Understanding Nutrition CANADIAN

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Chapter 9 – Weight Management: Overweight, Obesity, and Underweight

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to body mass index values, the percentage of the Canadian adult population that is
considered overweight or obese is which of these?
a. 30 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 60 percent
ANS: D REF: p. 271, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity MSC: Knowledge

2. According to body mass index figures, what percentage of people aged 2–19 years are overweight or
obese?
a. 12 percent
b. 26 percent
c. 48 percent
d. 68 percent
ANS: B REF: p. 271, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

3. Which of these is the classification of a person who is 193 centimetres tall and 92 kg?
a. underweight
b. healthy weight
c. overweight
d. obese
ANS: C REF: p. 271, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity MSC: Application

4. Which of the following describes a trend of worldwide obesity?

a. Nowadays, obesity is not seen in developing countries.
b. Prevalence of obesity is at an epidemic level.
c. The cutoff figure of the BMI for obesity varies from country to country.
d. The obesity in other countries does not seem to increase risks for chronic diseases.
ANS: B REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity MSC: Knowledge

5. Which of the following statements demonstrates the relationship between fat cell
development and weight?
a. The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells.
b. More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons.
c. Fat cell number increases most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure
declines.
d. Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and
reaching menopause in women.
ANS: B REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

6. Which one of the following describes the behaviour of fat cells?

a. The number decreases when fat is lost from the body.
b. The size is smaller in obese people than in normal-weight people.
 c. The storage capacity for fat depends on cell type.
d. The number increases several-fold during the growth years and tapers off when adult
status is reached.
ANS: D REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

7. Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age
23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 22.7 kg. Which of the following most likely
happened to Tom’s fat cells?
a. They shrank in size but did not decrease in number.
b. They melted away when he burned all the excess fat.
c. They decreased in number but did not decrease in size.
d. They changed very little since fat cells shrink only with a weight loss greater than 45.5 kg
ANS: A REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

8. From which of the following areas of the body do women have the most difficulty in losing weight?
a. breasts
b. stomach
c. legs
d. hips
ANS: D REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

9. The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips whereas men readily
store fat around the abdomen is gender differences in which of the following?
a. blood insulin levels
b. the activity of lipoprotein lipase
c. circulating lipid transport proteins
d. the activity of lipoprotein synthetase
ANS: B REF: p. 272, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

10. Which of these is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity?
a. Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty.
b. Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting.
c. Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty.
d. Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of
fat cells.
ANS: C REF: p. 272-273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

11. Which of the following enzymes is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes?
a. adipose tissue lipase
b. lipoprotein lipase
c. cellulite synthetase
d. lipoprotein synthetase
ANS: B REF: p. 272-273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge
12. Which of the following terms is used to describe fat cell death?
a. apoptosis
b. autophagy
c. necrosis
d. cell morphology
ANS: A REF: p. 272-273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

13. The concept which suggests that those individuals who use energy sparingly will store fat more
readily, thus increasing his/her chances of weight gain, is known as which of the following?
a. fat cell theory
b. thrifty adipose theory
c. thrifty gene theory
d. set point theory
ANS: C REF: p. 272-273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

14. Obesity resulting from an increase in the size of fat cells is termed which of the following?
a. hyperplastic obesity
b. hypertrophic obesity
c. idiopathic leptinemia
d. anaplastic hypometabolism
ANS: B REF: p. 273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

15. Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as which of
these?
a. lipotoxicity
b. hyperplastic lipase
c. set point susceptibility
d. hyper-responsive ghrelin
ANS: A REF: p. 273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

16. Hyperplastic obesity is related to which of the following changes?

a. an increase in fat absorption
b. a decrease in ketone formation
c. an increase in the size of fat cells
d. an increase in the number of fat cells
ANS: D REF: p. 273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

17. Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed which of these?
a. hyperplastic obesity
b. hypertrophic obesity
c. idiopathic leptinemia
d. anaplastic hypometabolism
ANS: A REF: p. 273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge
18. Which of the following defines the body’s set point?
a. minimum weight of a person
b. maximum weight of a person
c. point at which a person’s weight plateaus before dropping again quickly
d. point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
ANS: D REF: p. 273, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

