Ebook Calculus Early Transcendental Functions 6Th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Calculus Early Transcendental
Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions

Manual
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C H A P T E R 9
Infinite Series
Section 9.1 Sequences............................................................................................859
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence .....................................................................869
Section 9.3 The Integral Test and p-Series ...........................................................880
Section 9.4 Comparisons of Series........................................................................890
Section 9.5 Alternating Series ...............................................................................897
Section 9.6 The Ratio and Root Tests...................................................................905
Section 9.7 Taylor Polynomials and Approximations .........................................918
Section 9.8 Power Series .......................................................................................930
Section 9.9 Representation of Functions by Power Series...................................943
Section 9.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series ..............................................................952
Review Exercises .......................................................................................................970
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................983
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 9
Infinite Series
Section 9.1 Sequences
1. an = 3n n +1 ⎛ 2 ⎞
5. an = ( −1) ⎜ ⎟
1
a1 = 3 = 3 ⎝n⎠
2
a2 = 32 = 9 a1 = = 2
1
a3 = 33 = 27
2
a2 = − = −1
a4 = 34 = 81 2
a5 = 35 = 243 2
a3 =
3
( )
n
2. an = − 52 2 1
a4 = − = −
4 2
= ( − 52 )
1
a1 = − 52 2
a5 =
5
= ( − 52 )
2
a2 = 4
25
2 1
= ( − 52 )
3
8 6. an = 2 + − 2
a3 = − 125 n n
a1 = 2 + 2 − 1 = 3
= ( − 52 )
4
16
a4 = 625 1 11
a2 = 2 + 1 − =
= ( − 52 )
5
a5 = 32
− 3125 4 4
2 1 23
a3 = 2 + − =
nπ 3 9 9
3. an = sin 2 1 39
2 a4 = 2 + − =
π 4 16 16
a1 = sin =1 2 1 59
2 a5 = 2 + − =
a2 = sin π = 0 5 25 25
3π
a3 = sin = −1 7. a1 = 3, ak + 1 = 2( ak − 1)
2
a4 = sin 2π = 0 a2 = 2( a1 − 1)
5π = 2(3 − 1) = 4
a5 = sin =1
2 a3 = 2( a2 − 1)
3n = 2( 4 − 1) = 6
4. an =
n + 4 a4 = 2( a3 − 1)
3(1) 3 = 2(6 − 1) = 10
a1 = =
1+ 4 5 a5 = 2( a4 − 1)
3( 2) 6
a2 = = =1 = 2(10 − 1) = 18
2 + 4 6
3(3) 9 1a 2
a3 = = 8. a1 = 6, ak + 1 = 3 k
3+ 4 7
a4 =
3( 4)
=
12
=
3 a2 = 1a 2
3 1
= 1
3 (62 ) = 12
3(
4 + 4 8 2 a3 = 1 2
a
3 2
= 1
122 ) = 48
3(5) 15 5
3( )
a5 = = = a4 = 1a 2 = 1 482 = 768
5+ 4 9 3 3 3
(768)
1a 2 1 2
a5 = 3 4
= 3
= 196,608
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 859
860 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
10 10 10 5n 2
9. an = , a1 = = 5, a2 = 21. lim = 5
n +1 1+1 3 n→∞ n + 2
2
Matches (c). ⎛ 2⎞
22. lim ⎜ 6 + 2 ⎟ = 6 + 0 = 6
n → ∞⎝ n ⎠
10n 10 20
10. an = , a1 = = 5, a2 =
n +1 2 3 2n 2 2
23. lim = lim = = 2
1 + (1 n )
Matches (a). n→∞
n +1
2 n→∞ 2 1
11. an = ( −1) , a1 = −1, a2 = 1, a3 = −1, …

n
⎛ 2⎞
Matches (d). 24. lim cos⎜ ⎟ = 1
n→∞ ⎝n⎠
12. an =
(−1)n , a =
−1 1
= −1, a2 = .
25. 7
1
n 1 2
Matches (b).
13. an = 3n − 1 0 11
a5 = 3(5) − 1 = 14
0
a6 = 3(6) − 1 = 17 The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges

to 4. Analytically,
Add 3 to preceding term. 4n + 1 4x + 1
lim an = lim = lim = 4.
14. an = 3 + 5n
n→∞ n→∞ n x→∞ x
a6 = 3 + 5(6) = 33 26. 2
a7 = 3 + 5(7) = 38
Add 5 to preceding term. −1 12
15. an + 1 = 2an , a1 = 5 −1
a5 = 2( 40) = 80 The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges

a6 = 2(80) = 160 to 0. Analytically,
1 1
Multiply the preceding term by 2. lim an = lim = lim 3 2 = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n3 2 x→∞ x
16. an = − 13 an −1 , a1 = 6
27. 2
( ) 272
a5 = − 13 − 92 =
= − 13 ( 27
2
) = − 812 0 11
a6
Multiply the preceding term by − 13 . −2
The graph seems to indicate that the sequence diverges.

17.
(n + 1)!
=
n!( n + 1)
= n +1 Analytically, the sequence is
n! n!
{an} = {1, 0, −1, 0, 1, … }.
n! n! 1 So, lim an does not exist.
18. = = n→∞
(n + 2)! (n + 2)(n + 1)n! (n + 2)(n + 1)
19.
(2n − 1)! =
(2n − 1)! =
1
(2n + 1)! ( 2n − 1)!( 2n)( 2n + 1) 2n( 2n + 1)
20.
(2n + 2)! =
(2n)!(2n + 1)( 2n + 2)
(2n)! (2n)!
= ( 2n + 1)( 2n + 2)
Section 9.1 Sequences 861
28. 3 1
40. an = n sin
n
1
−1
Let f ( x) = x sin .
12
x
−1
1 sin (1 x)
lim x sin = lim
The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges x →∞ x x →∞ 1x
to 2. Analytically,
= lim
(−1 x 2 ) cos(1 x)
⎛ 1⎞ x →∞ −1 x 2
lim an = lim ⎜ 2 − n ⎟ = 2 − 0 = 2.
n→∞ n→∞ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1
= lim cos = cos 0
5
x →∞ x
29. lim = 0, converges = 1 (L'Hôpital's Rule)
n→∞ n + 2
or,
⎛ 5⎞ sin (1 x) sin ( y )
30. lim ⎜ 8 + ⎟ = 8 + 0 = 8, converges
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠ lim = lim = 1. Therefore,
x→∞ 1x y → 0+ y
n⎛ n ⎞ 1
31. lim ( −1) ⎜ ⎟ lim n sin = 1, converges.
n→∞ ⎝ + 1⎠
n n→∞ n
does not exist (oscillates between −1 and 1), diverges.
41. lim 21 n = 20 = 1, converges
n→∞
1 + ( −1)
n
32. lim = 0, converges −1
n→∞ n2 42. lim − 3− n = lim = 0, converges
n→∞ n→∞ 3n
10n 2 + 3n + 7 10 + 3 n + 7 n 2 sin n 1
33. lim = lim 43. lim = lim (sin n) = 0,
n→∞ 2n − 6
2 n→∞ 2 − 6 n2 n→∞ n n→∞ n
10
= = 5, converges converges (because (sin n) is bounded)
2
cos π n
3
n 44. lim = 0, converges
34. lim = 1, converges n→∞ n2
n→∞ 3 n +1
45. an = − 4 + 6n
ln ( n3 ) 3 ln ( n)
35. lim = lim
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2 n 1
46. an =
3⎛1⎞ n!
= lim ⎜ ⎟ = 0, converges
n→∞ 2 ⎝ n ⎠
47. an = n 2 − 3
(L’Hôpital’s Rule)
5n ⎛5⎞
n
48. an =
(−1)n −1
36. lim n = lim ⎜ ⎟ = ∞, diverges n2
n→∞ 3 n→∞ ⎝ 3 ⎠
n +1
(n + 1)!
= lim ( n + 1) = ∞, diverges
49. an =
37. lim n + 2
n →∞ n! n →∞
50. an = ( 2n)!, n = 1, 2, 3, …
38. lim
(n − 2)!
= lim
1
= 0, converges
n→∞ n! n→∞ n( n − 1)
1 n +1
51. an = 1 + =
n n
np
39. lim = 0, converges
n→∞ en n
52. an =
(p > 0, n ≥ 2) (n + 1)( n + 2)
( 23 ) ( 23 )
1 1 n n +1
53. an = 4 − < 4− = an + 1 , 57. an = > = an + 1
n n +1
Monotonic; an ≤ 2, bounded
Monotonic; an < 4, bounded 3
( 32 ) ( 32 )
n n +1
3x 6 58. an = < = an + 1
54. Let f ( x) = . Then f ′( x) = .
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
Monotonic; lim an = ∞, not bounded
So, f is increasing which implies {an} is increasing.
n→∞
an < 3, bounded ⎛ nπ ⎞
59. an = sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
55. an = ne−n 2 a1 = 0.500
a1 = 0.6065 a2 = 0.8660
a2 = 0.7358 a3 = 1.000
a3 = 0.6694 a4 = 0.8660
Not monotonic; an ≤ 0.7358, bounded Not monotonic; an ≤ 1, bounded
cos n
( )
n
56. an = − 23 60. an =
n
a1 = − 23 a1 = 0.5403
a2 = 4 a2 = −0.2081
9
8
a3 = −0.3230
a3 = − 27
a4 = −0.1634
2
Not monotonic; an ≤ , bounded Not monotonic; an ≤ 1, bounded
3
1
61. (a) an = 7 + (b) 10
n
1
7 + ≤ 8 ⇒ {an}, bounded
n
1 1
an = 7 + > 7 + = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic 0 11
n +1
0
n
⎛ 1⎞
Therefore, {an} converges.
lim ⎜ 7 + ⎟ = 7
n → ∞⎝ n⎠
2
62. (a) an = 5 − (b) 5
n
2
5− ≤ 5 ⇒ {an}, bounded
n
2 2
an = 5 − < 5− = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic
0 11
0
n n +1
⎛ 2⎞
lim ⎜ 5 − ⎟ = 5 − 0 = 5
Therefore, {an} converges. n → ∞⎝ n⎠
1⎛ 1⎞
63. (a) an = ⎜1 − n ⎟ (b) 0.4
3⎝ 3 ⎠
1⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎜1 − n ⎟ < ⇒ {an}, bounded
3⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 −1 12
1⎛ 1⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ −0.1
an = ⎜1 − n ⎟ < ⎜1 − n + 1 ⎟
3⎝ 3 ⎠ 3⎝ 3 ⎠
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1
= an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic lim ⎢ ⎜1 − n ⎟⎥ =
n→∞
⎣3⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 3
1
64. (a) an = 2 +
5n
1
2+ < 3 ⇒ {an}, bounded
5n
1 1
an = 2 + > 2 + n + 1 = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic
5n 5
(b) 5
0 11
0
⎛ 1⎞
lim ⎜ 2 + n ⎟ = 2 + 0 = 2
n → ∞⎝ 5 ⎠
65. {an} has a limit because it is a bounded, monotonic ⎛ r ⎞
n
67. An = P⎜1 + ⎟
sequence. The limit is less than or equal to 4, and greater ⎝ 12 ⎠
than or equal to 2. ⎛ r ⎞
(a) Because P > 0 and ⎜1 + ⎟ > 1, the sequence
2 ≤ lim an ≤ 4 ⎝ 12 ⎠
n→∞
diverges. lim An = ∞
66. The sequence {an} could converge or diverge. If {an} is n→∞
n
increasing, then it converges to a limit less than or equal ⎛ 0.055 ⎞
(b) P = 10,000, r = 0.055, An = 10,000⎜1 + ⎟
to 1. If {an} is decreasing, then it could converge ⎝ 12 ⎠
A0 = 10,000
(example: an = 1 n) or diverge (example: an = − n).
A1 = 10,045.83
A2 = 10,091.88
A3 = 10,138.13
A4 = 10,184.60
A5 = 10,231.28
A6 = 10,278.17
A7 = 10,325.28
A8 = 10,372.60
A9 = 10,420.14
A10 = 10,467.90
68. (a) An = 100( 401)(1.0025n − 1) 74. Pn = 25,000(1.045)

n
A0 = 0 P1 = $26,125.00
A1 = 100.25 P2 = $27,300.63
A2 = 200.75 P3 = $28,529.15
A3 = 301.50 P4 = $29,812.97
A4 = 402.51 P5 = $31,154.55
A5 = 503.76
75. an = n
n = n1 n
A6 = 605.27
(b) A60 = 6480.83 a1 = 11 1 = 1
(c) A240 = 32,912.28 a2 = 2 ≈ 1.4142

a3 = 3
3 ≈ 1.4422
69. No, it is not possible. See the “Definition of the Limit of
a sequence”. The number L is unique. a4 = 4
4 ≈ 1.4142
70. (a) A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of a5 = 5

5 ≈ 1.3797
positive integers. a6 = 6
6 ≈ 1.3480
(b) A sequence converges if it has a limit. See the
Let y = lim n1 n .
definition. n→∞
(c) A sequence is monotonic if its terms are ⎛1 ⎞ ln n 1n

nondecreasing, or nonincreasing. ln y = lim ⎜ ln n ⎟ = lim = lim = 0
n→∞ ⎝ n ⎠ n → ∞ n n → ∞ n
(d) A sequence is bounded if it is bounded below
Because ln y = 0, you have y = e0 = 1. Therefore,
(an ≥ N for some N ) and bounded above
lim n
n = 1.
(an ≤ M for some M ). n→∞
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
71. (a) an = 10 − 76. an = ⎜1 + ⎟
n ⎝ n⎠
(b) Impossible. The sequence converges by Theorem a1 = 2.0000
9.5. a2 = 2.2500
3n a3 ≈ 2.3704
(c) an =
4n + 1
a4 ≈ 2.4414
(d) Impossible. An unbounded sequence diverges.
a5 ≈ 2.4883
72. The graph on the left represents a sequence with a6 ≈ 2.5216
alternating signs because the terms alternate from n
⎛ 1⎞
being above the x-axis to being below the x-axis. lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠
73. (a) An = (0.8) 4,500,000,000
n
77. Because
(b) A1 = $3,600,000,000 lim sn = L > 0,
n→∞
A2 = $2,880,000,000
there exists for each ε > 0,
A3 = $2,304,000,000
A4 = $1,843,200,000 an integer N such that sn − L < ε for every n > N .
Let ε = L > 0 and you have,

(c) lim An = lim (0.8) ( 4.5) = 0, converges
n
n→∞ n→∞
sn − L < L, − L < sn − L < L, or 0 < sn < 2 L for
each n > N .
78. (a) an = 0.072n 2 + 0.02n + 5.8 (b) For 2020, n = 20: a20 = $35 trillion
20
0 12
0
79. True 81. True
80. True 82. False. Let an = ( −1) and bn = ( −1)

n n +1
then {an} and
{bn} diverge. But {an + bn} = {(−1) n

+ ( −1) }
n +1
converges to 0.
83. an + 2 = an + an + 1
1 1
(a) a1 = 1 a7 = 8 + 5 = 13 (c) 1 + =1+
bn −1 an an − 1
a2 = 1 a8 = 13 + 8 = 21
an − 1 a + an −1 a
a3 = 1 + 1 = 2 a9 = 21 + 13 = 34 =1+ = n = n +1 = bn
an an an
a4 = 2 + 1 = 3 a10 = 34 + 21 = 55
a5 = 3 + 2 = 5 a11 = 55 + 34 = 89
⎛ 1 ⎞
a6 = 5 + 3 = 8 a12 = 89 + 55 = 144 (d) If lim bn = ρ , then lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = ρ.
n→∞ n→∞
⎝ bn −1 ⎠
an + 1 Because lim bn = lim bn −1 , you have
(b) bn = ,n ≥ 1 n→∞ n→∞
an
1 13 1 + (1 ρ ) = ρ .
b1 = =1 b6 = = 1.625
1 8 ρ + 1 = ρ2
2 21
b2 = = 2 b7 = ≈ 1.6154 0 = ρ2 − ρ − 1
1 13
3 34 1± 1+ 4 1± 5
b3 = = 1.5 b8 = ≈ 1.6190 ρ = =
2 21 2 2
5 55 Because an , and therefore bn , is positive,
b4 = ≈ 1.6667 b9 = ≈ 1.6176
3 34 1+ 5
8 89 ρ = ≈ 1.6180.
b5 = = 1.6 b10 = ≈ 1.6182 2
5 55
84. Let f ( x) = sin (π x)
lim sin (π x) does not exist.

x→∞
an = f ( n) = sin (π n) = 0 for all n

lim an = 0, coverges
n→∞
85. (a) a1 = 2 ≈ 1.4142

a2 = 2+ 2 ≈ 1.8478
a3 = 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9616
a4 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9904
a5 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9976
(b) an = 2 + an −1 , n ≥ 2, a1 = 2
(c) First use mathematical induction to show that an ≤ 2; clearly a1 ≤ 2. So assume ak ≤ 2. Then
ak + 2 ≤ 4
ak + 2 ≤ 2
ak + 1 ≤ 2.
Now show that {an} is an increasing sequence. Because an ≥ 0 and an ≤ 2,
( an − 2)( an + 1) ≤ 0
an2 − an − 2 ≤ 0
an2 ≤ an + 2
an ≤ an + 2
an ≤ an + 1 .
Because {an} is a bounding increasing sequence, it converges to some number L, by Theorem 9.5.
lim an = L ⇒ 2 + L = L ⇒ 2 + L = L2 ⇒ L2 − L − 2 = 0
n→∞
⇒ ( L − 2)( L + 1) = 0 ⇒ L = 2 (L ≠ −1)
86. (a) Use mathematical induction to show that

