Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Chapter 08
Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include

A. chromosomes.
B. plasmids.
C. mitochondrial DNA.
D. chloroplast DNA.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

2.

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes because only eukaryotes have

A. histone proteins.
B. chromosomes in a nucleus.
C. several to many chromosomes.
D. elongated, not circular, chromosomes.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-1
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

3. Which of the following is not true of an organism's genotype?

A. is inherited
B. are structural genes coding for proteins
C. are genes coding for RNA
D. are regulatory genes controlling gene expression
E. are the expressed traits governed by the genes

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.02 Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

4. The _____ is all of the genetic material of a cell.

A. chromosome
B. plasmid
C. prophage
D. genome
E. proteome

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-2
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

5. Each _____ is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one
functional product.
A. intron
B. exon
C. gene
D. operator
E. triplet

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

6. The expression of genetic traits is the

A. genome.
B. genotype.
C. proteome.
D. phenotype.
E. proteotype.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.02 Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

7. The DNA of microorganisms is made up of subunits called

A. histones.
B. amino acids.
C. nucleotides.
D. mRNA.
E. polymerases.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8. Which is incorrect about purines?

A. only found in DNA, not in RNA
B. are nitrogenous bases
C. always paired with a specific pyrimidine
D. include adenine and guanine
E. found within nucleotides

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Learning Outcome: 08.07 Identify important structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.
Section: 08.01
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-4
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

9. The antiparallel arrangement within DNA molecules refers to

A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar.
B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine.
C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to
5' direction.
D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new
DNA molecule.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

10. All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except

A. form pairs by hydrogen bonding.
B. guanine pairs with uracil.
C. adenine pairs with thymine.
D. cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines.
E. they are only present in the form of purines.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-5
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

11. Each nucleotide is composed of

A. one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar.
B. one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars.
C. two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar.
D. two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars.
E. one phosphate, two nitrogenous bases, and one sugar.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

12. Base pairs in DNA are held together by _____ bonds.

A. peptide
B. nonpolar covalent
C. polar covalent
D. hydrogen
E. sulfhydryl

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

13. The duplication of a cell's DNA is called

A. mitosis.
B. replication.
C. transcription.
D. translation.
E. mutation.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-6
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

14. Structural genes code for

A. ribosomal RNA molecules.
B. transfer RNA molecules.
C. cellular proteins.
D. gene expression elements.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Section: 08.01
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function
Topic: Protein Synthesis

15. During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a _____ for synthesis of new DNA
strands.
A. copy point
B. template
C. comparison molecule
D. scaffold
E. reservoir

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-7
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

16.

Semiconservative replication refers to

A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar.

B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine.
C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to
5' direction.
D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new
DNA molecule.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

17. DNA polymerase III

A. is needed for adding nucleotides during mRNA synthesis.
B. synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction.
C. cannot add nucleotides to the lagging strand.
D. synthesizes an RNA primer.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-8
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

18. Okazaki fragments are attached to the growing end of the lagging strand by
A. DNA ligases.
B. DNA polymerases.
C. DNA helicases.
D. DNA gyrases
E. primases.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Learning Outcome: 08.05 Compare and contrast the synthesis of leading and lagging strands during DNA replication.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

19. The enzymes that can proofread replicating DNA, detect incorrect bases, excise them, and
correctly replace them are
A. DNA ligases.
B. DNA polymerases.
C. DNA helicases.
D. DNA gyrases.
E. primases.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-9
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

20. The site where the old DNA strands separate and new DNA strands will be synthesized is
called the
A. primer.
B. Okazaki fragment.
C. template.
D. rolling circle.
E. replication fork.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

21. Helicase
A. unzips DNA.
B. supercoils DNA.
C. unwinds RNA.
D. winds RNA.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-10
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

22. DNA Polymerase I

A. removes primers.
B. adds bases to new DNA chain.
C. supercoils DNA.
D. unzips DNA.
E. synthesizes RNA primer.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

23. DNA Polymerase III

A. synthesizes primer.
B. removes primer.
C. joins Okazaki fragments.
D. unzips the DNA helix.
E.

adds new bases and proofreads new DNA.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

24. A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called

A. translation.
B. transcription.
C. mutation.
D. alteration.
E. regeneration.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.17 Define the term mutation, and discuss one positive and one negative example of it in microorganisms.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-12
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

25.

Replication of DNA begins at a(n) ____ rich area.

A.
guanine-cytosine.

B.
uracil-adenine.

C.
adenine-thymine.

D.
adenine-cytosine.

E.
guanine-adenine.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-13
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

26.