19. Which of these is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a. altered receptor activity for leptin
b. a genetic disorder resulting in obesity
c. fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients
d. a failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake
ANS: B REF: p. 274, Section 9.1-Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

20. Which of the following measures can have a dramatic impact on minimizing the genetic influence on
BMI?
a. childhood appetite control
b. drug therapy
c. increased sleep
d. vigorous exercise
ANS: D REF: p. 274, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

21. On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

a. pancreas
b. intestines
c. adipocytes
d. hypothalamus
ANS: D REF: p. 274, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

22. Which of the following is known to cause a reduction in fat cell number in mice?
a. injection of leptin
b. supplements of ghrelin
c. long-term resistance exercise
d. consumption of high-protein diets
ANS: A REF: p. 274-275, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

23. Why is a leptin-deficient mouse much larger than its leptin-sufficient counterpart?
a. Leptin deficiency causes lower levels of ghrelin.
b. Leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure.
c. Leptin deficiency causes psychological depression, which leads to increased food intake.
d. Leptin deficiency reduces the desire to do physical activity, resulting in more excess
energy available for fat storage.
ANS: B REF: p. 274-275, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application
24. Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance?
a. Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people.
b. A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people.
c. Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat.
d. Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate.
ANS: C REF: p. 274-275, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

25. From which of the following body parts is leptin secreted?

a. stomach
b. adipose tissue
c. small intestine
d. bone marrow
ANS: B REF: p. 274, 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

26. Which of the following is a function of ghrelin?

a. inhibits inflammation
b. stimulates appetite and energy storage.
c. stimulates growth of new blood cells
d. protects against insulin resistance
ANS: B REF: p. 275, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

27. Which of the following proteins protects against type 2 diabetes?

a. PYY
b. leptin
c. ghrelin
d. adiponectin
ANS: D REF: p. 275, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

28. Which of these is the observed effect of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin?
a. Leptin and ghrelin both increase.
b. Leptin and ghrelin both decrease.
c. Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases.
d. Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases.
ANS: C REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

29. Why is weight loss, in part, more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery?
a. Ghrelin levels are relatively low.
b. Adiponectin levels are relatively high.
c. PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed.
d. Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced.
ANS: A REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

30. Which of the following proteins decreases after a meal?

a. oxyntomodulin
 b. pancreatic peptide
c. PYY
d. ghrelin
ANS: D REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

31. Which of the following hormones stimulates appetite?

a. PYY
b. leptin
c. ghrelin
d. cholecystokinin
ANS: C REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

32. Which of the following proteins mimics the glucose-lowering effects of insulin?
a. PYY
b. resistin
c. leptin
d. visfatin
ANS: D REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

33. Which of these serves as the body’s chief storage site for lipids?
a. yellow fat
b. brown adipose tissue
c. white adipose tissue
d. high-density lipoproteins
ANS: C REF: p. 276, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

34. Which of the following is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?
a. increased loss of body heat
b. reduction of fat cell number
c. lowering of basal metabolism
d. proliferation of fat cell number
ANS: A REF: p. 276-277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

35. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping someone to maintain warm body temperatures
during the coldest parts of the year?
a. black
b. white
c. brown
d. yellow
ANS: C REF: p. 276-277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

36. In which of the following groups of individuals is brown fat especially important?
a. newborns
b. adolescents
 c. middle-aged adults
d. the elderly
ANS: A REF: p. 277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

37. What is the chief factor that determines a person’s susceptibility to obesity?
a. heredity only
b. environment only
c. fat content only
d. heredity and environment
ANS: D REF: p. 277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

38. Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity?
a. the rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
b. the recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their
biological parents
c. the development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage
sites based on gender
d. the discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism
among lean and overweight people
ANS: A REF: p. 277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

39. Suzanne is at a fast-food restaurant and she agrees to "supersize" her meal. Approximately how many
more kcalories will Suzanne now consume?
a. 400
b. 500
c. 600
d. 700
ANS: C REF: p. 277, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

40. Which of the following is lower in obese people compared to non-obese people?
a. basal metabolic rate
b. thermic effect of food
c. physical activity level
d. metabolic response to exercise
ANS: C REF: p. 277-278, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