1+ 1 + 4k
an ≤ .
2
[Note that if k = 2, and an ≤ 3, and if k = 6, then an ≤ 3. ] Clearly,
1 + 4k 1+ 1 + 4k
a1 = k ≤ ≤ .
2 2
Before proceeding to the induction step, note that
2 + 2 1 + 4k + 4k = 2 + 2 1 + 4k + 4 k
1+ 1 + 4k 1 + 2 1 + 4 k + 1 + 4k
+ k =
2 4
2
1+ 1 + 4k ⎡1 + 1 + 4k ⎤
+ k = ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥
1+ 1 + 4k 1+ 1 + 4k
+ k = .
2 2
1+ 1 + 4k
So assume an ≤ . Then
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + k ≤ + k
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + k ≤ + k
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + 1 ≤ .
2
{an} is increasing because
⎛ 1+ 1 + 4k ⎞⎛ 1− 1 + 4k ⎞
⎜⎜ an − ⎟⎜ an −
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 0
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
an2 − an − k ≤ 0
an2 ≤ an + k
an ≤ an + k
an ≤ an + 1.
(b) Because {an} is bounded and increasing, it has a limit L.
(c) lim an = L implies that

n→∞
L = k + L ⇒ L2 = k + L
⇒ L2 − L − k = 0
1 ± 1 + 4k
⇒ L = .
2
1+ 1 + 4k
Because L > 0, L = .
2
87. (a) y
(n + 1) n +1
nn
(d) n −1
< n! <
2.0 y = lnx
e en
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
1.5 n
n
1.0 < n
n! <
0.5
e1 − (1 n) e
1 + (1 n)
2 3 4 ... n
x 1
<
n
n!
<
(n + 1)
e1 − (1 n) n ne
1 1
n lim =
∫1 ln x dx < ln 2 + ln 3 + + ln n n→∞ e1 − (1 n) e
1 + (1 n)
= ln (1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 n) = ln ( n!) lim
(n + 1)
= lim
(n + 1) ( n + 1)
1n
n→∞ ne n→∞ n e
(b) y
1
2.0 y = lnx = (1)
e
1.5
1
1.0 =
e
0.5
n
n! 1
2 3 4 ... n+1
x
By the Squeeze Theorem, lim = .
n→∞ n e
20
20!
n +1
(e) n = 20: ≈ 0.4152
∫1 ln x dx > ln 2 + ln 3 + + ln n = ln ( n!) 20
50
50!
n = 50: ≈ 0.3897
(c) ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C 50
100
n 100!
∫ 1 ln x dx = n ln n − n + 1 = ln n n − n + 1 n = 100:
100
≈ 0.3799
From part (a): ln n n − n + 1 < ln ( n!) 1

≈ 0.3679
n − n +1
e
eln n < n!
n
n
< n!
e n −1
n +1
∫1 ln x dx = ( n + 1) ln ( n + 1) − ( n + 1) + 1
= ln ( n + 1)
n +1
−n
From part (b): ln(n + 1) n + 1 − n > ln ( n!)

n +1 − n
eln(n + 1) > n!
(n + 1)
n +1
> n!
en
88. For a given ε > 0, you must find M > 0 such that 90. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
an − L =
1
< ε {an} = {(−1) } = {−1, 1, −1, 1, …} diverges
n
n3
whenever n > M . That is,
{a2 n } = {( −1) } = {1, 1, 1, 1, …} converges
2n
91. If {an} is bounded, monotonic and nonincreasing, then

13
1 ⎛1⎞
n3 > or n > ⎜ ⎟ .
ε ⎝ε ⎠ a1 ≥ a2 ≥ a3 ≥ ≥ an ≥ . Then
So, let ε > 0 be given. Let M be an integer satisfying − a1 ≤ − a2 ≤ − a3 ≤ ≤ − an ≤ is a bounded,
M > (1 ε ) . For n > M , you have
13
monotonic, nondecreasing sequence which converges by
the first half of the theorem. Because {− an} converges,
13
⎛1⎞ then so does {an}.
n > ⎜ ⎟
⎝ε ⎠
1 xn + 1 + xn −1
n3 > 92. Define an = , n ≥ 1.
ε xn
1 1
ε > 3
⇒ 3 − 0 < ε.
n n xn + 12 − xn xn + 2 = 1 = xn2 − xn −1xn + 1 ⇒
1 xn + 1 ( xn + 1 + xn −1 ) = xn ( xn + xn + 2 )
So, lim = 0.
n→∞ n3 xn + 1 + xn −1 x + xn
= n+2
89. For a given ε > 0, you must find M > 0 such that xn xn + 1
an − L = r n ε whenever n > M . That is, an = an + 1
n ln r < ln (ε ) or Therefore, a1 = a2 = … = a. So,

xn + 1 = an xn − xn −1 = axn − xn −1.
ln (ε )
n > (because ln r < 0 for r < 1 ).
ln r
So, let ε > 0 be given. Let M be an integer satisfying
ln (ε )
M > .
ln r
For n > M , you have
ln (ε )
n >
ln r
n ln r < ln (ε )
< ln (ε )
n
ln r
n
r < ε
r − 0 < ε.
n
So, lim r n = 0 for −1 < r < 1.

n→∞
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 869
93. Tn = n! + 2n
Use mathematical induction to verify the formula.
T0 = 1 + 1 = 2
T1 = 1 + 2 = 3
T2 = 2 + 4 = 6
Assume Tk = k! + 2k . Then
Tk + 1 = ( k + 1 + 4)Tk − 4( k + 1)Tk −1 + ( 4( k + 1) − 8)Tk − 2

= ( k + 5) ⎡⎣k! + 2k ⎤⎦ − 4( k + 1)(( k − 1)! + 2k −1 ) + ( 4k − 4)(( k − 2)! + 2k − 2 )
= ⎡⎣( k + 5)( k )( k − 1) − 4( k + 1)( k − 1) + 4( k − 1)⎤⎦ ( k − 2)! + ⎡⎣( k + 5)4 − 8( k + 1) + 4( k − 1)⎤⎦ 2k − 2

= ⎡⎣k 2 + 5k − 4k − 4 + 4⎤⎦ ( k − 1)! + 8 ⋅ 2k − 2
= ( k + 1)! + 2k + 1.
By mathematical induction, the formula is valid for all n.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence

1. S1 = 1 5. S1 = 3
S2 = 1 + 1 = 1.2500 3
4
S2 = 3 + 2
= 4.5
1 1 3 3
S3 = 1 + 4
+ 9
≈ 1.3611 S3 = 3 + 2
+ 4
= 5.250
1 1 1 3 3 3
S4 = 1 + 4
+ 9
+ 16
≈ 1.4236 S4 = 3 + 2
+ 4
+ 8
= 5.625
S5 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ≈ 1.4636 3 3 3 3
4 9 16 25
S5 = 3 + 2
+ 4
+ 8
+ 16
= 5.8125
2. S1 = 1 ≈ 0.1667 6. S1 = 1
6
S2 = 1 − 1 = 0.5
S2 = 1 + 1 ≈ 0.3333 2
6 6
S3 = 1 − 1 + 1 ≈ 0.6667
1 1 3
S3 = 6
+ 6
+ 20
≈ 0.4833 2 6
S4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 ≈ 0.6250
1 1 3 2
S4 = 6
+ 6
+ 20
+ 15
≈ 0.6167 2 6 24
1 1 1 1
S5 = 1 + 1 + 3
+ 2 + 5
≈ 0.7357 S5 = 1 − 2
+ 6
− 24
+ 120
≈ 0.6333
6 6 20 15 42
∞
∑ ( 76 )
n
3. S1 = 3 7.
9 n=0
S2 = 3 − 2
= −1.5
9 27
Geometric series
S3 = 3 − 2
+ 4
= 5.25
7
r = 6
>1
9 27 81
S4 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
= −4.875
Diverges by Theorem 9.6
9 27 81 243
S5 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
+ 16
= 10.3125
∞
∑ 4(−1.05)
n
8.
4. S1 = 1 n=0
1 3
S2 = 1 + 2
= 2 Geometric series
S3 = 1 + 1
+ 1
= 7 r = −1.05 = 1.05 > 1
2 4 4
1 1 1 23 Diverges by Theorem 9.6
S4 = 1 + 2
+ 4
+ 6
= 12
1 1 1 1 49
S5 = 1 + 2
+ 4
+ 6
+ 8
= 24
∞ ∞
n n!
9. ∑ n +1
14. ∑ 2n
n =1 n =1
n n!
lim =1≠ 0 lim = ∞
n→∞ n +1 n→∞ 2n
Diverges by Theorem 9.9 Diverges by Theorem 9.9
∞ ∞
∑ ( 56 )
n n
10. ∑ 2n + 3
15.
n =1 n=0
n 1 Geometric series with r = 5

<1
lim = ≠ 0 6
n → ∞ 2n + 3 2
Diverges by Theorem 9.9 Converges by Theorem 9.6
∞
∑ 2(− 12 )
∞ n
n2 16.
11. ∑ n +1
2 n=0
n =1
n2 Geometric series with r = − 12 < 1

lim =1 ≠ 0
n→∞ n +12
Converges by Theorem 9.6
∞
∑ (0.9)
n
∞
n 17.
12. ∑ n=0
n =1 n2 + 1
Geometric series with r = 0.9 < 1
n 1
lim = lim =1≠ 0 Converges by Theorem 9.6
n→∞
n2 + 1 n→∞
1 + (1 n 2 )
∞
∑ (−0.6)
n
Diverges by Theorem 9.9 18.
n=0
∞
2n + 1
13. ∑ 2n + 1
Geometric series with r = −0.6 < 1
n =1
2n + 1 1 + 2− n 1
lim n +1
= lim = ≠ 0
n→∞ 2 n→∞ 2 2
∞ ∞
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
19. ∑ = ∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟ = ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + , Sn = 1 −
n = 1 n( n + 1) n =1 n + 1⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 5⎠ n +1
∞
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∑ n( n + 1)
= lim S n = lim ⎜1 −
n → ∞ n → ∞ ⎝
⎟ =1
n + 1⎠
n =1
∞
1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
20. ∑ n(n + 2) = ∑ ⎜⎜ 2n − ⎟⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟ +
2( n + 2) ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ ⎝ 6 10 ⎠ ⎝ 8 12 ⎠ ⎝ 10 14 ⎠
n =1 n =1 ⎝
∞
1 ⎡1 1 1 1 ⎤ 1 1 3
∑ n(n + 2) = lim S n = lim ⎢ + −
n→∞ n→∞ ⎢2 4 2( n + 1)
−
2( n + 2
⎥ =
) ⎥⎦ 2
+
4
=
4
n =1 ⎣
∞ ∞
6 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎤
21. (a) ∑ n(n + 3) = 2∑ ⎜ −
⎝ n n + 3
⎟ = 2 ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +
⎠ ⎣⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2 5⎠ ⎝3 6⎠ ⎝ 4 7⎠ ⎥
⎦
n =1 n =1
⎛ ⎡ 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 11
⎜ Sn = 2 ⎢1 + + − ⎜ + + ⎟⎥ ⎟ = 2⎜1 + + ⎟ = ≈ 3.667
⎝ ⎣ 2 3 ⎝ n + 1 n + 2 n + 3 ⎠⎦ ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 3
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 2.7976 3.1643 3.3936 3.5513 3.6078
5
(c)
0 11
0
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude slowly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum slowly.
∞ ∞
4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
22. (a) ∑ n(n + 4) = ∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟
n + 4⎠
n =1 n =1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 7 ⎠ ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ ⎝ 5 9 ⎠ ⎝ 6 10 ⎠
1 1 1 25
=1+ + + = ≈ 2.0833
2 3 4 12
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 1.5377 1.7607 1.9051 2.0071 2.0443
(c) 3
0 11
0
∞ ∞
2
∑ 2(0.9) ∑ 2(0.9)
n −1 n
23. (a) = = = 20
n =1 n=0 1 − 0.9
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 8.1902 13.0264 17.5685 19.8969 19.9995
(c) 22
0 11
0
∞ n −1 ∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 10
24. (a) ∑ 10⎜⎝ − 4 ⎟⎠ = ∑ 10⎜⎝ − 4 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( −1 4)
= 8
n =1 n=0
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 8.0078 7.99999 8.0000 8.0000 8.0000
(c) 11
0 11
7
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude rapidly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum rapidly.
∞ n
⎛ 2⎞ 5
25. ∑ 5⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( 2 3)
= 15
n=0
∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ 1 5
26. ∑ ⎜⎝ − 5 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( −1 5)
=
6
n=0
∞ ∞
4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
27. ∑ n ( n + 2) = 2∑ ⎜ − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1 n =1 ⎝ n
⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
S n = 2 ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 2⎜1 + − − ⎟
⎣⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ ⎝ n − 1 n + 1 ⎠ ⎝ n n + 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 n + 1 n + 2⎠
∞
4 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
∑ n ( n + 2) = lim Sn = lim 2⎜1 + −
n →∞ n →∞ ⎝
− ⎟ = 3
2 n + 1 n + 2⎠
n =1
∞
1 1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
28. ∑ (2n + 1)(2n + 3) = ∑⎜ − ⎟
2 n = 1 ⎝ 2 n + 1 2n + 3 ⎠
n =1
1 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Sn = ⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+ +⎜ − ⎟⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎢⎣⎝ 3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 9 ⎠ ⎝ 2 n + 1 2 n + 3 ⎠⎦ 2 ⎝ 3 2n + 3 ⎠
∞
1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
∑ (2n + 1)(2n + 3) = lim S n = lim
n →∞ n →∞
⎜ − ⎟ =
2 ⎝ 3 2n + 3 ⎠ 6
n =1
∞ n ∞ ∞ n∞ n
⎛ 3⎞ 8 ⎛3⎞ ⎛8⎞
29. ∑ 8⎜ ⎟ = 1 − (3 4) = 32 32. ∑ ⎡(0.3)n + (0.8)n ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦ ∑ ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ + ∑ ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
n=0 ⎝ 4 ⎠ n=0 n=0 n=0
1 1
= +
1 − (3 10) 1 − (8 10)
∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ 9 27
30. ∑ 9⎜ − ⎟ =
⎝ 3⎠ 1 − ( −1 3)
=
4
n=0 10 45
= +5 =
7 7
∞ ∞ n ∞ n
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
31. ∑ ⎜⎝ 2n − ⎟ =
3n ⎠
∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ − ∑ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ∞
∑ ⎣⎡sin(1)⎦⎤
n
n=0 n=0 n=0 33. Note that sin (1) ≈ 0.8415 < 1. The series
1 1 3 1 n =1
= − = 2− =
1 − (1 2) 1 − (1 3) 2 2 is geometric with r = sin (1) < 1. So,
∞ ∞
sin (1)
∑ ⎡⎣sin(1)⎤⎦ = sin (1) ∑ ⎡⎣sin (1)⎤⎦ =
n n
≈ 5.3080.
n =1 n=0 1 − sin (1)
n n
1 1
34. S n = ∑ 9k 2 + 3k − 2
= ∑ (3k − 1)(3k + 2)
k =1 k =1
n
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 n ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ∑⎢ − ⎥ = ∑⎢ −
k =1 ⎣ 9 k − 3 9 k + 6⎦ 3 k =1 ⎣ 3k − 1 3k + 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+ +⎜ − ⎟⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
3 ⎢⎣⎝ 2 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 11 ⎠ ⎝ 3n − 1 3n + 2 ⎠⎦ 3 ⎝ 2 3n + 2⎠
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
lim Sn = lim ⎜ − ⎟ =
n→∞ n→∞ 3 ⎝ 2 3n + 2 ⎠ 6
∞ n ∞ n
4⎛1⎞ 1 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
35. (a) 0.4 = ∑ 10 ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ 40. (a) 0.215 =
5
+ ∑ 200 ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
n=0 n=0
4 1 3 1
(b) Geometric series with a = and r = (b) Geometric series with a = and r =
10 10 200 100
a 4 10 4 1 a 1 3 200 71
S = = = S = + = + =
1− r 1 − (1 10) 9 5 1− r 5 99 100 330
n ∞
∞
36 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∑ (1.075)
n
36. (a) 0.36 = ∑ ⎜ ⎟
100 ⎝ 100 ⎠
41.
n=0
n=0
Geometric series with r = 1.075

36 1
(b) Geometric series with a = and r = Diverges by Theorem 9.6
100 100
∞
a 36 100 36 4 3n
S =
1− r
=
1 − (1 100)
=
99
=
11
42. ∑ 1000
n =1
Geometric series with r = 3 > 1.

