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(4th Edition) 4th Edition
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 ANS: F

10. IDLE is an alternative method to using a text editor to write, execute, and test a Python program.

ANS: T

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Programs are commonly referred to as

a. system software
b. software
c. application software
d. utility programs
ANS: B

2. Which of the following is considered to be the world's first programmable electronic computer?
a. IBM
b. Dell
c. ENIAC
d. Gateway
ANS: C

3. Where does a computer store a program and the data that the program is working with while the
program is running?
a. in main memory
b. in the CPU
c. in secondary storage
d. in the microprocessor
ANS: A

4. What type of volatile memory is usually used only for temporary storage while running a program?
a. ROM
b. TMM
c. RAM
d. TVM
ANS: C

5. Which of the following is not a microprocessor manufacturing company?

a. Intel
b. Dell
c. AMD
d. Motorola
ANS: B

6. Which computer language uses short words known as mnemonics for writing programs?
a. Assembly
 b. Java
c. Pascal
d. Visual Basic
ANS: A

7. The process known as the __________ cycle is used by the CPU to execute instructions in a program.
a. decode-fetch-execute
b. decode-execute-fetch
c. fetch-decode-execute
d. fetch-execute-decode
ANS: C

8. Which language is referred to as a low-level language?

a. C++
b. Assembly language
c. Java
d. Python
ANS: B

9. The following is an example of an instruction written in which computer language?

10110000
a. Assembly language
b. Java
c. machine language
d. C#
ANS: C

10. The encoding technique used to store negative numbers in the computer's memory is called
a. Unicode
b. ASCII
c. floating-point notation
d. two's complement
ANS: D

11. The __________ coding scheme contains a set of 128 numeric codes that are used to represent
characters in the computer's memory.
a. Unicode
b. ASCII
c. ENIAC
d. two's complement
ANS: B

12. The smallest storage location in a computer's memory is known as a

a. byte
b. ketter
c. switch
 d. bit
ANS: D

13. What is the largest value that can be stored in one byte?
a. 255
b. 128
c. 8
d. 65535
ANS: A

14. The disk drive is a secondary storage device that stores data by __________ encoding it onto a
spinning circular disk.
a. electrically
b. magnetically
c. digitally
d. optically
ANS: B

15. A __________ has no moving parts and operates faster than a traditional disk drive.
a. DVD drive
b. solid state drive
c. jumper drive
d. hyper drive
ANS: B

16. Which of the following is not a major component of a typical computer system?
a. the CPU
b. main memory
c. the operating system
d. secondary storage devices
ANS: C

17. Which type of error prevents the program from running?

a. syntax
b. human
c. grammatical
d. logical
ANS: A

18. What is the decimal value of the following binary number?

10011101
a. 157
b. 8
c. 156
d. 28
ANS: C
MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. Select all that apply. To create a Python program you can use
a. a text editor
b. a word processor if you save your file as a .docx
c. IDLE
d. Excel
ANS: A, C

COMPLETION

1. A(n) ___________ is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.

ANS: program

2. The term ___________ refers to all the physical devices that make up a computer.

ANS: hardware

3. The __________ is the part of the computer that actually runs programs and is the most important
component in a computer.

ANS: central processing unit, CPU

4. A disk drive stores data by __________ encoding it onto a circular disk.

ANS: magnetically

5. __________ are small central processing unit chips.

ANS: Microprocessors

6. __________ is a type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time, even when there is no
power to the computer.

