing
tan w+1 that the statement is true for all m < n, then
Z0 π/2
tan x integration by parts gives
= dx Z
0 tan x + 1 2n −x2
x e dx
Moreover,
2n − 1
Z
Z π/2
tan x
Z π/2
1 1 2 2
P (x > 40)
Z R
P (x > 40|x > 35) = = lim 2xe−2x dx
P (x > 35) R→∞ 0
e−40/40 R
= = e−5/40 ≈ 0.8825 = lim e−2x (−x − 1/2)
e−35/40 R→∞ 0
P (x > 45) −2R 1 1
P (x > 45|x > 40) = = lim e (R + 1/2) + =
P (x > 40) R→∞
Z ∞
2 2
e−45/40 µ2 = xf2 (x)dx
= −40/40 = e−5/40 ≈ 0.8825
e −∞
1 1
x2
Z
= xdx =
54. (a) Following Exercise 53, we get 0 2 0
P (x > m + n) 1
P (x > m + n|x > n) = =
P (x > n) 2
R m+n 1 −x/40 µ1 = µ2 and when r = 1/2
1− 0 e dx e−2·1/2
= R m 140 Ω1 (1/2) = =1
1 − 0 40 e −x/40 dx 2 · 1/2 + e−2·1/2 − 1
1 − 2 · 1/2 + (1/2)2
e−(m+n)/40 Ω2 (1/2) = =1
= = e−m/40 (1/2)2
e−n/40
Z A (d) The graph of f2 (x) is more stable than
A
(b) ce−cx dx = −e−cx 0
= 1 − e−cA that of f1 (x).
0 f1 (x) > f2 (x) for 0 < x < 0.34
P (x > m + n)
P (x > m + n|x > n) = and f1 (x) < f2 (x) for x > 1.
P (x > n)
R m+n −cx
1− 0 ce dx e−c(m+n) 2r − 1
= Rm = (e) Ω1 (r) = 1 −
1 − 0 ce−cx dxdx e−cn e−2r
+ 2r − 1
−cm 2r − 1
=e Ω2 r = 1 −
r2
55. (a) For x ≥ 0, and
x r2 − (e−2r + 2r − 1) = e−2r + (r − 1)2 > 0
Z Z x
F1 (x) = f1 (t)dt = f1 (t)dt This means
−∞ 0
Z x x when r < 1/2, Ω1 (r) < Ω2 (r)
= 2e−2t dt = −e−2t = 1 − e−2x when r > 1/2, Ω1 (r) > Ω2 (r)
0 0
R∞
[1 − F1 (x)]dx In terms of this example, we see that the
rR
Ω1 (r) = r riskier investment is only disadvantageous
−∞ 1
F (x)dx when r small, and will be better when r
R ∞ −2x
e dx large.
= Rr r −2x )dx
0
(1 − e
1 −2r 56. Following Exercise 54(b),
2e e−2r R(t) = P (x ≥ t) = P (x > t)
= 1 −2r 1 = 2r + e−2r − 1
r + 2e −2 Z t Z t
Z x =1− f (x)dx = 1 − ce−cx dx
0 0
(b) For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, F2 (x) = f2 (t)dt = 1 − (1 − e−ct ) = e−ct
−∞
Z x Z x x
= f2 (t)dt = 1 dt = t = x 57. Graph of p1 (x):
0 R∞ 0 0
rR
[1 − F2 (x)]dx Z 1 Z 1
Ω2 (r) = r p1 (x) dx = 1dx = 1,
−∞ 2
F (x)dx 0 0
R1 1 r2
r R
(1 − x)dx 2 −r+ 2
Graph of p2 (x):
= r = r2
0
xdx 2
1 − 2r + r2 Similarly,
= Z 1 Z 1/2 Z 1
r2 p2 (x) dx = 4xdx + (4 − 4x) dx
Z ∞ 0 0 1/2
(c) µ1 = xf1 (x)dx 1/2 1
= 2x2 0 + 4x − 2x2 1/2
Z−∞ ∞
1 1
= 2xe−2x dx = − 0 + (4 − 2) − 2 − = 1.