∞ n
81 ⎛ 1 ⎞
37. (a) 0.81 = ∑ ⎜ ⎟
n = 0 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠
∞
n + 10
(b) Geometric series with a =
81
and r =
1 43. ∑ 10n + 1
100 100 n =1
a 81 100 81 9 n + 10 1
S = = = = lim = ≠ 0
1− r 1 − (1 100) 99 11 n→∞ 10n + 1 10
∞ n ∞ n
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
38. (a) 0.01 = ∑ ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ = ∑⎜ ⎟
100 n = 0 ⎝ 100 ⎠ 44.
∞
4n + 1
∑ 3n − 1
n =1
n =1
1 1 1 100 1
(b) 0.01 = ⋅ = ⋅ = 4n + 1 4
100 1 − (1 100) 100 99 99 lim = ≠ 0
n→∞ 3n − 1 3
∞ n Diverges by Theorem 9.9
3⎛ 1 ⎞
39. (a) 0.075 = ∑ 40 ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
n=0
3 1
(b) Geometric series with a = and r =
40 100
a 3 40 5
S = = =
1− r 99 100 66
∞
⎛1 1 ⎞
45. ∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1 1 1
S n = ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟ = 1+ − −
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ ⎝ n − 1 n + 1⎠ ⎝ n n + 2 ⎠ 2 n +1 n + 2
∞
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3
∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟ = nlim
n + 2⎠ →∞
S n = lim ⎜1 + −
n→∞ ⎝ 2
− ⎟ = , converges
n + 1 n + 2⎠ 2
n =1
∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
46. ∑ ⎜⎝ n + 1 − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 1
Sn = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3 4⎠ ⎝ n + 1 n + 2⎠ 2 n+ 2
∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
∑ ⎜⎝ n + 1 − ⎟ = nlim
n + 2⎠ →∞
Sn = lim ⎜ −
n→∞ ⎝ 2
⎟ = , converges
n + 2⎠ 2
n =1
∞
3n n
⎛ k + 1⎞
47. ∑ n3 54. S n = ∑ ln⎜⎝ k ⎠
⎟
n =1 k =1
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ n + 1⎞
3n (ln 2)3n = ln⎜ ⎟ + ln⎜ ⎟ + + ln⎜ ⎟
lim = lim ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
3
n 3n 2
+ (ln(n + 1) − ln n)
n→∞ n→∞
= (ln 2 − ln1) + (ln 3 − ln 2) +
(ln 2)2 3n (ln n)3 3n
= lim = lim = ∞ = ln(n + 1) − ln(1) = ln(n + 1)
n→∞ 6n n→∞ 6
(by L’Hôpital’s Rule); diverges by Theorem 9.9 Diverges
∞ ∞ n 55. See definitions on page 595.

3 ⎛1⎞
48. ∑ = 3 ∑ ⎜ ⎟ , convergent
56. lim an = 5 means that the limit of the sequence {an} is
n
n=0 S n=0 ⎝ 5⎠
n→∞
1 5.
Geometric series with r =
5 ∞
∑ an = a1 + a2 + = 5 means that the limit of the
n n =1
49. Because n > ln ( n), the terms an = do not partial sums is 5.
ln ( n)
∞
n 57. The series given by
approach 0 as n → ∞. So, the series ∑ ln(n) diverges. ∞
n=2
∑ ar n = a + ar + ar 2 + + ar n + ,a ≠ 0
n=0
n n
⎛1⎞
50. S n = ∑ ln⎜⎝ k ⎟⎠ = ∑ − ln(k ) is a geometric series with ratio r. When 0 < r < 1, the
k =1 k =1
= 0 − ln 2 − ln 3 − − ln ( n) series converges to a (1 − r ). The series diverges if
∞ r ≥ 1.
⎛1⎞
Because lim Sn diverges,
n→∞
∑ ln⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ diverges.
n =1 ∞
58. If lim an ≠ 0, then
n→∞
∑ an diverges.
51. For k ≠ 0, n =1
k ∞
⎛ k⎞
n
⎡⎛ k⎞ ⎤
nk
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = lim ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
n→∞ ⎝
59. (a) ∑ an = a1 + a2 + a3 +
n⎠ n→∞ ⎝
⎢⎣ n ⎠ ⎥⎦ n =1
∞
= e k ≠ 0. (b) ∑ ak = a1 + a2 + a3 +
For k = 0, lim (1 + 0) = 1 ≠ 0.
n k =1
n→∞
These are the same. The third series is different,
∞
⎡ k⎤
n
unless a1 = a2 = = a is constant.
So, ∑ ⎢⎣1 + n ⎥⎦
diverges.
∞
n =1
(c) ∑ ak = ak + ak +
n =1
∞ ∞ n
⎛1⎞
52. ∑ e− n = ∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ converges because it is geometric
60. (a) Yes, the new series will still diverge.
n =1 n =1
with (b) Yes, the new series will converge.
1 ∞ ∞
r = < 1.
∑ (3 x ) = (3 x ) ∑ (3 x )
n n
e 61.
n =1 n=0
π 1
53. lim arctan n = ≠ 0 Geometric series: converges for 3 x < 1 ⇒ x <
n→∞ 2 3
∞ ∞
1 3x 1
So, ∑ arctan n diverges. f ( x ) = (3 x ) ∑ (3 x ) = (3 x )
n
= , x <
n =1 n=0 1 − 3 x 1 − 3 x 3
∞ n
⎛ 2⎞
62. ∑ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
n=0
Geometric series: converges for

2
< 1 ⇒ x > 2 ⇒ x < − 2 or x > 2
x
∞ n
⎛ 2⎞ 1 x
f ( x) = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ =
x
⎝ ⎠ 1 − ( )
2 x
=
x − 2
, x > 2 or x < − 2
n=0
∞ ∞
∑ ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) ∑ ( x − 1)
n n
63.
n =1 n=0
Geometric series: converges for x − 1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < x < 2

∞
f ( x) = ( x − 1) ∑ ( x − 1)
n
n=0
1 x −1
= ( x − 1) = , 0 < x < 2
1 − ( x − 1) 2− x
∞
⎛ x − 2⎞
n 67. (a) x is the common ratio.
64. ∑ 5⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎟ ∞
1
n=0 (b) 1 + x + x 2 + = ∑ xn =
1− x
, x <1
n=0
1
x − 2 (c) y1 =
< 1 ⇒ x − 2 < 3 ⇒ −1 < x < 5 1− x
3
y 2 = S3 = 1 + x + x 2
∞ n
⎛ x − 2⎞ y3 = S5 = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x 4
f ( x) = ∑ 5⎜⎝
3 ⎠
⎟
n=0 Answers will vary.
5 5
= = 3
1−⎜
⎛ x − 2 ⎞ (3 − x + 2) 3 f S5
⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ S3
15
= , −1 < x < 5
5− x − 1.5 1.5
0
∞ ∞
∑ (−1) ∑ (− x)
n n
65. xn =
n=0 n=0

− x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 ⇒ −1 < x < 1
∞
1
f ( x) = ∑ ( − x)
n
= , −1 < x < 1
n=0 1+ x
∞ ∞
∑ (− x 2 )
n
∑ (−1)
n
66. x2n =
n=0 n=0

− x 2 < 1 ⇒ −1 < x < 1
∞
1 1
∑ (− x 2 )
n
f ( x) = = = , −1 < x < 1
n=0 1 − (− x )
2
1 + x2
⎛ x⎞ n −1 8000 ⎡⎣1 − 0.95n ⎤⎦

68. (a) ⎜ − ⎟ is the common ratio.
∑ 8000(0.95)
i
71. =
⎝ 2⎠ i =0 1 − 0.95
∞ n
x x x 2 3
⎛ x⎞ = 160,000 ⎣⎡1 − 0.95n ⎦⎤ , n > 0
(b) 1 −
2
+
4
−
8
+ = ∑ ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠
n=0
72. V (t ) = 475,000(1 − 0.3) = 475,000(0.7)

n n
1
=
1 − ( − x 2)
V (5) = 475,000(0.7) = $79,833.25
5
2
= , x < 2
2+ x ∞
∑ 200(0.75)
i
73. = 800 million dollars
2
(c) y1 = i=0
2+ x
∞
x x2
∑ 200(0.60)
i
y 2 = S3 = 1 − + 74. = 500 million dollars
2 4 i=0
x x2 x3 x4
y3 = S5 = 1 − + − + 75. D1 = 16
2 4 8 16
Answers will vary. D2 = 0.81(16) + 0.81(16) = 32(0.81)
5 up down
f
D3 = 16(0.81) + 16(0.81) = 32(0.81)
S5 2 2 2
S3
−5 5
D = 16 + 32(0.81) + 32(0.81) +
2
−5
∞
32
∑ 32(0.81)
n
= −16 + = −16 +
1 1 − 0.81
69. < 0.0001 n=0
n( n + 1) ≈ 152.42 feet
10,000 < n 2 + n
76. The ball in Exercise 75 takes the following times for
0 < n 2 + n − 10,000
each fall.
−1 ± 12 − 4(1)( −10,000) s1 = −16t 2 + 16
n = s1 = 0 if t = 1
2 s2 = −16t + 16(0.81)
2
s2 = 0 if t = 0.9
Choosing the positive value for n you have
s3 = −16t + 16(0.81) s3 = 0 if t = (0.9)
2 2 2
n ≈ 99.5012. The first term that is less than 0.0001 is
n = 100.
sn = −16t 2 + 16(0.81) sn = 0 if t = (0.9)
n n −1 n −1
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ < 0.0001
⎝8⎠ Beginning with s2 , the ball takes the same amount of
10,000 < 8n time to bounce up as it takes to fall. The total elapsed
This inequality is true when n = 5. This series time before the ball comes to rest is
converges at a faster rate. ∞ ∞
t = 1 + 2∑ (0.9) = −1 + 2 ∑ (0.9)
n n
n =1 n=0
1
70. < 0.0001 2
2n = −1 + = 19 seconds.
1 − 0.9
10,000 < 2n
This inequality is true when n = 14.
(0.01)
n
< 0.0001
10,000 < 10n
This inequality is true when n = 5. This series
converges at a faster rate.
n n
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1⎛ 2 ⎞
77. P( n) = ⎜ ⎟ 78. P( n) = ⎜ ⎟
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 3⎝ 3 ⎠
2 2
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 4
P ( 2) = ⎜ ⎟ = P ( 2) = ⎜ ⎟ =
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 3⎝ 3 ⎠ 27
∞ n ∞ n
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 12 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 13
∑ 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ =
1 − (1 2)
=1 ∑ 3⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( 2 3)
=1
n=0 n=0
∞ n ∞ n
⎛1⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
79. (a) ∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 2 (1 − (1 2)) = 1
n =1 n=0 2⎝ 2 ⎠
(b) No, the series is not geometric.

∞ n
⎛1⎞
(c) ∑ n⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = 2
n =1
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 4
80. Person 1: + 4 + 7 +
2 2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ =
2 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 2 1 − (1 8)
=
7
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 2
Person 2:
22
+ 5 + 8 +
2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 4 1 − (1 8) = 7
4 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 1
Person 3:
23
+ 6 + 9 +
2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 8 1 − (1 8) = 7
8 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠
4 2 1
Sum: + + =1
7 7 7
81. (a) 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 126 in.2

∞ n
⎛1⎞ 64
(b) ∑ 64⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = 1 − (1 2) = 128 in.2
n=0
Note: This is one-half of the area of the original square
16 in.
16 in.
Yy1
82. (a) sin θ = ⇒ Yy1 = z sin θ
z
x1 y1
sin θ = ⇒ x1 y1 = Yy1 sin θ = z sin 2 θ
Yy1
x1 y2
sin θ = ⇒ x1 y2 = x1 y1 sin θ = z sin 3 θ
x1 y1
sin θ
Total: z sin θ + z sin 2 θ + z sin 3 θ + = z
1 − sin θ
π 12
(b) If z = 1 and θ = , then total = = 1.
6 1 − (1 2)
i
20
100,000 19 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 100,000 ⎡1 − 1.06−20 ⎤
∑ 100,000(1.06 ) (n = 20, r = 1.06−1 ) ≈ $1,146,992.12
n
83. 1 = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ =
1.06 i = 0 ⎝ 1.06 ⎠
⎢
1.06 ⎣ 1 − 1.06−1 ⎦
⎥
n =1
The $2,000,000 sweepstakes has a present value of $1,146,992.12. After accruing interest over the 20-year period, it attains its
full value.
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎤
12 t n −1 0.01(1 − 2n )
∑ 0.01(2) = 0.01( 2n − 1)
i
n
P ⎢1 − ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥ 85. w = =
12t −1
⎛ r ⎞ ⎢ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦⎥ 1− 2
84. ∑ P⎜1 + ⎟ = ⎣
i=0
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎛ r ⎞ (a) When n = 29: w = $5,368,709.11

n=0 1 − ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
(b) When n = 30: w = $10,737,418.23
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ r ⎞ ⎤
12 t
⎛
= P⎜ − ⎟ ⎢⎜1 − ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥ (c) When n = 31: w = $21,474,836.47
⎝ r ⎠ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥
⎦
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ ⎤
12 t
r ⎞
= P⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥
⎝ r ⎠ ⎣⎢⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦⎥
12t −1
∑ P(e r 12
)
n
=
(
P 1 − (e r 12 )
12t
) = P(e rt
− 1)
n=0 1−e r 12
e r 12
−1
86. Surface area = 4π (1) + 9⎛⎜ 4π ( 13 ) ⎞⎟⎠ + 9 ( 19 )

2 2
= 4(π + π + )
2 2
⋅ 4π + = ∞
⎝
87. P = 45, r = 0.03, t = 20 1 ∞

1
12( 20)
91. False. lim
n→∞ n
= 0, but ∑ n diverges.
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ ⎤ n =1
0.03 ⎞
(a) A = 45⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ ≈ $14,773.59
⎝ 0.03 ⎠ ⎣⎢⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦⎥ 92. True
(
45 e0.03(20) − 1 ) ∞
∑ ar n
⎛ a ⎞
= ⎜
(b) A = ≈ $14,779.65 93. False; ⎟ − a
e 0.03 12
−1 n =1 ⎝1 − r ⎠
The formula requires that the geometric series begins
88. P = 75, r = 0.055, t = 25
with n = 0.
12( 25)
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 0.055 ⎞ ⎤
(a) A = 75⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ ≈ $48,152.81 94. True
⎝ 0.055 ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦
n 1
lim = ≠ 0
(b) A =
(
75 e0.055(25) − 1 ) ≈ $48,245.07
n→∞ 1000( n + 1) 1000
e0.055 12 − 1
95. True
89. P = 100, r = 0.04, t = 35 9 9
0.74999 … = 0.74 + + +
12(35)
103 104
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 0.04 ⎞ ⎤ n
(a) A = 100⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎢ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ ≈ $91,373.09 9 ∞ ⎛1⎞
⎝ 0.04 ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦ = 0.74 + ∑⎜ ⎟
103 n = 0 ⎝ 10 ⎠
(
100 e0.04(35) − 1 ) = 0.74 +
9
⋅
1
(b) A = ≈ $91,503.32 103 1 − (1 10)
e0.04 12 − 1
9 10
= 0.74 + ⋅
90. P = 30, r = 0.06, t = 50 103 9
12(50) 1
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 0.06 ⎞ ⎤ = 0.74 + = 0.75
(a) A = 30⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎢ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎥ ≈ 113,615.73 100
⎝ 0.06 ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦
96. True
(b) A =
(
30 e0.06(50) − 1 ) ≈ $114,227.18
e0.06 12 − 1
∞ ∞
98. If ∑ ( an + bn ) converged, then
97. Let ∑an = ∑ 1 and ∑bn = ∑ (−1).
n=0 n=0 ∑ ( an + bn ) − ∑ an = ∑ bn would converge, which is a
Both are divergent series. contradiction. So, ∑ ( an + bn ) diverges.
∞ ∞
∑(an + bn ) = ∑ ⎡⎣1 + (−1)⎤⎦ = ∑ [1 − 1] = 0
n=0 n=0
1 1 a − an + 1 an + 2 1
99. (a) − = n+3 = =
an +1an + 2 an + 2 an + 3 an +1an + 2 an + 3 an +1an + 2 an + 3 an +1an + 3
n
1
(b) S n = ∑a
k =0 k +1ak + 3
n
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ∑ ⎢a −
ak + 2 ak + 3 ⎥⎦
k = 0 ⎣ k +1ak + 2
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 1 1
= ⎢ − + − + + ⎢ − = − = 1−
⎣ a1a2 a2 a3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ a2 a3 a3a4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ an +1an + 2 an + 2 an + 3 ⎥⎦ a1a2 an + 2 an + 3 an + 2 an + 3
∞
1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
∑a = lim S n = lim ⎢1 − ⎥ =1
n + 1an + 3 a a
n→∞ n→∞
n=0 ⎣ n + 2 n + 3 ⎦
100. Let {S n} be the sequence of partial sums for the convergent series
∞
∑ an = L. Then lim S n = L and because
n→∞
n =1
∞
Rn = ∑ ak = L − S n ,
k = n +1
you have
lim Rn = lim ( L − S n ) = lim L − lim S n = L − L = 0.
n →∞ n →∞ n →∞ n →∞
∞ n
1 1 1 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1r 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
101.
r
+ 2 + 3 +
r r
= ∑ r ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ =
1 − (1 r )
=
r −1
⎜ since
⎝ r
< 1⎟
⎠
n=0
This is a geometric series which converges if

1
< 1 ⇔ r > 1.
r
102. The entire rectangle has area 2 because the height is 1 103. The series is telescoping:
1 1 n
6k
and the base is 1 + + + = 2. The squares all lie Sn = ∑
2 4
inside the rectangle, and the sum of their areas is
k =1 (3 k +1
− 2 k +1
)(3k − 2k )
n
⎡ 3k 3k + 1 ⎤
1+
1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 + . = ∑ ⎢3k − 2 k
− k +1
3 − 2 ⎦ k +1 ⎥
22 3 4 k =1 ⎣
∞
1 3n + 1
= 3−
So, ∑ n2 < 2. 3n +1
− 2n +1
n =1
lim Sn = 3 − 1 = 2
n→∞
104. f (1) = 0, f ( 2) = 1, f (3) = 2, f ( 4) = 4, …
⎧⎪n 2 4, n even
In general: f ( n) = ⎨ 2
⎪⎩( n − 1) 4, n odd.
(See below for a proof of this.)
x + y and x − y are either both odd or both even. If both even, then
f ( x + y) − f ( x − y) =
(x + y)
2
−
(x − y)
2
= xy.
4 4
If both odd,
f ( x + y) − f ( x − y) =
(x + y) − 1
2
−
(x − y) − 1
2
= xy.
4 4
Proof by induction that the formula for f ( n) is correct. It is true for n = 1. Assume that the formula is valid for k. If k is even,
then f ( k ) = k 2 4 and
(k + 1) − 1.
2
k k2 k k 2 + 2k
f ( k + 1) = f ( k ) + = + = =
2 4 2 4 4
The argument is similar if k is odd.
Section 9.3 The Integral Test and p-Series