ANS: Secondary storage

7. Main memory is commonly known as __________.

ANS: random-access memory, RAM

8. USB drives store data using __________ memory.

ANS: flash

9. The Python __________ is a program that can read Python programming statements and execute them.

ANS: interpreter
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should be given at first, followed by mashes as they can be borne, but
the food must be moderate and easily digestible until full
convalescence has taken place.
The flesh of animals killed while suffering from this affection has
been eaten by man with impunity.
 COCCIDIAN ENTERITIS IN THE DOG.
INTESTINAL COCCIDIOSIS.
Causes. Two parasites have been found in connection with this
disease in the dog; the Coccidium penetrans, already described,
and the Coccidium bigeminum.
Coccidium Bigeminum, var. Canis. This is elliptical and from
12 to 15 μ long by 7 to 10 μ broad. They are usually found in pairs
lying side by side, and sometimes both in the same envelope
indicating multiplication by division along the longitudinal axis.
The bigeminum is held to be harmless, but the perforans, as in the
cow and rabbit is very injurious and even fatal. The symptoms are
those of digestive disturbance, dullness, loss of appetite, retching,
vomiting, colic and fœtid and bloody diarrhœa. Irritability, and a
morose disposition and loss of control over the hind limbs have been
set down as rabiform indications.
Diagnosis depends on the inveteracy and sanguineous nature of
the diarrhœa, but especially on the discovery of the amœboid
organisms in the recent, warm discharges.
Treatment should be along the same line as in cattle.
 COCCIDIAN ENTERITIS IN RABBITS.
INTESTINAL COCCIDIOSIS.
Causes. In rabbits the coccidium perforans is the psorosperm
which usually attacks the bowels. The coccidium oviforme which
produces hepatic coccidiosis is also occasionally found in the
intestines. The perforans is smaller than in cattle being 15 to 25 μ
long, by 12 to 15 μ broad, approximating to the variety found in man.
Lesions. There is extensive congestion of the intestinal mucosa,
with thickening and softening of the epithelium so that it breaks
down into a pulp under pressure, also free desquamation with the
formation of abrasions, sloughs and ulcers. In some instances
extensive croupous casts of the intestine are found. As in the other
animals the coccidium is found abundantly in the epithelial cells of
the affected parts which swell up and degenerate. When the parasite
has escaped from the cells it lives free in the abundant mucopurulent
and sanguineous secretions of the bowels.
Symptoms. There are loss of appetite, swelling of the abdomen,
profuse diarrhœa, the fæces yellowish in color and containing
mucopurulent matters and blood. The disease may prove fatal in a
few days without much loss of flesh, but if protracted it leads to
extreme anæmia, emaciation and debility and the animal dies in
marasmus.
Diagnosis is always to be certified by the profusion of coccidia
found in the fresh liquid discharges.
Prevention must be secured if possible by the removal of the
healthy rabbits from the infected and from the hutch or warren in
which the latter have been. The greatest care must be taken to
prevent them from obtaining access to the droppings of the sick, or
to streams, ponds or wells, into which the drainage from such
manure can have found its way. The safest course is to destroy the
sick and burn up them and all their droppings, as the latter ground
into powder can blow on the wind.
 Therapeutic treatment has proved unsatisfactory but may be
attempted along the same lines as for the larger animals.
 COCCIDIAN ENTERITIS IN BIRDS.
INTESTINAL COCCIDIOSIS.
Two sporozoa are known to be pathogenic in the intestines of
birds: the coccidium tenellum and the gregarina avium
intestinalis.
Coccidium Tenellum. This has a nearly globular body 21 to 25
mm. long by 17 to 19 mm. broad, a very thin, delicate investing
membrane, and has been found in the mucosa of the cæca of birds,
producing a fatal typhlitis. The sporoblasts are developed in water
outside the animal body and when taken in with the food colonize in
the intestinal mucosa.
Gregarina Avium Intestinalis. When mature this is in form of
a granular body with hollow spaces or utricles, is oval, or globular
and measures 40 to 48 μ in diameter. The spores are 11 to 14 μ. They
are found in the submucosa of the intestines in chickens, being taken
in with food or water, and attack not the intestines only but the skin,
the buccal and pharyngeal mucosa and even the liver and lungs. They