0 2 2
400 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
The Boltzmann
Z 1 integral Ch. 6 Review Exercises
I(p1 ) = p1 (x) ln p1 (x) dx √
1. Substitute u= x
Z 1 0 Z √x Z √
e
= 1 ln 1dx = 0. √ dx = 2 eu du = 2eu + c = 2e x + c
0
x
Z 1
Also, I(p2 ) = p2 (x) ln p2 (x) dx 1
0
2. Substitute u =
Z 1/2 Z x Z
sin(1/x)
= 4x ln (4x) dx dx = − sin u du
0Z x2
1
= cos u + c = cos(1/x) + c
+ (4 − 4x) ln (4 − 4x) dx
1/2
Let u = 4x, du = 4dx 3. Use
Z the2 table of integrals,
x 1 p 1
andZt = 4 − 4x, dt =Z−4dx √ dx = − x 1 − x2 + sin−1 x + c
1 2 1 0 1−x 2 2 2
= u ln udu − t ln tdt
4 0 4 2 4. Use
2 Z the table of integrals,
1 1 2 1 2 x
= u ln u − u2 √ dx = 2 sin−1 + c
2 2 4 0 9 − x2 3
1
= (2 ln 2 − 1) = 0.193147. 5. Use
2 Z integration by parts, twice:
1 x2 e−3x dx
For the pdf p2 (x) , the probability at x = is
2
Z
1 2
1 = − x2 e−3x + xe−3x dx
maximum which is equal to .The probability 3 3
2 1
decreases as x tends to 0 or 1. = − x2 e−3x
3 Z
2 1 1
1 + − xe−3x + e−3x dx
2x 0≤x< 3 3 3
4
1 2 −3x 2 −3x 2
− e−3x + c
1 1 =− x e − xe
10x − 2 ≤x< 3 9 27
p3 (x) = 4 2
1 3 6. Substitute u = x3Z
8 − 10x ≤x< Z
1 1
2 4 2 −x3 3
e−u du = e−x + c
x e dx =
2 − 2x 1 3 3
<x≤1
4
7. Substitute
Z u = x2Z
Graph of p3 (x): x 1 du
Z 1 Z 1/4 Z 1/2 dx =
1 + x4 2 1 + u2
p3 (x) dx = 2xdx + (10x − 2)dx 1 1
0 0 1/4 = tan−1 u + c = tan−1 x2 + c
Z 3/4 Z 1 2 2
+ (8 − 10x)dx + (2 − 2x) dx
1/2 3/4 x3 1
= 1. 8. dx = ln(1 + x4 ) + c
1 + x4 4
Also, The Z 1Boltzmann integral x3 1
9. 4
dx = ln(4 + x4 ) + c
I(p3 ) = p3 (x) ln p3 (x) dx 4+x 4
Z 1/4 0
10. Substitute
Z u = x2Z
= 2x ln (2x) dx x 1 du
0 dx =
Z 1/2 4 + x4 2 4 + u2
+ (10x − 1) ln(10x − 1)dx 1 u 1 x2
1/4
= tan−1 + c = tan−1 +c
Z 3/4 4 2 4 2
+ (8 − 10x) ln(8 − 10x)dx Z Z
x3
1/2 11. e2 ln x dx = x2 dx = +c
Z 1 3
+ (2 − 2x) ln (2 − 2x) dx Z
3/4 1
= 0.42. 12. cos 4x dx = sin 4x + c
4
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW EXERCISES 401
Z π/4 Z π/4
13. Integration by parts, 1
Z 1 20. sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx
0 0 2
x sin 3x dx π/4
0
1 1
= − cos 2x =
1 1
1
Z
1 4 0 4
= − x cos 3x + cos 3x dx
3 0 3 0 21. Substitute
Z u = sin xZ
1 1 1
= − cos 3 + sin 3x cos x sin2 x dx = u2 du
3 9 0
1 1 u3 sin3 x
= − cos 3 + sin 3 = +c= +c
3 9 3 3
Substitute u = x2 Z
14. Z 22. Substitute
Z u = sin xZ
1 1
1 cos x sin3 x dx = u3 du
x sin 4x2 dx = sin 4u du
0 0 2 u4 sin4 x
1 1 1 = +c= +c
= − cos 4u = (1 − cos 4) 4 4
8 0 8
15. Use the table of integrals 23. Substitute
Z u = sin x Z
Z π/2 cos3 x sin3 x dx = (1 − u2 )u3 du
sin4 x dx
0 u4 u6 3 sin4 x − 2 sin6 x
1 π/2 = − +c= +c
= − sin3 x cos x 4 6 12
4 0
3 x 1 π/2 24. Substitute u = cos x Z
+ − sin x cos x
Z