∞ ∞
1
1. ∑n + 3 4. ∑ 3− n
n =1 n =1
1
Let Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = − (ln 3)3− x < 0 for x ≥ 1.
1 1 3x
f ( x) = , f ′( x) = − < 0 for x ≥ 1.
x +3 ( x + 3)2 f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. ∞ 1 ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1
∞ 1 ∞
∫1 3x
dx = ⎢
⎢⎣ ( ln 3 3 x⎥
) ⎦⎥1
=
3 ln 3
∫1 dx = ⎡⎣ln ( x + 3)⎤⎦1 = ∞
x +3
So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10.
So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10.
∞
∞
2 5. ∑ e− n
2. ∑ n =1
n = 1 3n + 5
Let f ( x) = e− x , f ′( x) = − e − x < 0 for x ≥ 1.
2
Let f ( x) = .
3x + 5 f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. ∞ ∞ 1
∞
∫1 e − x dx = ⎡⎣−e − x ⎤⎦ =
1 e
∞ 2 ⎡2 ⎤
∫1 dx = ⎢ ln (3 x + 5)⎥ = ∞ So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10.
3x + 5 ⎣3 ⎦1
∞
6. ∑ ne−n 2
∞ n =1
1
3. ∑ 2n 2 − x
n =1 Let f ( x) = xe− x 2 , f ′( x) = < 0 for x ≥ 3.
2e x 2
1
Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = − (ln 2)2− x < 0 for x ≥ 1. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 3
2x
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. ∞ ∞
xe − x 2 dx = ⎡⎣−2( x + 2)e− x 2 ⎤⎦ = 10e−3 2
∞
∫3 3
∞ 1 ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1
∫1 2 x
dx = ⎢ x⎥
⎢⎣ (ln 2) 2 ⎦⎥1
=
2 ln 2
Section 9.3 The Integral Test and p-Series 881
∞ ∞
1 1
7. ∑ n2 +1
8. ∑ 2n + 1
n =1 n =1
Let
Let
1 2
1 2x f ( x) = , f ′( x) = − < 0 for x ≥ 1.
f ( x) = , f ′( x) = − < 0 for x ≥ 1. 2x + 1 ( + 1)2
2 x
( x + 1)
2
x +1
2 2
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.

∞ 1 ∞
∞ 1
dx = [arctan x]1 =
∞ π ∫1 2x + 1
dx = ⎡⎣ln 2 x + 1⎤⎦ = ∞
∫1 x2 + 1 4
1

∞ ln ( n + 1)
9. ∑ n +1
n =1
ln ( x + 1) 1 − ln ( x + 1)
Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = < 0 for x ≥ 2.
x +1 (x + 1)
2

∞
ln ( x + 1) ⎡ ⎡ln ( x + 1)⎤ 2 ⎤
dx = ⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥ = ∞
∞
∫1 x +1 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦1
∞ ∞
ln n n
10. ∑ n
12. ∑ n2 +3
n=2 n =1
ln x 2 − ln x x 3 − x2
Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x) = . Let f ( x) = , f ′( x ) = < 0 for x ≥ 2.
x 2 x3 2 x2 + 3 ( x 2 + 3)
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2
x > e 2 ≈ 7.4.
∞ x ∞
∞ ln x ∞ ∫1 dx = ⎡ln x 2 + 3⎤ = ∞
x (ln x − 2)⎤⎦ = ∞ ⎣ ⎦1
∫2 x
dx = ⎡⎣2
2
x2 + 3
∞
arctan n
∞
1 13. ∑
11. ∑ n2 + 1
( )
n =1
n =1 n n +1
arctan x
Let f ( x) = ,
1 x2 + 1
Let f ( x) = ,
x ( x +1 ) f ′( x) =
1 − 2 x arctan x
< 0 for x ≥ 1.
( x 2 + 1)
2
1+ 2 x
f ′( x) = − < 0.
( )
2
2x 32
x +1 f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. ∞ arctan x ⎡ (arctan x)2 ⎤ 3π 2
∫1 x +1
2
dx = ⎢
⎢⎣ 2
⎥ =
32
⎦⎥1
( )
∞ 1 ∞
∫1 dx = ⎡2 ln x +1⎤ = ∞
x ( x +1 )
⎣ ⎦1
∞ ∞
ln n n + 2
14. ∑ 3
18. ∑n +1
n=2 n n =1
ln x 1 − 3 ln x x+2 1 −1
Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x) = . Let f ( x ) = = 1+ , f ′( x) = < 0
( x + 1)
2
x3 x4 x +1 x +1
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x > 2. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞
∞ ln x ⎡ ( 2 ln x + 1) ⎤ ∞ x + 2 ∞
∫2 dx = ⎢− ⎥ ∫1 dx = ⎡⎣ x + ln ( x + 1)⎤⎦1 = ∞
x3 ⎣ 4 x4 ⎦2 x +1
2 ln 2 + 1 So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10.
=
16 n + 2
[Note: lim = 1 ≠ 0, so the series diverges.]
So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10. n→∞ n +1
∞ ∞
ln n 4n
15. ∑ 2
19. ∑ 2n 2 +1
n =1 n n =1
ln x 1 − 2 ln x −4( 2 x 2 − 1)
Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x) = . Let f ( x) =
4x
, f ′( x ) = < 0
x2 x3 2 x2 + 1 (2 x 2 + 1)
2
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for

for x ≥ 1.
x > e1 2 ≈ 1.6.
∞
∞ ln x ⎡−(ln x + 1) ⎤
∫1 x2
dx = ⎢
⎣ x
⎥ =1
⎦1 ∫1
∞ 4x ∞
dx = ⎡⎣ln ( 2 x 2 + 1)⎤⎦ = ∞
2x2 + 1 1
So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10. So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10.
∞
1 ∞
1
16. ∑n ln n
20. ∑
n=2 n =1 n + 2
1 2 ln x + 1 1 −1
Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x) = − . Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x ) = < 0.
2 x 2 (ln x)
32
2( x + 2)
32
x ln x x + 2
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞ 1 ∞ ∞ 1 ∞
∫2 x ln x
dx = ⎡⎣2 ln x ⎤⎦ = ∞
2 ∫ 1 ( x + 2)1 2 dx = ⎡⎣2 x + 2 ⎤⎦ = ∞
1
So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10. So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10.
∞
1 ∞
n
17. ∑ 21. ∑ n4
n =1 ( 2n + 3)
3
n =1 +1
−6 x 1 − 3x 4
Let f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3) , f ′( x) =
−3
< 0 Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = < 0 for x > 1.
(2 x + 3) ( x 4 + 1)
4
x +1
4 2
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x > 1.
∞
⎡ −1 ⎤ 1 ∞
π
∞ x ⎡1 ⎤
dx = ⎢ arctan ( x 2 )⎥ =
∞
∫1 (2 x + 3)
−3
dx = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎢⎣ 4( 2 x + 3) ⎥⎦1
2
100 ∫1 x4 + 1 ⎣2 ⎦1 8
So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10. So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10.
∞ ∞ 2
n n ⎛ sin x ⎞
22. ∑ n4 = ∑ 28. Let f ( x ) = ⎜ ⎟ , f ( n ) = an .
+ 2n 2 + 1 (n2 + 1)
2
n =1 n =1 ⎝ x ⎠
The function f is not decreasing for x ≥ 1.
x −(3 x 2 − 1)
Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = < 0 for
( x2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 3 ∞
1
29. ∑ n3
x ≥ 1. n =1
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. 1

Let f ( x) = .
∞
x3
∞ x ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1 f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∫1 dx = ⎢ 2 ⎥ =
⎢⎣ 2( x + 1) ⎥⎦
( x 2 + 1)
2
4 ∞
1 ∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
∫1 x3
dx = ⎢− 2 ⎥ =
⎣ 2 x ⎦1 2
∞
n k −1
23. ∑ nk + c ∞
n =1 1
Let
30. ∑ n1 2
n =1
x k −1 x k − 2 ⎡⎣c( k − 1) − x k ⎤⎦ 1 1
f ( x) = , f ′( x ) = < 0 Let f ( x ) = = .
xk + c ( x k + c)
2
x1 2 x
for x > k c( k − 1) .
∞ 1 ∞
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for ∫1 x1 2
dx = ⎣⎡2 x1 2 ⎦⎤ = ∞
1
x > k c( k − 1) . Diverges by Theorem 9.10

∞
x k −1 ⎡1 ⎤
dx = ⎢ ln ( x k + c)⎥ = ∞
∞ ∞
1
∫1 x + c
k
⎣k ⎦1
31. ∑ n1 4
n =1
So, the series diverges by Theorem 9.10. 1 −1

Let f ( x ) = , f ′( x) = < 0 for x ≥ 1
∞ x1 4 4 x5 4
24. ∑ nk e− n f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
n =1
∞
xk x k −1 ( k − x ) ∞ 1 ⎡ 4 x3 4 ⎤
Let f ( x) = x , f ′( x) = < 0 for x > k . ∫1 x14
dx = ⎢
⎣ 3 ⎦1
⎥ = ∞
e ex
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x > k . Diverges by Theorem 9.10
Use integration by parts. ∞
1
∞ ∞ ∞ 32. ∑ n5
∫1 ⎡⎣− x k e − x ⎤⎦ + k∫ x
k −x k −1 − x
x e dx = e dx n =1
1 1
1 k k ( k − 1) k! Let f ( x) =
1
.
= + + + + x5
e e e e
So, the series converges by Theorem 9.10. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞
∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
25. Let f ( x) =
(−1) x
, f ( n ) = an .
∫1 x 5
dx = ⎢− 4 ⎥ =
⎣ 4 x ⎦1 4
x
The function f is not positive for x ≥ 1.
∞ ∞
1 1
26. Let f ( x ) = e− x cos x, f ( n) = an . 33. ∑5 n
= ∑ n1 5
n =1 n =1
The function f is not positive for x ≥ 1. 1

Divergent p-series with p = <1
5
2 + sin x
27. Let f ( x ) = , f ( n ) = an .
x
The function f is not decreasing for x ≥ 1.
∞ ∞
3 1
34. ∑ n5 3 36. ∑ n2 3
n =1 n =1
5 2
Convergent p-series with p = >1 Divergent p-series with p = <1
3 3
∞ ∞
1 1
35. ∑ n3 2 37. ∑ n1.04
n =1 n =1
3 Convergent p-series with p = 1.04 > 1

Convergent p-series with p = >1
2
∞
1
38. ∑ nπ
n =1
Convergent p-series with p = π > 1
39. (a)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 3.7488 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75
The partial sums approach the sum 3.75 very rapidly.

11
0 11
0
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 1.4636 1.5498 1.5962 1.6251 1.635
The partial sums approach the sum π 2 6 ≈ 1.6449 slower than the series in part (a).
8
0 12
0
N
1 1 1 1 1 41. Let f be positive, continuous, and decreasing for
40. ∑n =1+ + + +
2 3 4
+
N
> M
x ≥ 1 and an = f ( n). Then,
n =1
∞
(a) ∞
M 2 4 6 8 ∑ an and ∫ 1 f ( x) dx
n =1
N 4 31 227 1674
either both converge or both diverge (Theorem 9.10).
See Example 1, page 620.
(b) No. Because the terms are decreasing (approaching
∞
zero), more and more terms are required to increase 1
the partial sum by 2.
42. A series of the form ∑ n p is a p-series, p > 0.
n =1
The p-series converges if p > 1 and diverges if

0 < p ≤ 1.
43. Your friend is not correct. The series 46. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The graph of the
∞
1 1 1 partial sums of the first series seems to be increasing
∑ n
=
10,000
+
10,001
+ without bound; therefore, the series diverges. The graph
n = 10,000 of the partial sums of the second series seems to be
is the harmonic series, starting with the 10,000th term, approaching a limit; therefore the series converges.
and therefore diverges.
∞
1
47. ∑ n ln n p
6
∑ an
7 7
∑ an ( )
∫1 f ( x) dx
n=2
44. ≥ ≥
n =1 n=2
If p = 1, then the series diverges by the Integral Test. If
y
p ≠ 1,
∞
∞ 1 ∞ 1 ⎡ (ln x)− p + 1 ⎤
∫ 2 (ln x)
−p
∫ 2 x(ln x) p dx = dx = ⎢ ⎥ .
1
x ⎢⎣ − p + 1 ⎥⎦ 2
Converges for − p + 1 < 0 or p > 1

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
45. (a) y
x
1 2 3 4
∞
1 ∞ 1
∑ n
> ∫1 x
dx
n =1
The area under the rectangle is greater than the area

under the curve.
∞ 1 ∞
Because ∫1 x
dx = ⎡⎣2 x ⎤⎦
1
= ∞, diverges,
∞
1
∑ n
diverges.
n =1
(b) y
x
1 2 3 4
∞
1 ∞ 1
∑ n2 < ∫1 x2
dx
n=2
The area under the rectangles is less than the area

under the curve.
∞
∞ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
Because ∫1 x2
dx = ⎢− ⎥ = 1, converges,
⎣ x ⎦1
∞
1 ⎛ ∞
1⎞
∑ n2 converges ⎜ and so does ∑ n2 ⎟.
n=2 ⎝ n =1 ⎠
∞
ln n
48. ∑ np
n=2
If p = 1, then the series diverges by the Integral Test. If p ≠ 1,

∞
∞ ln x ∞ ⎡ x − p +1 ⎤
∫2 dx = ∫2 x −p
ln x dx = ⎢ ⎡−1 + (− p + 1) ln x⎤⎦⎥ . (Use integration by parts.)
2⎣
xp ⎢⎣ ( − p + 1) ⎥⎦ 2
Converges for − p + 1 < 0 or p > 1
∞ 53.
n y
49. ∑ f(1) = a1
(1 + n2 )
p
n =1
f(2) = a2
1
∞
n f(N + 1) = aN + 1
If p = 1, ∑ diverges (see Example 1). Let f(N) = aN
n =1 1 + n2
x
x
f ( x) =
...
,p ≠ 1 1 2 N N+1
(1 + x 2 )
p
f ′( x) =
1 − ( 2 p − 1) x 2
.
SN = ∑ an = a1 + a2 + + aN
n =1
(1 + x )
p +1
2
∞
For a fixed p > 0, p ≠ 1, f ′( x) is eventually negative. f

RN = S − S N = ∑ an > 0
n = N +1
is positive, continuous, and eventually decreasing. ∞
∞
RN = S − S N = ∑ an = aN + 1 + aN + 2 +
⎡ ⎤ n = N +1
∞ x 1
∫1 dx = ⎢ ⎥ ∞
(1 + x 2 )
p
⎣( )
⎢ x 2 + 1 p −1 2 − 2 p ⎥
( ) ⎦1
≤ ∫ N f ( x) dx
∞
For p > 1, this integral converges. For 0 < p < 1, it So, 0 ≤ Rn ≤ ∫ N f ( x) dx
diverges.
∞ 54. From Exercise 53, you have:
∑ n(1 + n2 )
p
50. ∞
n =1 0 ≤ S − SN ≤ ∫ N f ( x) dx
Because p > 0, the series diverges for all values of p. ∞
SN ≤ S ≤ SN + ∫ N f ( x) dx
∞ n
⎛3⎞ N N
∑⎜ p⎟
∞
51.
n =1 ⎝ ⎠
, Geometric series. ∑ an ≤ S ≤ ∑ an + ∫ N f ( x) dx
n =1 n =1
3
Converges for <1⇒ p > 3 ⇒ p > 3 1 1 1 1
p 55. S5 = 1 + + 2 + 2 + 2 ≈ 1.4636
22 3 4 5
∞
∞
1 ∞ 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1
52. ∑ 0 ≤ R5 ≤ ∫5 x2
dx = ⎢− ⎥ =
⎣ x ⎦5 5
= 0.2
n ln n ⎡⎣ln (ln n)⎤⎦
p
n=3
∞
1
If p = 1, then 1.4636 ≤ ∑ n2 ≤ 1.4636 + 0.2 = 1.6636
n =1
∞ 1 ∞
∫ 3 x ln x ⎡ln(ln x)⎤ dx = ⎡⎣ln(ln(ln x))⎤⎦3 = ∞, so the
⎣ ⎦ 1 1
56. S6 = 1 + + + ≈ 1.0368
series diverges by the Integral Test. 25 65
∞
If p ≠ 1, ∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
∞
0 ≤ R6 ≤ ∫6 x5
dx = ⎢− 4 ⎥ ≈ 0.0002
⎣ 4x ⎦6
1 ⎡ ⎡ln (ln x)⎤ − p + 1 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎦
∞
⎥ .
∫3 x ln x ⎣⎡ln (ln x)⎤⎦
p
dx =
⎢ − p + 1 ⎥ 1.0368 ≤ ∑ n5
∞
1
≤ 1.0368 + 0.0002 = 1.0370
⎣ ⎦3 n =1
This converges for − p + 1 < 0 ⇒ p > 1.