41. Which of the following statements illustrates the relationship between physical activity and energy
balance?
a. There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people.
b. Differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving
account for about 350 kcalories per day.
c. Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not,
presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games.
d. Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean
counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic
 weight loss.
ANS: B REF: p. 278, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

42. The term that describes the energy expenditure associated with everyday spontaneous activities is
known as which of the following?
a. physical inactivity
b. sedentary thermogenesis
c. nonexercise activity thermogenesis
d. inactive caloric expenditure
ANS: C REF: p. 278, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

43. To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totalling
how much time?
a. 20 minutes
b. 60 minutes
c. 1½ hours
d. 3 hours
ANS: B REF: p. 278, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

44. At any given time, approximately what percentage of all Canadian adults are attempting to lose
weight?
a. 14 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 37 percent
d. 44 percent
ANS: D REF: p. 279, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

45. Aggressive treatment should be introduced in obese people if they have which of the following risk
factors?
a. hypertension only
b. cigarette smoking only
c. high LDL and low HDL
d. impaired glucose tolerance only
ANS: C REF: p. 279, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

46. The three indicators used by healthcare professionals to evaluate risks to health from obesity include
disease risk profile, BMI, and which of the following?
a. BMR
b. waist-hip ratio
c. physical inactivity levels
d. waist circumference
ANS: D REF: p. 279, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge
47. What percentage of people in Canada who use non-prescription weight-loss products have a normal
weight?
a. 5 percent
b. 10 percent
c. 20 percent
d. 35 percent
ANS: B REF: p. 280, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

48. A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as which of the following?
a. a fad diet
b. a discretionary diet
c. a spot reduction program
d. an aggressive bariatric program
ANS: A REF: p. 280, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

49. What is the principal reason that Health Canada has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine?
a. The costs are prohibitive.
b. The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss.
c. The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures.
d. The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for
inducing liver failure.
ANS: C REF: p. 281, Section 9.2-Causes of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

50. When consumed in high doses, which of the following compounds is associated with modest weight
loss in people?
a. chitosan
b. pyruvate
c. yohimbine
d. conjugated linoleic acid
ANS: B REF: p. 281, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

51. Which of the following weight-loss products has Health Canada placed a partial ban on
its sale?
a. ephedrine
b. yohimbine
c. chromium
d. chitosan
ANS: A REF: p. 281, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

52. What is the primary reason that laxatives are generally ineffective agents for losing weight?
a. They have little, if any, effect on appetite.
b. They have a low binding activity to dietary fat.
c. They act on the large intestine rather than the small intestine.
d. They often induce abdominal cramping and intestinal gas, thereby encouraging rejection
and noncompliance.
 ANS: C REF: p. 282, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Application

53. Over-the-counter products labelled as “dieter’s tea” are reported to lead to which of these
symptoms?
a. leptin resistance
b. ketone poisoning
c. cravings for protein
d. nausea and diarrhea
ANS: D REF: p. 282, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

54. Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent, lumpy forms of body fat as which of
these terms?
a. lipomas
b. lipidosis
c. cellulite
d. hyperphagic deposits
ANS: C REF: p. 282, Section 9.3-Problems of Overweight and Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

55. Clinically severe obesity is also known as which of these terms?

a. morbid obesity
b. metabolic syndrome
c. leptin-resistant obesity
d. psychological-resistant syndrome
ANS: A REF: p. 282, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

56. Bariatrics is a field of medicine that specializes in the treatment of which of these states?
a. obesity
b. addiction to weight-loss drugs
c. severe underweight
d. anorexia and bulimia
ANS: A REF: p. 282, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

57. Which one of the following criterion would allow a patient to become a candidate for weight-loss
surgery?
a. BMI higher than 40
b. a medical condition such as seizures or a heart attack
c. BMI higher than 30
d. drug therapy has been unsuccessful
ANS: A REF: p. 282-283, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

58. Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by the weight-loss drugs phentermine and
diethyproprion?
a. epinephrine
b. dopamine
 c. serotonin
d. norepinephrine
ANS: D REF: p. 283, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