traverse the mucous membrane and become encysted in the
submucosa as white isolated or confluent points, disturbing the
circulation and nutrition and destroying the nutritive and other
functional activities of the mucosa.
Lesions. From the coccidium tenellum these are mainly found in
the cæca and consist in intense inflammation, white lines formed by
the parasitic colonies, desquamations of the epithelium and erosions
and ulcers. In the early stages and in the absence of diarrhœa there
may be simply thickening and induration of the mucous membrane
and whitish colonies of the parasites. When there has been diarrhœa
the contents are serous, or seropurulent, brick red, and filled with
epithelial cells, red globules, leucocytes, fat globules and coccidia.
The gregarinæ are not confined to the cæca but scattered over the
whole intestinal canal as white spots in the submucosa surrounded
by congestion and degenerative changes. It has been found
complicated with false membranes.
 Symptoms. Dullness, anorexia, ruffled feathers, sunken head,
trailing wings, slow uncertain gait, plaintive cries, with diarrhœa,
passing through serous, brick red, and bloody. In small chicks it may
be whitish and followed by constipation. Death is usually an early
result.
Treatment. Hyposulphite of soda with carminatives (fennel anise,
coriander, ginger, and gentian) has been given in boiled milk or
bread. Quinia and iodine might be tried.
Prevention. Avoidance of infected roosts and runs, and above all of
infected streams, wells and ponds, and the removal and cremation of
the sick, followed by thorough disinfection, are much more
promising than therapeutic treatment.
 GASTRO-ENTERITIS FROM CAUSTIC
ALKALIES AND ALKALINE SALTS.
Ammonia: Counter-irritation, fauces, larynx, bronchia, congestion and softening
of the gastric mucosa, loose blood clots, solution of globules, dysphagia, salivation,
in carnivora and omnivora vomiting, diarrhœa, white fumes with muriatic acid.—
Ammonia carbonate: less corrosive, same symptoms.—Potash lye, deep corrosion,
gastric congestions, fluid, blackish red blood.—Soda lye.—Carbonates of potash
and soda, less violent, tests for potash and soda. Treatment: weak acids,
demulcents, anodynes.
Aqua Ammonia. Lethal dose pure, horse 1 oz. and upward;
cattle 2 ozs.; dog ½ dr. There may be sudden death from abstraction
of water and cauterization of the fauces and larynx including at times
the bronchial mucosa. In other cases death occurs later from gastro-
enteritis, the mucosa of the alimentary canal being congested,
softened and covered with bloody mucus. The blood in the vessels is
of a dark red, coagulates imperfectly and the blood globules are
dissolved changing the color to black, and then brownish red. Prior
to death there is great distress, salivation, inability to swallow,
swollen tongue, frequent pulse and respiration, cough, spasms, and
sometimes the odor of ammonia. Retching and vomiting may be a
feature in carnivora and omnivora, and diarrhœa if the case is not
promptly fatal. The urine is not rendered alkaline. White fumes with
muriatic acid indicate ammonia.
Ammonia Carbonate gives rise to the same symptoms and
lesions with the exceptions that there is less corrosion of the mucosa,
and no pure ammonia exhales in the breath.
Caustic Potash, Lye. Lethal dose, 5 grs. dog intervenous. In
strong solution this is one of the most potent caustics, which
penetrates deeply into the tissues and abstracting water cauterizes
everything with which it comes in contact. It therefore produces the
most destructive changes on the walls of the stomach, and intestines,
with violent gastro-enteritis, retching, or vomiting of alkaline
matters. The congested, ashen and even black color of the tongue,
and (post mortem) of the gullet, stomach and intestines, and the
intense alkalinity of contents are characteristic. The blood is fluid,
gelatiniform, and blackish red. Later, erosions and contractions are
common.
Caustic Soda is only less destructive than potash, and produces
the same general lesions and symptoms.
The Carbonates of Potash and Soda have the same general
properties only they act with very much less energy. Potassium can
be recognized by its purple color in an alcohol or Bunsen flame and
sodium by an intense yellow.
Treatment. Weak acids (acetic, vinegar, citric, malic, lactic, boric,
benzoic, salicylic) or the stronger mineral acids largely diluted.
Mucilaginous solutions (flaxseed, elm bark, gruel, mallow).
Anodynes (opium).
GASTRO-ENTERITIS FROM CAUSTIC ACIDS.