So, the series converges for p > 1, and diverges for
0 < p ≤ 1.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
57. S10 = + + + + + + + + + ≈ 0.9818
2 5 10 17 26 37 50 65 82 101
∞ 1 π
dx = [arctan x]10 =
∞
0 ≤ R10 ≤ ∫ − arctan 10 ≈ 0.0997
10 x 2 + 1 2
∞
1
0.9818 ≤ ∑ 2 ≤ 0.9818 + 0.0997 = 1.0815
n =1 n +1
1 1 1 1
58. S10 = + + + + ≈ 1.9821
2(ln 2) 3(ln 3) 4(ln 4) 11(ln 11)
3 3 3 3
∞
∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
0 ≤ R10 ≤ ∫ dx = ⎢− ⎥ = ≈ 0.0870
⎢ 2⎡ln ( x + 1)⎤ ⎥ 2(ln 11)
3 2 3
10
( x + 1)⎡⎣ln( x + 1)⎤⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦10
∞
1
1.9821 ≤ ∑ ≤ 1.9821 + 0.0870 = 2.0691
(n + 1) ⎡⎣ln ( n + 1)⎤⎦
3
n =1
1 2 3 4
59. S 4 = + 4 + 9 + 16 ≈ 0.4049
e e e e
∞
∞ 2 ⎡ 1 2⎤ e −16
0 ≤ R4 ≤ ∫4 xe − x dx = ⎢− e − x ⎥ =
⎣ 2 ⎦4 2
≈ 5.6 × 10−8
∞
∑ ne− n
2
0.4049 ≤ ≤ 0.4049 + 5.6 × 10−8
n =1
1 1 1 1 ∞ ∞ 2
∫N e dx = ⎡⎣−2e − x 2 ⎤⎦ = N 2 < 0.001
−x 2
60. S 4 = + 2 + 3 + 4 ≈ 0.5713 63. RN ≤
e e e e N e
∞ ∞
0 ≤ R4 ≤ ∫4 e − x dx = ⎡⎣−e − x ⎤⎦ ≈ 0.0183
4
2
< 0.001
eN 2
∞
0.5713 ≤ ∑ e− n ≤ 0.5713 + 0.0183 = 0.5896 eN 2
> 2000
n=0
N
> ln 2000
∞ 2
∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
61. 0 ≤ RN ≤ ∫N x4
dx = ⎢− 3 ⎥ =
⎣ 3x ⎦ N 3N 3
< 0.001 N > 2 ln 2000 ≈ 15.2
N ≥ 16
1
< 0.003
N3 ∞ 1
dx = [arctan x]N
∞
N > 333.33
3
64. RN ≤ ∫N x2 + 1
N > 6.93
π
= − arctan N < 0.001
2
N ≥ 7
π
∞
−arctan N < 0.001 −
∞ 1 ⎡ 2 ⎤ 2 2
62. 0 ≤ RN ≤ ∫N x3 2
dx = ⎢− 1 2 ⎥ =
⎣ x ⎦N N
< 0.001 π
arctan N > − 0.001
2
−1 2
N < 0.0005
⎛π ⎞
N > tan ⎜ − 0.001⎟
N > 2000 ⎝ 2 ⎠
N ≥ 4,000,000 N ≥ 1000
∞ ∞
1 1
65. (a) ∑ n1.1 . This is a convergent p-series with p = 1.1 > 1. ∑
n ln n
is a divergent series. Use the Integral Test.
n=2 n=2
1
f ( x) = is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2.
x ln x
∞ 1 ∞
∫2 x ln x
dx = ⎡⎣ln ln x ⎤⎦ 2 = ∞
6
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) ∑ n1.1 =
21.1
+ 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 ≈ 0.4665 + 0.2987 + 0.2176 + 0.1703 + 0.1393
3 4 5 6
n=2
6
1 1 1 1 1 1
∑ n ln n =
2 ln 2
+
3 ln 3
+
4 ln 4
+
5 ln 5
+
6 ln 6
≈ 0.7213 + 0.3034 + 0.1803 + 0.1243 + 0.0930
n=2
For n ≥ 4, the terms of the convergent series seem to be larger than those of the divergent series.
1 1
(c) <
n1.1 n ln n
n ln n < n1.1
ln n < n 0.1
This inequality holds when n ≥ 3.5 × 1015. Or, n > e 40 . Then ln e40 = 40 < (e 40 )
0.1
= e 4 ≈ 55.
∞
∞ 1 ⎡ x − p +1 ⎤ 1
66. (a) ∫ 10 x p
dx = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ − p + 1⎦10 (p − 1)10 p −1
,p >1
1
(b) f ( x) =
xp
∞
1
R10 ( p ) = ∑ np
n = 11
≤ Area under the graph of f over the interval [10, ∞)

(c) The horizontal asymptote is y = 0. As n increases, the error decreases.
67. (a) Let f ( x) = 1 x. f is positive, continuous, and decreasing on [1, ∞).
1 n
Sn − 1 ≤
x
dx ∫1
S n − 1 ≤ ln n
So, S n ≤ 1 + ln n. Similarly,
n +1 1
Sn ≥ ∫1 dx = ln ( n + 1).
x
So, ln ( n + 1) ≤ S n ≤ 1 + ln n.
y
1
2
x
1 2 3 ... n n+1
n−1
(b) Because ln ( n + 1) ≤ Sn ≤ 1 + ln n, you have ln ( n + 1) − ln n ≤ Sn − ln n ≤ 1. Also, because ln x is an increasing

function, ln ( n + 1) − ln n > 0 for n ≥ 1. So, 0 ≤ S n − ln n ≤ 1 and the sequence {an} is bounded.
n +1 1 1
(c) an − an + 1 = [S n − ln n] − ⎡⎣S n + 1 − ln ( n + 1)⎤⎦ = ∫n dx − ≥ 0
x n +1
So, an ≥ an + 1 and the sequence is decreasing.
(d) Because the sequence is bounded and monotonic, it converges to a limit, γ .
(e) a100 = S100 − ln 100 ≈ 0.5822 ( Actually γ ≈ 0.577216.)
∞
⎛ 1⎞ ∞
⎛ n2 − 1⎞ ∞
(n + 1)( n − 1) ∞
68. ∑ ln⎜⎝1 − ⎟ =
n2 ⎠
∑ ln⎜ 2 ⎟ = ∑ ln 2
= ∑ ⎡⎣ln(n + 1) + ln(n − 1) − 2 ln n⎤⎦
n=2 n=2 ⎝ n ⎠ n=2 n n=2
( ) ( ) (
= ln 3 + ln 1 − 2 ln 2 + ln 4 + ln 2 − 2 ln 3 + ln 5 + ln 3 − 2 ln 4 + ln 6 + ln 4 − 2 ln 5 ) ( )
( ) (
+ ln 7 + ln 5 − 2 ln 6 + ln 8 + ln 6 − 2 ln 7 + ln 9 + ln 7 − 2 ln 8 + ) ( ) = −ln 2
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1
69. ∑ xln n 73. ∑ n4 n
= ∑ n5 4
n=2 n =1 n =1
∞ ∞ 5
(a) x = 1: ∑ 1ln n = ∑ 1, diverges p-series with p =
4
n=2 n=2
∞ ln n ∞ ∞
1 ⎛1⎞ 1
(b) x =
e
: ∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ = ∑ e−ln n = ∑ n , diverges ∞
n=2 n=2 n=2 1
74. 3∑
(c) Let x be given, x > 0. Put x = e −p
⇔ ln x = − p. n =1 n 0.95
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ p-series with p = 0.95

1
∑ xln n = ∑ e− p ln n = ∑ n− p = ∑ np Diverges by Theorem 9.11
n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2
1 ∞
∑ ( 23 )
n
This series converges for p > 1 ⇒ x < . 75.
e n=0
∞ ∞ Geometric series with r = 2

1
70. ξ ( x) = ∑ n− x = ∑ nx 3
n =1 n =1 Converges by Theorem 9.6
Converges for x > 1 by Theorem 9.11
∞
∑ (1.042)
n
76. is geometric with r = 1.042 > 1. Diverges
1 −3
71. Let f ( x) = , f ′( x) = < 0 for x ≥ 1 n=0
3x − 2 ( 3 x − 2) 2 by Theorem 9.6.
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 1. ∞
n
∞
77. ∑
∞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤ n =1 n +12
∫1 3x − 2
dx = ⎢ ln 3 x − 2 ⎥ = ∞
⎣3 ⎦1 n 1
lim = lim =1≠ 0
1 ∞ n→∞
n2 + 1 n→∞
1 + (1 n 2 )
So, the series ∑
n = 1 3n − 2
diverges by Theorem 9.10.
∞ ∞ ∞
⎛1 1⎞ 1 1
∞
1 78. ∑ ⎜⎝ n2 − ⎟ =
n3 ⎠
∑ n2 − ∑ n3
72. ∑ n =1 n =1 n =1
n=2 n n2 − 1
Because these are both convergent p-series, the
1 difference is convergent.
Let f ( x) = .
x x2 − 1 n
∞
⎛ 1⎞
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2. 79. ∑ ⎜⎝1 + n ⎟⎠
n =1
∞ 1 π π
dx = [arcsec x]2 =
∞
∫2 x x −1
2 2
−
3 ⎛ 1⎞
n
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e ≠ 0
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠
Fails nth-Term Test
∞ ∞
ln n
80. ∑ ln(n) 82. ∑ n3
n=2 n=2
lim ln ( n) = ∞ ln x
n→∞ Let f ( x) = .
x3
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2 since
∞
1 1 − 3 ln x
81. ∑ n ln n 3 f ′( x) = < 0 for x ≥ 2.
n=2 ( ) x4
∞
1 ∞ ln x ⎡ ln x ⎤ 1 ∞ 1
Let f ( x) = . ∫2 x3
dx = ⎢− 2 ⎥ + ∫
⎣ 2x ⎦2 2 2 x3
dx
x(ln x)
3
∞
ln 2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x ≥ 2. = + ⎢− 2 ⎥
8 ⎣ 4x ⎦2
∞ 1 ∞ −3 1
∫ 2 x(ln x)3 dx = ∫ 2 (ln x) x
dx
=
ln 2
+
1
( Use integration by parts.)
8 16
∞
⎡ (ln x)−2 ⎤ Converges by Theorem 9.10. See Exercise 34.
= ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦ 2
∞
⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
= ⎢− ⎥ =
⎢⎣ 2(ln x) ⎥⎦ 2 2(ln 2)
2 2
Converges by Theorem 9.10. See Exercise 47.
Section 9.4 Comparisons of Series

an
∞
6 6 6
1. (a) ∑ n 3 2 = 1 + 23 2 + ; S1 = 6 6
an = 6
n 3/2
n =1
5
∞ 6
6 6 6 3 an =
∑ n 3 2 + 3 = 4 + 23 2 + 3 +
4
; S1 = n n 2 + 0.5
n =1 2 3
6
2 an =
∞ n 3/2 + 3
6 6 6 6
∑ =
1 1.5
+
2 4.5
+ ; S1 =
1.5
≈ 4.9
1
n =1 n n + 0.5
2
2 4 6 8 10
n
⎛ 3 ⎞
(b) The first series is a p-series. It converges ⎜ p = > 1⎟.
⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) The magnitude of the terms of the other two series are less than the corresponding terms at the convergent p-series. So, the
other two series converge.
(d) The smaller the magnitude of the terms, the smaller the magnitude of the terms of the sequence of partial sums.
Sn n
Σ
k=1
6
k 3/2
12 n
10 Σ 6
k=1 k k 2 + 0.5
8
6
4 n
2 Σ
k=1
6
k 3/2 + 3
n
2 4 6 8 10
Section 9.4 Comparisons of Series 891
∞
2 2
2. (a) ∑ n
= 2+
2
+ S1 = 2 an
an = 2
n − 0.5
n =1
4
∞
2 2 2 4
∑
an =
= + + S1 = 4 3 n + 0.5
n =1 n − 0.5 0.5 2 − 0.5
an = 2
∞ 2
4 4 4 n
∑ n + 0.5
=
1.5
+
2.5
+ S1 ≈ 3.3 1
n =1
⎛ ⎞
n
1
(b) The first series is a p-series. It diverges ⎜ p = < 1⎟.
2 4 6 8 10
⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) The magnitude of the terms of the other two series are greater than the corresponding terms of the divergent p-series. So,
the other two series diverge.
(d) The larger the magnitude of the terms, the larger the magnitude of the terms of the sequence of partial sums.
Sn
Σ 4
n + 0.5
20
Σ 2
n − 0.5
16
12
4 Σ 2
n
n
2 4 6 8 10
1 1 4n ⎛ 4⎞
n
3. > > 0 for n ≥ 1 6. < ⎜ ⎟
2n − 1 2n 5 +3
n
⎝5⎠
Therefore, Therefore,
∞
1
∑ 2n − 1
∞
4n
n =1
∑ 5n +3
n=0
diverges by comparison with the divergent p-series converges by comparison with the convergent geometric
1 ∞ 1
∑ .
2 n =1 n
series
∞ n
⎛ 4⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ .
1 1 n=0
4. <
3n 2 + 2 3n 2
ln n 1
Therefore, 7. For n ≥ 3, > > 0.
n +1 n +1
∞
1
∑ 3n2 + 2
Therefore,
n =1 ∞
ln n
converges by comparison with the convergent p-series ∑n +1
n =1
1∞ 1
∑ .
3 n =1 n 2
diverges by comparison with the divergent series
∞
1
∑ n + 1.
1 1 n =1
5. > for n ≥ 2
n −1 n ∞
1
Therefore,
Note: ∑ n + 1 diverges by the Integral Test.
n =1
∞
1
∑ n −1
n=2
diverges by comparison with the divergent p-series

∞
1
∑ n
.
n=2
8.
1
<
1 n ( n 2 + 1) n2
n3 2 13. lim = lim =1
n +1
3
n→∞ 1n n→∞ n2 + 1
Therefore, Therefore,
∞
1
∑
∞
n
n =1 n3 + 1 ∑ n2 +1
n =1
converges by comparison with the convergent p-series diverges by a limit comparison with the divergent
∞
1 p-series
∑ n3 2 . ∞
n =1 1
∑ n.
n =1
1 1
9. For n > 3, > > 0.
n2 n! 5 ( 4n + 1) 5 ⋅ 4n
Therefore, 14. lim = lim = 5
n→∞ 14 n n→∞ 4n + 1
∞
1
∑ Therefore,
n = 0 n! ∞
5
converges by comparison with the convergent p-series ∑ 4n +1
n =1
∞
1
∑ n2 . converges by a limit comparison with the convergent
n =1 geometric series
∞ n
1 1 ⎛1⎞
10. > 4 ∑ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ .
43 n − 1 4 n n =1
Therefore,
1 n2 + 1 n
∞
1 15. lim = lim =1
∑ 43 n − 1 n→∞ 1n n→∞
n +1
2
n =1
Therefore,
diverges by comparison with the divergent p-series
∞
1
1 ∞ 1 ∑
∑ .
4 n =1 4 n
n=0 n +1
2
diverges by a limit comparison with the divergent

1 1 p-series
11. 0 < 2
≤ n ∞
en e 1
∑ n.
Therefore, n =1
∞
1
∑ 2
16. lim
(2n + 1) (5n + 1)
= lim
2 n + 1 5n
⋅ =1
n=0 en
n→∞
(2 5)n n→∞ 5n + 1 2 n
converges by comparison with the convergent geometric
series Therefore,
∞
∞ n 2n + 1
⎛1⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ . ∑ 5n +1
n =1
n=0
converges by a limit comparison with the convergent

n
3 n
⎛ 3⎞ geometric series
12. > ⎜ ⎟ for n ≥ 1
2n − 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∞
⎛ 2⎞
n
Therefore,
∑⎜ ⎟ .
n =1 ⎝ 5 ⎠
∞
3n
∑ 2n −1
n =1
diverges by comparison with the divergent geometric

series
∞ n
⎛ 3⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ .
n =1
2n 2 − 1
21. lim
( n k −1 ) ( n k + 1)
= lim
nk
=1
2n5 − n3 2
17. lim 3n + 23n + 1 = lim 5
5
= n→∞ 1n n→∞ nk + 1
n→∞ 1n n → ∞ 3n + 2n + 1 3
Therefore,
Therefore, ∞
n k −1
∞
2n 2 − 1 ∑ nk
∑ 3n5 + 2n + 1 n =1 +1
n =1
diverges by a limit comparison with the divergent p-series
converges by a limit comparison with the convergent ∞
1
p-series ∑ n.
∞ n =1
1
∑ n3 .
n =1
22. lim
sin(1 n)
= lim
(−1 n2 ) cos(1 n) = lim cos⎛ 1 ⎞ = 1
⎜ ⎟
1 n 2 ( n + 3) n3
n →∞ 1n n →∞ −1 n 2 n →∞ ⎝n⎠
18. lim = lim =1
n→∞ 1n 3 n→∞ n ( n + 3)
2
Therefore,
∞
⎛1⎞
Therefore,
∞
∑ sin⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠
n =1
1
∑ n2 (n + 3) diverges by a limit comparison with the divergent p-series
n =1
∞
1
converges by a limit comparison with the convergent
p-series
∑ n.
n =1
∞
1
∑ n3 . ∞ 13
n ∞
1
n =1 23. ∑ n
= ∑ n2 3
n =1 n =1
19. lim
(
1 n n +1 2
)= lim
n2
=1
Diverges;
1n 2 2
n→∞ n→∞
n n2 + 1 p-series with p =
3
Therefore,
∞ ∞ n
1 ⎛ 4⎞
∑ 24. ∑ 5⎜⎝ − 3 ⎟⎠
n =1 n n2 + 1 n=0
converges by a limit comparison with the convergent Diverges;

p-series
4 4
∞
1 Geometric series with r = − = >1
∑ n2 . 3 3
n =1
∞
1
n ⎡( n + 1)2n −1 ⎤⎦ n
25. ∑ 5n +1
20. lim ⎣
n =1
= lim =1
n→∞ 1 ( 2n −1 ) n→∞ n + 1
Converges;
Therefore, Direct comparison with convergent geometric series
∞ n
⎛1⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
∞
n
∑ (n + 1)2n −1 n =1
n =1
converges by a limit comparison with the convergent ∞