For DNA replication, a primer of ____ is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition.

A. polymerase III
B. polymerase I
C. helicase
D. RNA
E. DNA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

27.

Three consecutive bases in the DNA of a gene represent the code for one

A. protein.
B. nucleotide.
C. amino acid.
D. purine.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

28.

A three base sequence on mRNA is called a(n)

A. codon.
B. exon.
C. anticodon.
D. intron.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

29. The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are
called
A. ribosomal RNA.
B. messenger RNA.
C. transfer RNA.
D. primer RNA.
E. ribozymes.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-15
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

30.

Which molecule is synthesized as a copy of a gene on the DNA template strand?

A. ribosomal RNA
B. messenger RNA
C. transfer RNA
D. primer RNA
E. ribozymes

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function
Topic: Protein Synthesis

31. RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA
A. has ribose.
B. has uracil.
C. is typically one strand of nucleotides.
D. does not have thymine.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.07 Identify important structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-16
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

32. All of the following pertain to transcription except

A. occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
B. occurs before translation.
C. requires RNA polymerase.
D. requires a template DNA strand.
E. proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction of the growing mRNA molecule.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.08 Draw a picture of the process of transcription.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

33. The nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate
transcription is called the
A. promoter.
B. operator.
C. operon.
D. exon.
E. intron.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.08 Draw a picture of the process of transcription.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

34. Which of the following is incorrect about transfer RNA?

A.

It has a bottom hairpin loop with an anticodon.

B.
An anticodon is complementary to a codon.

C.
It contains a binding site for an amino acid.

D.
The initiator tRNA that binds to the P site has the anticodon UAC.

E.
The initiator tRNA in bacteria carries tryptophan.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Learning Outcome: 08.11 Identify the locations of the promoter, the start codon, and the A and P sites during translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-18
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

35.

If the mRNA codon for alanine is GCA, then the correct anticodon would be:ev: 10_31_2012

A. GCA.
B. CGT.
C. ACG.
D. CGU.
E. UGC.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

36. The following pertain to ribosomes during protein synthesis except

A.

they participate in both transcription and translation.

B.
they participate only in translation.

C.
they scans the mRNA for an AUG codon.

D.
they are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein.

E.
they shift to the right along the mRNA strand from one codon to the next.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.11 Identify the locations of the promoter, the start codon, and the A and P sites during translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-20
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

37. Which of the following is incorrect about termination codons?

A. where the bond between the final tRNA and the finished polypeptide chain is broken
B. include AUG
C. include UAA, UAG, and UGA
D. do not have corresponding tRNA
E.

can also be called nonsense codons

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

38.

Which of the following is not associated with a bacterial ribosome?

A.
is a 70S

B. has a peptide (P) site

C. has an exit site
D. small unit provides the enzymes for making peptide bonds
E. has an amino acid (A) site

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.11 Identify the locations of the promoter, the start codon, and the A and P sites during translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-21
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

39.

A sequence of bases on a gene that does not code for protein is called a(n)

A. promoter.
B. operator.
C. operon.
D. exon.
E. intron.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.12 Indicate how eukaryotic transcription and translation differ from these processes in bacteria.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

40. Split genes

A.

are common in bacteria and eukaryotes.

B. only have exons initially transcribed to mRNA.

C. have introns located only at the beginning and end of a coding region.
D. use spliceosomes to excise introns and then join exons.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.12 Indicate how eukaryotic transcription and translation differ from these processes in bacteria.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-22
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

41. Which is incorrect about inducible operons?

A. have genes turned off by a buildup of end product
B. are often for catabolic pathways
C. are normally turned off
D. are turned on by the substrate of the enzyme
E. include the lac operon

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

42.

The gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing an operon is called the

A. operator.
B. structural locus.
C. regulator.
D. promoter.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.13 Define the term operon, and explain one advantage it provides to a bacterial cell.
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

8-23
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

43. Synthesis of an inducible enzyme requires

A. repressor alone bound to operator.
B. substrate bound to repressor.
C. substrate bound to promoter.
D. corepressor and repressor binding to operator.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.13 Define the term operon, and explain one advantage it provides to a bacterial cell.
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

44. Full induction of the lactose operon requires

A. lactose present.
B. lactose and glucose present.
C. lactose present without glucose.
D. lactose and arabinose present.
E. All of the choices induce the lactose operon.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

45. The lactose repressor

A. is transcribed with the structural lac genes.
B. is activated by binding lactose.
C. is inactivated by binding lactose.
D. requires lactose for its transcription.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

8-24
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

46. Gene regulation can involve a protein repressor that blocks _____ from initiating
transcription.
A. DNA polymerase I
B. DNA polymerase III
C. RNA polymerase
D. mRNA
E. rRNA

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.13 Define the term operon, and explain one advantage it provides to a bacterial cell.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

47. A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a

A. point mutation.
B. silent mutation.
C. back mutation.
D. missense mutation.
E. nonsense mutation.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

48. The most serious type of mutation is a

A. point mutation.
B. silent mutation.
C. frame shift mutation.
D. back mutation.
E. All the choices are equally serious.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-25
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

49.