Sulphuric acid, corrodes, blackens, dysphagia, salivation, retching, vomiting,

colics, collapse. Lesions. Test, barium nitrate. Nitric acid, corrodes, stains yellow,
or brown. Test, reddish fumes with copper and sulphuric acid. Muriatic acid,
corrodes, whitens. Test, chlorine odor, white curdy precipitate with silver nitrate.
Oxalic acid, colic, emesis of black bloody matter, gastric mucosa red or black, blood
bright red, lowered respiration, innervation, temperature. Acetic acid, congestion,
softening of gastric mucosa, may stop heart. Treatment: weak bases, magnesia,
lime or their carbonates, soap, lime water, demulcents.

Sulphuric Acid. This acts on stomach and intestine as on the

mouth abstracting water and blackening the tissues. It produces
dysphagia, salivation, retching, vomiting in carnivora and omnivora,
colics, and collapse. Sometimes the urine becomes albuminous or
bloody. The post mortem blackness of the contents and walls of
stomach and intestine and their intense acidity are characteristic.
Nitrate of baryta will precipitate the insoluble sulphate.
Nitric Acid. In concentrated state this acts in the main like the
sulphuric acid, but stains the lips yellow, and the mucosæ white
changing to citron yellow or brown and does not precipitate baryta.
It gives reddish fumes with copper and strong sulphuric acid.
Muriatic Acid. This is less caustic than nitric or sulphuric acid,
and may be recognized by its white cauterized patches on the mucosa
of the mouth, stomach and intestines, its chlorine odor, and the
curdy precipitate which it throws down with silver nitrate. It does not
corrode the skin. In the stomach this acid is normally present in the
free state.
Oxalic Acid. Lethal dose, dog 15 grs., cat 2 grs. When swallowed
this causes colics, emesis in vomiting animals, the rejected matters
being black and perhaps bloody. After death the gastric contents and
walls and those of the bowels are congested and more or less
blackened, and the blood of a bright red color. Heart is arythmic,
respiration slow, paresis of limbs, spasms, temperature subnormal.
Acetic Acid. This causes congestion and softening of the gastric
and intestinal mucosa, colics, emesis in vomiting animals. It may kill
by suddenly arresting the heart’s action.
Treatment for the acids consists in alkaline or basic antidotes;
magnesia, or its carbonate, lime, or its carbonate, soapsuds,
carbonates and bicarbonates of potash and soda. Lime water is the
one appropriate antidote to oxalic acid, precipitating the insoluble
oxalate. Mucilaginous drinks may be added freely.
 POISONING BY SODIUM CHLORIDE.
Poisonous with privation of water. Dose: horse, ox, pig, dog, hen. Symptoms:
anorexia, thirst, emesis, colics, diarrhœa, dysuria, weakness, spasms, palsy, death
in six hours to two days or more. Lesions: gastric congestion, ecchymosis, blood
fluid, bright red, cerebral congestion. Treatment: emesis, water, demulcents,
enemata, oils, cold to head. Brine: salt, ptomaines, toxins, from salt meat and fish.
Strongest at three months old. Dose: horse, pig, dog. Symptoms: nervous, disorder,
mainly spasmodic. Lesions: congestion of encephalon. Treatment: anodynes,
stimulants, wine, camphor.
Common salt is especially irritant if given in concentrated solution
and with subsequent deprivation of water. The poisonous dose for