1
geometric series 26. ∑ n3 −8
n=3
∞ n −1
⎛1⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ .
Converges; limit comparison with
∞
∑ n3
1
n =1
n=3
∞
2n
27. ∑ 3n − 2
n =1
Diverges; nth-Term Test

2n 2
lim = ≠ 0
n→∞ 3n − 2 3
∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
28. ∑ ⎜⎝ n + 1 − ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟ +
n + 2⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 5⎠
=
2
n =1
Converges; telescoping series

∞ ∞
n n2
29. ∑ 36. ∑ n3
(n 2 + 1) +1
2
n =1 n =1
diverges because the degree of the numerator is only one

Converges; Integral Test
less than the degree of the denominator.
∞
3
30. ∑ n(n + 3) ⎛ n3
37. lim n⎜ 4
⎞
⎟ = nlim
n4
=
1
≠ 0
n =1
⎝ 5n + → ∞ 5n + 3
4
n→∞ 3⎠ 5
Converges; telescoping series ∞
n3
∞
⎛1 1 ⎞ Therefore, ∑ 5n 4 diverges.
∑ ⎜⎝ n − n + 3 ⎟⎠ n =1 +3
n =1
n 1
an 38. lim = lim = lim n = ∞ ≠ 0
31. lim = lim nan . By given conditions lim nan is n→∞ ln n n→∞ 1 n n→∞
n→∞ 1 n n→∞ n→∞
∞
1
finite and nonzero. Therefore, Therefore, ∑ ln n diverges.
∞ n=2
∑ an ∞
n =1
1 1 1 1
diverges by a limit comparison with the p-series
39.
200
+
400
+
600
+ = ∑ 200n
n =1
∞
1
∑ n. diverges, (harmonic)
n =1
∞
1 1 1 1
32. If j < k − 1, then k − j > 1. The p-series with
40.
200
+
210
+
220
+ = ∑ 200 + 10n
n=0
p = k − j converges and because
diverges
P ( n) Q( n) ∞ P( n)
lim = L > 0, the series ∑ Q( n) 1 1 1 1 ∞
1
n→∞ 1 nk − j n =1 41. +
201 204
+
209
+
216
= ∑ 200 + n2
n =1
converges by the Limit Comparison Test. Similarly, if
j ≥ k − 1, then k − j ≤ 1 which implies that converges
∞ P( n) 1 1 1 1 ∞
1
∑ Q( n) 42. +
201 208
+
227
+
264
+ = ∑ 200 + n3
n =1 n =1
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test. converges

∞ 43. Some series diverge or converge very slowly. You
1 2 3 4 5 n
33.
2
+ + +
5 10 17
+
26
+ = ∑ n2 +1
, cannot decide convergence or divergence of a series by
n =1
comparing the first few terms.
which diverges because the degree of the numerator is
only one less than the degree of the denominator. 44. See Theorem 9.12, page 612. One example is
∞
1 1 1
34.
1 1
+ +
1
+
1
+
1
+
∞
= ∑ 2
1
, ∑ n2 +1
converges because 2
n +1
< 2 and
n
n =1
3 8 15 24 35 n=2 n − 1
∞
1
which converges because the degree of the numerator is ∑ n2 converges (p-series).
n =1
two less than the degree of the denominator.
∞
1 45. See Theorem 9.13, page 614. One example is
35. ∑ n3 +1 ∞
1 1 n −1
n =1
∑ n −1
diverges because lim
n→∞ 1 n
= 1 and
converges because the degree of the numerator is three n=2
∞
less than the degree of the denominator. 1
∑ n
diverges (p-series).
n=2
46. This is not correct. The beginning terms do not affect the convergence or divergence of a series. In fact,
∞
1 1 1
+
1000 1001
+ = ∑ n
diverges ( harmonic)
n = 1000
∞
1 1 1
and 1 + + +
4 9
= ∑ n 2 converges ( p-series).
n =1
∞ ∞
1 1
47. (a) ∑ = ∑ 4n 2
n =1 ( 2n − 1)
2
n =1 − 4n + 1
converges because the degree of the numerator is two less than the degree of the denominator. (See Exercise 32.)
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 1.1839 1.2087 1.2212 1.2287 1.2312
∞
1 π2
(c) ∑ = − S 2 ≈ 0.1226
n=3 ( 2n − 1)
2
8
∞
1 π2
(d) ∑ = − S9 ≈ 0.0277
n = 10 ( 2n − 1)
2
8
48. ∞
1.0 Terms of
Σ an
54. False. ∑ an could converge or diverge.
0.8 n=1
n =1
∞ ∞
0.6
1
∑ bn ∑
Terms of
0.4 Σ an
2 For example, let = , which diverges.
n=1 n =1 n =1 n
0.2
∞
1 1 1
0 < < ∑ n diverges, but
n
4 8 12 16 20 and
n n n =1
For 0 < an < 1, 0 < an 2 < an < 1. ∞
1 1 1
So, the lower terms are those of Σ an 2 . 0 < 2 <
n n
and ∑ n2 converges.
n =1
1 1 ∞
49. False. Let an = and bn = 2 . 0 < an ≤ bn and both
n 3
n 55. Because ∑ bn converges, lim bn = 0. There exists N
n→∞
n =1
∞ ∞
1 1
∑ n3 and ∑ n2 converge. such that bn < 1 for n > N . So, anbn < an for
n =1 n =1 ∞
n > N and ∑ anbn converges by comparison to the
50. True n =1
∞
51. True convergent series ∑ an .

i =1
52. False. Let an = 1 n, bn = 1 n, cn = 1 n . Then, 2

∞
∞ 56. Because ∑ an converges, then
an ≤ bn + cn , but ∑ cn converges. n =1
n =1 ∞ ∞
∑ an an = ∑ an 2 converges by Exercise 55.
53. True n =1 n =1
1 1
57. ∑ n2 and ∑ n3 both converge, and therefore, so does
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
∑ ⎜⎝ n 2 ⎟⎜ 3⎟
⎠⎝ n ⎠
= ∑ n5 .
1 ln n 1
58. ∑ n2 converge, and therefore, so does 62. (a) Let ∑ an = ∑ n
, and ∑ bn = ∑ n , diverges.
(ln n) n = lim ln n = ∞
2
⎛1⎞ 1 an
∑ ⎜⎝ n 2 ⎟⎠ = ∑ n4 . lim
n→∞ bn
= lim
n → ∞ 1n n→∞
∞
ln n
59. Suppose lim
an
= 0 and Σ bn converges. By Exercise 60, ∑ diverges.
n→∞ bn n =1 n
1 1
From the definition of limit of a sequence, there exists
M > 0 such that
(b) Let ∑ an = ∑ ln n , and ∑ bn = ∑ n , diverges.
an an n
−0 <1 lim = lim = ∞
bn n→∞ bn n → ∞ ln n
whenever n > M . So, an < bn for n > M . From the 1
Comparison Test, Σ an converges.
By Exercise 60, ∑ ln n diverges.
an 63. Because lim an = 0, the terms of Σ sin ( an ) are positive

60. Suppose lim = ∞ and Σ bn diverges. From the n→∞
n→∞ bn for sufficiently large n. Because
definition of limit of a sequence, there exists
sin ( an )
M > 0 such that lim = 1 and ∑ an
n→∞ an
an
>1 converges, so does Σ sin ( an ).
bn
for n > M . So, an > bn for n > M . By the ∞ ∞
1 1
Comparison Test, Σ an diverges. 64. ∑1 + 2 + + n
= ∑ ⎡n(n + 1)⎤
n =1 n =1 ⎣ ⎦ 2
∞
1 1 2
61. (a) Let ∑ an = ∑ , and ∑ bn = ∑ n2 , = ∑ n(n + 1)
(n + 1) 3
n =1
converges. Because Σ1 n 2 converges, and

1 ⎡( n + 1) ⎤
3
an n2 2 ⎡⎣n( n + 1)⎤⎦ 2n 2
lim = lim ⎣ ⎦ = lim = 0 lim = lim = 2,
n→∞ bn n→∞ 1 (n )
2
( )
n→∞ n + 1 3 n→∞ 1 (n )
2 n → ∞ n( n + 1)
∞
1 1
By Exercise 59, ∑ converges. ∑1 + 2 + + n
converges.
n =1 (n + 1)
3
1 1 65. First note that f ( x) = ln x − x1 4 = 0 when

(b) Let ∑ an = ∑ nπ n
, and ∑ bn = ∑πn,
x ≈ 5503.66. That is,
converges.
ln n < n1 4 for n > 5504
lim
an
= lim
1 ( nπ n ) = lim
1
= 0 which implies that
n→∞ bn n→∞ 1 (π n ) n→∞ n
ln n 1
< 5 4 for n > 5504.
∞
1 n3 2 n
By Exercise 59, ∑ nπ n
converges.
∞
1
∑ n5 4 is a convergent p-series,
n =1
Because
n =1
∞
ln n
∑ n3 2
n =1
converges by direct comparison.
Section 9.5 Alternating Series 897
66. The series diverges. For n > 1, 67. Consider two cases:
1 ( n + 1)
n < 2n 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
If an ≥ , then an1 (n + 1) ≥ ⎜ n + 1 ⎟ = , and
n 1n
< 2 2n +1 ⎝2 ⎠ 2
n ( n + 1) an
1 1 an = 1 (n + 1) ≤ 2an .
> an
n1 n 2
1 1 n ( n + 1)
> 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
If an ≤ , then an n (n + 1) ≤ ⎜ n + 1 ⎟ = , and
n(n + 1) n 2n 2 n +1
⎝2 ⎠ 2n
1 1 1
Because ∑ 2n diverges, so does ∑ n(n +1) n . combining, an n ( n + 1)
≤ 2 an + n .
2
∞ ∞
⎛ 1⎞
Because ∑ ⎜⎝ 2an + ⎟ converges, so does
2n ⎠
∑ an n (n +1)
n =1 n =1
by the Comparison Test.
Section 9.5 Alternating Series
∞
(−1)n −1 π
1. ∑ 2n − 1 =
4
≈ 0.7854
n =1
(a)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sn 1 0.6667 0.8667 0.7238 0.8349 0.7440 0.8209 0.7543 0.8131 0.7605
(b) 1.1
0 11
0.6
π
(c) The points alternate sides of the horizontal line y = that represents the sum of the series.
4
The distance between successive points and the line decreases.
(d) The distance in part (c) is always less than the magnitude of the next term of the series.
∞
(−1)n −1 1
2. ∑ (n − 1)! =
e
≈ 0.3679
n =1
(a)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sn 1 0 0.5 0.3333 0.375 0.3667 0.3681 0.3679 0.3679 0.3679
(b) 2
0 11
0
1
e
(d) The distance in part (c) is always less than the magnitude of the next series.
∞
(−1)n −1 π2
3. ∑ n2
=
12
≈ 0.8225
n =1
(a)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sn 1 0.75 0.8611 0.7986 0.8386 0.8108 0.8312 0.8156 0.8280 0.8180
(b) 1.1
0 11
0.6
π2
12
(d) The distance in part (c) is always less than the magnitude of the next term in the series.
∞
(−1)n −1
4. ∑ (2n − 1)! = sin (1) ≈ 0.8415
n =1
(a)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sn 1 0.8333 0.8417 0.8415 0.8415 0.8415 0.8415 0.8415 0.8415 0.8415
(b) 2
0 11
0
(c) The points alternate sides of the horizontal line y = sin (1) that represents the sum of the series.
(d) The distance in part (c) is always less than the magnitude of the next series.
∞
(−1)n +1 ∞
(−1)n
5. ∑ n +1
7. ∑ 3n
n =1 n =1
1 1 1 1
an + 1 = < = an an + 1 = n +1
< = an
n + 2 n +1 3 3n
1 1
lim an = lim = 0 lim = 0
n→∞ n→∞ n + 1 n → 0 3n
Converges by Theorem 9.14 Converges by Theorem 9.14

∞ n
⎛ −1 ⎞
(−1) ∑ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
∞ n +1
n (Note: is a convergent geometric series)
6. ∑ 3n + 2
n =1
n =1
n 1
lim =
n→∞ 3n + 2 3
Diverges by nth-Term test
∞
(−1)n ∞
(−1)n (5n − 1)
8. ∑ e n
9. ∑ 4n + 1
n =1 n =1
1 1 5n − 1 5
an + 1 = < n = an lim =
en +1 e n→∞ 4n + 1 4
1 Diverges by nth-Term test
lim = 0
n→∞ en
∞ n
⎛ −1 ⎞
(Note: ∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ is a convergent geometric series)
n =1
(−1)
∞ n +1
n
10. ∑ n +5
2
n =1
x −( x 2 − 5)
Let f ( x) = , f ′( x ) = < 0 for x ≥ 3
x2 + 5 ( x 2 + 5)
2
So, an + 1 < an for n ≥ 3

n
lim = 0
n→∞ n2 + 5
( −1) ( −1)n
∞ n ∞
n
11. ∑ ln(n + 1) 13. ∑ n
n =1 n =1
n 1 1
lim = ∞ an + 1 = < = an
n→∞ ln ( n + 1) n +1 n
1
Diverges by nth-Term test lim = 0
n→∞ n
∞
( −1)n Converges by Theorem 9.14
12. ∑ ln(n + 1)
n =1 ∞
(−1)n +1 n 2
1 1 14. ∑ n2 + 4
an + 1 = < = an n =1
ln ( n + 2) ln ( n + 1)
n2
1 lim =1
lim = 0 n→∞ n + 4
2
n→∞ ln ( n + 1)
Diverges by nth-Term test
∞
(−1)n +1(n + 1)
15. ∑ ln ( n + 1)
n =1
n +1 1
lim = lim = lim ( n + 1) = ∞
n→∞ ln ( n + 1) n → ∞ 1 ( n + 1) n→∞
Diverges by the nth-Term Test
∞
(−1)n +1 ln (n + 1) ∞
(−1)n
16. ∑ n +1
20. ∑ (2n + 1)!
n =1 n=0
ln ⎡( n + 1) + 1⎤⎦ ln ( n + 1) 1 1
an + 1 = ⎣ < for n ≥ 2 an + 1 = < = an
(n + 1) + 1 n +1 ( 2 n + 3) ( + 1)!
! 2 n
ln ( n + 1) 1 ( n + 1) 1
lim = 0
lim
n→∞ n +1
= lim
n→∞ 1
= 0 n→∞ ( 2n + 1)!
Converges by Theorem 9.14 Converges by Theorem 9.14
∞ ⎡ ( 2n − 1)π ⎤ ∞ ∞
(−1)n +1 n
∑ sin ⎢ 2 ⎥ = ∑ (−1) ∑
n +1
17. 21.
n =1 ⎣ ⎦ n =1 n =1 n + 2
Diverges by the nth-Term Test n +1 n
an + 1 = < for n ≥ 2
(n + 1) + 2 n + 2
∞
1 ∞
(−1)n
18. ∑ n cos nπ = ∑ n
lim
n
= 0
n =1 n =1 n→∞ n + 2
1 1 Converges by Theorem 9.14
an + 1 = < = an
n +1 n
1 ∞
(−1)n +1 n
lim
n→∞ n
= 0 22. ∑ 3
n
n =1
Converges by Theorem 9.14 n1 2
lim = lim n1 6 = ∞
n→∞ n1 3 n→∞
∞
(−1)n
19. ∑ n!
Diverges by the nth-Term Test
n=0
1 1
an + 1 = < = an
( n + 1)! n!
1
lim = 0
n→∞ n!
∞
(−1)n +1 n!
23. ∑
n = 1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( 2 n − 1)
an + 1 =
(n + 1)! =
n!
⋅
n +1 ⎛ n +1⎞
= an ⎜ ⎟ < an
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 1)( 2n + 1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 1) 2n + 1 ⎝ 2n + 1 ⎠
n! 1⋅ 2⋅3⋅⋅⋅ n ⎡3 4 5 n ⎤ 1
lim an = lim = lim = lim 2 ⎢ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 0
n →∞ n →∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 1) n →∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( 2 n − 1) n →∞ ⎣ 3 5 7 2n − 3 ⎥⎦ 2n − 1
∞
n +1 1 ⋅
3⋅5 (2n − 1) (−1) (2)
n +1
(−1)
n +1
( 2e n )
∑ (−1)
∞ ∞
24.
n =1 1⋅ 4 ⋅ 7 (3n − 2) 25. ∑ en − e− n
= ∑ e2 n − 1
n =1 n =1
an +1 =
1⋅ 3⋅ 5 (2n − 1)(2n + 1) ⎛ 2n + 1 ⎞
= an ⎜ ⎟ < an
1⋅ 4 ⋅ 7 (3n − 2)(3n + 1) ⎝ 3n + 1 ⎠ Let f ( x) =
2e x
. Then
2n − 1 ⎤ 1 e −1
2x
⎡5 7 9
lim an = lim 3⎢ ⋅ ⋅ =0
n →∞ n →∞ ⎣ 4 7 10 3n − 5 ⎥⎦ 3n − 2 −2e x (e 2 x + 1)
f ′( x) = < 0.
(e 2 x − 1)
2
So, f ( x) is decreasing. Therefore, an +1 < an , and

2e n 2e n 1
lim = lim 2 n = lim n = 0.
n→∞ e −1
2n n → ∞ 2e n→∞ e
The series converges by Theorem 9.14.
∞ 2( −1)
n +1 ∞ ( −1)
n +1
( 2e n ) ∞
(−1)n +1
26. ∑ en + e− n
= ∑ e2 n + 1
32. ∑ n2
n =1 n =1 n =1
2e x By Theorem 9.15,
Let f ( x) = . Then
e +1
2x 1
RN ≤ aN +1 = < 0.001
2e 2x
(1 − e 2x
) (N + 1)
2
f ′( x) = < 0 for x > 0.