If the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to
THE CAT ATA ETH EBI GRA T?

A. missense
B. nonsense
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. silent

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

50.

If the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to
THE CAT ATE THE BAG RAT?

A. missense
B. nonsense
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. silent

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-26
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

51.

If the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to
THE CAT ATE (stop)?

A. missense
B. nonsense
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. silent

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

52. A frame shift is caused by ______ mutations.

A. missense and insertion
B. missense and nonsense
C. nonsense and deletion
D. deletion and insertion
E. insertion and nonsense

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-27
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

53. What type of mutation alters the base, but not the amino acid being coded for?
A. silent
B. back
C. point
D. nonsense
E. missense

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

54. The process in which mutations are removed and the correct bases added is called
A. transduction.
B. excision repair.
C. frame shift.
D. back-mutation.
E. transformation.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.17 Define the term mutation, and discuss one positive and one negative example of it in microorganisms.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

55. Bacterial conjugation involves

A. bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell.
B. a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus.
C. naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell taken up by a recipient cell.
D. new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8-28
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

56.

Which cell can transfer chromosomal and plasmid genes to a recipient cell by conjugation?

A. F+ cell
B. F- cell
C. Hfr cell
D. R cell
E. B cell

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

57. Which of the following is not a type of bacterial DNA recombination?

A. transformation
B. conjugation
C. mitosis
D. transduction
E. meiosis

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8-29
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

58. Which of the following is not true of conjugation?

A.

It involves direct contact between cells.

B.
It transfers genes for drug resistance.

C.
It transfers genes for resistance to heavy metals.

D.
It transfers genes for a polysaccharide capsule.

E.
The donor retains a copy of the transferred genes.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8-30
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

59. The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that
results in a changed recipient cell is
A. transduction.
B. conjugation.
C. transformation.
D. transmission.
E. mitosis.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

60. The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a
temperate phage can occur in
A. bacterial conjugation.
B. transformation.
C. generalized transduction.
D. specialized transduction.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.15 Explain the defining characteristics of a recombinant organism.
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8-31
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

61. A bacteriophage transfers DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an
example of
A. conjugation.
B. generalized transduction.
C. specialized transduction.
D.

a reaction of an Hfr cell.

E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

62. The jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by

A. conjugation.
B. transposons.
C. transformation.
D. transduction.
E. transmission.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

8-32
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

63. Which of the following is not true of transposons?

A. can change pigmentation
B. can replace damaged DNA
C. can transfer drug resistance
D. can change the genome
E. are always part of plasmids

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions

64. The smallest unit of heredity is a chromosome.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.01 Define the terms genome and gene.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

65. DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.04 Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication, and identify the enzymes used in this process.
Section: 08.01
Topic: DNA Replication

8-33
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

66. Transcription occurs in the nucleus or at the nucleoid.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.08 Draw a picture of the process of transcription.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

67. In bacteria, initiator tRNA carries formyl methionine.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

68. Excised introns form structures called lariats.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.12 Indicate how eukaryotic transcription and translation differ from these processes in bacteria.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

69. Lactose is a corepressor in the lac operon.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.14 Highlight the main points of lac operon operation.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

8-34
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

70. Repressible operons are normally turned on in the cell.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.13 Define the term operon, and explain one advantage it provides to a bacterial cell.
Section: 08.03
Topic: Gene Regulation

71. Induced mutations result from errors in DNA replication.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.17 Define the term mutation, and discuss one positive and one negative example of it in microorganisms.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

72. DNA photolyase, in the presence of visible light, can repair DNA damage due to
ultraviolet radiation.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.17 Define the term mutation, and discuss one positive and one negative example of it in microorganisms.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-35
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

73.

All mutations are detrimental to the cell.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.17 Define the term mutation, and discuss one positive and one negative example of it in microorganisms.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

Multiple Choice Questions

74. The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called
A. genetic engineering.
B. biotechnology.
C. recombinant DNA.
D. gel electrophoresis.
E. gene probes.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

8-36
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

75. A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is

A. genetic engineering.
B. biotechnology.
C. recombinant DNA.
D. gel electrophoresis.
E. gene probes.

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

76. DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called
A. palindromes.
B. reverse transcriptase.
C. restriction endonucleases.
D. ligases.
E. DNA polymerases.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

8-37
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

77.