4 2 2 0 cos4 x sin3 x dx = − u4 (1 − u2 ) du
3π
= u5 u7 −7u5 + 5u7
16 =− + +c= +c
5 7 35
16. Use the table of integrals
Z π/2 25. Substitute u = tan x Z
cos3 x dx
Z
0
tan x sec4 x dx = u2 (1 + u2 ) du
2
2 1 π/2 2
= 2
sin x + sin x cos x = u3 u5 5 tan3 x + 3 tan5 x
3 3 0 3 = + +c= +c
3 5 15
17. Use
Z 1 integration by parts, 26. Substitute
Z u = tan x Z
x sin πx dx tan x sec2 x dx = u3 du
3
−1
1 1 1 1
Z u4 tan4 x
= − x cos πx + cos πx dx = +c= +c
π −1 π −1 4 4
2 1 1 2
= + 2 sin πx = 27. Substitute
Z √ u = sin x
π π −1 π
sin x cos3 x dx
18. Use
Z 1 integration by parts, twice Z
2 2
x2 cos πx dx = u1/2 (1 − u2 ) du = u3/2 − u7/2 + c
0
3 7
2 1 2 2
1
Z
1 2
= x sin πx − x sin πx dx = sin3/2 x − sin7/2 x + c
π 0 π 0 3 7
1 1
28. Substitute u = sec x Z
1
Z
2 1
=− − x cos πx + cos πx dx
Z
π π 0 π 0 tan3 x sec3 x dx = (u2 − 1)u2 du
2 1 1 1 2
=− + 2 sin πx =− 2 u5 u3 3 sec5 x − 5 sec3 x
π π π π = − +c= +c
0 5 3 15
19. Use
Z 2 integration by4 parts2 29. Complete the square,
1 2 3
Z
2
Z
3 x
x ln x dx = ln x − x dx 2
dx
1 4 1 4 1 Z8 + 4x + x
x4 2 15 2 −1 x+2
= 4 ln 2 − = 4 ln 2 − = dx = tan +c
16 1 16 (x + 2)2 + 22 2
402 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Z
30. Complete the square, 3 3
Z = + dx
3 x−3 x+4
√ dx
Z −2x − x
2 = 3 ln |x − 3| + 3 ln |x + 4| + c
3
= dx = 3 sin−1 (x − 1) + c 39. Use
Z the method of PFD
p
1 − (x − 1)2 4x2 + 6x − 12
3
dx
31. Use the table of integrals,
√ Z x − 4x
Z
2 4 − x2 3 −1 2
√ dx = − +c = + + dx
x2 4 − x2 2x x x+2 x−2
= 3 ln |x| − ln |x + 2| + 2 ln |x − 2| + c
32. Substitute
Z u = 9 − x2Z
x 1 du 40. Z
Use the method Z of
PFD
√ dx = − 5x2 + 2 2 3x
9 − x2 2 u1/2 dx = + dx
x3 + x x x2 + 1
1 1 3
= − u3/2 + c = − (9 − x2 )3/2 + c = 2 ln |x| + ln(x2 + 1) + c
3 3 2
Substitute u = 9 − x2Z
33. Z 41. Z
Use the table of integrals,
x3 1 (9 − u)
√ dx = − du ex cos 2x dx
9 Z− x 2 2 Z u1/2
9 1 (cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)ex
=− u−1/2 du + u1/2 du = +c
2 2 5
1
= −9u1/2 + u3/2 + c
3 42. Substitute u = x2 followed by integration by
1 parts
= −9(9 − x ) + (9 − x2 )3/2 + c
2 1/2
Z Z
3 1
x3 sin x2 dx = u sin u du
34. Substitute u = x2 − 9 2Z
1 1
Z
x3 1
Z = − u cos u + cos u du
√ dx = (u + 9)u−1/2 du 2 2
x2 − 9 2 1 1
1 = − u cos u + sin u + c
= u3/2 + 9u1/2 + c 2 2
3 1 1
= − x2 cos x2 + sin x2 + c
1 2 2
= (9 − x2 )3/2 + 9(9 − x2 )1/2 + c
3 43. Substitute
Z p u = x2 + Z
1
1
35. Substitute u = x2 + 9 2
x x + 1 dx = u1/2 du
2
x3
Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = (u − 9)u−1/2 du = u3/2 + c = (x2 + 1)3/2 + c
x2 + 9 2 3 3
1
= u3/2 − 9u1/2 + c 44. Use
Z pthe table of integrals
3
1 2 1 − x2 dx
= (x + 9)3/2 − 9(x2 + 9)1/2 + c
3 1p 1
= 1 − x2 + sin−1 x + c