59. Mr. Sinclair has a BMI of 43 and is taking drugs to lose weight. He has heard that some drugs cause
lots of gastrointestinal discomfort and he wants a drug with fewer side effects. Which of the following
drugs should be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair?
a. olestra
b. orlistat
c. serotonin
d. phentermine
ANS: D REF: p. 283, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Application

60. How does orlistat function in the body to promote weight loss?
a. orlistat reduces taste sensation.
b. orlistat inhibits lipoprotein lipase.
c. orlistat inhibits pancreatic lipase.
d. orlistat alters circulating leptin concentrations.
ANS: C REF: p. 283, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Application

61. After gastric surgery, which of the following hormones is reduced, thus suppressing hunger?
a. leptin
b. adinopectin
c. ghrelin
d. PYY
ANS: C REF: p. 283, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

62. Which of the following is a characteristic of the results of weight-loss surgery?

a. Hunger is only slightly suppressed.
b. Deficiencies of carbohydrate and fibre are common in the long term.
c. Dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids, diabetes, and blood pressure.
d. Medical supervision in the postsurgery period is required only for the first 6–9 months.
ANS: C REF: p. 283-284, Section 9.4-Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
MSC: Knowledge

63. Which of the following describes the research results regarding obese women in weight-loss
programs?
a. They were mostly satisfied with a 15 percent reduction in weight.
b. They initially expected to lose unrealistic amounts of weight.
c. They typically lost about 30 percent more weight than researchers predicted.
d. They experienced fewer psychological benefits than expected after losing weight.
ANS: B REF: p. 284-285, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

64. In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10 percent of initial body
weight is which of the following times?
 a. 6 weeks
b. 3 months
c. 6 months
d. 1 year
ANS: C REF: p. 285, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

65. Which of these is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?
a. 0.5–1 kg/week
b. 1.4 - 1.8 kg/week
c. 5 percent body weight/month
d. 10 percent body weight/month
ANS: A REF: p. 285, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

66. Which one of the following is a sensible guideline for diet plans?
a. Consume low-fat foods only.
b. Eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.
c. Adjust energy intake downward as weight loss progresses.
d. Skip breakfast but eat a mid-morning snack.
ANS: C REF: p. 285-287, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

67. As a general rule, which of the following is the minimum number of kcalories per day necessary to
ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?
a. 500 kcal
b. 800 kcal
c. 1200 kcal
d. 1600 kcal
ANS: C REF: p. 286, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

68. Which of the following approaches would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a
weight reduction program?
a. Decrease portion size.
b. Select less energy-dense foods.
c. Restrict fibre intake as a means to reduce excess water retention.
d. Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite.
ANS: B REF: p. 287-288, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

69. The feeling of satiety from weight-loss diets is best achieved by diets rich in which food components?
a. fat
b. short-chain fats
c. simple carbohydrates
d. complex carbohydrates
ANS: D REF: p. 287-289, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

70. What is the best approach to weight loss?

 a. Avoid foods containing carbohydrates.
b. Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake.
c. Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss.
d. Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure.
ANS: D REF: p. 289-290, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

71. An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is which of the following?
a. decrease water intake
b. increase physical activity
c. speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers
d. develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible
ANS: B REF: p. 289-290, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

72. Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure?
a. Walking a km uses about the same energy as running a km.
b. Walking a km uses about half as much energy as running a km.
c. Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and
hips.
d. Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the
abdomen.
ANS: A REF: p. 290, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

73. A typical person who burns 200 kcalories during a 3 km run would, in the post-exercise period, burn
an additional
a. 30 kcal
b. 75 kcal
c. 150 kcal
d. 300 kcal
ANS: A REF: p. 290, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

74. In order for weight loss to be effective, one's caloric expenditure should exceed one's energy intake by
approximately how many kcalories?
a. 500 kcal
b. 550 kcal
c. 600 kcal
d. 650 kcal
ANS: B REF: p. 291, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

75. What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense
workout?
a. The feeling of thirst overpowers the desire for food.
b. The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin.
c. Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood.
d. The senses of smell and taste are suppressed for at least 1 hour.
ANS: C REF: p. 291, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
 MSC: Application

76. A fact about the adaptive response to regular physical exercise includes which one of the following?
a. Regular physical exercise increases appetite.
b. Regular physical exercise stimulates digestive function in the post-exercise period.
c. Regular physical exercise increases energy expenditure in the post-exercise period.
d. Regular physical exercise triggers release of glucose from glycogen from the muscles.
ANS: B REF: p. 291-292, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