Geneticists can make complimentary DNA from messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA by using

A. palindromes.
B. reverse transcriptase.
C. restriction endonucleases.
D. ligases.
E. DNA polymerases.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

78. EcoRI and HindIII are

A.

palindromes.

B. reverse transcriptase.
C. restriction endonucleases.
D. ligases.
E. DNA polymerases.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

8-38
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

79. Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand
and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are
A. palindromes.
B. reverse transcriptase.
C. restriction endonucleases.
D. ligases.
E. DNA polymerases.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

80. Analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis involves

A. larger fragments that move slowly and remain closer to the wells.
B. DNA that has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole.
C. DNA fragments that are stained to see them.
D. an electric current through the gel that causes DNA fragments to migrate.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-39
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

81. DNA is denatured at

A.

37oC.

B.
42oC.

C.
60oC.

D.
94oC.

E.
100oC.

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-40
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

82. DNA fragments can be separated in gel electrophoresis because

A. nitrogenous bases have a net positive charge.
B. nitrogenous bases have a net negative charge.
C. phosphate groups have a net positive charge.
D. phosphate groups have a net negative charge.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetic Analyses

83. Restriction endonucleases recognize and clip at DNA base sequences called
A. codons.
B. palindromes.
C. introns.
D. exons.
E. genes.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

8-41
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

84. In recombinant DNA technique, what enzyme is needed to seal the sticky ends of genes
into plasmids or chromosomes?
A. DNA polymerase I
B. DNA polymerase II
C. DNA helicase
D. DNA ligase
E. primase

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

85. The size of DNA is often given in the number of _____ that it contains.
A. genes
B. codons
C. base pairs
D. proteins
E. triplets

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

86. Amplification of DNA is accomplished by

A. polymerase chain reaction.
B. DNA sequencing.
C. gene probes.
D. southern blot.
E. western blot.

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-42
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

87. DNA polymerases used in PCR

A. use an RNA template to make complementary DNA.
B. must remain active at very cold temperatures.
C. include Taq polymerase.
D. are labeled with fluorescent dyes.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

88. Which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?

A.

add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72C

B.
cool DNA to between 50C and 65C

C. add primers
D.
heat target DNA to 94C

E. repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-43
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

89. Which PCR step synthesizes complimentary DNA strands?

A.

add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72C

B.
cool DNA to between 50C and 65C

C. add primers
D.
heat target DNA to 94C

E. repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

90. The primers in PCR are

A.

synthetic short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides).

B. bacterial enzymes.
C. short RNA strands.
D. DNA polymerases.
E. reverse transcriptases.

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-44
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Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

91.

If you start with three double-stranded DNA fragments, after four cycles of PCR you will have ____ fragments.

A. 12
B. 24
C. 27
D. 48
E. 81

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

92. The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with the
genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called
A. genetic engineering.
B. biotechnology.
C. recombinant DNA.
D. gel electrophoresis.
E. gene probes.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

8-45
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

93. Common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are
A. plasmids.
B. viruses.
C. bacteriophages.
D. artificial chromosomes.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

94. Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.
A. DNA
B. libraries
C. clones
D. digests
E. books

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

True / False Questions

95. Restriction endonucleases are obtained from various species of bacteria.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.19 Explain the importance of restriction endonucleases to genetic engineering.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

8-46
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

96. When DNA is heated, the two strands will separate.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

97. Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 02. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

98.

After three replication cycles in PCR, there will be a total of three double-stranded DNA molecules.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.20 List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering
Topic: Genetic Analyses

8-47
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

99. Viruses are often used as cloning hosts in recombinant DNA methods.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

100. Vectors often contain a gene conferring drug resistance to their cloning host, in order to
detect cells harboring the plasmid.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
ASM Objective: 08.05 Use appropriate microbiological and molecular lab equipment.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom's Level: 01. Remember
Learning Outcome: 08.21 Describe how you can clone a gene into a bacterium.
Section: 08.06
Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology

Multiple Choice Questions

8-48
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

An 18-month-old male is admitted to the hospital with symptoms of a respiratory infection.