36. Substitute
Z u=x+ Z9 2 2
4 du
√ dx = 4 √ 4 A B
x+9 u 45. = +
√ x2 − 3x − 4 x+1 x−4
= 8u1/2 + c = 8 x + 9 + c 4 = A(x − 4) + B(x + 1)
= (A + B)x + (−4A + B)
37. Z
Use the method of PFD 4 4
x+4 A = − ;B =
dx 5 5
x 2 + 3x + 2 4 −4/5 4/5
Z
3 −2
= +
= + dx x2 − 3x − 4 x+1 x−4
x+1 x+2
= 3 ln |x + 1| − 2 ln |x + 2| + c 2x A B
46. = +
x2 + x − 6 x−2 x+3
38. Z
Use the method of PFD
5x + 6 2x = A(x + 3) + B(x − 2)
dx = (A + B)x + (3A − 2B)
x2 + x − 12
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW EXERCISES 403
4 6
Z
A= ;B = 53. sec4 x dx
5 5
2x 4/5 6/5
Z
1 2 2
= + = sec x tan x + sec2 x dx
x2 + x − 6 x−2 x+3 3 3
1 2
−6 A B C = sec2 x tan x + tan x + c
47. = + + 3 3
x3 + x2 − 2x x x−1 x+2 Z
− 6 = A(x − 1)(x + 2) + Bx(x + 2) + cx(x − 1)
54. tan5 x dx
A = −3; B = −2; C = −1
−6 −3 −2 −1
Z
1
= + + = tan x − tan3 x dx
4
x3 + x2 − 2x x x−1 x+2 4 Z
1 1
x2 − 2x − 2 A Bx + c = tan4 x − tan2 x + tan x dx
48. = + 2 4 2
x3 + x x x +1 1 1
= tan x − tan2 x − ln | cos x| + c
4
x2 − 2x − 2 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + c)x 4 2
= (A + B)x2 + cx + A 55. Substitute
Z u=3−x Z
A = −2; B = 3; C = −2 4 1
dx = −4 du
x2 − 2x − 2 −2 3x − 2 x(3 − x)2 (3 − u)u2
3
= + 2
x +x x x +1 4 3−u 4
= ln + +c
x−2 A B 9 u 3u
49. = +
x2 + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2 4 x 4
x − 2 = A(x + 2) + B = ln + +c
9 3−x 3(3 − x)
A = 1; B = −4
x−2 1 −4 56. Substitute u = sin x
= + Z
cos x
Z
du
x2 + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2 dx =
2 u2 (3 + 4u)
sin x(3 + 4 sin x)
x2 − 2 Ax + B Cx + D
50. = 2 + 2 4 3 + 4u 1
2
(x + 1) 2 x +1 (x + 1)2 = ln − +c
9 u 3u
x2 − 2 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 1) + cx + D 4 3 + 4 sin x 1
A = 0; B = 1; C = 0; D = −3 = ln − +c
9 sin x 3 sin x
x2 − 2 1 −3 r
= 2 + 2 9
2
(x + 1) 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2 Z √ 2 + x2
9 + 4x2
Z
4
57. 2
dx = dx
51. Substitute 2x
xr x2
Z p u=e 9
3x
e 4 + e2x dx 2
− 4 + x p
Z p Z
1 p = 2 + ln x + 9/4 + x2 +c
= e2x 4e2x + e4x dx = 4u + u2 du x
2
√
Z
1 p r
= (u + 2)2 − 4 du 9 + 4x2 9
2 =− + 2 ln x + + x2 + c
1 p x 4
= (u + 2) (u + 2)2 − 4
4
x2 x2
Z Z
1
p
− ln |(u + 2) + (u + 2)2 − 4| + c 58. √ dx = dx
√
p
4 − 9x2 3 4/9 − x2
(e2x + 2) 4e2x + e4x
= 1 p 2 3x
4 p = − x 4/9 − x2 + sin−1 +c
− ln (e2x + 2) + 4e2x + e4x + c 6 27 2
Z √
4 − x2
52. Z
Substitute u = x2 Z p 59. dx
1 x
p √
x x4 − 4 dx = u2 − 4 du p 2 + 4 − x2
√ 2 = 4 − x2 − 2 ln +c
u u2 − 4 p x
= − ln |u + u2 − 4| + c
√4
x2
Z Z
x2 x4 − 4 p 1 1
= − ln |x2 + x4 − 4| + c 60. dx = dx
4 (x − 4)3/2
6 3 (u2 − 4)3/2
404 CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Z
1 2 sec θ tan θ So the original integral diverges.