the horse is 2 to 3 lbs. (Gohier), for cattle 4 to 5 lbs. (Hertwig), for
the pig 7 to 8 ozs. and for the dog 6 to 7 ozs. Chickens are poisoned
by picking up broken pieces of salt instead of pebbles, or by salted
food.
Symptoms. Anorexia, intense thirst, dullness, emesis in vomiting
animals, colics, watery diarrhœa, frequent urination, muscular
weakness, spasms, paralysis, weak pulse, red buccal mucosa, dilated
pupils. Death may take place in six hours or it may be delayed two
days or longer. In chickens giddiness and rotary movements are
common.
Lesions. Congestion of the stomach and intestines with points of
ecchymosis. The mucosa of the bladder is reddened. The blood is
fluid and of a bright red. There is more or less congestion of the
cerebellum and medulla and their meninges.
Treatment. Emetics (tepid water, tickling fauces) and the stomach
pump. Abundance of water or of mucilaginous drinks. The same
liquids by the rectum. Bland oils may be given as emollients and
eliminating agents. Cold to the head is usually desirable.
 POISONING BY BRINE.
This is partly due to the toxic effects of common salt but also to the
ptomaines and toxins formed in old brine. It has been seen most
frequently in hogs fed on salted kitchen waste and on the liquids
from salt meats, (beef, pork, fish). Herring-brine is a common source
of poisoning for hogs and dogs, also the brine from the salted meats
of the butcher’s shops. Reynal found it to be especially poisonous
when at least four or five months old. He gave as the fatal doses for
horse 3½ pints, for pig ½ pint, for dog 6–7 ozs. The lethal dose
however will vary with the concentration of the fluid and its age.
Symptoms. In addition to the direct irritation caused by the
sodium chloride there are marked nervous symptoms, nervous
irritability, spasms, rolling of the eyes, convulsive winking, dilated
pupil, blindness, vertigo, staggering gait, epileptiform seizures,
trismus, oposthotonos, pleurosthotonos, stupor.
Lesions. In addition to those of the stomach and intestines there is
marked congestion of the encephalon, especially the medulla and
cerebellum.
Treatment. In addition to that for common salt, anodynes and
stimulants (wine, camphor) may be demanded.
 NITRATES OF POTASH AND SODA.
Lethal dose. Symptoms: Colics, tympany, emesis, salivation, pupillary dilatation,
diarrhœa, diuresis, hypothermia, stupor, palpitations, trembling, spasms, palsy.
Lesions: Congested gastro-intestinal mucosæ, erosions, ecchymosis, congested
kidney and bladder. Blood fluid, bright red. Treatment: Emesis, stomach pump,
water and mucilaginous liquids, stimulants.
Nitrate of soda being used largely as a top dressing for grass and
other crops is more liable to be taken in toxic doses than nitrate of
potash. The former is also given in mistake for common salt. The
toxic dose is high. Morton gave 2 pounds saltpeter to a horse with
only a temporary purgative and diuretic effect. Huzard found that 3
doses of 16 ounces each, given at intervals of 8 days sufficed to kill a
horse. Cattle are said to have died from taking 5 to 6 ounces.
Symptoms. There are colics, tympany, emesis in vomiting animals,
salivation, dilated pupil, diarrhœa, diuresis, hypothermia, stupor,
palpitations, weak pulse, trembling, convulsions, tetanic symptoms,
paralysis.
Lesions. Congestion of a cherry red, brown or purple of the gastric