The patient’s mother reports that since birth, the toddler has frequently had a cough and
copious nasal secretions. His weight gain has been poor, despite adequate oral intake. The
patient appears in moderate respiratory distress, so oxygen therapy and IV fluids are initiated.
The physician orders tests for cystic fibrosis due to the patient’s history and clinical
presentation. When the tests confirm the diagnosis, as the RN, you provide education to the
mother regarding this autosomal recessive disease.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.02 Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.01
Section: 08.02
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-49
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

101.

You educate the patient’s mother that the most common cause of cystic fibrosis is a deletion of three nucleotides. Which of
the following statements, by the mother, demonstrates an understanding of the disease?

A. "My child’s disease is caused by a missing chromosome."

B. "My child’s disease is caused by a missing gene."
C. "My child’s disease is caused by a missing amino acid."
D. "My child’s disease is caused by an infectious process."

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.03 Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important chemical groups within the molecule.
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Section: 08.01
Section: 08.02
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function
Topic: Protein Synthesis

102. Which of the following is the most appropriate term to describe the patient’s clinical
manifestations of cough, rhinorrhea, and poor weight gain due to this genetic disease?
A. genotype
B. phenotype
C. structural genes
D. regulatory genes

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.02 Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure/Function

8-50
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

103.

Which of the following terms would best describe a mutation that leads to the deletion of two bases from a DNA sequence?

A.
frame shift mutation

B.
back mutation

C. silent mutation
D. point mutation

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

8-51
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

104. Which of the following terms would best describe a mutation that changes a normal
codon into a stop codon?
A. missense mutation
B. nonsense mutation
C.

back mutation

D.
frame shift mutation

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.18 Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent, and missense mutations.
Section: 08.05
Topic: Mutations

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A 59-year-old female has been diagnosed with Escherichia coli infection following the
consumption of contaminated meat. The patient is exhibiting a high fever, severe abdominal
cramping, and diarrhea. As the RN, you provide supportive care and fluid resuscitation as
ordered. You are familiar with the E. coli bacterium, and provide education to the patient and
her family regarding the genetics of this bacterium.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.02
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-52
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

105.

As the RN, you instruct the family that the transfer of genetic material can involve contact between two bacterial cells. DNA
can pass from one cell to the other through a pilus during this process, which is called

A. transformation.
B. conjugation.
C. specialized transduction.
D. generalized transduction.

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

106. In gram-negative bacteria, like E. coli, the fertility factor is a plasmid possessed by the
bacterium that will donate its DNA to a recipient cell. Which of the following statements, by
the patient, demonstrates understanding of this plasmid?
A. "It is a large, double-stranded linear piece of DNA."
B. "It is found in F- cells only."
C. "It controls the process of transduction in bacterial cells."
D. "It encodes the information to create a pilus."

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.06 Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.02
Section: 08.04
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-53
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

107. You also indicate to the patient that genetic information can be acquired by bacterial
cells in other ways. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding these processes?
A. "Transformation requires the formation of a pilus for genetic exchange to occur."
B. "Transposition involves the transfer of genetic information to bacterial cells directly from
their environment."
C. "Transfection is a phenomenon of prokaryotic cells."
D. "Transduction involves the transfer of genetic information from a bacteriophage to a
bacterial cell."

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.16 Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria.
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

As an RN working in a research unit, you are responsible for data and specimen collection
for multiple research studies. A patient is admitted as a participant in a study focused on the
role of tRNA mutations in Alzheimer’s disease. The 78-year-old male is accompanied by his
wife and daughter. Prior to obtaining the first blood specimen, you provide education
regarding the importance of the study and the overall process of protein synthesis.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-54
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

108. Which of the following statements, by the patient’s daughter, demonstrates her
understanding of the function of tRNA?
A. "tRNA possesses an anticodon complementary to an mRNA codon."
B. "tRNA is an exact copy of a gene’s DNA sequence."
C. "tRNA is a structural component of the ribosome."
D. "tRNA is responsible for regulating transcription and translation."

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Bloom's Level: 04. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

109. tRNA plays a role in which of the following processes of protein synthesis?
A. translation
B. transcription
C. replication
D. transduction

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-55
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

110.

Which tRNA anticodon would properly base-pair with an mRNA codon of cytosine-uracil-guanine (CUG)?

A. GTC
B. ATC
C. GAC
D. UCA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.09 List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation.
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

111. During protein synthesis, the mRNA codon, UAA, recruits which of the following
tRNA molecules to the ribosomal complex?
A. tRNA carrying methionine
B. tRNA carrying proline
C. tRNA carrying arginine
D. No corresponding tRNA exists for this codon.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 03. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.10 Define the terms codon and anticodon, and list three start and stop codons.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Protein Synthesis

8-56
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McGraw-Hill Education.