= dx
3 Z (4 sec2 θ − 4)3/2 Z 2 Z 2
1 sec θ tan θ x dx x dx
= dx 68. 2
= lim
3Z tan3 θ 1 1 − x R→1 +
R 1 − x2
2
1 x3 1
= csc θ cot θ dx = − √ +c = lim+ − ln |1 − x2 | = ∞
3 3 x6 − 4 R→1 2 R
Substitute u = xZ2 − 1
61. Z So the original integral diverges.
1 0
x du
2−1
dx = 69. If c(t) = R, then the total amount of dye is
0 x −1 2u Z T Z T
Z R 0
du c(t) dt = R dt = RT
= lim = lim− ln |u|
R→0− −1 2u R→0 −1 0 0
2T t
This limit does not exist, so the integral di- If c(t) = 3te , then we can use integration by
verges. parts to get
Z T
62. Substitute
Z 10 u=Z x−4 3te2T t dt
6
2 dx 2 du 0
√ = √ Z T
4 x − 4 0 u 3t 2T t T 3 2T t
Z 6 6
= e − e dt
2T 0 2T
= lim+ 2u−1/2 du = lim+ 4u1/2 0
T
R→0 R R→0 R 3 2 3 2T t
√ √ √ = e2T − e
= lim+ (4 6 − 4 R) = 4 6 2 4T 2 0
R→0 3 2 3 2T 2 3
= e2T − e +
Z ∞
3
Z R
3 2 4T 2 4T 2
63. 2
dx = lim dx Since R = c(T ) = 3T e2T
2
1 x R→∞ 1 x2
R
3 3 The cardiac output is
= lim − = lim − + 3 = 3 2
R→∞ x 1 R→∞ R RT 3T 2 e2T
= 3 2T 2
− 4T3 2 e2T 2 + 3
RT
64. Use integration by parts, 0
c(t) dt 2e 4T 2
RT 3
Z ∞ Z R
xe−3x dx = lim xe−3x dx =
1 R→∞ 1 3T e /2 − 3e2T 2 /4 + 3/4
2 2T 2
R
−3x x 1 70. With u = ln(x + 1) and v = x
= lim e − −
3 9 1 −3
R→∞
Z
R 1 4e ln x + 1 dx
= lim e−3R − − + Z
R→∞ 3 9 9 x
= x ln(x + 1) − dx
4e−3 Z 1
x +
= 1
9 = x ln(x + 1) − 1− dx
Z ∞ Z R x+1
4 4
65. 2
dx = lim dx = x ln(x + 1) − x + ln(x + 1) + c
0 4 + x R→∞ 0 4 + x2
x R With u = ln(x + 1) and v = x + 1
= lim 2 tan−1 = lim 2 tan−1 R = π
Z
R→∞ 2 0 R→∞ ln x + 1 dx
2 R
Z
Z ∞
e−x 1 x+1
66. xe −x2
dx = lim − = = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) − dx
R→∞ 2 2 x+1
0
0 = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) − x + c
Z 0 2 0
2 e−x 1 The two answers are the same.
xe−x dx = lim − =−
−∞ R→∞ 2 2 Z en
−R 1
Z ∞
2 1 1 71. fn,ave = n ln x dx
So xe−x dx = − = 0 e 0
2 2 Z en
−∞ 1
= n lim ln x dx
Z 2
3
Z 2
3 e R→0 R
67. dx = lim+ dx 1 en
x 2 x 2
0 R→0 R = n lim (x ln x − x)
2 e R→0 R
3 1
= lim+ − =∞ n n
= n lim (ne − e − R ln R + R) = n − 1
R→0 x R e R→0
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