⇒ ( N + 1) > 1000.
2
(e + 1)
2
2x
By trial and error, this inequality is valid when

So, f ( x) is decreasing for x > 0 which implies
N = 31(322 = 1024).
an + 1 < an .
Use 31 terms.
2e n 2e n 1
lim = lim 2 n = lim n = 0
n→∞ e +1
2n n → ∞ 2e n→∞ e ∞
(−1)
n +1
The series converges by Theorem 9.14.

33. ∑ 2n3 −1
n =1
By Theorem 9.15,
5
(−1)n 5 11
27. S6 = ∑ n!
=
6 1
n=0 RN ≤ aN + 1 = < 0.001
2( N + 1) − 1
3
5 1
R6 = S − S6 ≤ a7 = =
720 144 ⇒ 2( N + 1) − 1 > 1000.
3
11 1 11 1
− ≤ S ≤ + By trial and error, this inequality is valid when
6 144 6 144
1.8264 ≤ S ≤ 1.8403 N = 7 ⎡⎣2(83 ) − 1 = 1024⎤⎦.
Use 7 terms.
4( −1)
6 n +1
28. S6 = ∑ ln(n + 1) ≈ 2.7067
(−1)
∞ n +1
n =1
4
34. ∑ n 5
R6 = S − S6 ≤ a7 = ≈ 1.9236 n =1
ln 8
By Theorem 9.15,
0.7831 ≤ S ≤ 4.6303
1
RN ≤ aN + 1 = < 0.001
(N + 1)
5
6
(−1) n +1
2
29. S6 = ∑ n3
≈ 1.7996
⇒ ( N + 1) > 1000.
5
n =1
2 By trial and error, this inequality is valid when
R6 = S − S6 ≤ a7 = ≈ 0.0058
73
N = 3( 45 = 1024).
1.7796 − 0.0058 ≤ S ≤ 1.7796 + 0.0058
1.7938 ≤ S ≤ 1.8054 Use 3 terms.
(−1)
n
6
(−1)n +1 n ∞
30. S6 = ∑ ≈ 0.1852 35. ∑ n!
n =1 3n n=0
7 By Theorem 9.15,
R6 = S − S6 ≤ a7 = ≈ 0.0032
37 1
RN ≤ aN + 1 = < 0.001
0.1852 − 0.0032 ≤ S ≤ 0.1852 + 0.0032 (N + 1)!
0.1820 ≤ S ≤ 0.1884 ⇒ ( N + 1)! > 1000.
n +1
By trial and error, this inequality is valid when
∞
(−1) N = 6(7! = 5040). Use 7 terms since the sum begins
31. ∑ n3
n =1 with n = 0.
By Theorem 9.15,
1
RN ≤ aN + 1 = < 0.001
(N + 1)
3
⇒ ( N + 1) > 1000 ⇒ N + 1 > 10.

3
Use 10 terms.
∞
( −1)
n ∞
(−1)n +1
36. ∑ 41. ∑
n = 0 ( 2 n)! n =1 n
By Theorem 9.15, The given series converges by the Alternating Series
1 1 Test, but does not converge absolutely because
RN ≤ aN + 1 = = < 0.001
(2( N + 1))! (2 N + 2)! ∞
1
⇒ ( 2 N + 2)! > 1000.
∑ n
n =1
By trial and error, this inequality is valid when is a divergent p-series. Therefore, the series converges
N = 3(8! = 40,320). Use 4 terms since the sum begins conditionally.
with n = 0.
(−1)
∞ n +1
42. ∑
∞
(−1)n n =1 n n
37. ∑ 2 n
∞ ∞
n =1 1 1
∞
∑n n
= ∑ n3 2 which is a convergent p-series.
1 n =1 n =1
∑ 2n is a convergent geometric series.
n =1 Therefore, the given series converges absolutely.
∞
(−1) n
(−1)n +1 n 2
Therefore, ∑ 2 n
converges absolutely.
43.
∞
∑ n +12
n =1 ( )
n =1
∞
(−1)n +1 n2
38. ∑ n2
lim
n→∞
(n + 1)
2
=1
n =1
∞ Therefore, the series diverges by the nth-Term Test.

1
∑ n2 is a convergent p-series.
n =1
∞
(−1)n +1(2n + 3)
∞
(−1) n +1 44. ∑ n + 10
Therefore, ∑ n2
converges absolutely. n =1
n =1 2n + 3
lim = 2
n→∞ n + 10
∞
(−1)n
39. ∑ n!
Therefore, the series diverges by the nth-Term Test.
n =1
(−1)
∞ n
1 1
< 2 for n ≥ 4 45. ∑ n ln n
n! n n=2
∞ The series converges by the Alternating Series Test.

1
and ∑ n2 is a convergent p-series.
1
n =1
Let f ( x) = .
∞ x ln x
1
So, ∑ n! converges, and ∞ 1 ∞
n =1
∫2 dx = ⎡⎣ln (ln x)⎤⎦ 2 = ∞
x ln x
(−1)
∞ n
∑ converges absolutely. ∞
1
n =1 n! By the Integral Test, ∑ n ln n diverges.
n=2
(−1)
∞ n +1
∑
∞
(−1)n
40.
n =1 n +3 So, the series ∑ n ln n converges conditionally.
n=2
The series converges by the Alternating Series Test. But,
(−1)
n
the series ∞
∞
1
46. ∑ 2
en
∑n + 3 n=0
∞
n =1
1
∞
1
∑ 2
converges by a comparison to the convergent
en
diverges by comparison to ∑ n. n=0
∞ n
n =1 ⎛1⎞
∞
(−1)n +1 converges conditionally.
geometric series ∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ . Therefore, the given series
Therefore, ∑ n +3
n=0
converges absolutely.
n =1
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“Pull him inside and shut the door,” Evan snapped. “I—er—find in
myself a certain adaptability.... Put on your wrap and hat. Hurry....
The front way. Keep out of sight. Can you drive a car?”
“Yes.”
“If one is standing in front—steal it.”
“Yes.”
“Now—go.”
“I—Oh, Evan.”
She was in his arms, and her lips to his. “I—If they kill you I shall die,
too.”
He opened the door and stared into the dimly lighted hall. “It is clear.
Go.”
“Good-by.”
“Go. You’re wasting time.” He pushed her through the door. “Our
best hope is that they—to my surprise—have underestimated me....
Good-by.... I—er—seem to have underestimated myself.... I seem to
have been—exceptionally inefficient in a field quite foreign to my
previous activities. Hasten.”
He shut the door and Carmel stood alone, dependent upon herself,
without other hope or reliance than in her own expedients. She
moved softly down the hall, reached the top of the stairs which led
downward to another hall and the front door. She listened. There
was no alarming sound.... She descended halfway and stopped
again. The lower hall, apparently, was in the middle of the house. To
the left was the room which had been the bar in the days when liquor
might be sold openly; at the right was the dining room. The door to
the dining room was closed; that into the bar stood open—and there
was her danger. She must pass that door without being seen. Once
outside, the danger decreased almost to a minimum. Could she
reach the shelter of the woods, she felt she would be safe.
She crept downward; reached the ground floor and flattened herself
against the wall. What if the front door should open and somebody
should enter?... She hesitated, then peered cautiously through the
door and into the bar.... As she did so she heard an automobile drive
up in front and stop.... In the bar she saw Peewee Bangs sitting, his
feet on a table, reading a newspaper.
Feet ascended the steps outside, and she cowered. A hand rattled
the knob, and she heard Bangs drop his feet to the floor, with the
scrape of his chair as he turned.... The door opened. Something, not
conscious volition, moved Carmel. As the door opened and a man
stepped in, she sprang forward, brushed past him, and ran down the
steps. Behind her she heard a shout—the squeaky voice of Peewee
Bangs.... Before her stood a Ford, its engine agitating the whole car,
and she ran toward it and threw herself into the seat. In an instant
she had grasped the wheel and adjusted her foot to the clutch....
Then she was conscious of a jar, and out of the corner of her eye
saw Bangs’s face, distorted with rage, saw his hand reaching for her
arm.... She screamed. Then her hand, chance led, fell upon the seat,
encountered a heavy wrench.... She lifted it, dashed it with all her
strength into that inhuman face.... It vanished.... The next thing of
which she became clearly conscious was of speed, of a rocking,
bounding car.... She was free, had escaped her pursuer, and was
rushing with every ounce of power the little car possessed toward
Gibeon....
Was there a car to follow her? A larger, more powerful, faster car?...
She did not know. She glanced behind. There was nothing yet, no
pursuing headlight. Carmel gripped the wheel and threw down the
gas lever to its final notch.... Around corners, through puddles, over
patches rutted by heavy wheels, she forced the little car. It rocked,
skidded, threatened, but always righted itself and kept on its way....
She looked behind again.... Headlights!... By this time she must be
half a mile or more from the hotel. It would be a good car which
could make up that lead in the short distance to Gibeon.... Yet, as
she looked back from time to time, the headlights drew closer and
closer.... She could see straggling lights now—the fringe of the
village.... Would they dare follow her into the town itself? She fancied
not.... The bridge lay before her—and the pursuing car roared not a
hundred yards behind. She swept across the river and sped down
Main Street at a rate never witnessed before by that drowsy
thoroughfare.... She was safe.... Before her was the Town Hall—
lighted brightly.... She looked back. The pursuing car was not to be
seen.
The town meeting! The citizens of Gibeon were there upon the
town’s business. She brought the car to a stop before the door,
leaped out, and ran up the stairs. The hall was crowded. On the
platform stood the chairman of the town board.... Carmel was
conscious of no embarrassment, only of the need for haste, of the
necessity for finding help. She entered the room and made her way
up the aisle to the platform. Without hesitating she mounted the
steps, unconscious of the craning of necks, the whisperings, the
curiosity her arrival was causing.
The chairman halted in his remarks. Carmel, in her excitement,
ignored him, almost shouldered him aside.
“Men—men of Gibeon,” she said, “crime is being committed,
perhaps murder is being done, at this minute.... What are you going
to do?”
CHAPTER XXVI
THE hall was still. It was as if, by some necromancy of words,
Carmel had turned to stone the town meeting of Gibeon. She looked
down into faces which seemed to her white and strained. The faces
waited. She had caught them by her words; gripped them.
Something was about to happen. Every man in the room felt the
imminence of grave events. The very air tingled with it as if waves of
some vital force agitated the air and discharged themselves with
such force as to be felt by physical touch.... It was Carmel Lee’s first
public appearance, yet she was not frightened. Rather she was
eager; words jostled with one another for the privilege of being
uttered first. She paused, staring down into those faces.
“Men of Gibeon,” she said, and her little fist, clenched with knuckles
showing white, lifted from her side and extended itself toward them,
“Men of Gibeon, I have found the body of Sheriff Churchill.... He was
murdered!...”
The faces seemed to move in unison as if they were painted upon a
single canvas and the canvas had been suddenly jerked by an
unseen hand. They became audible by an intake of the breath.
“I found him,” Carmel said, “close by the Lakeside Hotel.... Since
yesterday I have been a prisoner in the Lakeside Hotel, I and Evan
Pell.... I went to find him. I found Sheriff Churchill; I saw five great
trucks unload in the hotel yard, and those trucks were carrying
whisky from the other side of the border.... It was whisky, men of
Gibeon, which killed Sheriff Churchill. It was the men who are
trafficking in liquor who murdered him.... I know their names. I have
seen them and been their prisoner.... At this moment Evan Pell,
locked in a room of that unspeakable place, is in danger of his life.
He is injured, cannot escape nor defend himself. Yet he made it
possible for me to escape and to come to you for help....” Again she
paused.
“I could not go to the law because the law does not belong to the
people of Gibeon. It has been bought and paid for. It is owned by
criminals and by murderers.... We have a new sheriff.... That man’s
hands are red with the blood of the man whose place he fills.... So I
have come to you, for there is no other law in Gibeon to-night than
yourselves.”
There had been no movement, no sound, only that tense, fateful
silence.
“Will you permit this thing? Will you continue to allow your town and
your county to rest under this dreadful thing? You can stop it to-night.
You can wipe it out forever.... Let me tell you what I know.”
She spoke rapidly, eloquently. In that moment she was no longer a
young woman, but a leader, a prophet, one sent to deliver a
message, and she delivered it fittingly. Her words descended upon
those upturned faces, compelling belief. There could be no doubt....
She described the plot against herself as Bangs had recited it
tauntingly—how she was to have been made a thing to scorn and to
turn aside from; how that part of her which was more valuable to her
than life itself was to have been murdered. At the recital the faces
moved again, became audible again in a murmur which held kinship
with a snarl.... Gibeon was awakening.
Point by point, fact by fact, she drove home to them the conditions
among which they had been living, but one name she withheld until
the moment should come for its utterance.... She described the
activities of the whisky smugglers, the workings of their organization,
its power—the intelligence which directed it.
“Will you endure this, men of Gibeon?... No time may be lost. At this
instant a man stands under the shadow of death! What are you
going to do? Will you let him die?”
In the hall a man arose. “What is the name of this man—the man
who is to blame for all this?” he demanded.
“His name,” said Carmel, “is Abner Fownes!”
It was as if they had expected it; there was no demonstration, no
confusion. The men of Gibeon were strangely unmoved, strangely
silent, strangely stern. It was as if they were moved by a common
impulse, a common determination. They were not many individuals,
but a single entity.... They had been molded into solidity—and that
solidity was Gibeon.
The faces were faces no longer, but human beings, men standing
erect as if waiting for a signal.... Among them Carmel saw Jared
Whitefield. His eyes encountered hers, and he nodded....
“Will you come with me?” she cried. “Will you follow me?... Those
who will follow—come!...”
She descended from the platform and a lane opened before her; she
reached the door and turned.... The men of Gibeon were behind her,
and as if they were a company marching behind its commander they
followed her down the stairs. There was no shouting, no confusion,
no unsightly mob spirit.... Along the street stood waiting cars, the
cars of the farmers of the town, and men crowded into them beyond
their capacity.... It was a crusade, the crusade of Gibeon, and
Carmel had preached it.
They started quietly, grimly, an orderly procession. It moved through
the streets, across the bridge, and out the road toward the Lakeside
Hotel.... A hundred men bent upon purging their community of a
thing which had debauched it.... On and on, urgent, inexorable,
moved the line of cars.... Then a sudden stop. The road was
barricaded, and men with rifles stood behind to block the way.
“What’s this here?” bellowed a voice out of the darkness. “What kind
of goin’s on is this here?” It was Sheriff Jenney.
There was no answer. “I order ye to disperse and git to your homes
quietly,” he said. “We hain’t goin’ to have no mobbin’ in Gibeon.”
The cars emptied and men crowded forward. “Out of the way,
Jenney,” a voice commanded. “We’re in no humor to be meddled
with to-night.”
“Don’t go resistin’ an officer,” Jenney roared. “Disperse like I told ye.”
Then Jared Whitefield forced his way to the front, and on either side
of him were strangers to Gibeon. They leaped the barricade before
Jenney, taken by surprise, could move his hand. Whitefield dropped
a heavy hand on Jenney’s shoulder.
“Jenney,” he said, “drop that gun. You’re under arrest.”
“Arrest!... Me? Who kin arrest the sheriff of a county.” He laughed
loudly.
“I can,” said Whitefield. “Drop that gun.”
Jenney twisted in Whitefield’s grip, but the huge man held him as in
a vise.
“You’ve gone ag’in’ somethin’ bigger than a township or a county,
Jenney, or even a state.... It’s the United States of America that’s
puttin’ you under arrest, Jenney, through me, its duly appointed
marshal.... Drop that gun!”
The United States of America! The Federal authorities had taken a
hand. That explained Whitefield’s absence.... The United States!...
Carmel sobbed. In this thing she had the might of America behind
her! The authority of a nation!
“Put him in a car,” Whitefield directed his companions; and it was
done.
“Whitefield,” called a voice, “you hain’t goin’ to interfere? You hain’t
goin’ to stop us?”
“I got nothin’ to do with you,” Whitefield said. “I got what I come for.”
The cars filled again, the obstruction was removed, and once again
the men of Gibeon moved toward their objective. They reached it,
surrounded it, men burst in its doors and laid hands upon whomever
they found.... Carmel, well escorted, ran up the stairs.
“That’s the door,” she cried, and powerful shoulders thrust it from its
hinges.
“Evan!...” she cried. “Evan!...”
He lay upon the floor, motionless. Carmel knelt beside him, frantic at
the sight of his motionlessness. She lifted his head to her lap, peered
into his white face, stared at his closed eyes.
“They’ve killed him,” she said, in a dull, dead voice. “We’ve come too
late.”
Mr. Hopper, of the Gibeon bank, thrust his hand inside Evan’s shirt to
feel for the beating of his heart.... It was distinguishable, faint but
distinguishable.
“He’s not dead,” said Hopper, “but somebody’s beat hell out of him.”
They lifted him gently and carried him down the stairs. Carmel
walked by his side, silent, stunned.... He was not dead, but he was
horribly injured. He would die.... She knew she would never again
see his eyes looking into hers. They placed him in a car, and she sat,
supporting his weight, her arm about him, his head heavy upon her
breast....
“Everybody out?” roared a voice.
“Everybody’s out!”
Carmel saw a light appear inside the hotel, a light cast by no lamp or
lantern.... It increased, leaped, flamed. Room after room was
touched by the illumination. It climbed the stairs, roared outward
through windows, spreading, crackling, hissing, devouring.... In a
dozen minutes the Lakeside Hotel was wrapped in flame—a beacon
light in Gibeon’s history. High and higher mounted the flames until
the countryside for miles about was lighted by it, notified by it that a
thing was happening, that Gibeon was being purified by fire.
“Is there no doctor here?” Carmel cried.
“Doc Stewart’s some’eres.... I’ll git him.”
The doctor was found and came. He examined Evan as best he
could. “Better get him to town. Can’t tell much now.... Depends on
whether there’s concussion.... I’ll go along with you.”
“Before you go, Miss Lee—where—is the sheriff? Sheriff Churchill?”
“Follow the shore—that way. You’ll find him—on the edge.”
“We got Peewee Bangs—he was hidin’ in a boat-house.”
“I—I’m glad,” said Carmel.
The car moved away, bearing Carmel, Evan, and the doctor.
Somehow it seemed like the end of the world to her—a definite
stopping place of things. The lurid flames making a ghastly forest,
black figures flitting about from shadow to shadow, the confusion of
her thoughts, the piling up for days of event upon event and emotion
upon emotion—all this seemed to be a climax—a finality. There was
an unreality about it all, an unnatural crowding of events, a hustling
and jostling, as if she were in an overwrought throng of occurrences,
adventures, events, crises which pushed and shoved and harried
her, striving ever to thrust her out of their way that they might march
unimpeded. There rested upon her now a curious listlessness, a
lifelessness, as if they had succeeded, as if they had elbowed her off
the road of life, upon which she could never regain a footing.
Gibeon was aroused; Gibeon was crusading! The thought awakened
no thrill. She was safe; never again would she be threatened by the
forces which she had challenged. She was free to pursue her way—
but the knowledge came as dead knowledge. She did not care. She
cared for nothing—because she knew, she was positive, Evan Pell
had gone from her forever....
The car stopped before the doctor’s house and Evan was carried up
to a bedroom, unconscious still.... Doctor Stewart tried to exclude her
from the room, but she would not be excluded. This was all she had
left; all life held for her—that faint, irregular beating of Evan Pell’s
heart.... She knew those heartbeats were her own, would be her own
so long as they persisted.... She would remain would sit by him
watching, watching, waiting. This scarcely perceptible life was all she
would ever have of him, and she dared lose no instant of it.
Doctor Stewart worked over the bed. Carmel thought him calm,
terribly indifferent, businesslike. He was a tradesman working at a
trade when she would have had him a god performing a miracle....
After a time he turned to her.
“I cannot tell,” he said. “Some concussion is present. There seems to
be no fracture of the skull.... What internal injuries he may have
suffered—it is impossible to say.... In the morning....”
“He will be dead,” said Carmel.
The doctor shook his head. “I do not think so. I hope—in such cases
one cannot be sure—but——”
“He will be dead,” said Carmel.
“It is in God’s hand,” said the doctor.
“They have killed him—because he was brave, because he loved me
—because—— Oh, Doctor, that is the awful thought—he is dead for
me. He gave his life for me.”
His hand rested upon her shoulder with the gentle touch which some
men learn by a life of service—and Doctor Stewart, country
physician, unrecognized, unsung, had lived such a life. “My dear,” he
said, “how better could a man die?”
“He killed him—Abner Fownes killed him.”
“Abner Fownes has run his course,” said the doctor.
“It is not enough—not enough. The law can do nothing to him which
will make him pay.”
“The punishment of the law,” said the doctor, “is a puny thing beside
the punishment of God.”
Carmel stood up; she bent over the bed and kissed Evan upon the
cold lips.... Something possessed her, controlled her, a power
stronger than herself, an impulse more urgent than she had ever
known. It moved her as if she were an automaton, a puppet ordered
and regulated by strings in the hands of its fabricator. She moved
toward the door.
“Where are you going?” asked the doctor.
“I have a thing to do,” she said.
He peered into her face and saw there that which shocked him,
startled him. He would have stayed her. “Wait——” he commanded.
She eluded his outstretched hand and hurried down the stairs. There
was no indecision in her step or in her manner. There was no
indecision in her soul. She knew where she was going, and why she
was going.... She was on her way to find Abner Fownes!
CHAPTER XXVII
ABNER FOWNES was sitting in his library waiting for word from
Sheriff Jenney. If matters went to-night as he felt certain they must
go, he could live again in security, untroubled by conscience, with no
apprehensions, and with his financial worries removed. Five
truckloads of liquor had been discharged at the Lakeside Hotel. He
knew that. The importation had been successful, without a hitch.
Within a week the whisky would be distributed and the cash in
hand.... It would be sufficient to clear his most troublesome
obligations and to put him on his feet again. He considered this with
a glow of satisfaction....
Carmel Lee had constituted a threat, but she was powerless to
threaten now. At any moment word would arrive that she was in
Jenney’s hands, her reputation in Gibeon would be destroyed, and
she would be powerless. Public opinion would drive her from the
place.
Abner sat back comfortably in his chair and looked forward to a life
of quiet and importance. He would continue to live in security as
Gibeon’s first citizen. He might even seek political preferment. In a
year there would be a senatorial election. Why should he not stand
for the position. To be Senator from his state—that was something,
indeed. And why not? His reflections carried him to Washington. He
saw himself in the Senate Chamber, listened to his voice rolling forth
sonorous periods, heard with infinite satisfaction the applause of his
fellow Senators....
The telephone rang and he was guilty of unseemly haste to reach
the instrument.
“Hello!... Hello!... Who is it? Is it Jenney?”
“No,” said a voice, “it’s Deputy Jackson.... Look out for yourself....
There’s hell——”
“What’s that?”
“The whole town meetin’s rushin’ off to Peewee’s place. Reg’lar
mob.... Jenney he set out to stop ’em, but he’s arrested.”
“Jenney arrested!”
“Federal authorities. Him and two others is pinched. Better look out
for yourself. I’m goin’ to.”
The receiver banged on its hook at the other end of the line. He was
alone. Washington vanished, glowing dreams of the future gave
place to the grim reality of the present. The Federal authorities!... He
had considered them negligible. Somehow one lost sight of the
Federal government in that remote region; they were unfamiliar; it
seemed a spot to which their writ did not run.
He tried to consider the fact coolly and calmly, but his brain refused
to function in such a manner. He was confused; the suddenness, the
unexpectedness of the blow from such a source shook him from his
foundations. What did it mean? How had it come about.... Clearly, if
Jenney was under arrest, he could not complete his raid on the
Lakeside Hotel and so abolish Carmel Lee.... That was that.... But
how did it affect him? How did it affect the thousands of dollars’
worth of liquor so necessary to his financial rehabilitation?...
The big question—was he threatened personally?—was one he
could not answer. There had been no sign of threat. Jenney was
arrested. Perhaps they did not mean to arrest him, had no evidence
against him.... But could Jenney be depended upon to keep his
mouth shut?... Jenney, he confessed to himself, did not seem a man
capable of great loyalty, nor possessed of high courage. He would
weaken. Under pressure he would tell all he knew.... The advice of
the voice over the telephone was good. He would look out for
himself....
He rushed up the stairs to make ready for flight. It would be a good
idea to absent himself, no matter what happened. If worst came to
worst—why, he would be out of reach of the law. If matters turned
out otherwise it would be easy to return from a hurried business
trip.... He began packing frantically. Having packed, he went to the
safe in his library and transferred sufficient funds to his pocketbook.
Then, as a precautionary measure, he carefully destroyed certain
private papers.... This consumed time.
The telephone rang again, and Abner answered in no little
trepidation.
“Mr. Fownes?” asked a voice.
“Yes. Who is it?”
“Tucker.... Say, the mob’s burned Lakeside Hotel. They’ve got
Peewee.... Burned her up slick and clean—and everythin’ in it. The
whole shipment’s gone....”
Fownes dropped the receiver and sank nerveless into a chair. At any
rate, he was ruined. That much was certain. Nothing remained to
fight for now but his personal security, his liberty. He snatched up his
bag and moved toward the door.... His plan was not clear—only the
first step of it. He would rent an automobile and drive out of town
with what speed was possible.... As he reached the door he realized
with a sudden sharp pang that he was leaving his house for good,
leaving Gibeon forever. He, Abner Fownes, first citizen, man of
substance, was fleeing from his native place like the commonest
criminal.
Dazedly he wondered how it had come about ... somehow, he felt,
that girl was at the bottom of the thing. His misfortunes were due to
her meddling. He wished he could get his fingers upon her throat.
He descended the steps and walked toward the street. The night
was dark, dark enough to conceal his movements, perhaps to avert
recognition.... A certain confidence came to him. He would get away;
he would possess liberty and his intelligence which had served him
so well.... There were other places—and he was not old. Perhaps....
As he turned out upon the street a figure confronted him. He halted,
drew back.
“Abner Fownes,” said a voice, “where are you going?”
“You!... You!...” he said, hoarsely. His fingers twitched, fury burned in
his heart, and the desire to slay. He looked about him. All was
blackness.... Here she was, this girl who was sending him crashing
down in ruin....
“He is dead,” said Carmel. “You are a murderer again. Abner
Fownes.... You’re running away.”
“Out of my way, you—you——”
“You’ve killed him,” she said. “You must be punished for that.... You
must not go away. You must wait until they come.”
“You—you’ve done this—you——” He was working himself into a
rage. He was not the man to do a violence in cold blood.
“I have done it.... But to what good? He is dead—is dying.... Nothing
can pay for that. He will go away from me forever.... Abner Fownes,
you are a murderer, and you must pay for it.... Oh, if I could make
you pay a thousand, thousand times.... And you shall pay!”
He dropped his bag and reached for her throat with clutching fingers.
She stepped back, avoiding him.
“They are coming now,” she said. “See.... There are their lights....
Wait, Abner Fownes. You cannot get away. If you try to go I shall
hold you.”
He turned. Up the road approached a multitude of automobile lights.
Gibeon was returning from its crusade!... He uttered a shrill,
unnatural cry and made as if to rush past her, but Carmel grasped
his arm. “Wait,” she said.
He waited. A feeling of powerlessness swept over him. A sense of
impotence and defeat and despair.... He could not force himself to
raise his hand against this girl. He was afraid. He was afraid of her.
She remained standing in the middle of the walk, blocking his way,
but it was unnecessary to block his way. He could not have moved....
A cold, clinging dread was upon him. He was afraid of the night, of
the darkness. He dared not be alone with the night.... If Carmel had
gone Abner Fownes would have followed her, would have called her
back, begged her to stay with him....
The lights of the first car rested upon them, illuminating the spot....
Carmel stepped forward and signaled. The car stopped, halting the
procession.... Men got down and surrounded him....
“Where,” said Carmel, “is Sheriff Churchill?”
“There,” said a man.
“Carry him here,” she ordered, and it was done.
Wrapped in blankets, the thing that had been Sheriff Churchill was
laid on the sidewalk at Abner Fownes’s feet.
“Uncover his face. Let this man look at him,” Carmel said. “Make him
look.... Make him look....”
Fownes covered his face, staggered back. “No.... No.... Take—take it
away.”
“Uncover his face,” said Carmel. “Take this man’s hands from his
eyes.... Make him look....”
They obeyed. Fownes stood quivering, eyes tightly shut.
“Look,” said Carmel. “Look!”
She overmastered him. He opened his eyes and looked at the
dreadful sight. He stared, bent forward. His hands stretched out,
clawlike, as he stared at the horror. Then he threw back his head
and laughed, and the laughter ended in a shriek.... He swayed, half
turned, and fell back into the arms of the men of Gibeon....
Jared Whitefield forced his way to Fownes’s side. “I will take charge
of him,” he said. “Will some one take care of this girl.... She hain’t
herself.... Take her back to Doc Stewart’s....”
Morning penetrated the room where Carmel sat, entering gently,