mucosa and that of the small intestine, erosions and ecchymosis,
congestion and ecchymosis of the kidney and of the mucosa of the
bladder. Blood uncoagulated and of a bright red.
Treatment. Favor emesis or use stomach pump according to the
species of animal. Give abundance of water or mucilaginous fluids by
mouth and anus. Stimulants may be resorted to in case of sinking or
collapse.
 ACUTE ARSENICAL POISONING,
ARSENIOUS ACID, PARIS GREEN.
Acute poisoning. Sources. Lethal dose, horse, ox, sheep, dogs, pigs. Endermic.
Symptoms: colic, weak pulse, rapid breathing, red eyes, dilated pupils, purging,
weakness, trembling, stupor, convulsions, paralysis, green or yellow vomit, test of
urine. Lesions: gastro-intestinal inflammation, ropy, bloody mucus, ecchymosis,
extravasation, ulceration. Treatment: emesis, stomach pump, hydrated iron oxide,
calcined magnesia.—Chronic poisoning. Excessive administration, arsenical fumes
from smelting furnaces. Symptoms: indigestion, emaciation, hide-bound,
depilation, red eyes, diarrhœa, agalactia, weakness, paraplegia, salivation. Lesions:
as in acute, fatty liver, test of urine. Tests: on hot charcoal garlic odor, Marsh’s test
by zinc and sulphuric acid. Treatment: avoidance of cause, antidotes demulcents,
diet.
Arsenious acid given recklessly as medicine, rat poison, arsenite of
soda made into a sheep dip and left within reach of animals, and
arsenite of copper used for potato bugs, or other insect pests and
carelessly left where animals can get it are the most common sources
of acute arsenical poisoning. Horses die from 140 grains in solution,
or 3½ drs. in the solid form, cattle from 3½ to 7 drs., sheep are
killed by 2 drs., dogs may die from 2 grs., but larger doses usually
cause vomiting and the animal is saved. Hogs may die from 15 grs.
but they often save themselves by vomiting with much larger doses.
The poisonous effects may be induced by putting arsenic on a raw
sore.
Symptoms. Violent colic, quick, feeble, irregular pulse, hurried
respiration, emesis in vomiting animals, ardent thirst, purging,
tenesmus, lowered or unevenly distributed temperature, red eyes,
dilated pupils, and nervous symptoms, weakness, trembling, stupor,
convulsions and paralysis. The urine is albuminous and may be
bloodstained. In case of Paris green, the green color of the vomit, and
of arsenious acid, a yellow color may be looked for. Test urine for
arsenic.
Lesions. Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, with
ropy, often bloody mucus. Ecchymosis, and extravasations appear in
the stomach. Ulceration is not common in very acute cases, but in
protracted cases, it is usually present in the stomach (abomasum in
cattle). Petechiæ may be met with in different internal organs and in
protracted cases, fatty degeneration of liver, heart, or kidney.
Treatment. In vomiting animals encourage emesis by tepid water,
tickling the fauces, or giving ipecacuan. For non-vomiting animals
the stomach pump may be tried. The available antidotes are hydrated
oxide of iron, or a solution of calcined magnesia. To make the first,
mix 100 parts sulphate of iron in solution with 250 parts magnesia in
solution. This should be given liberally and often: horse or ox 1 qt.,
sheep or pig 2 ozs., dog 1 oz. A simple aqueous solution of calcined
magnesia also forms with arsenic an insoluble combination.
 CHRONIC ARSENICAL POISONING.