77. What is the chief reason that health care professionals advise people to engage only in
low-to-moderate intensity activities for prolonged duration rather than more intense, shorter routines?
a. Cost is lower.
b. Boredom is reduced.
c. Compliance is better.
d. Monitoring time is diminished.
ANS: C REF: p. 291-292, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

78. How does "spot reducing" benefit one's body?

a. It doesn't, because no exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the
body.
b. Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body muscles.
c. Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate than abdominal fat.
d. Abdominal fat in men is released more readily with anaerobic exercise.
ANS: A REF: p. 292, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

79. Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking 1.6 km at a
moderate pace?
a. 0.1 kcal
b. 1 kcal
c. 2.5 kcal
d. 5 kcal
ANS: B REF: p. 292, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

80. Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to
maintain a weight loss?
a. 2000 kcal
b. 4000 kcal
c. 6000 kcal
d. 9000 kcal
ANS: A REF: p. 292, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

81. Jeff reads the entire newspaper while consuming his large breakfast by himself in his kitchen. Which
one of the following environmental behaviours is influencing his actions?
a. atmosphere
b. accessibility
 c. socializing
d. distractions
ANS: D REF: p. 293, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

82. Which one of the following represents a common environmental influence on eating behaviours?
a. Eating while performing hard physical work.
b. Socializing with strangers during a meal often leads to reduced food intake.
c. Having to walk to the grocery store to purchase food before preparing it.
d. Being in a pleasant atmosphere often lengthens the time of the meal but not the amount of
food eaten.
ANS: B REF: p. 293-294, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

83. To help maximize the long-term success of a person’s weight-loss program, which of the following
personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual?
a. strongly believing that weight can be lost
b. viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin
c. refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight
d. accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people
ANS: A REF: p. 293-294, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

84. Which of the following is a positive feature of the effect of food accessibility on food intake?
a. Keeping healthy food within view is an effective way to eat less.
b. People underestimate the amount of a snack eaten when it is a short distance away.
c. People eat more of a snack when it is on their desk than when situated only 6 feet away.
d. People at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers.
ANS: D REF: p. 293-294, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

85. Which of the following is an association between the environment and food intake?
a. Distractions generally appear to reduce food intake.
b. The fewer the number of foods at a meal, the more likely people will overeat.
c. The mere sight or smell of food prompts people to commence eating even if they are not
hungry.
d. Small portions of food on small plates lead people to underestimate the amount of food
eaten.
ANS: C REF: p. 293-294, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

86. Which of the following is an example of a behaviour modification technique for weight control?
a. feeling guilty after you overeat
b. keeping a record of your eating habits
c. always cleaning your plate when you eat
d. having someone watch you to prevent overeating
ANS: B REF: p. 294, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

87. Which of the following percentages is described as successful weight-loss maintenance?

 a. 5 percent
b. 10 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 20 percent
ANS: C REF: p. 295, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

88. To qualify for successful weight-loss maintenance, a 200-pound person who intentionally lost 20 lbs
must hold the loss for at least which of the following durations?
a. 3 months
b. 6 months
c. 1 year
d. 2 years
ANS: C REF: p. 295, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Application

89. Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to
maintain the weight loss for at least 1 year?
a. 25 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 75 percent
d. 90 percent
ANS: B REF: p. 296, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

90. Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be
which of the following?
a. fasting
b. medicines
c. prevention
d. genetic counselling
ANS: C REF: p. 296, Section 9.5-Weight-Loss Strategies
MSC: Knowledge

91. Approximately what percentage of Canadian adults are classified as underweight?

a. 2 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 12 percent
ANS: A REF: p. 297, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Knowledge

92. The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below which of the following
values?
a. 14
b. 18.5
c. 20
d. 22.5
ANS: B REF: p. 297, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Knowledge
93. Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to
achieve a healthy body weight?
a. a high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise
b. a high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise
c. a high-protein diet plus regular exercise
d. total elimination of alcohol and exercise
ANS: A REF: p. 297, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Application