gently pushing back the night. Carmel sat wide-eyed, waiting,
waiting. She had not slept, had not closed her eyes. From time to
time she had climbed the stairs to look upon Evan Pell’s face, to be
told that he lived, that his condition was unchanged.... She was
worn, weary. Nothing mattered now. She was at the end of things,
wishing for death.
Doctor Stewart came to the door.
“Can you step upstairs, Miss Lee?”
“Is—is he——”
The doctor shook his head.
Carmel followed. Doubtless he was sinking, and she was summoned
to be present at the end.... She entered the room. Her heart was
cold, heavy, dead. As she approached the beside she could not lift
her eyes to Evan’s face.
“Carmel—dear....” said a voice.
Her heart came to life; it warmed, leaped in her bosom. She dared to
look. His eyes were open, conscious, intelligent.
“Evan!... Evan!...” she cried and sank on her knees beside him. Her
eyes devoured his face, and he smiled.
“Doctor—Doctor,” she cried, “is he—will he——”
“I think,” said the doctor, “we can have him on his feet in a week,
slightly damaged, of course.”
“And I thought—I thought you would die,” she said.
“Die!” Evan Pell’s voice, weak and faint, nevertheless carried a note
of surprise. “Er—of course not. I had not the slightest intention—of
dying.” He fumbled for her hand. “Why my dear—I have—just come
to—life.”
“You would have given your life for me!... Oh, Evan, I love you! ...
and I’m so—so proud of you.”
“Er—very gratifying,” said Evan. Then, for a moment he was silent,
reflecting.
“It is—very satisfying to—be in love,” he said. “I—like it.” Then. “I
want you to—be proud—of me.” He smiled. “There’s just—one thing
—I am proud of.”
“What is that, sweetheart?”
“The—er—way I—handled that doorknob—with so little practice,” he
said. “It was—er—so foreign to my training.... It—showed
adaptability....”
THE END
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Calculus Early Transcendental

Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions

Section 9.1 Sequences............................................................................................859

Section 9.2 Series and Convergence .....................................................................869

Section 9.3 The Integral Test and p-Series ...........................................................880

Section 9.4 Comparisons of Series........................................................................890

Section 9.5 Alternating Series ...............................................................................897

Section 9.6 The Ratio and Root Tests...................................................................905

Section 9.7 Taylor Polynomials and Approximations .........................................918

Section 9.8 Power Series .......................................................................................930

Section 9.9 Representation of Functions by Power Series...................................943

Section 9.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series ..............................................................952

Review Exercises .......................................................................................................970

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................983

11. an = ( −1) , a1 = −1, a2 = 1, a3 = −1, …

a6 = 3(6) − 1 = 17 The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges

a5 = 2( 40) = 80 The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges

Multiply the preceding term by − 13 . −2

The graph seems to indicate that the sequence diverges.

Not monotonic; an ≤ 0.7358, bounded Not monotonic; an ≤ 1, bounded

68. (a) An = 100( 401)(1.0025n − 1) 74. Pn = 25,000(1.045)

(c) A240 = 32,912.28 a2 = 2 ≈ 1.4142

70. (a) A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of a5 = 5

(c) A sequence is monotonic if its terms are ⎛1 ⎞ ln n 1n

Let ε = L > 0 and you have,

79. True 81. True

80. True 82. False. Let an = ( −1) and bn = ( −1)

{bn} diverge. But {an + bn} = {(−1) n

lim sin (π x) does not exist.

an = f ( n) = sin (π n) = 0 for all n

85. (a) a1 = 2 ≈ 1.4142

86. (a) Use mathematical induction to show that

(b) Because {an} is bounded and increasing, it has a limit L.

(c) lim an = L implies that

From part (a): ln n n − n + 1 < ln ( n!) 1

From part (b): ln(n + 1) n + 1 − n > ln ( n!)

91. If {an} is bounded, monotonic and nonincreasing, then

n ln r < ln (ε ) or Therefore, a1 = a2 = … = a. So,

So, lim r n = 0 for −1 < r < 1.

Tk + 1 = ( k + 1 + 4)Tk − 4( k + 1)Tk −1 + ( 4( k + 1) − 8)Tk − 2

= ⎡⎣( k + 5)( k )( k − 1) − 4( k + 1)( k − 1) + 4( k − 1)⎤⎦ ( k − 2)! + ⎡⎣( k + 5)4 − 8( k + 1) + 4( k − 1)⎤⎦ 2k − 2

Section 9.2 Series and Convergence

n 1 Geometric series with r = 5

n2 Geometric series with r = − 12 < 1

Sn 8.0078 7.99999 8.0000 8.0000 8.0000

Geometric series with r = 1.075

Geometric series with r = 3 > 1.

∞ ∞ n 55. See definitions on page 595.

= 0 − ln 2 − ln 3 − − ln ( n) series converges to a (1 − r ). The series diverges if

Geometric series: converges for

Geometric series: converges for x − 1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < x < 2

Geometric series: converges for

Geometric series: converges for

⎛ x⎞ n −1 8000 ⎡⎣1 − 0.95n ⎤⎦

72. V (t ) = 475,000(1 − 0.3) = 475,000(0.7)

(b) No, the series is not geometric.

81. (a) 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 126 in.2

Note: This is one-half of the area of the original square

⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎛ r ⎞ (a) When n = 29: w = $5,368,709.11

86. Surface area = 4π (1) + 9⎛⎜ 4π ( 13 ) ⎞⎟⎠ + 9 ( 19 )

87. P = 45, r = 0.03, t = 20 1 ∞

This is a geometric series which converges if