This comes from continuous injudicious dosing with arsenic, or

from the condensing on the grass of the vapors from the smelting of
ores containing arsenic.
Symptoms. There is chronic indigestion, emaciation, hide-bound,
depilation, red or weeping eyes, chronic diarrhœa, suppression of
milk in cows, muscular weakness, paraplegia, soreness of the gums,
salivation.
The lesions are essentially the same only less intense than in the
acute form. Hugo found in the intestines of poisoned animals a
slimy, serous, grayish white fluid, and a false membrane like a frog
spawn streaking the intestine. Later this may be dense like a
diphtheritic membrane. There was fatty degeneration of the liver and
of the gall bladder epithelium. Injection of the capillary vessels of the
brain and pia, and effusion into the ventricles and on the surface of
the brain were found in dogs.
Elimination. Arsenic is eliminated mainly in the urine, but also in
part in the bile and perspiration.
Tests for Arsenic. When taken in the solid form it may be found
undissolved on the gastric mucosa.
If burned on red hot charcoal or iron it gives out the odor of garlic.
Marsh’s test consists in evolving arseniureted hydrogen from zinc
and sulphuric acid to which a little of the suspected liquid has been
added. A flask is taken having a cork conveying two tubes, one a
funnel reaching nearly the bottom of the flask, and the other a
delivery tube of some length and provided with a chloride of calcium
bulb, and at its end turned up at right angles and drawn out to form a
narrow orifice. Pieces of zinc are placed in the bottom of the flask,
and sulphuric acid is poured upon these through the funnel. This
causes the evolution of hydrogen. The suspected liquid is now added,
and the gas issuing from the delivery tube having been lighted, a
piece of cold white porcelain is held above and a short distance from
the flame. A dark metallic spot of arsenic is obtained. The stain
obtained by antimony differs in being formed more closely to the
flame, in volatilizing less rapidly under heat, and in forming a black
or orange instead of the canary yellow sulphide when subjected to a
stream of H2S. with gentle heat. Chloride of lime dissolves the
arsenic stain but has no effect on the antimonial one.
Treatment. Avoid the causes. Employ the antidotes in small doses
once or twice daily. Check the diarrhœa by mucilaginous agents, and
nourish the animals well.
 POISONING BY PHOSPHORUS.
From matches, rat poisons, fatal dose, horse, ox, pig, dog, chicken. Symptoms:
Anorexia, dysphagia, swelled tongue, thirst, colic, emesis, vomit phosphorescent,
or bloody, diarrhœa, icterus, agalactia, trembling, weakness, choreic spasms,
hemorrhages. Lesions: Buccal-gastro-intestinal inflammation, fatty degeneration
of epithelium, liver, kidneys, heart and muscles, black blood, ecchymosis,
hemorrhage, phosphorescent ingesta. Treatment: Emesis, stomach pump, oil of
turpentine in mucilage.
Phosphorus is usually taken in the form of matches or more
frequently as one of the pastes sold for the destruction of vermin.
Almost all of the latter contain 1 to 2 per cent. of phosphorus, in
combination with flour, sugar, and fatty or oily matters. The lethal
dose of phosphorus is: Horse or ox 7 to 30 grains; pig 2 to 4 grains;
dog ¾ to 1½ grain; chicken ⅓ grain.
Symptoms. Anorexia, dysphagia, swelling of the tongue, intense
thirst, colic, emesis in vomiting animals, vomited matters may shine
in the dark, and may be tinged with blood, diarrhœa is common
though not constant, icterus, and suppression of the milk.
Trembling, weakness, acceleration of the pulse and breathing and
hyperthermia may be noted. Chickens have been noticed to have
choreic movements in walking. Hemorrhages are common.
Lesions. Inflammation of the mucosa of the alimentary canal from
the mouth to the stomach and intestines. Fatty degeneration of the
epithelium very noticeable in the gastric glands. Enlargement and
fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys, and degeneration of the
heart and muscles. The blood is black and ecchymosis and
hemorrhages appear on various internal organs. The contents of
stomach and bowels shine in the dark. Phosphorus may be
recognized by its luminosity when distilled at a very low heat from an
acid solution and received into a refrigerated condenser. This must
be done in perfect darkness, and the phosphorescence will be seen in
the condenser or connecting tube.
Treatment. Empty the stomach by emetic or stomach pump, and
then give oil of turpentine in mucilaginous liquid: Horse 1 to 2
ounces; ox 2 to 3 ounces; pig ½ ounce; dog 20 to 30 drops; chicken 5
to 10 drops. This may be repeated several times and if used early
enough will probably succeed.
 POISONING BY TARTAR EMETIC.
Fatal doses, large in herbivora. Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhœa, ulcerative
stomatitis, salivation, thirst, colic, tremors, palsy. Lesions: gastro-intestinal
inflammations, ulcerations, lung infarctions. Treatment: emesis, antidote tannic
acid.
This is mainly seen in the smaller vomiting animals. To kill horses
or cattle much larger doses are necessary than are likely to be taken.
Barlow and Dun gave 4 drs. to a horse thrice a day, and in all 10 ozs.
in 10 days, yet it improved in condition. Ten and a half ounces given
in 6 days proved fatal. An old sow was killed by 2 drs., a 5 months pig
by 80 grs., (Hertwig). Dogs were killed by 3 to 7 grs.
Symptoms. Vomiting, diarrhœa, ulcerative stomatitis, salivation,
vertigo, thirst, dullness, cold surface, colicy pains, trembling,
paralysis of the hind quarters, and early death.
Lesions. General inflammation of the gastric and intestinal
mucosa, sometimes ulceration especially if the agent has been taken
in the solid form. Congestions and infarctions of the lung are not
unknown.
Treatment. Encourage vomiting by tickling the fauces, and by the
ingestion of tepid water. The best known antidote is tannic acid in
any one of its combinations. Solution of tannin, decoctions of oak
bark, oak galls, catechu, kino, rumex, sumac, or even strong tea will
serve to render it insoluble and non-irritant.