94. Of the following, which one is among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight
person?
a. behaviour modification training
b. increased physical activity, especially endurance training
c. forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks
d. consumption of regular meals and snacks that provide high-kcalorie foods in small
volumes
ANS: A REF: p. 297-298, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Application

95. Which of the following foods would be an excellent energy-dense food for an individual who is
hoping to gain weight?
a. cucumber instead of avocado
b. cod instead of salmon
c. milkshakes instead of skim milk
d. salad with vinaigrette instead of mayonnaise
ANS: C REF: p. 298, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Application

96. When exercising to build muscle, how many additional kcalories above one's normal intake are
required to support the exercise and the building of the muscle?
a. 100 - 500 kcals
b. 250 - 650 kcals
c. 500 - 1000 kcals
d. 750 - 1250 kcals
ANS: C REF: p. 299, Section 9.6-Underweight MSC: Application

97. Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, for which of these reasons?
a. They dictate the correct distribution of energy among the macronutrients.
b. They prevent rapid spikes and declines in one’s blood glucose level.
c. They don’t require people to count kcalories, and are thus easier to stick to.
d. They are designed to limit energy intake to around 1200 kcal/day.
ANS: D REF: p. 305, Section 9.7-The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet—Again
MSC: Knowledge

98. Jody is taking a nutrition class, and has been assigned to evaluate a popular diet plan. She finds a
description of a plan for her assignment in a magazine at the grocery store. Which of the following
statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?
a. “Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won’t be tempted to raid the
vending machine for a snack.”
b. “Once you complete this 6-month plan, you’ll never have to diet again.”
c. “Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter,
easier sessions and then build up to 3 or more hours a week.”
d. “On this plan, you can lose up to 5 kgs per week!”
 ANS: B
REF: p. 305-307, Section 9.7-The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet—Again
MSC: Knowledge

MATCHING

a. 1
b. 2
c. 10
d. 40
e. 60
f. 66
g. Leptin
h. Orlistat
i. Ghrelin
j. Cellulite
k. Set point
l. White fat
m. Adiponectin
n. Brown fat
o. Ephedrine
p. Liposuction
q. Phentermine
r. Lipoprotein lipase
s. Hypertrophic obesity
t. Hyperplastic obesity
1. Percentage of Canadian adults considered overweight
2. An enzyme that promotes fat storage
3. A term that describes an increase in fat cell number in obesity
4. A theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by internal controls
5. A term that describes an increase in fat cell size in obesity
6. Hormone that suppresses appetite
7. Hormone that stimulates appetite
8. Adipose tissue substance that inhibits inflammation
9. Type of adipose that primarily stores fat
10. Type of adipose that primarily produces heat
11. Percentage of non-prescription weight-loss product users in Canada who are at a normal weight
12. Substance in some herbs that may cause heart attacks and seizures
13. A fraudulent term to describe lumpy fat
14. Minimum BMI of a clinically severe obese person
15. A drug that releases norepinephrine
16. Inhibitor of pancreatic lipase
17. A cosmetic surgical procedure
18. Safe rate of weight loss, in kgs per week
19. Percentage of Canadian adults classified as underweight
20. Recommended minimum number of minutes per day of moderately intense physical activity to prevent
weight gain

1. ANS: F REF: p. 271

 2. ANS: R REF: p. 272
3. ANS: T REF: p. 273
4. ANS: K REF: p. 273
5. ANS: S REF: p. 273
6. ANS: G REF: p. 274
7. ANS: I REF: p. 275
8. ANS: M REF: p. 275
9. ANS: L REF: p. 276
10. ANS: N REF: p. 276
11. ANS: C REF: p. 280
12. ANS: O REF: p. 281
13. ANS: J REF: p. 282
14. ANS: D REF: p. 282
15. ANS: Q REF: p. 283
16. ANS: H REF: p. 283
17. ANS: P REF: p. 284
18. ANS: A REF: p. 285
19. ANS: B REF: p. 298
20. ANS: E REF: p. 289

ESSAY

1. Explain the set point theory of weight change.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 273

2. Discuss differences in fat cell metabolism between males and females.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 272-273

3. Explain the role of lipoprotein lipase enzyme in fat cell metabolism.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 272-273

4. List the major factors involved in obesity. Which ones can be controlled by dietary changes or
behaviour modification?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 273-278
 5. Discuss the role of genetics in promoting excess weight gain and in discouraging weight loss.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 274

6. Discuss the roles of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and PYY in the regulation of food intake and energy
storage.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 274-276

7. Discuss the interactive roles of leptin, ghrelin, and PYY in food intake control.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 274-276

8. Explain the significance and models of action of uncoupling reactions in energy metabolism.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 276-277

9. Explain the association between ghrelin secretion and sleep.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 276-277

10. Contrast the metabolic roles of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 276-277

11. In understanding food habits in obese people, what is the importance of the energy-balance equation
over time?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 277

12. Discuss the relationship between genetic and environmental factors to obesity and weight control.

ANS:
 Answers may vary.

REF: p. 277

13. Explain the factors involved in the promotion of obesity by high-fat diets and food portion sizes.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 277-278

14. Discuss the role of the restaurant industry in promoting excess food consumption.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 277-278

15. Discuss the various factors related to the role of insufficient physical activity in energy balance.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 278

16. Discuss the recommendations for losing weight in population groups who are either overweight in
good health, obese or overweight with risk factors, or obese or overweight with a life-threatening
condition.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 279

17. Describe psychological problems encountered by obese people in their attempts to lose weight.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 279-280

18. Outline the cycle of behaviour associated with the psychology of weight cycling in relation to the high
failure rate of weight-loss programs.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 279-280

19. List several health risks associated with being underweight and with being overweight.

ANS:
Answers may vary.
 REF: p. 279-280, 297-298

20. What types of information might be found in a weight-loss consumer “bill of rights”?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 280

21. Explain the attraction of unsound weight-loss procedures and plans to obese people.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 280-282

22. Discuss the use of herbal products for weight loss.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 280-282

23. List several factors that help identify inappropriate, unsound, and possibly dangerous commercial
weight-loss programs.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 280-282

24. Discuss the use of prescription drugs for the treatment of obesity, including modes of action and
adverse side effects.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 282-283

25. Describe the approaches for weight loss by surgery. What are the benefits and what are the adverse
side effects of these procedures?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 283-284

26. Describe a good weight-reduction diet in relation to energy content, meal size, carbohydrate and fat
levels, and water intake.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 284-289
27. Outline the recommendations for a successful weight-loss diet.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 284-289

28. What are the findings from studies of people on weight-loss diets who skip meals?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 285-286

29. Discuss ways in which an increase in the water content of the diet plays an important role in body
weight management.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 287

30. Explain the role of fibre in assisting weight loss.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 287-288

31. What are the results of research studies concerning the importance of low-fat diets in weight-reduction
regimes?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 288-289, 287

32. Discuss the importance of carbohydrate selection and of sugar alternatives in a weight-loss program.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 288-289

33. Explain the changes in metabolism consequent to a decrease in energy intake. How are these changes
modified by regular physical exercise?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 289-292

34. Describe the benefits of regular physical activity as an aid to weight-loss dieting.
 ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 289-292

35. Explain the relationship of physical activity and appetite control.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 291-292

36. Explain what is meant by “spot reducing” and discuss its effectiveness in altering body fat content.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 292

37. Discuss the role of environmental influences on food intake.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 292-294

38. Describe the effects of socializing during meal times on quantity of food consumed.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 293

39. Provide an explanation for the higher food consumption of people who eat in the presence of others.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 293

40. How do package sizes and serving containers influence food intake?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 293

41. Explain the role of behaviour modification in weight-reduction programs.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 294-295
42. Discuss public health strategies designed to help people reduce body weight and prevent a regain.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 296-297

43. List circumstances under which some people would benefit from having more body fat.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 298

44. Present a sound diet plan for weight gain in the underweight person.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 298-299

45. Provide an appropriate response to each of these 2 comments: “This new diet discovery can alter your
genetic code for energy metabolism” and “High-protein diets are brain food.”

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 304-306

46. Why do the proponents of fad diets shy away from counting calories with a weight-loss program?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 305

47. Compare and contrast the theory, applicability, and success of the Atkins diet with that of the Ornish
diet.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 306-307

48. List 5 guidelines each for identifying a fad diet and a healthy diet.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

REF: p. 307